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Outline
3. Application
Derivatives of Integrals
4. Exercises
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Objectives
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
b n
∫ f (x)dx = lim ∑ f (ci )∆x
a n→∞
i=1
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Definite Integral (FYI)
Note 1.1. Suppose f (x) is a continuous function on the interval [a, b] and let n be
some positive integer. Do the following:
b−a
1) Subdivide the interval [a, b] into n equal sized pieces, each of length ∆x = n . Let
the endpoints of these intervals be
Note 1.2.
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Definite Integral
Note 1.3.
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Definite Integral
Note 1.3.
b
A=∫ f (x)dx
a 8/35
Definite Integral
Note 1.4. In the area interpretation, we need to assign NEGATIVE area to regions
below the horizontal axis and POSITIVE area to regions above the horizontal axis.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.5. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (2 − x)dx
−1
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Definite Integral
Example 1.5. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (2 − x)dx = 4
−1
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Definite Integral
Theorem 1.6. If a function f is continuous on an interval [a, b], then the net
signed area between the graph of f and [a, b] is given by the definite integral:
b
Net Signed Area = ∫ f (x)dx
a
Note 1.7. The net signed area is the area below the graph of f (x) but above the
interval [a, b] minus the area that is below the interval [a, b] but above the graph of
f (x). In other words area below the x-axis is counted negatively.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx
−3
∫
Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫
Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫
Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (−2)dx
1
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Definite Integral
Example 1.8. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
4dx = 8
−3
∫
Example 1.9. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
3
∫ (−2)dx = −4
1
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Definite Integral
Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx
−3
∫
Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫
Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
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Definite Integral
Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫
Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
2
∣x∣dx
−2
∫
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Definite Integral
Example 1.10. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
−1
∣x∣dx = 5
−3
∫
Example 1.11. Evaluate the integral using basic formulas from geometry.
2
∣x∣dx = 4
−2
∫
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Definite Integral Terminology
We call
◾ The symbol ∫ integral sign. (It is a elongated S and was chosen because an
integral is a limit of sums. )
◾ a and b the limits of integration: a the lower limit and b the upper limit.
Theorem 1.13. If f is
then the definite integral of f exists on this interval or f is integrable over [a, b].
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Definite Integral Rules
Theorem 1.14. If f and g are integrable over the interval [a, b], then the definite
integral satisfies the following rules
b a
1) ∫a f (x)dx = − ∫b f (x)dx.
a
2) ∫a f (x)dx = 0.
b b
3) ∫a [kf (x)]dx = k ∫a f (x)dx for k ∈ R.
b
4) ∫a kdx = k(b − a) for k ∈ R.
b b b
5) ∫a [f (x) ± g(x)]dx = ∫a f (x)dx ± ∫a g(x)dx.
c b b
6) ∫a f (x)dx + ∫c f (x)dx = ∫a f (x)dx for any c ∈ [a, b].
b b
7) If f (x) ≥ g(x), x ∈ [a, b] then ∫a f (x)dx ≥ ∫a g(x)dx.
b
8) If f (x) ≥ 0, x ∈ [a, b] then ∫a f (x)dx ≥ 0.
b 16/35
9) If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M, x ∈ [a, b] then m(b − a) ≤ ∫a f (x)dx ≤ M(b − a).
Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
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Definite Integral Rules
SOLUTION 1 4 1
a) ∫ f (x)dx = 2, b) ∫ f (x)dx = 3, c) ∫ [2f (x) − 3g(x)] = −11
4 −1 −1
−1 1 1
d) g(x)dx = −7, e) ∫ f (x)dx = 0, f ) ∫ [−2f (x) + g(x)] = −3
−1
∫ 17/35
1 1
Integrable Functions
Definition 1.16. If f is integrable over the interval [a, b], then its average value
on [a, b], or mean on [a, b], is
1 b
av(f ) = ∫ f (x)dx
b−a a
Theorem 1.17. If f is continuous over the interval [a, b], then at some point
c ∈ [a, b],
1 b
f (c) = av(f ) = ∫ f (x)dx
b−a a
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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem 2.1. (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I) Let f be a
x
continuous function on the closed interval [a, b]; then F(x) = ∫a f (t)dt is continuous
on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) and
x
F ′ (x) =
d
∫ f (t)dt = f (x).
dx a
where F is any function such that F ′ (x) = f (x) for all x in [a, b].
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
SOLUTION
1 1 1 9 3
a) 6x2 dx = 18, b) √ dx = − , c) 2
∫ (x + 2x)dx = 18
−2 −8
∫ ∫ 3
x 2 0
2 15 16 1 32 2 13
3 3 2
d) ∫ x dx = , e) √ dx = , f ) ∫ (x − 3x )dx = −
−1
∫ 4
4 0 x 3 1 4
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
SOLUTION
e 1
dx = −e−1 − 7,
1 − 8x
a) ∫ 2
b) ∫ 3ex dx = 3e − 3
1 x 0
e 2x + 3 1 ex
dx = 5 − 3e−1 ,
e−1
c) ∫ d) ∫ dx =
1 x2 0 2 2
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Definite Integral
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Derivatives of Integrals
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Derivatives of Integrals
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Derivatives of Integrals
SOLUTION
dy x
[∫ (t2 − 3t + 5)dt] = x2 − 3x + 5
dx 1
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
x2
a) y=∫ costdt,
1
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2
b) y=∫ dt,
x3 2 + t2
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex
c) y=∫ e2t dt,
2−x
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x
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Derivatives of Integrals
dy
Example 3.3. Find dx .
√
x2 x
a) y=∫ costdt, , d) ∫ 3t2 dt
1 1
1 2 7
2 5
b) y=∫ dt, e) ∫ x (t + 1) dt,
x3 2 + t2 e
xex sin x
c) y=∫ e2t dt, f) ∫ [t2 + 4]dt
2−x 3x
SOLUTION
dy dy 1
a) = 2x cos(x2 ), d) = 3x ∗ √
dx dx 2 x
dy −6x2 dy
b) = , e) = −ex (e2x + 1)5
dx 2 + x6 dx
dy 2xex x dy
c) = e (e + xex ) + e2(2−x) , f ) = (sin2 x + 4)cosx − 3(9x2 + 4)
dx dx 24/35
Definite Integral Application: Area
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.4. Find the area between the curves of f (x) = x and g(x) = x2 :
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.5. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = x2 − 4x + 3
and g(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3:
Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.6. ∗ Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 + 2x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 5:
Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.7. Find the area of the regions enclosed by the curves of f (x) = 3(x3 − x)
and the x-axis:
Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.8. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = 3(x3 − x) and the x-axis:
Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)
−2
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)
−2
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.9. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
−
(2.5, 0)
−2
SOLUTION
2.5 25
∫ [x2 − 2x]dx = − . 31/35
0 24
Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)
−2
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)
−2
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.10. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = x2 − 2x (and x-axis) and between y-axix and x = 2.5:
y
(0, 0) (2, 0)
+
x
−1 1 2 3
+
(2.5, 0)
−2
SOLUTION
2 2.5 4 7 39
− ∫ [x2 − 2x]dx + ∫ [x2 − 2x]dx = + = . 32/35
0 2 3 24 24
Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2
−4
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2
−4
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.11. Find the (net) signed area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
−
−2
−4
SOLUTION
3 3
2
∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx = . 33/35
0 2
Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2
−4
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2
−4
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Definite Integral Application: Area
Example 3.12. Find the (unsigned) area of the regions enclosed by the curves of
f (x) = −0.5x2 + 2 and between y-axix and x = 3:
y
4
(0, 0) (3, 0)
+
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
(2, 0)
+
−2
−4
SOLUTION
2 3 16 7 23
2 2 34/35
∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx − ∫ [−0.5x + 2]dx = + = .
0 2 6 6 6
Exercises 5.3(P.315) & Exercises 5.4(P.325) & Exercises 5.6(P.343)
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Thank you!
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