DESIGN OF CONCRETE CHIMNEY

A Mini Project Report Submitted in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
B.Yugandhara Reddy (15091A01F4)
V.Sukesh (15091A01C9)
P.Viswanatha Reddy (15091A01F1)
G.VenkataRajasekhar (16095A0138)
C.Saikumar (15091A01A3)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Dr.C.RAJARAMPh.D
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil Engineering

R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

2015 - 2019
 R. G. M College of Engineering and Technology
(Autonomous),
Nandyal 518 501, A. P., INDIA
(Affiliated to J. N. T. University, A. P., INDIA)
(Approved by AICTE, Accredited by N.B.A, NewDelhi, NAAC-A+ Grade)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Mini Project Report entitled ”DESIGN OF CONCRETE CHIM-
NEY ” submitted by

B.Yugandhara Reddy (15091A01F4)

V.Sukesh (15091A01C9)
P.Viswanatha Reddy (15091A01F1)
G.Venkata Rajasekher (16095A0138)
C.Saikumar (15091A01A3)
in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of B.Tech in Civil Engineering in the
RAJEEV GANDHI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECH-
NOLOGY,(AUTONOMOUS)Nandyal (Affiliated to J.N.T University, Anantapur) is a
bonafide record of confide work carried out by her under our guidance and supervision. The
results embodied in this Mini Project report have not been submitted to any other university
or institute for the award of any Degree.

Signature of HSCE.
Dr. G.SREENIVASULU Ph.D
HOD and Professor
Signature of the guide RGMCET, NANDYAL

Examiner:
Date:

i
Dedicated to my beloved parents, and teachers who have worked hard throughout my education.

ii
 Acknowledgements

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and honour to our project guide Dr.C.RAJARAM
Ph.D, for his continuous support of our project, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and affection
throughout and beyond the project. His guidance helped us a lot through the time of project.

We take it as a privilege to express our thanks to the Head of the Department Dr.G.SREENIVASULU
Ph.D, or his continuous help and encouragement.

We are highly grateful and gratitude to Dr.T.JAYACHANDRA PRASAD, Principal, R.G.M

College of Engineering and Technology, for his encouragement and inspiration at various points of
time in the successful accomplishment of this Mini project.

We shall remain grateful to Dr.M.SHANTHIRAMUDU, Chairman R.G.M, College of Engineer-

ing and Technology, Who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout the Mini project work
and we also seek his blessings for a bright future.

We shall remain grateful to Dr.M.SIVARAM, M.D, R.G.M College of Engineering and Technology,
who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout project work and we also seek his blessing
for bright future.

We express our special thanks to the faculty members and non- teaching staff members of this college
who constantly cooperated in the completion of the Mini project work.

Last but no way the least, our thanks to all those who helped us in the completion of this work.

PROJECT ASSOCIATES
B.YUGANDHARA REDDY (15091A01F4)
V.SUKESH (15091A01C9)
P.VISWANATHA REDDY (15091A01F1)
G.VENKATA RAJASEKHAR (16095A0138)
C.SAI KUMAR (15091A01A3)

iii
 Abstract
Chimneys are tall slender structures which are used to discharge waste/flue gases at higher ele-
vation wiyh sufficient exit velocity such that the gases and suspended (ash) are dispersed into the
atmosphere over adefined spread such that concentration,on reaching the ground is with in acceptable
limits specified by pollution control regulatory authorities.

This project deals with the analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete (RC) chimney. Such chimneys
are presently designed in conformity with Indian Standard code of practice (IS 4998). The main loads
to be considered during the analysis of tall structures such as chimneys are wind loads, temperature
loads and in addition to the dead loads. These are designed using working stress method. A chimney
is a wind structure, i.e. a structure in whose design wind loads play a dominant role. In this project
as the design has been carried out analytically, it was not possible to consider the dynamic component
of wind in analysis. The temperature load effects are also an important consideration in the analysis
of loads effects on chimneys taking into consideration the fact that the chimneys are used for the
venting of hot gasses. This develops a temperature gradient with respect to the ambient temperature
outside and hence causes stresses in the reinforced concrete shell. The design of chimney mostly deals
with the analysis of concrete shell at different sections and to find the stresses in steel as well as
concrete and ensure that they are in permissible limits as per the codal provisions. This requires the
assumptions of chimneys shape and size and the materials prior to approach the problem of design.
The size of the chimney depends on the volume of flue gases to be emitted and the height is fixed on
the environmental considerations.

In this project we are going to Design a chimney at various wind forces. This project deals with
the analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete (RC) chimney. Such chimneys are presently designed
in conformity with Indian Standard code of practice (IS 4998). The main loads to be considered during
the analysis of tall structures such as chimneys are wind loads and temperature loads in addition to
the dead loads. These are designed using working stress method. A chimney is a wind structure, i.e.
a structure in whose design wind loads play a dominant role. In this project as the design has been
carried out analytically.

key words:Design of chimneys,wind forces,temperature stress.

iv
Contents

Abstract iv

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction of chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Introduction of wind forcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 Description of chimneys 3
2.1 Types of chimneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1.1 Parts of chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Calculation of wind pressure 7

3.1 Design wind speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 Risk Coefficient (k1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1.2 Terrain and Height Factor (k2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.1.3 Topography (k3 factor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1.4 Factor for Cyclonic Region (k4) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Design Wind Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4 Design procedure of chimney 20

5 Conclusion 33

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List of Figures

2.1 Steel and concrete chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 Parts of chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Basic wind speed in m/s based on 50 year return period . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3.2 Boundary Layer Profile for Different Approach Terrains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.4 Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.5 Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 3 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6 Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 4 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1 Dimentions of chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4.2 Bending moments in circular foundation footing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.3 Reinforcement details of chimney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

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List of Tables

3.1 Risk coefficients for different classes of structures in different wind speed zones . 10
3.2 k2 factors to obtain design wind speed variation with height in different terrains 12
3.3 Design wind force for 80m height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

4.1 Reinforcement details for two different structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Introduction of chimney

During the last few decades the use of reinforced concrete chimneys in place of brick masonary
and steel chimneys have become very popular due to their low cost and durabulity.Composite
material like reinforced concrete is eminently suited for chimney stack.Brick chimneys are very
heavy requiring expensive foundation.In contrast to the steel chimneys,the maintainance costs
are minimum in the case of concrete stacks.Also the developement silpform method of con-
structing cylindrical stacks as resulted in rapid construction in the case of concrete chimneys.
The thickness of the concrete shell generally varying from 120 to 300mm is considerably smaller
than that requried in the case of brick chimneys.Concrete stacks with lesser maintainace costs
are architecturally superior to masonry and steel chimneys.

A reinforced concrete chimney is generally circular in shape with a rigid concrete shell cast
with a rich concrete mix of M-20 to M-25 grade and provided with longitudinal vertical re-
inforcement and horizontal hoop reinforcement. A fire brick lining 100 to 150 mm thick is
provided inside the concrete shell with an air gap to reduce the temperature gradient from
the interior surface of fire brick lining to the exterior surface of the concrete shell. Reinforced
concrete brackets with holes are provided at regular intervals to support the fire brick lining.
At the bottom of the chimney, provision is made for a flue opening. The chimney is generally
made to rest on a circular raft foundation.

1
1.2 Introduction of wind forcess
In general, wind speed in the atmospheric boundary layer increases with height from zero at
ground level to a maximum at a height called the gradient height. There is usually a slight
change in direction (Ekman effect) but this is ignored in the Code. The variation with height
depends primarily on the terrain conditions. However, the wind speed at any height never
remains constant and it has been found convenient to resolve its instantaneous magnitude into
an average or mean value and a fluctuating component around this average value. The average
value depends on the averaging time employed in analyzing the meteorological data and this
averaging time can be taken to be from a few seconds to several minutes. The magnitude of
fluctuating component of the wind speed, which represents the gustiness of wind, depends on
the averaging time. Smaller the averaging interval, greater is the magnitude of the wind speed
As is explained in Code, wind speed can be taken to comprise of a static (mean) component
and a fluctuating component, with the magnitude of the latter varying with time interval over
which the gust is averaged. Thus with reduction in the averaging time, the fluctuating wind
speed would increase. The fluctuating velocity is normally expressed in terms of turbulence
intensity which is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean wind speed and is expressed
in percentage.

2
Chapter 2

Description of chimneys

2.1 Types of chimneys

1.Concrete chimney:
The quality of the concrete shows deterioration when there are implementation defaults. Since
concrete is not as homogeneous and isotropic as steel, the static calculations depends on accep-
tances. The margin of error is a lot more and this causes additional high costs.

i. Big sections are required even in minimum conditions, so there occurs a lot of lost space.Since
skilled work is not required, the implementation defaults occur.It is rough and expensive to con-
trol the concrete after pouring it. To strengthen any construction component damaged by any
reason is a hard and expensive operation, and this operation causes architecture problems.
ii. In wide open areas the size of the sections are bigger and this has a higher cost. Also the
big sections limit different types of design possibilities. Because of their high burdens the base
costs are high and constructions periods are long.
iv. Due to the establishment ground cooperation, cement is impeded for the seismic tremors
.The development periods are long. Cement does not permit to work at any sort of climate
condition. Hence the outcome is all the more exorbitant and opportune. In solid structures
fortifying is hard. It is difficult to disassemble a solid building.

2.Steel chimney:
i. The quality of steel construction components are always under control. They are produced
in factory conditions according to the standards in proper sizes and proportions. As it is a
homogeneous and isotropic material it reacts as expect.

3
ii. In static calculations the margin of errors are very low.The use of small sections of steel
profiles avoids big columns. By this way this system increases the building areas and provides
large spaces. Very lightweight structures can be built. Any type of design can be realized at
low costs.
iii.This system can be built fast under any kind of weather conditions lowering labor costs.
Skilled work required. This minimizes the implementation defaults. The system also provides
significant advantage against the major earthquake loads .For any reason whatsoever damaged
structural steel elements by can easily be replaced. This process is fast, easy and with low cost.
iv. This system allows for dismantling and reinstalling. When the construction is completed,
the steel construction components carry full loaded capacity. The products can be controlled
at every stage.

Figure 2.1: Steel and concrete chimney

3.Brick chimney:
The white material which appears on brick is a powdery mass of minerals called efflorescence.
Efflorescence occurs when moisture moves through concrete or other masonry. The moisture
picks up minerals, carries them to the surface of the masonry and leaves them behind in the
form of tiny crystals on the surface as the moisture evaporates. The minerals themselves do no
harm. You can simply brush them away.

4
2.1.1 Parts of chimney

Figure 2.2: Parts of chimney

A reinforced concrete chimney is generally circular in shape with a rigid concrete shell
cast with a rich concrete mix of M-20 to M-25grade and provided with longitudinal vertical

5
reinforcement and horizontal hoop reinforcement. A fire brick lining 100 to 150 mm thick is
provided inside the concrete shell with an air gap to reduce the temperature gradient from
the interior surface of fire brick lining to the exterior surface of the concrete shell. Reinforced
concrete brackets with holes are provided at regular intervals to support the fire brick lining.
At the bottom of the chimney, provision is made for a flue opening. The chimney is generally
made to rest on a circular raft foundation. The various parts of the chimney are shown in Fig.1

6
Chapter 3

Calculation of wind pressure

3.1 Design wind speed

The basic wind speed for any site shall be obtained from Fig and shall be modified to include
the following effects to get design wind speed, Vz at any height, Z for the chosen structure:
(a) Risk level
(b) Terrain roughness and height of structure
(c) Local topography and
(d) Importance factor for the cyclonic region
It can be mathematically expressed as follows:

Vz = Vb k1 k2 k3 k4 (3.1)

where
Vz = design wind speed at any height z in m/s
k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient)
k2 = terrain roughness and height factor
k3 = topography factor and
k4 = importance factor for the cyclonic region

NOTE: The wind speed may be taken as constant upto a height of 10 m. However, pressures

7
for buildings less than 10m high may be reduced by 20(percent) for stability and design of the
framing.

3.1.1 Risk Coefficient (k1)

Fig gives basic wind speeds for terrain category 2 as applicable at 10 m height above mean
ground level based on 50 years mean return period. The suggested life span to be assumed
in design and the corresponding k1 factors for different class of structures for the purpose of
design are given. In the design of all buildings and structures, a regional basic wind speed
having a mean return period of 50 years shall be used except as specified in the note of Table .
The peak wind speed considered for design is based on the probability of occurrence of the
maximum/severest storm over the design life of the structure. It is known that storms of
greater severity are less frequent, that is, such storms have a longer return period. Thus for
economical design of structures, the design wind speed has been related to the return-period of
storms, with Vb defined for 50-years return period considering the generally acceptable value
of probability of exceedence as 0.63 for the design wind speed over the life of the structure.
This has been termed as the risk level PN in N consecutive years and the corresponding value
of the risk coefficient, k1, for N taken as 50 years, would be 1.0. The values of k1 for N taken
as 5, 25 and 100 years, and for various zones of the country, are given in Table. The designer
may, however, use a higher value of N or k1, if it is considered necessary to reduce the risk level
of an important structure.

8
Figure 3.1: Basic wind speed in m/s based on 50 year return period

9
 Table 3.1: Risk coefficients for different classes of structures in different wind speed zones

3.1.2 Terrain and Height Factor (k2)

Terrain Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due regard to the effect of obstruc-
tions which constitute the ground surface roughness. The terrain category used in the design
of a structure may vary depending on the direction of wind under consideration. Wherever
sufficient meteorological information is available about the wind direction, the orientation of
any building or structure may be suitably planned. Terrain in which a specific structure stands
shall be assessed as being one of the following terrain categories:

a) Category 1 Exposed open terrain with a few or no obstructions and in which the av-
erage height of any object surrounding the structure is less than 1.5 m.

NOTE This category includes open sea coasts and flat treeless plains.
b) Category 2 Open terrain with wellscattered obstructions having height generally between
1.5 and 10 m.
NOTE This is the criterion for measurement of regional basic wind speeds and includes air-
fields, open parklands and undeveloped sparsely built-up outskirts of towns and suburbs. Open
land adjacent to seacoast may also be classified as Category 2 due to roughness of large sea

10
waves at high winds.
c) Category 3 Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of building-
structures up to 10 m in height with or without a few isolated tall structures.

NOTE 1 This category includes well-wooded areas, and shrubs, towns and industrial areas
fully or partially developed.
NOTE 2 It is likely that the next higher category than this will not exist in most design
situations and that selection of a more severe category will be deliberate.
NOTE 3 Particular attention must be given to performance of obstructions in areas affected
by fully developed tropical cyclones. Vegetation, which is likely to be blown down or defoliated,
cannot be relied upon to maintain Category 3 conditions. Where such a situation exists, either
an intermediate category with speed multipliers midway between the values for Category 2 and
3 given in Table may be used, or Category 2 be selected having due regard to local conditions.

d) Category 4 Terrain with numerous large high closely spaced obstructions.

NOTE This category includes large city centers, generally with obstructions taller than 25 m
and well-developed industrial complexes.

The Code defines 4 types of terrains and explains that a structure may effectively lie in two
different types of terrain for two different wind directions. In addition, the designer shall keep
in mind, the future development of the surrounding area which may alter the ground roughness
and hence the terrain category. It may be noted that Category 2 has been considered as the
datum with respect to which the other terrain categories have been defined. In a given situa-
tion, the effect of terrain condition, if deviated from the above reference terrain, is accounted
for through the factor, k2. Photographs (Cook 1985) are given to demonstrate how terrain
categories 1 to 4 may be assigned. This is merely for guidance purpose

Variation of wind speed with height for different terrains (k2 factor) gives multiplying factor

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 Table 3.2: k2 factors to obtain design wind speed variation with height in different terrains

(k2) by which the basic wind speed given in Fig shall be multiplied to obtain the wind speed
at different heights, in each terrain category.

The variation of wind speed with height is also dependent upon the ground roughness and
is thus different for each terrain category, as can be visualized from Fig. Wind blows at a given
height, with lesser speeds in rougher terrains and with higher speeds in smoother terrains.
Further, in any terrain, wind speed increases along the height upto the gradient height and the
values of the gradient heights are higher for rougher terrains. By definition, wind speeds beyond
gradient heights in all terrains are equal. At any height in a given terrain, the magnitude of
wind speed depends on the averaging time. Shorter the averaging time, the higher is the mean
wind speed. Also it takes quite a distance, called fetch length, for wind to travel over a typical
terrain to fully develop the speed profile idealized for that terrain category.

12
Figure 3.2: Boundary Layer Profile for Different Approach Terrains

13
Figure 3.3: Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 1 Features

14
Figure 3.4: Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 2 Features

15
 Figure 3.5: Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 3 Features

3.1.3 Topography (k3 factor)

The basic wind speed Vb given in Fig. 1 takes account of the general level of site above sea
level. This does not allow for local topographic features such as hills, valleys, cliffs, escarp-
ments, or ridges, which can significantly affect the wind speed in their vicinity. The effect
of topography is to accelerate wind near the summits of hills or crests of cliffs, escarpments
or ridges and decelerate the wind in valleys or near the foot of cliffs, steep escarpments, or ridges

The factor k3 is a measure of the enhancement that occurs in wind speeds over hills, cliffs
and escarpments.

The effect of topography will be significant at a site when the upwind slope is greater than
about 3◦ , and below that, the value of k3 may be taken to be equal to 1.0. The value of k3
is confined in the range of 1.0 to 1.36 for slopes greater than 3◦ . A method of evaluating the
value of k3 for values greater than 1.0 is given in Appendix C. It may be noted that the value

16
 Figure 3.6: Photograph Indicative of Terrain Category 4 Features

of k3 varies with height above ground level, at a maximum near the ground, and reducing to
1.0 at higher levels, for hill slope in excess of 7◦ .
No increase in wind speed is indicated for upwind ground slopes up to 3◦ , while a maximum
increase of 36 percent is specified for slopes beyond 7◦ . Maximum effect is seen to occur at the
crest of a cliff or escarpment and reduces gradually with distance from the crest. Also, locally
k3 reduces from the base of a structure to its top.

3.1.4 Factor for Cyclonic Region (k4)

Cyclonic storms usually occur on the east coast of the country in addition to the Gujarat coast
on the west. Studies of wind speed and damage to buildings and structures point to the fact
that the speeds given in the basic wind speed map are often exceeded during the cyclones. The
effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of approximately 60 km width at the coast. In

17
order to ensure greater safety of structures in this region (60 km wide on the east coast as well
as on the Gujarat coast), the following values of k4 are stipulated, as applicable according to
the importance of the structure:

Structures of postcyclone importance 1.30

Industrial structures 1.15
All other structures 1.00

A belt of approximately 60 km width near sea coast in certain parts of the country is identified
to be affected by cyclonic storms. The peak wind speeds in these regions may exceed 70 m/s.
Therefore, factor k4 has been introduced with a maximum value of 1.30. However, the highest
value may be used only for structures of post cyclone importance such as cyclone shelters,
hospitals, school and community buildings, communication towers, power-plant structures, and
water tanks, while a lower value of 1.15 may be used for industrial structures, damage to which
can cause serious economic losses. For reasons of economy, other structures may be designed
for a k4 value of unity, that is, without considering the effect of the possible higher wind speeds
in cyclonic storms. For non-cyclonic regions, the factor k4 shall obviously be taken as 1.0.

A belt of approximately 60 km width near sea coast in certain parts of the country is identified
to be affected by cyclonic storms. The peak wind speeds in these regions may exceed 70 m/s.
Therefore, factor k4 has been introduced with a maximum value of 1.30. However, the high-
est value may be used only for structures of postcyclone importance such as cyclone shelters,
hospitals, school and community buildings, communication towers, power-plant structures, and
water tanks, while a lower value of 1.15 may be used for industrial structures, damage to which
can cause serious economic losses. For reasons of economy, other structures may be designed
for a k4 value of unity, that is, without considering the effect of the possible higher wind speeds
in cyclonic storms. For non-cyclonic regions, the factor k4 shall obviously be taken as 1.0.

3.2 Design Wind Pressure

The wind pressure at any height above mean ground level shall be obtained by the following
relationship between wind pressure and wind speed:

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 pz = 0.6Vz2 (3.2)

where
pz = wind pressure in N/m2 at height z, and
Vz = design wind speed in m/s at height z.
DESIGN WIND SPEED(Vz)
Vb =50 m/s
K1 =1
K2 =1.212
K3 =1
K4 =1.15

Vz = 50 × 1 × 1.212 × 1 × 1.15 × = 69.69N/m2 (3.3)

DESIGN WIND FORCE(Pz)

pz = 0.6 × V 2 z = 2.914KN/m2 (3.4)

Table 3.3: Design wind force for 80m height

K1 for general K2 for

wind speed in m/s structures and 80m cat2 cat3 cat4 K3 K4
buildings height
cat1
55 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15
50 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15
47 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15
44 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15
39 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15
30 1 1.236 1.212 1.168 1.16 1 1.15

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Chapter 4

Design procedure of chimney

A concrete chimney height 80m with the external diameter 0f the shaft being 4m at top and
5m at bottom Is required in a place where the wind intensity is 1.5KN/m2 the thickness of the
fire brick lining is 10cm temperature difference between the outside and inside of shift is 75c
permissible bearing pressure on soil at site is 150 KN/m2
AdoptM25 grade of concrete mix and foe steel Fe415 and design the following
1.Base section of chimney.
2.Foundation for the chimney.
SOLUTION

h=80m
D1 = 4m(top)
D1 = 5m(bottom)
P = 1.5KN/m2
tf = 10cm(normally10 − 15cm)
T=75c
SBC = 150KN/m2
Fck = 25N/mm2
Fck = 25N/mm2

STEP 1:
Permissible stresses:
σcbc = 8.5N/mm2 f orM25 grade concrete ( IS:456:2000)

20
 Figure 4.1: Dimentions of chimney

σst = 230N/mm2 for Fe415 grade steel

280 280
m= = = 11 (4.1)
3σcbc 3 × 8.5

21
Design constants

mσcbc 11 × 8.5
K= = = 0.28 (4.2)
mσcbc + σst 11 × 8.5 + 280

K 0.28
j =1− =1− = 0.903 (4.3)
3 3

q = 0.5jkσcbc = 0.5 × 0.903 × 0.28 × 8.5 = 0.897 (4.4)

STEP 2:
DIMENSIONS:
assume t2 = 200mm, t1 = 400mm
D1 = 5m, D2 = 4m
bottom inner diameter of chimney

d1 = 5 − 0.4 × 2, = 4.2m (4.5)

top inner diameter of chimney

d2 = 4 − 0.2 × 2, = 3.6m (4.6)

mean radius of chimney

D1 − t1 5000 − 400
R= = = 2.3m (4.7)
2 2

thickness of concrete cell

t1 + t2 200 + 400
tc = = = 300mm (4.8)
2 2

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STEP 3:
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Total dead load above the base =5600+1920=9520KN
Total wind load above the base P=kpA

P = 0.7 × 1.5 × 360 = 375KN (4.9)

p=wind pressure =1.5KN/m2

A=area exposed to wind =360m2
k=shape factor
for circular section k=0.7
STEP :4
MOMENT CALCULATION
Bending moment about the base due to wind load

Ph 375 × 80
M= M= = 15000KN − m (4.10)
2 2

M 15000
eccentricitye = e= = 1.575m (4.11)
W 9620

Step 5:
Reinforcement
Provide reinforcement of 1 percent c/s area

‘Ast = 0.01(πdm (tc + tf )) = 0.01(3.14 × 4600 + (300 + 100)) = 57805mm2 (4.12)

b1 + d 2 4200 + 5000
dm = dm = = 4600mm (4.13)
2 2

23
use 25mm diameter bar

Ast 57805
numberof bars = = = 120nos (4.14)
ast 490.87

Provide 25mm bars at 120 number vertical reinforcement

STEP 6:
ANALYSIS OF STRESSES AT BASE SECTION
1.Eccentricity

(tc − ts )( sin42α + π−α

2
) + ( mt2s π )
e = R( (4.15)
(tc − ts )(sin α + (π − α) cos α) + mts cos α

ts = equivalent thickness of steel ring chimney

α=angle subtended by neural axis at the center (60 to 70)degrees

trail:1
assuming alpha is 60 degrees

(300 − 4)( sin 2(60)

4
+ π−60
2
) + ( 11×4π
2
)
e = 2300( ) = 1.575m (4.16)
(300 − 4)(sin 60 + (π − 60) cos 60) + 11 × 4 cos 60

hence,the value of alpha is 60 degrees

2.Stress calculation in concrete:
use relation

2Rσc
W =[ ](tc − ts )(sinα + (π − α)cosα) + πmts cosα (4.17)
1 + cosα

22300σc
9520 × 103 = [ ](300 − 4)(sin60 + (π − 60)cos60) + π × 11 × 4cos603.75N/mm2 (4.18)
1 + cos60

Which is less than 8.5N/mm2

Hence safe.

24
3.Stress calculations in steel:

1 − cos α 1 − cos 60
σs = mσc ( ) = 11 × 3.75( ) = 13.73N/mm2 (4.19)
1 + cos α 1 + cos 60

hence the stress in stell and concrete are with in permissable limits
Safe

STEP 7:
DESIGN OF HOOP REINFORCEMENT
Provide 0.12 percent of c/s area

Ast = 0.0012(πdm (tc + tf )) = 0.0012(π × 4600(300 + 100)) = 1734N/mm2 (4.20)

using 10mm of diameter hoops at 200mm c-c

stress in steel

ps 375000 × 200
σs = = = 129N/mm2 (4.21)
1.6At dm 1.6 × 79 × 4600

At =area of steel bar

π102
At = = 79mm2 (4.22)
4

STEP 8:
TEMPERATURE STRESS:
Combined effect of wind load ,self weight and temperature
a.compression zone (leeward zone):
use the relation
s
2σc (1 + (m − 1)p)
k 0 = −mp + m2 p2 + 2mpa + (4.23)
Ec T α

25
 r
2 × 3.75(1 + (11 − 1)0.01)
k 0 = −11 × 0.01 + 112 × 0.012 + 2 × 11 × 0.01 × 0.875 + (4.24)
19090.975 × 12 × 10−6

k 0 = 0.7 (4.25)

1.Stress in concrete due to temperature:

Ec αT π 19090.9 × 12 × 10−6 × 75 × π
σc0 = 0 = 0.875−0.7 = 11N/mm2 (4.26)
1 + ( a−k
k0
) 1 + ( 0.7
)

The permisible compressive stress for M25 grade concrete when wind load was considered is

σc0 = 1.33σc bc = 1.33 × 8.5 = 11.33N/mm2 (4.27)

Hence safe(11 is less than 11.33)

2.Stress in steel due to temperature:

a − k0 0.875 − 0.7
σs0 = mσc ( 0
) = 11 × 11( ) = 86.6N/mm2 (4.28)
k 0.7

which is less than230N/mm2

hence safe
b.Tension zone (Wind ward side):
use the relation

pσs
a−k0 k0
= αT Ec k 0 (4.29)
pm( k0 ) − 2

0.01 × 13.73
0 k0
= 12 × 10−6 × 75 × 190909k 0 (4.30)
0.01 × 11( 0.875−k
k0
)− 2

26
 k 0 = 0.55 (4.31)

1.Stress in concrete:

σc0 = αT Ec k 0 = 12 × 10−6 × 75 × 19090.9 × 0.55 = 8.26N/mm2 (4.32)

which is less than 8.5N/mm2 (in compression)

Hence it is safe
2.Stress in steel:

a − k0
σs0 = mσc0 ( ) (4.33)
k0

0.87 − 0.55
σs0 = 11 × 8.66( ) = 86.28N/mm2 (4.34)
0.55

which is less than 230N/mm2

Hence it is safe
c.Stress at nutral axis:
use relation

p
k = −mp + 2mpa + p2 m2 (4.35)

p
k = −11 × 0.01 + 2 × 11 × 0.875 × 0.01 + 0.012 × 112 = 0.342 (4.36)

1.Stress in concrete:

σct = Ec αT k = 19090.9 × 12 × 10−6 × 0.342 × 75 = 5.386N/mm2 (4.37)

27
2.Stress in steel:

σst = Es αT (a − k) = 2.1 × 105 × 12 × 10−6 × 75(0.875 − 0.342) = 92.34N/mm2 (4.38)

which is less than230N/mm2

Hence it is safe
STEP9:
Stress in hoop steel due to temperature:
use relation

Ast π × 102
p= = = 0.00098 (4.39)
stc 4 × 200 × 400

s=spacing
s=200mm

p
k0 = 2mpa + p2 m2 − pm (4.40)

p
k0 = 2 × 0.00098 × 11 × 0.875 + (0.00098)2 × 112 − (0.00098) × 11 = 0.127 (4.41)

Now use relation

a − k0 0.875 − 0.127
σs0 = mσc0 ( 0
) = 11σc0 ( ) (4.42)
k 0.127

σs0 = 60.45σc0 (4.43)

Now using the relation

σs0 + mσc0 = Es αT a (4.44)

28
 60.45σc0 + 11σc0 = 2.1 × 105 × 12 × 10−6 × 75 × 0.875 (4.45)

σc0 = 2.12N/mm2 (4.46)

σs0 = 60.45 × 2.12 = 128.25N/mm2 (4.47)

Total stress in hoop steel =Stress due to shear +stress due to temperature difference
=129+128.25
=257.25N/mm2
Which is greater than230N/mm2
Hence spacing of hoop reinforement can be reduced to 150mm insted of 200mm
STEP10:
Design of foundation:
A circular RC slab foundation is designed to the chimney

W M
= (4.48)
A Z

We have
W=Total vertical load on back+Swlf weight of footing
Self weight of footing=0.1 of actual weight
W=9520+0.1(9520)
W=10470KN

W=Bending moment at base

M=15000KN-m

πD2
A= (4.49)
4

29
A=Area of the circular slab

πD3
Z= (4.50)
32

Z=polar modulous

10470 15000
πD2
= πD3
(4.51)
4 32

D=11.4
Intensity of soil pressure
w=W/A=10470/102.07=103KN/mm2
2a=D=11.4m a=5.7m
2b=D1=4.6m b=2.3m
Maximum bending moment:
Maximum bending moment in the section is governed by the radial moment

W a b 3
Mr = (2loge ( ) + 1 − ( )2 ) − wa2 (4.52)
8π b a 16

10470 5.7 2.3 3

Mr = (2loge ( ) + 1 − ( )2 ) − 103 × 5.72 (4.53)
8π 2.3 5.7 16

Mr = 476.28KN − m (4.54)

W a b 3
MrM ax = (2loge ( ) + 1 − ( )2 ) − w(a2 − b2 ) (4.55)
8π b a 16

10470 5.7 2.3 3

MrM ax = (2loge ( ) + 1 − ( )2 ) − 103 × (5.72 − 2.32 ) (4.56)
8π 2.3 5.7 16

30
 MrM ax = 578.38KN − m (4.57)

According to the grade of steel and concrete

Effective depth s
MrM ax
d= (4.58)
Qb

r
578058 × 106
d= = 800mm (4.59)
0.897 × 1000

Adopting an effective depth 800mm

Over all depth is 850mm
Area of reinforcement :

M 578.38 × 106
Ast = Ast = = 3492mm2 (4.60)
σst jd 230 × 0.903 × 800

Providing 25mm diameter bars at 140mm c/c in both X and Y direction of circular slab

Table 4.1: Reinforcement details for two different structures

Vertical Hoop Foundation
Structure details
reinforcement(mm2 )reinforcement(mm2 )reinforcement(mm2 )
t = 0.4m, D1 = 5, D2 =
4, areaexposedtowind = 72220 8669.16 2870.42
3686.81mm2
t = 0.4m, D1 = 4.5, D2 =
4.5, areaexposedtowind = 64370 7726.86 3808.55
3686.8mm2

31
Figure 4.2: Bending moments in circular foundation footing

Figure 4.3: Reinforcement details of chimney

32
Chapter 5

Conclusion

All the criteria involved in the analysis and design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys were
considered and analyzed. All the loads that are to be considered during the analysis phase of
the chimney were taken into account. Out of all the loads considered the most important were
found to be the wind loads.
The quality of the concrete shows deterioration when there are implementation defaults. Since
concrete is not as homogeneous and isotropic as steel
1. Big sections are required even in minimum conditions, so there occurs a lot of lost space.Since
skilled work is not required, the implementation defaults occur.It is rough and expensive to
control the concrete after pouring it. To strengthen any construction component damaged by
any reason is a hard and expensive operation, and this operation causes architecture problems.
2. In wide open areas the size of the sections are bigger and this has a higher cost. Also the
big sections limit different types of design possibilities. Because of their high burdens the base
costs are high and constructions periods are long.
3. Due to the establishment ground cooperation, cement is impeded for the seismic tremors
.The development periods are long. Cement does not permit to work at any sort of climate
condition. Hence the outcome is all the more exorbitant and opportune. In solid structures
fortifying is hard. It is difficult to disassemble a solid building.

33
References

1. Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design Dr. N.Krishna Raju, CBS Publishers, Delhi.
2. Design of concrete Structures Volume 1 and 2 O.P.Jain and Jai Krishna, Nem Chand and
Bro Publications, Roorkee
3. IS 4998 (Part 1): 1992 Criteria for design of reinforced concrete chimneys, part-1, Assess-
ment of loads (Second Revision) Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi, 1992.
4. IS 1893: 2005 Criteria for earthquake resistant Design of structures code of practice (second
revision).
5.Limit State Reinforced Concrete Design Dr. Ashok K Jain, Nem Chand and Bro Publica-
tions, Roorkee.
6.Tall Chimney: Design and Construction S.N.Manohar, Tata McGraw Hill Publications.

34