Kinematics and Kinetic Concepts

Lecture-2

DR ASIM AHMAD (PT)

BSPT, A-DPT, MSAPT
CDNP, CKTP, OMTC
ASSISANT PROFESOR
CAPSTONE COLLEGE
 Mass Weight
● “ The quantity of matter ● “ The force that results
in an object ” from the action of a
gravitational field on a
● No variation in mass mass ”
with regard to location or
gravitational conditions ● Units: Newton, Pound
force (lbf)
● “It represents the
resistance to a change of
state of an object”
 Inertia
● “ The resistance to a change of state during
rotation ”

I=m×r²

● Units: kilogram meter squared (kg×m²), Slug

inch squared (sl×in²)

The Truck and Ladder

 Linear Motion
● “ Motion in which all ●
parts of the body travel
along parallel paths ”
● Also called Translation
● Rectilinear translation ●
● Curvilinear translation
Angular Motion
“ Motion in which all
particles in the body
travel in a circular
manner, if the axis of
rotation is fixed ”
If the axis of rotation is
not fixed the motion is
actually a combination of
translation & rotation
 Displacement
● “ The change in the position of a
body”
• Translational
• Rotational change
• Combined

● Translational change
• Example: General movement of the
human body
● Rotational change
• Example: Motion of limbs
 Velocity Speed
● “The rate at which an ● "How fast an object is
object changes its moving”
position”
● Angular & Linear
Velocity
● Horizontal &Vertical
Velocity
 Linear velocity Angular Velocity

● “ The rate at which a ● “ The rate of change

body moves in a of angular
straight line ” displacement with
respect to time ”
● Units:
• Meters/second (m/s) ● Units:
• Feet/second (ft/sec or • Radians/sec ( rad/s )
ft/s), Miles per hour • degrees/sec (deg/sec or
(mph) ° /sec or ° /s )
 Acceleration
● “The rate of change of
velocity with respect to
time”
● Positive, Negative,
Zero values
● Deceleration (Negative
acceleration)
● Units:
• (m/s²), (ft/sec² or ft/s²),
(in/sec² or in/s²)
 Forces & Moments
● Forces:
• “A push or pull" that results from
physical contact between two objects

● Common examples Force:

• Muscles/tendons pull, ligaments pull,
friction, ground reaction, weight, joint
forces and joint reaction forces
• Gravity is the only exception
 Force & Moments
● Forces from the abd. & add. muscles
act through their tendons, while the
hip joint reaction force acts through
its respective joint COR

● In general, the point of application of

a force is located with respect to a
fixed point on a body, usually the
joint COR

● This information is used to calculate

the moment due to that force
 Force & Moments
● Moment ...
• In biomechanics, a moment
(M) is typically caused by a
force acting at a distance (r)
from the COR of a segment
M = r ×F
• A moment tends to cause a
rotation
 Moments & Moment Arm
● Torque …
• Synonymous with a moment
• Its direction is referred to as
the direction in the which it
would tend to cause an object
to rotate
● Moment Arm …
• “The distance that is
perpendicular
to the force vector”
 Force Couple
● “ An arrangement of two
equal and opposite parallel
forces that tend to cause
rotation ”
● Pure examples are rare in
musculoskeletal system

● In general, muscles are

responsible for producing
both forces and moments,
thus resulting in both
translational and rotational
motion
 Muscle Forces

● Three important parameters to consider the

force of a muscle;

• Orientation, Magnitude and Point of

application
 Clinical Relevance
● Muscles generate 2 types of forces
● Angular Motion (Rotation)
● Linear Motion (Translation) may
be Stabilizing or destabilizing force
● Example …
• Supraspinatus orientation & action …
● Stabilize head of humrus into
glenoid cavity
• Deltoid orientation & action …
● Produces a destabilizing force that
may result in superior translation of
the humeral head
 Friction
“ The tangential force acting
between two bodies in contact that
opposes motion or impending
motion ”
Static Friction
Kinetic Friction
Coulomb Friction
Friction b/w dry surfaces
Most biomechanical analyses
involve dry friction
Static Friction
 Joint Forces
● “ The forces that exist between
the Articular surfaces of the
joint ”
● Joint forces are the result of
muscle forces, gravity, and
inertial forces (usually, muscle
forces are responsible for the
largest part)
● Also called Bone on bone
forces (not joint reaction
forces)
 Joint Reaction Forces
● “ The equal and opposite forces that
exist between adjacent bones at a
joint caused by the weight and
inertial forces of the two segments ”
● A fairly abstract concept useful in
mathematical analysis but not much
use in practice
● Must not be confused with joint
forces that include the effects of
muscle action
Joint Reaction Forces
 Ground Reaction Forces
● “ The forces that act on the
body as a result of interaction
with the ground ”
● According to Newton’s third
law …
“Ground reaction forces are
equal and opposite to those
that the body is applying to
the ground”
● Ground reaction forces can be
measured with a force
platform
 Center of Pressure
“ Center of pressure is the point
on a body where the total sum of
the aerodynamic pressure field
acts, causing a force and no
moment about that point ”
Generally, the force is applied
over a diffuse area e.g. the plantar
aspect of the foot
During Standing …
When pressure exists under both
heels and balls of the foot, the
COP will be in the mid-foot
Region
During Walking …
COP moves under the foot
 Free Body Diagram
● “ A diagram in which all the
forces and torques acting on a
body are identified ”
● This includes forces like gravity,
frictional forces, and reaction
forces caused by contact with
other objects
● The name originates from the
fact that the body is “ freed ”
from its external contacts that are
replaced by reaction forces
 Newton’s Laws

● Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

● IN-MO-RE
• First Newton’s law (Law of Inertia)
• Second Newton’s law (Law of
Momentum)
• Third Newton’s law (Law of
Reaction)
 Newton’s Laws
● First law …
• “ An object remains at rest or constant velocity unless
acted upon by an unbalanced external force ”
● Second law …
• “ If there is an unbalanced force acting on a object, it
produces an acceleration in the direction of the force,
directly proportional to the force (f = ma)”
● Third law ……
• “ For every action (force) there is a reaction (opposing
force) of equal magnitude but in opposite direction ”
Newton’s Laws
 Lever In Musculoskeletal System
● “A rigid body with two externally applied
forces and a point of rotation.
● For the Musculoskeletal Joint …
• One force is produced by a muscle action
• Other force is provided by contact with the
environment (or by gravity)
• The point of rotation is the COR of the
joint
 Classes of Lever In Human Body
● First class lever:
• If the forces are on different
sides of COR
● Second class lever:
• If the forces are on the
same side of the COR &
the external force is closer
to the COR than the muscle
force
● Third class lever:
• If the forces are on the
same side of the COR &
muscle force is closer to the
COR than external force
 Center of Gravity and Stability
● COG :
• “The point at which all of the weight of that body to be
concentrated”
• It changes on a body's shape and body mass distribution
changes
• COG in anatomical position … approx. at the level of
2nd sacral vertebra

● Importance of the location of a person’s COG …

• Important in athletics and other fast motions
• More important clinically i.e. for motions in which the
acceleration is negligible, COG must be contained
within a person's base of support to maintain stability
 Center of Gravity and Stability
•When a person stands upright,
his COG is post. to his toes, so
there is a counterclockwise
moment at his toes. This is a
stable position
•As the person bends forward,
his COG moves anterior to his
toes and the weight of his upper
body produces a clockwise
moment at his toes. Since there
is no further anterior support,
this moment is unbalanced and
the man will fall forward
 Work, Energy and Power
● Work ……
• “The force required to move an object a
certain distance”
Work = Force × Distance (W=F × d)
joule (J; Newton × meter) An activity involving a
force and movement in
● Power ….. the direction of the force
• “The rate that work is being done”
Power = work/time
watt = newton × meter/second
 Work Done by Muscle Action
•According to the definition of
work, no mechanical work is done
during isometric muscle action but
an ongoing debate about this exists
BECAUSE any muscle action
clearly involves the expenditure of
metabolic energy

• The same amount of work is done

in raising a 20 kg weight overhead
slowly or quickly because work is
independent of time

•The power in these situations is

not the same
 Work Done In Action

Positive and Negative work Done

work done by the applied

A baseball pitcher does positive
work on the ball by transferring
energy into it
force which is lifting the
body up is positive since
the angle between the
applied force and
displacement is positive
 Work, Energy and Power
● Energy:
• “The energy of a system refers
to its capacity to perform
work”
• Potential and kinetic energy
● Energy cannot be destroyed,
but transformed from one form
to another i.e. the Principle of
Conservation of Energy
● In biomechanics:
• Kinetic energy
• Potential energy
• Strain energy
• Heat energy
 Work-Energy Principle
● “ The work done on a body is equal to the change
of kinetic energy of the body ”
• Positive work
• Negative work
 Suppose a large truck and a small truck are
moving with equal momentum
Which truck will require more work to stop?

● With equal momentum, the little

truck will have more kinetic
energy since kinetic energy
depends upon the square of the
velocity
● With more kinetic energy, it
will take more work to stop the
smaller truck … work-energy
principle
 Energy Transformation
● At elevated position, the skier possesses a large quantity of PE
● In descending down the hill, PE is lost and KE is gained
● At the bottom, KE is max. and PE is totally depleted
● Now, friction force does work to decrease her total mech. energy
● Thus, quantity of work increases and KE is gradually dissipated
● Ultimately, runs out of energy and comes to a rest position