150

2 006 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ù ˆ◊!î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G í˛zFã˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ Ù%oî G ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–

Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ G §Ù,Âôï˛Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ !e˛õ%Ó˚y Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y
òƈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ xT˛Ùñ lÓÙ G ~ܲyò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ 2019 !¢«˛yÓ£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ å~l !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ä ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
!§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚–

ÓyÇ°y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2019 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ ÓSÈÓ˚ G•z§Ó ˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ%lÙ%≈oî ܲÓ˚y •°– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò¢Ù G myò¢ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒylƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
˛õ%hflÏܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xl)!òï˛ G x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ §ÇflÒÓ˚î 2020 !¢«˛yӈϣÏ≈ ≤ÃÌÙ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl
í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ÓyÇ°y !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ òy!Î˚cG Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–

!Ó¢y° ~•z ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ ˆÎ§Ó !¢«˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!¢!«˛Ü˛yñ xôƒy˛õܲÈüÈxôƒy!˛õܲyñ !¢«˛y!Óòñ xl%Óyòܲñ

xl%ˆÏ°áܲñ Ù%oîܲÙ#≈ G !¢“#Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚°§Ë˛yˆÏÓ xÜœ˛yhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà
ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ §Ü,˛ï˛K˛ ôlƒÓyò çyly!FSÈ–

≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflÏܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ G ˆ§Ô®Î≈ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yl%Ó˚yà# G à%î#çˆÏlÓ˚

Ùï˛yÙï˛ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

xyàÓ˚ï˛°y
í˛z_Ù Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛yܲÙy
Ùyã≈˛ñ 2020 x!ôܲï≈˛y
Ó˚yçƒ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈ò
!e˛õ%Ó˚y
 í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
í˛É xî≈Ó ˆ§lñ §•Èxôƒy˛õܲñ ~l •z xyÓ˚ xy•z •ñz !¢°Ç
í˛É xÓ˚˛) õ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ §y•yñ §•Èxôƒy˛õܲñ xyÓ˚ xy•z •zñ Ë%˛ÓˆÏlŸªÓ˚

◊# ˜¢Óy° Ó˚yÎ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# §%˲y£Ï ã˛w òy§ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# !ÓŸª!çÍ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# ˆàÔï˛Ù Ó˚yÎ˚ÓÙ≈îñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# l®ò%°y° ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# ˆl˛õy° ã˛w ˆË˛Ô!Ùܲñ
§• ≤Ãôyl!¢«˛Ü˛
◊# ˆòÓ!≤ÃÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛Ó_#≈ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊#Ù!ï˛ ¢#°y àî ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚#ñ
!¢!«˛Ü˛y
xl%Óyòܲ
í˛É ˆàÔÓ˚Ó Ó˚yÎ˚ñ §•xôƒy˛õܲ
◊#Ù!ï˛ ˛õyߨy ã˛Ü˛Óï˛#≈ñ
≤Ãôyl!¢!«˛Ü˛y
◊# x!˲!çÍ ã˛Ü˛Óï˛#≈ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊#Ù!ï˛ ˛õ%!Ó≈ï˛y §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
◊#Ù!ï˛ ˆ˛õÔ°Ù# ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ñ
!¢!«˛Ü˛y
◊# Ó˚î!çÍ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ˆòÓlyÌñ
å≤Ãy=˛l !Óòƒy°Î˚ !¢«˛y x!ôܲï≈˛yä
í˛É x°Ü˛ §ï˛˛õ!Ìñ xôƒy˛õܲ
◊# !òˆÏÓƒ®% !Óܲy¢ ˆ§lñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# fl∫˛õl Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# xÙ° ã˛w lyÌñ !¢«˛Ü˛
˛◊# õÇܲç Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ òy¢ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# Ù°Î˚ ˆË˛Ô!Ùܲñ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# §OÎ˚ ˆòÓlyÌñ !¢«˛Ü˛
◊# §!Óï˛y ˆË˛Ô!Ùܲñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y
◊# ܲyܲ!° òy¢ñ !¢!«˛Ü˛y

˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈lyÎ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ˛õÏÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î

◊# ≤ÃÓ%Âô§%®Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ◊# ò#˛õܲ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ !§l‰•y
◊# xy!¢§ ˆòÓlyÌñ !¢«˛Ü˛ ¢yáy §M˛y°Ü˛ñ ≤Ãܲy¢ly !Ó˲yà
◊# §%!≤ÃÎ˚ ã˛Ü˛Óï˛#≈ñ !¢«˛Ü˛
~§ !§ •z xyÓ˚ !ê˛ñ !e˛õ%Ó˚y–
 çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áy (NCF), 2005È §%˛õy!Ó˚¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z §ÇˆÏÎyà Ìyܲy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§y ˛õ%!Ìàï˛ !¢«˛y ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ Óy!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ò)Ó˚c ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ~•z l#!ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ˲yÓlyˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó˚)˛õòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù G ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !¢¢%Ó˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ Ù%áfiÌ ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ !ӣψÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ à![˛ˆÏï˛ xyÓÂô ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚G í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y
xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛yl#!ï˛ å1986ä Ó˚)˛õˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛
!¢¢%ˆÏܲ!wܲ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–

ï˛ˆÏ Ó ~•z ≤ÃˆÏ ã ˛T˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ !lË≈ ˛ Ó˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ãôyl ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ
!¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ܲ“lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ l– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓñ !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Î!ò fiÌylñ
§ÙÎ˚ G fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏí˛¸yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ï˛ˆÏ̃Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l
K˛ylyç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ܲÙye ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z •° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ù)° !˲!_ ÈüüüÈ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy•z
!¢«˛yÓ˚ xlƒylƒ !ò܉˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏ˛õ!«˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§,çl¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ í˛zˆòÏ ƒyà §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y!Ó
ˆÎñ !¢¢%Ó˚y !¢ál ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢%ô% K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛@˝Ã•#ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚G–

~•z °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜òl!®l !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˜òl!®l §ÙÎ˚§)!ã˛ ˆÎÙl lÙl#Î˚ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛
ˆï˛Ù!l Óy!£Ï≈ܲ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛G ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
!òlà%ˆÏ°y !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç•z Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ã˛y˛õ G ~ܲˆÏâˆÏÎ˚!ÙÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°
!¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl%Ò°ç#ÓlˆÏܲ ܲï˛ê˛y xyl®òyÎ˚ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ ï˛y !¢«˛yòyl ˛õÂô!ï˛ G Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚ G !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyl!§Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhsà≈ï˛ !¢«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l
ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ Îy ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyë˛ƒÜ˛Ù ˛õ)là≈ë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y òˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ •yˆÏï˛Ü˛°ˆÏÙ !¢«˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c !òˆÏï˛
˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚lܲˆÏ“ òy!Î˚c≤ÃyÆ Ü˛!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙÓ˚

çlƒ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï ≈ ò åNCERTä ≤âǧy ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ~•z ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ òyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl G à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l xôƒy˛õܲ ˆç !˲ lyÓ˚!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)რí˛z˛õˆÏòT˛y
xôƒy˛õܲ Ó˚)˛õyÙyOÓ˚# ˆây£Ïñ ˆË˛Ôï˛ !ÓK˛yl !Ó˲yàÈüÈçG•Ó˚°y° ˆlˆÏ•Ó˚% !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°Î˚ñ
!lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ˆÏܲ ôlƒÓyò K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚!SÈ– ˆÎ §Ü˛° !¢«˛Ü˛‡!¢!«˛Ü˛y ~•z Ó•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ≤Ãôyl ÈüÈ ÎÑyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲyç!ê˛ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÙÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛K˛– ~•z ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ§Ü˛°
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ §Çàë˛l ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õòñ í˛z˛õyòyl ~ÓÇ ˆ°yܲӰ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zòyÓ˚•ˆÏhflÏ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG xyÙyÓ˚ }î#– ÙylÓ §¡õò í˛zߨÎ˚l ÙsfˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚˛õy§≈l
xôƒy˛õܲ Ù,îy° !Ù!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ xôƒy˛õܲ ˆç !˛õ ˆò¢˛õyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl Ùyôƒ!Ùܲ G
í˛zFã˛ÈüÈÙyôƒ!Ùܲ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yà myÓ˚y !lÎ%=˛ Úçyï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î §!Ù!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%Ù°
) ƒ
§ÙÎ˚ ≤Ãòyl G ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛ï˛K˛– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly
~ÓÇ à%îàï˛ Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ NCERT ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ §Ó≈òy ˛õyë˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùï˛yÙï˛ G ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ˆÏܲ fl∫yàï˛ çylyÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z §ÇˆÏ¢yôl# ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y
§Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §¡õyòl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–

!lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ x!ôܲï≈˛y

20 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ 2005 çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy G ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈Ïò
 TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
C HAIRMAN , A DVISORY G ROUP FOR TEXTBOOKS IN S CIENCE AND
MATHEMATICS
J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor, Chairman, Advisory Committee Inter University
Centre for Astronomy & Astrophysics (IUCCA), Ganeshbhind,
Pune University, Pune
CHIEF ADVISOR
Rupamanjari Ghosh, Professor, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi
MEMBERS
Anjni Koul, Lecturer, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics (DESM),
NCERT, New Delhi
Anupam Pachauri, 1317, Sector 37, Faridabad, Haryana
Anuradha Gulati, TGT, CRPF Public School, Rohini, Delhi
Asfa M. Yasin, Reader, Pandit Sunderlal Sharma Central Institute of Vocational Education,
NCERT, Bhopal
Charu Maini, PGT, DAV School, Sector 14, Gurgaon, Haryana
Dinesh Kumar, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
Gagan Gupta, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
H.L. Satheesh, TGT , DM School, Regional Institute of Education, Mysore
Madhuri Mahapatra, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Orissa
Puran Chand, Jt. Director, Central Institute of Educational Technology, NCERT, New
Delhi
S.C. Jain, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
Sujatha G.D., Assistant Mistress, V.V.S. Sardar Patel High School, Rajaji Nagar, Bangalore
S.K. Dash, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
Seshu Lavania, Reader, Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow
Satyajit Rath, Scientist, National Institute of Immunology, JNU Campus, New Delhi
Sukhvir Singh, Reader, DESM, Regional Institute of Education, Ajmer, Rajasthan
Uma Sudhir, Eklavya, Indore
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
Brahm Parkash, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi
õy ë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚l ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ lÓÙ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z í˛zߨÎ˚lܲˆÏ“ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛
ÎÑyÓ˚y xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ çyï˛#Î˚ !¢«˛y àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!¢«˛î ˛õ£Ï≈Ïò åNCERTä
Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyë˛ƒÓ•z!ê˛Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù Ó˚)˛õòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÙ≈¢y°yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚#
§ò§ƒ‡§ò§ƒyˆÏòÓ˚G ˛õ£≈Ïò Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §ò§ƒÓ˚y •ˆÏ°l ı !˛õ ˆÜ˛ ˲Ryã˛yÎ≈ƒñ DESM,
NCERT; x!lï˛y ç%°Ü˛yñ Reader, DESM, NCERT; ˆï˛Ô!§Ê˛ xy•ˆÏÙòñ PGT, New Era
Sr. Sec School, !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ó §ÙÓ˚ˆÏܲï%˛ñ PGT, ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ JNV, MESRA, Ó˚Ñy!ã˛ó Ù#ly«˛#
¢Ù≈yñ PGT ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ SVEM, xyˆÏAܲˆÏ°ŸªÓ˚ñ à%çÓ˚yê˛ó Ó˚!ç ܲyÙ°y§ylylñ PGT ç#Ó!Óòƒyñ
DTEA SNSU School, xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ ˛õ%Ó˚Ùñ !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ó Ù#lyÙ!Óܲy ˆÙllñ TGT !ÓK˛ylñ
ˆÜ˛Ù!Óç !Óòƒy°Î˚ñ lÎ˚í˛yó °!°ï˛ à%Æyñ TGT !ÓK˛ylñ Govt. Boys Sr. Sec School, No.2,
í˛z_ÙlàÓ˚ñ !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ó ÙˆÏlyç Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ à%Æyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ÓòƒyÓ˚ xôƒy˛õܲñ Mukherji Memorial Sr.
Sec. School, Shahdara, !ò!Õ‘ó !ÓçÎ˚ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ñ §•Ü˛yÓ˚# xôƒ«˛ñ Govt. Sarvodaya, Co.
Edu. Sr. Sec School, xyl® !Ó•yÓ˚ñ !ò!Õ‘ó ܲyl‰•y•zÎ˚y °y°ñ ≤Ãy=˛l xôƒ«˛ñ !¢«˛y!ÓK˛ylñ
GNCTñ !ò!Õ‘ó ˆÜ˛ !Ó à%Æyñ ≤Ãy=˛l xôƒy˛õܲñ NCERT, !lí˛zÈ È!ò!Õ‘ó Ü%˛°ò#˛õ !§Çñ TGT
!ÓK˛ylñ JNV, Ù#Ó˚ y ê˛ó xyÓ˚ ~ ˆàyˆÏ Î ˚ ° ñ ≤Ãy=˛l xôƒ«˛ñ !ò!Õ‘ ó §% ! Ùï˛ Ü% ˛ ÙyÓ˚ ˲yê˛lyàÓ˚ ñ
!¢«˛y!Ó˲yàñ GNCT !ò!Õ‘–
~Ù ã˛wñ xôƒy˛õܲ ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yl G à!îï˛ !¢«˛y !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãôylñ NCERT, !lí˛z !ò!Õ‘ñ
xôƒÎ˚l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ G ≤ây§!lܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y K˛y˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
DESM ~Ó˚ APC x!Ê˛§ñ DESM ~Ó˚ ≤ây§!lܲ !Ó˲yàñ ò#˛õܲ ܲy˛õ%Ó˚ åIncharge com-
puter centre, DESMäó §y•zÙy åDTP, Operatoräñ Ù•¡øò Ü%˛Î˚yÙyÓ˚ ˆê˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ç åCopy Edi-
torä ÙƒyÌ% çl ~ÓÇ Ó˚îô#Ó˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ñ åProof Readersäñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲG Ü,˛ï˛K˛!ã˛ˆÏ_ Ü,˛ï˛K˛ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– NCERT -Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ly §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ≤ÃÎ˚y§
xÓ¢ƒ•z ≤âǧl#Î˚–
 §ï˛ƒyl%§rôyl
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !¢«˛y ï˛y•z Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xydyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyd§ï˛ï˛yñ {ŸªÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z K˛yl
xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z §y!•ï˛ƒ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!ÓK˛yl ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ܲ°y xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!j≈T˛ °«˛ƒ
Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– xydK˛ylñ Îy xy◊ˆÏÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z °ˆÏ«˛ƒ xyÙÓ˚y xçflÀ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z– ~•z §Ó•z xyÙyÓ˚
ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢«˛y– xydK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛ƒ SÈyí˛¸yG ~•z§Ó ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál•z ~•z§Ó
ï˛Í˛õÓ˚ï˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ç#!ÓܲyÓ˚ xÌÓy xlƒ !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛y
!¢«˛y lÎ˚– !¢«˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yç ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yñ ܲï≈˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !l¤˛y ~ÓÇ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛zòƒÙ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ Îy xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ï˛y Ó%!Âô§_yÓ˚ !Óܲy¢– ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ°ñ ï˛y Îï˛•z ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Óe °«˛ƒ myÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏj¢ƒˆÏܲ Îy ~!ê˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲG
ˆÓyV˛y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ È üüüÈ ï˛y Ó˚yߨy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛y•z ˆ•yܲñ S%ȈÏï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ܲyç•z ˆ•yܲ Óy ã˛Ó˚ܲy ܲyê˛y•z ˆ•yܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ !¢«˛yÌ#≈Ó˚ ò,!T˛Ë˛!Aà !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ G•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl
çyˆÏl xÌÓy ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÈüüüÈ à%çÓ˚y!ê˛ Ùy•zˆÏܲy!Ê˛Õ√ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y–
MMV/II, 10 ç%°y•z 1932 (CW 50, P.182)

ÉÉÉ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órôl xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy§ ܲÓ˚!SÈ– §Ω˛Óï˛ ï˛y ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G §¡õ)î≈
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ í˛zòy§#l˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyÓ˚ò¢#≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ xy!SÈ ¢%ô%Ùye !Ó‹øÎ˚ܲÓ˚ òy!Ω˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y–
ÉÉÉ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l xyÙyÓ˚ Ó%!ÂôÙ_y ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#Ól ôÁLjϧÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !ÓˆÏoy• ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv
ôÁǧydܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù §,!T˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Órô%c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ xyÙyÓ˚ •,òÎ˚ ï˛ï˛ ¢!=˛¢y°# lÎ˚– xyfiÌyÓ˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚
˲y£Ïyñ Îy ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y xyÙyˆÏܲ ÓƒÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ˆ§•z ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ
Îï˛«˛î xy!Ù Ü˛y˛õ%Ó˚%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §y˛õñ Óyâ •zï˛ƒy!ò ç#ÓçvˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˲#ï˛ Ìy!ܲ–
åYI, 17 ç%°y•zñ 1927, P.222)
xôƒyÎ˚ : 1 xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ 1 – 13
xôƒyÎ˚ : 2 xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ 14 – 30
˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄˛
xôƒyÎ˚ : 3 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 31 – 45
xôƒyÎ˚ : 4 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l 46 – 56
xôƒyÎ˚ : 5 ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ 57 – 67
xôƒyÎ˚ : 6 ܲ°y 68 – 79
xôƒyÎ˚ : 7 ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 80 – 97
xôƒyÎ˚ : 8 à!ï˛ 98 – 113
xôƒyÎ˚ : 9 Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 114 – 130
xôƒyÎ˚ : 10 Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 131 – 145
xôƒyÎ˚ : 11 ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 146 – 159
xôƒyÎ˚ : 12 ¢∑ 160 – 175
xôƒyÎ˚ : 13 xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄ 176 – 188
xôƒyÎ˚ : 14 ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò 189 – 202
xôƒyÎ˚ : 15 áyòƒ§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl 203 – 215
í˛z_Ó˚Ùy°y 216 – 218
xôƒyÎ˚ 1
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ï˛yܲy•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyç 1.1 ˛
!ç!l§ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ àë˛l !Ólƒy§ • ~ܲ!ê˛ 100 ˛!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚ lyG–
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ– !ÓŸªÓ·yˆÏu˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyòyl • ç° !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏô≈ܲ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ú˛õòyÌ≈Û– ˆÎ Óyï˛yˆÏ§ í˛zFã˛ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÙÓ˚y Ÿªy§≤ߪy§ ˆl•zñ ˆÎ áyòƒ xyÙÓ˚y áy•zñ ˛˛õyÌÓ˚ñ ˆÙâñ l«˛eñ • ܲyã˛ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È °Óî‡!ã˛!l oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
• çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •° !ܲly °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z!qòñ ≤Ãyî#ñ ~Ùl!ܲ «%˛o ~ܲ !Ó®% ç° xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°Ü˛îy
• !ã˛!l‡°ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲ# •°⁄ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˲yÓSÈ⁄
§Ó!ܲS%È•z ˛õòyÌ≈– xyÙÓ˚y ~G ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z çyÎ˚ày • ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°⁄
òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ xyˆÏSÈ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ • çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •° !ܲ⁄
≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ D ~ÓÇ xyÎ˚ï˛l DD ò%•z•z xyˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ ˛õòyÌ≈ ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
≤Ãyã˛#lܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ã˛yÙˆÏã˛ !ã˛!l
xy§ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲàî ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl
Óy °Óî Îy !SÈ° ï˛y çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó≈e SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– !ã˛e 1.1ÈüÈ~
˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÎyˆÏÜ˛È ˛õM˛ï˛_¥ ӈϰ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ñ
ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
x!@¿ñ xyܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ç°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° §ç#Ó ~ÓÇ çí˛¸
Ó›•z ~•z ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ù)° í˛z˛õyòyl !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ≤Ãyã˛#l !@˝Ãܲ òy¢≈!lܲàîG
~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ç° ç° ç°
ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– °Óî ˆÙ¢yG lyí˛¸yG °Óî
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ °«˛à%î Ó!ô≈ï˛
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîy
°Óî
çylˆÏÓy– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
1.1 ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e åPHYSICAL NATURE OF !ã˛e lÇ 1.1 / Îál xyÙÓ˚y çˆÏ° °Óî oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyÓ˚ Ê˛ÑyˆÏܲ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
MATTERä

1.1.1.˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ åMATTER IS MADE UP OF

PARTICLESä

ò#â≈ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y 1.1.2 ˛˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ܲï˛ê˛y «%˛o⁄ åHow small are
these particles of matter?ä
ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈ •ˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ– x˛õÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õòyÌ≈ Óy!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç 1.2
ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ ly!ܲ ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ • ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ 2ÈüÈ3!ê˛ ˆÜ˛°y§ lyG
~•z !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ~ÓÇ 100 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
* ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ SI ~ܲܲ •ˆÏ°y !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ åKilogramä Óy kg
** xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ •ˆÏ°y âl!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åCubic meter)-m3. §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ùy˛õyÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •ˆÏ°y !°ê˛yÓ˚ åLä– ÈˆÎÙl 1 !°ê˛yÓ˚ = 1 âl ˆí˛!§!Ùê˛yÓ˚– 1 !°ê˛yÓ˚ = 1000 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚–
1 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ = 1 âl ˆ§!Ù–
 • ~•z oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10˛ !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ 90˛
!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ çˆÏ° ì˛yˆÏ°y
• ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ lï%˛l oÓˆÏîÓ˚ 10˛ !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ 90
!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ çˆÏ° ì˛yˆÏ°y
• ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ 5 ˆÌˆÏܲ 8 ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ oÓî!ê˛ˆÏܲ °â% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲy–
• ~álG ç° Ó˚!.l xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
!Ù!°É!° !Ù!°É!°
!Ù!°É!° !Ù!°É!° !Ù!°É!° !Ù!°É!°
!ã˛e lÇ 1.2 / ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y Ü˛ï˛ «%˛o ï˛y xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛y– ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ °â% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚. •y°‰Ü˛y •!FSÈ°
ï˛Ó%G ˆòáy Îy!FSÈ°–
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ
˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ܲS% ˆÜ˛°y§ !Ó¢y° xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ç°ˆÏܲG
å≤ÃyÎ˚È1000È !°ê˛yÓ˚ä Ó˚!.l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y
~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛°yˆÏ§ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ x§Çáƒ
ܲîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y oÓˆÏî «%˛o ˆÌˆÏܲ «%˛oï˛Ó˚ ܲîyÎ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ°
È2È !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˆí˛ê˛° !lˆÏÎ˚G ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛
≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ °â%ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G oÓˆÏî àrô ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ–
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z «%˛oñ xyÙÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y «%˛o
ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG «%˛oúúúú
1.2. ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ (Characteristics of
Particles of Matter)
1.2.1 ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl Óï≈˛Ùyl
Particles of matter have space between
them)
ܲyç ÈüüüÈ 1.1 ~ÓÇ 1.2 ÈüÈ~ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ !ã˛!lñ °Óîñ
ˆí˛ê˛° Óy ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ã˛yñ ܲ!Ê˛ñ ˆ°Ó%Ó˚
§Ó˚Óï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛álG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîy xlƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yˆÏܲ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ΈÏÌT˛ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
2 !ÓK˛yl
1.2.2 ˛˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y !lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ à!ï˛¢#°
åParticles of matter are continuously
movingä
ܲyç 1.3 ˛
• ~ܲ!ê ô)˛õܲy!ë˛Ó˚ ¢°yܲy ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
!Ù!°É!°
~Ó˚ àrô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
• ~ÓyÓ˚ ô)˛õܲy!ë˛Ó˚ ¢°yܲy!ê˛ çµy°yG– ܲ# âê˛°⁄ ò)ˆÏÓ˚
ӈϧG ï%˛!Ù ~Ó˚ àrô ˛õyFSÈ !ܲ⁄
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!Ù!°É!°
ܲyç 1.4 ˛
• ç°˛õ)î≈ ò%ˆÏê˛y @’y§‡!ÓܲyÓ˚ lyG–
• ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ày ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ §yÓôyˆÏl ~ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y
°y° Óy l#° ܲy!° ì˛yˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚
~ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y Ùô% ì˛yˆÏ°y–
• lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚˛ Óy
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyG–
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ܲy!°Ó˚ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y ì˛y°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
• Ùô%Ó˚ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y ì˛y°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
• ܲy!°Ó˚ Ó˚. çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ù˲yˆÏÓ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛
â^˝ê˛y Óy ܲï˛!òl §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏ°y⁄
ܲyç 1.5 ˛
• ~ܲ @’y§ àÓ˚Ù çˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ @’y§ ë˛yu˛y çˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ åï%Ñ˛ˆÏï˛ä xÌÓy ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ
˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛°y§ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓy˚ – oÓî!ê˛ˆÏܲ lyí˛¸yˆÏÓ
ly– ˆÜ˛°y§!ê˛ˆÏܲ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ òyG–
• @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛°y§ §Ç°@¿ çˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
°«˛ ܲÓ˚SÈ⁄
• §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛# âê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄
• ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
• í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!◊ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
•Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛l ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yç å1.3, 1.4, 1.5ä ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
!§Âôyhs˝à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚Èüüü
 ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y x!ÓÓ˚yÙ à!ï˛¢#° xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ó!°– í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y
Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛G Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yç ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚–
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲîyÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÊÑ˛yܲy çyÎ˚ày ~Ó˚y òá°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ò%ˆÏê˛y !˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !وϢ ÎyGÎ˚yˆÏܲ Óƒy˛õl ӈϰ– xyÙÓ˚y
~ê˛yG °«˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ˆÎñ ï˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà Óƒy˛õl o%ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛l
~Ùl âˆÏê˛⁄
1.2.3 ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ åParticles of matter attract each otherä
˛È
ܲyç 1.6
• ÙyˆÏë˛ ~•z ˆá°y!ê˛ ˆáˆÏ°yÈüüüÈ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ò° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ÙylÓ ¢,C° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ≤ÃÌÙ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒÓ˚y •zò% !Ù¢!Ù åIdu-Mishmiä l,ï˛ƒ
!¢“#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õSÈl ˆÌˆÏܲ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ˛– å!ã˛e 1.3ä
!ã˛e lÇ ÈüÈ 1.3
• !mï˛#Î˚ ò°!ê˛ •yˆÏï˛ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÙylÓ ¢,C° ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ò°!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye xy.%° !òˆÏÎ˚
flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢,C° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ òˆÏ°Ó˚ SÈyeÓ˚y ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛
ÙylÓ ¢,C°ˆÏܲ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y òˆÏ°
˲y.yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• ˆÜ˛yl‰ ò°!ê˛ Ë˛y.y §•ç •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
• Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ SÈyeˆÏܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl‰ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ¢!=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°⁄
ܲyç 1.7
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲñ ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ã˛Ü˛ G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚
Óƒyu lyG–
• xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ xÌÓy ˆê˛ˆÏl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y.yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲîyà%ˆ°
Ï y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ ¢!=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ°
ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
ܲyç 1.8
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏe !ܲS%È ç° lyG– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xy.%° !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛°!ê˛ Ü˛yê˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ï˛°!ê˛ Ü˛yê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄
• çˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛°!êÓ˚˛ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ Ü˛# ܲyÓ˚î ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yç å1.6, 1.7, 1.8ä ~ê˛y•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ˆÎñ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó° ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
˛§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyܲ£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyey ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
≤Ã
ˆË˛ˆÏò ~ܲ ~ܲ Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1 l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°y ˛õòyÌ≈⁄
ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ˲y°Óy§yñ àrôñ â,îyñ ÓyòyÙñ
!ã˛hs˝yñ ë˛yu˛yñ ˆ°Ó%ñ ç°ñ ˛õyÓ˚!Ê˛í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚
àrô–
2 l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆòáyG/
àÓ˚Ù Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚y áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àrô ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲv ë˛yu˛y
áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àrô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛
•Î˚–
3 §%•z!ÙDzõ%ˆÏ° ~ܲçl í%˛Ó%!Ó˚ ç° ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ í%˛Ó
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ âê˛ly!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ôÙ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
4 ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ܲ# ܲ#⁄
3
1.3 ˛˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÓfiÌy åStates of Matterä
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
ÈüüüÈ Ü˛!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfiÌy §,!T˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏ§yñ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çy!l–
1.3.1 ˛˛Ü˛!ë˛l xÓfiÌy åSolid Stateä
ܲyç 1.9
• 1!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ°Ùñ Ó•zñ §)Ñã˛ñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ °y!ë˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ áyï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆ˛õl!§°‡Ü˛°Ù !òˆÏÎ˚
â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xÑyˆÏܲy–
• ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyÎ˚ï˛l ~ÓÇ §#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ y
xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
• ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï ñ ê˛ylˆÏ° xÌÓy ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄
• ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ó˚yáˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óƒy˛õl •Î˚
!ܲ⁄
• Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xyÙÓ˚y
°«˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ˆÎñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xyܲyÓ˚ñ !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy
~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ƒ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°ï˛y làlƒ–
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáyÎ˚– Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛Èl
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˲y.y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y
ܲT˛§yôƒ– ˆ§çlƒ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ò,ì˛¸ •Î˚–
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
a) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ Óƒyu˛ˆÏܲ ê˛ylˆÏ° ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï≈˛l •Î˚–
ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲ ~!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈⁄
b) !ã˛!l ~ÓÇ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ !Ó!˲ߨ çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚y ˙ çyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚y !ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈⁄
c) flõˆÏOÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲ# Ó°ˆÏÓ⁄ Î!òG flõOˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
§ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ~!ê˛ !ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ܲ!ë˛l– ܲyÓ˚î /
• Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó°
§!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ° ˆ§ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚–
4 !ÓK˛yl
Î!ò xï˛ƒ!ôܲ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ !SÈшÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
• ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ °Óî G !ã˛!lÓ˚ ˆÜ˛°yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ •yˆÏï˛ñ ˆ≤’ˆêÏ ˛ xÌÓy
çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!á–
• flõˆÏOÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§Çრ§)- !SÈo xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚%
myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál flõˆÏO ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál
ÓyÎ˚% ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§ÙÌ≈ ••z–
1.3.2 ˛˛ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌy åLiquid Stateä
ܲyç 1.10
• !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
• (a) ç°ñ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ ˆï˛°ñ ò%ôñ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚§ñ ë˛yu˛y
˛õyl#Î˚–
(b) !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õye ˛lyG– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùy˛õ!l ˆã˛y. !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ 50 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ òyà ܲyˆÏê˛y–
• ~•z ˛ï˛Ó˚°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
• ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ 50 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛õyeà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ì˛yˆÏ°y– xyÎ˚ï˛l !ܲ
~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
• ï˛Ó˚°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !ܲ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
• • ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ˛õye ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ˛õyˆÏe ì˛y°ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ~!ê˛ §•ˆÏç ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ !ܲ⁄
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòá°yÙñ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆl•zñ !ܲv
!l!ò≈T˛ xyÎ˚ï˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ ˛õyˆÏe Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ï˛Ó˚° ˆ§•z
˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– ï˛y•z ï˛Ó˚° ò,ì˛¸ lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Ç ~ˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÓy•# åfluidä Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
ܲyç 1.4 ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç 1.5 ÈüÈ~ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ Ü˛!ë˛l Óy ï˛Ó˚°
˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚ åÓƒy!˛õï˛ •Î˚ä–
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç•z çˆÏ° Óƒy!˛õï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!ӈϢ£Ïï˛ x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ç°ç ≤Ãyî#
~ÓÇ í˛z!qòà%!°Ó˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §ç#Ó Ó› ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ Ÿªy§@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
çˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçl oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç°ç ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y Ÿªy§
!lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
 ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° G àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ó•z ï˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï Óƒy!˛õï˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢–
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏ°y ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ÓƒÓôylG ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢–
1.3.3 ˛àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌy åGaseous Stateä
ˆÓ°%l !ÓˆÏܲï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒy§Ë˛!ï≈˛ !§!°u˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ°%l ˆÊ˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ !ܲ⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛
!§!°u˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓ°%l ˆÊ˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ï˛yÓ˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏl lyG– !§!°u˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# àƒy§ xyˆÏSÈ
í˛zlyˆÏܲ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲyç 1.11
• !ï˛l!ê˛ 100 !Ù!°!°ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§!Ó˚O lyG ~ÓÇ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !SÈ!˛õ
!òˆÏÎ˚ SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y å!ã˛e 1.4ä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%áà%ˆÏ°y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !§!Ó˚O ˆÌˆÏܲ !˛õfiê˛là%!°ˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyG–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !§!Ó˚O ÓyˆÏò !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ç° !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛
ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ à%шÏí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• !˛õfiê˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !§!Ó˚ˆÏO ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yG– §•ˆÏç
ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆì˛yܲyˆÏlyÓ˚ xyˆÏà !˛õfiê˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
§yÙylƒ ˆË˛!§!°l °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~ál ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !˛õfiê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§!Ó˚ˆO
Ï Ó˚
ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!˛õfiê˛l
àƒy§
Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !SÈ!˛õ
!ã˛e 1.4
• ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˛õfiê˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏ°⁄
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòá°yÙ ˆÎñ ܲ!ë˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°– Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
ï˛Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙ àƒy§ åLPGä ~ÓÇ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° !§!°u˛yˆÏÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl àƒy§ í˛z˲Î˚•z §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ àƒy§– §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ àƒy§ åCNGä xyçܲy° ÎylÓy•ˆÏlÓ˚ çµy°y!l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– x!ôܲ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚
!§!°u˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ àƒy§ Ó˚yáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
§•ˆÏç•z ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Ó˚yߨyâˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚G ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye âyˆÏîÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ܲ# Ó˚yߨy •ˆÏFSÈ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z àrô
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lyˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚⁄ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §%à!rô ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϢ Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚–
~Ùl!ܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚G SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– àÓ˚Ù áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ àrô ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ó ~ˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛l G ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚
•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ o%ï˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ
~ÓÇ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ àƒyˆÏ§ àƒyˆÏ§
Óƒy˛õl á%Ó ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y x!ï˛ o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛
~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy ˲yˆÏÓ ˆSyêyS%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ â%ˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚
çlƒ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ôyE˛y áyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°G ôyE˛y
ˆòÎ˚– àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ
Ó° ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
ܲ!ë˛l
ï˛Ó˚°
àƒy§#Î˚
!ã˛e 1.5 : a, b, c ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly !ÓÓ!ô≈ï˛ ˆÓ˚áy !ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ï˛l
xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏFSÈ– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ï˛l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–˛
5
.
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1.

2.
Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲܲ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ âlc
ӈϰ– åâlcÈ = ˲Ó˚‡xyÎ˚ï˛lä
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚
|Âô≈ܲˆÏÙ §yçyG / ÓyÎ˚%ñ !ã˛Ù!l ˆÌˆÏܲ
!là≈ï˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚yñ Ùô%ñ ç°ñ ã˛Ü˛ñ ï%˛ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ
ˆ°y•y–
å a ä ˛õòyˆÏ Ì ≈ Ó ˚ !ï˛l xÓfiÌyÓ˚
1.4.1 ˛í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ (Effect of change
of temperature)
ܲyç 1.12
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ 150 @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ê˛ lyG–
!ã˛e 1.6 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÌyˆÏÙy≈ !Ùê˛yÓ˚
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ V%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy ˆÎl ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ü%˛[˛!°!ê˛
ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ày flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–

˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ SȈÏܲÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáy–

åbä l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ°y•yÓ˚
fiê˛ƒyu˛˛ ÌyˆÏÙy≈ !Ùê˛yÓ˚
Ùï˛yÙï˛ òyG/ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yñ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#°ï˛yñ
≤ÃÓy•Ùylï˛yñ çyÓ˚ˆÏܲ àƒy§ myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yñ ܲyã˛ò[˛
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ âlc–
3. ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG /
åaä ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒy§ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õyˆÏe Ó˚yáy •Î˚
!ÓܲyÓ˚
ˆ§ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ–
åbä àƒy§ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ ÓÓ˚Ê˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åcä ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˆê˛!Ó°ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z
ܲ!ë˛l Ó› Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– Óyl≈yÓ˚
å d ä xyÙÓ˚ y Óyï˛yˆÏ § §•ˆÏ ç •z •yï˛
lyí˛¸yã˛yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !ܲv ~ܲ•z ܲyç
ܲ!ë˛l ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœˆÏܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ܲƒyÓ˚yˆÏê˛ åaä
!ӈϢ£ÏˆÏK˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
4. §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z ÓÓ˚Ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°
˲y§ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î á%шÏç ˆòˆÏáy– ˆ°y•yÓ˚
fiê˛ƒyu˛˛ ÌyˆÏÙy≈ !Ùê˛yÓ˚
ܲyã˛ò[˛
1.4 ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ åCan
matter change its stateڊ
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˆÎñ ç° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ÓܲyÓ˚
!ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ç°
• ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛–
• ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç°˛– Óyl≈yÓ˚
• àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õ–
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲ# •Î˚⁄ åbä
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
!ã˛e 1.6 / åaä ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ° Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Óå˚ bä ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç°#Î˚
≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ çyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z lÎ˚ !ܲ⁄ ÓyˆÏ‹õ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚–

6 !ÓK˛yl
 • !ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ù,ò% !¢áyÎ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ˆÎ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ à°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°ñ ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ˆÎ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ àˆÏ° çˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •° ï˛y
!°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y l!ÌÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~ál !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yã˛ò[˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ lyí˛¸yˆÏï˛
lyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚y Îï˛«˛î ly
ç° Ê%˛ê˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ç° Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛#«¯˛ lçÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%!° l!ÌÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛
Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ӈϰ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢
ˆÓˆÏà ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y˛õ myÓ˚y §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ ¢!=˛ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xyܲ£Ïî≈ Ó° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ܲîyà%!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy xyˆÏ§ Îál ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ à°ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ
!l¡¨ï˛Ù í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ àˆÏ° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ à°lyAܲ ӈϰ–
ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ à°lyAܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyey §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚–
ÓÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ê ˛Ó˚ à°lyAܲ 273.15 K*– à°ˆÏ l Ó˚ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛!ë˛l xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ à°l ӈϰ– ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ Îál
à°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄
à°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚ # «˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ y Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï% ˛ !Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎ à°lyˆÏAܲ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ÓÓ˚Ê˛
àˆÏ° çˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚!l– xyÙÓ˚y !ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G
xÌ≈yÍ ï˛y˛õ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~Ùlê˛y•z •Î˚–
ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ïî≈ Ó°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
D oT˛Óƒ / í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ •° ˆÜ˛°!˲l åKä– 00C=273.15K. §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛ò¢!Ùܲ ˲@¿yÇ¢ˆÏܲ !lܲê˛ï˛Ù ˛õ)î≈ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ 00C=273K
!•§yˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛ylG í˛z£÷Ïï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ˆflÒ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§°!§Î˚y§ ˆfl҈ϰ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ 273 !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yˆÏܲ ˆ§°!§Î˚y§ ˆflÒ° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ˆfl҈ϰ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà 273 ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
.
xÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ï˛y˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
~•z ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ myÓ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ñ !ܲv í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó,!Âô ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ï˛y•z ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y˛õ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛y˛õˆÏܲ•z °#l
ï˛y˛õ 到ˆÏê˛rê˛ !•ê˛ä ӈϰ– Úˆ°ˆÏê˛rê Û Ü˛ÌyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
Ú°%E˛y!Î˚ï˛Û– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ 1 ˆÜ˛!ç ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚
à°lyˆÏAܲ à!°ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛y˛õ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
à°lï˛y˛õ ӈϰ– ï˛y•z 00C (273K) í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyà%!°Ó˚
ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛ §Ù í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y çˆÏ° ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲ!Ó˚ñ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
xyÓ˚G o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ñ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy xyˆÏ§ Îál ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
ΈÏÌT˛ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó°ˆÏܲ
x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚°ñ àƒyˆÏ§ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ó˚°
Ê%˛ê˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ï˛Ó˚ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ fl≥%˛ê˛lyAܲ ӈϰ– fl≥%˛ê˛l §Ù@˝Ã
ï˛°Óƒy˛õ# åbulkä âˆÏê˛– ï˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
ΈÏÌT˛ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy‹õ#Î˚ ò¢yÎ˚ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z í˛z£÷Ïï˛y 373 ˆÜ˛°!˲l (1000 C=
273+100=373 ˆÜ˛°!˲lä
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °#lï˛y˛õˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ à°ˆÏlÓ˚ °#lï˛y˛õˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲG §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛Æ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ 373 ˆÜ˛°!˲l (1000Cä í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ç°#Î˚
ÓyˆÏ‹õñ ~ܲ•z í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ç° xˆÏ˛õ«˛y x!ôܲ ¢!=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛Æ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
°#lï˛y˛õÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ¢!=˛ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y˛õ ï˛y˛õ
ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌy ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌy àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌy
ë˛yu˛y ë˛yu˛y
xyÙÓ˚ y !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õòyˆÏ Ì ≈ Ó ˚ ~ܲ
xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xlƒ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yÙ ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õòyÌ≈ ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚°
xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
7
xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲîyà%!° !ܲ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲ# ÙˆÏl •Î˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô Óy •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Ω˛Ó⁄
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Óy !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛G âˆÏê˛–
ܲyç 1.13 !˛õfiê˛l
!§!°u˛yÓ˚
!˛õfiê˛l !˛õfiê˛l
!§!°u˛yÓ˚
• !ܲS%È Ü˛˛õ)≈Ó˚ xÌÓy xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ lyG– ~ˆÏܲ !§!°u˛yÓ˚
à%шÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛lyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛yˆÏl°ˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛lyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• !ã˛e 1.7 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ lˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù%á!ê˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°y !òˆÏÎ˚
Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

ï%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !SÈ!˛õ

í˛zŒê˛yˆÏly Ê˛yˆÏl° !ã˛e lÇ 1.8 / ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%!°ˆÏܲ

xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyly §Ω˛Ó–
ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛˛ Óy‹õ ܲ!ë˛l#Ü,˛ï˛ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ
ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó–
!ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲálG ܲ!ë˛l ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
åCO2ä ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏlˆÏSÈy⁄ ~!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ã˛y˛õ
ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ È1 ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ xylˆÏ° ܲ!ë˛Èl ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛
Óyl≈yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ly !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zˆÏí˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ܲ!ë˛l ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
!ã˛e lÇ 1.7 / ˛˛xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l x:y•zí˛ Ú¢%‹Ò ÓÓ˚Ê˛Û lyˆÏÙG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
ï˛y•zñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õÙyey
• ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌy !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛
•ˆÏ°⁄

ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!ë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚

xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚°
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏܲ ӈϰ xӈϫ˛˛õî åDepositionä– Óy‹
õ#Ë
°l ˛Ól âî
à
#Ë #˲ ˛Ól
˛l Ól
1.4.2 ã˛y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ åEffect of change of ܲ!ë |ô≈˛õyï˛l
pressureä
xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l àƒy§
ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c•z •ˆÏ°y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ xӈϫ˛˛õl
ܲyÓ˚î– Î!ò !§!°u˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyÓÂô ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ã˛e lÇ 1.9 / ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚
ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ál ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ åatmä •ˆÏ°y àƒy§ myÓ˚y ˛≤ÃÎ%=˛ ã˛y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲܲ– ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •° ˛õyflÒy° åpaä / 1ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ = 1.01x105 ˛õyflÒy°–
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ã˛y˛õˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ ӈϰ– §Ù%o˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ •° 1xƒyê˛Ù§‰Ê˛#Î˚yÓ˚ åatmä ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛y˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y
•Î˚–

8 !ÓK˛yl
 .
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ§°!§Î˚yˆÏ§ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y/
a˛. 300 K
2. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yà%ˆ°
ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
a. 250ºC
b. 573 K.
Ï yˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌy
b. 100ºC
3. ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4. ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÂô!ï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
1.5 Óy‹õyÎ˚l åEvaporationä
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !ܲ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ G
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚⁄ ˜òl!®l ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù
~Ùl !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲ ˆÎáyˆÏl fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲ ly
ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛Ó˚° ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ ç° í˛zß√%=˛
Ó˚yáˆÏ° ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ˆË˛çy ܲy˛õí˛¸ ¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ò%ˆÏê˛yˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚⁄
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy à!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ
ܲáˆÏly•z !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
àƒy§ñ ï˛Ó˚° Óy ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ !Ó!˲ߨ à!ï˛¢!=˛ §¡õߨ ܲîy
ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° Ìyܲy «%˛o xLjϢÓ˚
ܲîyÓ˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y xlƒylƒ ܲîyÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î
Ó° ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ §•ˆÏç•z ï˛Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏÏAܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õ
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛lyˆÏܲ Óy‹õyÎ˚l ӈϰ–
1.5.1 Óy‹õyÎ˚lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)•
(Factors Affecting Evaporation)
ã˛ˆÏ°y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ܲyç 1.14
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ° 5 !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ ç° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ˆáy°y
çyly°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy ã˛°hs˝ ˛õyáyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ì˛yܲly!Ó•#l !ã˛lyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ ç° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ
ˆáy°y çyly°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy ã˛°hs˝ ˛õyáyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ì˛yܲly!Ó•#l !ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ 5È !Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈
•
•
•
ç° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ÓÂô xy°!ÙÓ˚yˆÏï˛
Óy ï˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy–
Óy‹õyÎ˚l §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲï˛ê˛y §ÙÎ˚
Óy ܲï˛!òl °yàˆÏ°y ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ !òˆÏl í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y xyÓyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚
åà!ï˛ä ≤Ã˲yÓ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏ°⁄
ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚Èüüü
• ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÈüüüÈ
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l Óy‹õyÎ˚l •° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛°#Î˚ âê˛ly–
˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆË˛çy ܲy˛õí˛¸ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸
¢%ܲyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆò•z–
• í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÈüüüÈ
í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲîy ΈÏÌT˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî à!ï˛¢!=˛ ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
• xyo≈ï˛y •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÈüüüÈ
ÓyÎ%̊ˆïÏ ˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî•z •° xyo≈ï˛y–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚% !l!ò≈T˛˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÓyÎ%̊ˆïÏ ˛
ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÓ!¢ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ
Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
• Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ÈüüüÈ
~ê˛y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎ!òl Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÓà ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§!òl ˆË˛çy ܲy˛õí˛¸ ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ¢%ˆÏܲyÎ˚–
ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ° ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
Óyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç°#Î˚
ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
1.5.2 Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˜¢ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ å¢#ï˛°ï˛yÓ˚ä §,!T˛
•Î˚⁄
(How does evaporation cause
cooling?)
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆáy°y ˛õyˆÏe Ó˚yáy ï˛Ó˚° §Ó≈òy•z Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÎ ¢!=˛ •yÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛y !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓyÓ˚ çlƒ
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
9
¢!=˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ¢#ï˛° •Î˚–
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ §yÙylƒ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl ålá ˛õy!°¢
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ܲä ì˛y°ˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y •yˆÏï˛Ó˚
ï˛y°% G ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy‹õy!Î˚ï˛
•Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ ë˛yu˛y ˆÓyô •Î˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚ÔoܲˆÏÓ˚yI° !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ùyl%£Ï Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ SÈyˆÏò
Óy ˆáy°y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ç° !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °#lï˛y˛õ í˛z_Æ ã˛yÓ˚˛õy¢ˆÏܲ ë˛yu˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
¢%ˆÏ£Ï ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏç Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛zß√%=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ¢#ï˛° ç°˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó®% !Ó®%
ç° ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ¢#ï˛°
ç° ˆl•z– !ܲS%È«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó®%
!Ó®% ç° ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ– ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ç°#Î˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ë˛yu˛y @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ ¢!=˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚
xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ç° !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚

≤Ã
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˜¢ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
xyÙÓ˚y ç°Ü˛îy Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆò!á–
ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ùl xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄
@˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y §%!ï˛Ó˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚ôyl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
@˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y 1. ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙÓ˚% ¢#ï˛°Ü˛ ådesert coolerä í˛z£÷Ï
~ÓÇ ¢%‹Ò !òˆÏl ˲yˆÏ°y ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ây!Ù ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
2. @˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°!§ˆÏï˛ åÙê˛Ü˛yä˛ Ó˚yáy ç°
¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ë˛yu˛y ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ë˛yu˛y •Î˚⁄
˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛° 3. xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ §yÙylƒ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛ylñ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° Óy §%à!rô Ó˚yáˆÏ° ë˛yu˛y ˆÓyô •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆÌˆÏܲ à,•#ï˛ ~•z ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ 4. àÓ˚Ù ã˛y Óy ò%ô ܲyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆ≤’ˆêÏ ˛ ˆì˛ˆÏ° §•ˆÏç
°#lï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl– Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ë˛yu˛y •Î˚– §%!ï˛Ó˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ í˛z_Ù ã%˛Ù%ܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
5. @˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õy¢yܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ôyl
ç° ˆ¢y£Ïܲ ӈϰ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ âyÙ
ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ° ˜ÓK˛y!lܲàî ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl/ ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚°ñ àƒy§#Î˚ñ ≤’yçÙy ~ÓÇ ˆÓy§ÈüÈxy•zlfiê˛y•zl
ܲlˆÏí˛lˆÏ§ê˛–
≤’yçÙy / xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ¢!=˛¢y°# ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ í˛zˆÏ_!çï˛ Ü˛îy !òˆÏÎ˚ xÓfiÌy!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ~•z ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y xyÎ˚!lï˛ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛≤Ã˲ åFluorescentä !ê˛í˛zÓ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚l ÓyˆÏÕ∫ ≤’yçÙy xÓfiÌy Óï≈˛Ùyl– !lÎ˚l ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lÎ˚l àƒy§ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛≤Ã˲ åFluorescent˛ä ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !•!°Î˚yÙ àƒy§ Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl àƒy§ ÌyˆÏܲ– Îál ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í¢!=˛ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
•Î˚ ï˛ál àƒy§à%ˆÏ°y xyÎ˚!lï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ xy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ xy!•ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyˆÏÕ∫Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ≤’yçÙy xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°
í˛zI° µ xy˲y §,!T˛ •Î˚– àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ≤’yçÙy xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ xy˲y !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ˆ.Ï Ó˚ •Î˚– ≤’yçÙy xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛•z
xyˆÏÓ˚y çyˆÏly

§)Î≈ G l«˛eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zIµï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– l«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ x!ï˛ í˛zFã˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤’yçÙy xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ âˆÏê˛–
ˆÓy§ÈüÈ xy•zlfiê˛y•zl ܲlˆÏí˛lˆÏ§ê˛ / 1920 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò §ˆÏï˛ƒwlyÌ Ó§% ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õM˛Ù xÓfiÌy !lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È àîly
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àîlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xƒy°Óyê≈˛ xy•zlfiê˛y•zl ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfiÌy §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˲!ӣσÍÓyî# ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ° Ï lÈüü
ÎyˆÏܲ ˆÓy§ÈüÈxy•zlfiê˛y•zl ܲlˆÏí˛lˆÏ§ê˛ åBECä ӈϰ– xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyl !ÓK˛yl# ~!Ó˚ܲ
~ ܲÓ˚ˆÏl° åEric. A. Cornelläñ G°Ê˛àƒyAà ˆÜ˛ê˛yÓ˚!° åWolfgang
Ketterleä ~ÓÇ Ü˛y°≈ÈüÈ•z í˛z•zˆÏÙl åCarl E. Wieman ä ˆÓy§ÈüÈxy•zfiê˛y•zl
xÓfiÌy §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ 2001 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ófl˚ ÒyˆÏÓ˚
Ë)˛!£Ïï˛ •l– §yôyÓ˚î ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲ °«˛ ˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ ˲yà âlc !Ó!¢T˛
ˆÜ˛yl àƒy§ˆÏܲ x!ï˛ !l¡¨ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÎ˚ ¢#ï˛° ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ˆÓy§ÈüÈxy•zlfiê˛y•zl ܲlˆÏí˛lˆÏ§ê˛
~§É ~lÉ ˆÓy§ xƒy°Óyê≈˛ xy•zlfiê˛y•zl xÓfiÌy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– www.chem4kids.com ~ °à xl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
å1894ÈüÈ1974ä å1879ÈüÈ1955ä ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ G ˛õM˛Ù xÓfiÌy §flõˆÏÜ≈ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–˛

10 !ÓK˛yl
 ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• ˛õòyÌ≈ «%˛o «˛%o ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚–
• ˛xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y !ï˛l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüüüÈ Ü˛!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ àƒy§#Î˚–
• ˛Ü˛!ë˛ˆÏlñ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ñ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ~ÓÇ
àƒyˆÏ§ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù–
• ˛˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲ!ë˛ˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
ܲÙñ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ G àƒyˆÏ§ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢–
• ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ˛Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Iy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §%!ÓlƒhflÏñ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲîyÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y !˛õSȈϰ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«ˆÏe ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ¢,C°yÓÂô lÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ S%ȈÏê˛ ˆÓí˛¸yÎ˚–
• ˛˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ˆÏÎyàƒ– í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Ω˛Ó–
• ˛ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ly !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
•ˆÏ°y í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l–
• ˛ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ly !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!ë˛l xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
•ˆÏ°y xӈϫ˛˛õî–
• ˛fl≥%˛ê˛l ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ âˆÏê˛ñ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly– ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ
xLjϢÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
• ˛Óy‹õyÎ˚l ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛°#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly– ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó°ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ àƒy§#Î˚
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
• ˛Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° í˛zß√%=˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°ñ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ
xyo≈ï˛y G ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
• Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏl ¢#ï˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
• ˛ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ È1È ˆÜ˛!ç ˆÜ˛yl ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ÓyˆÏ‹õ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ °#lï˛y˛õ ӈϰ–
• ˛ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õ 1 ˆÜ˛!ç ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ!ë˛l !l!ò≈T˛ à°lyˆÏAܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à°ˆÏlÓ˚ °#lï˛y˛õ ӈϰ–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ 11

 ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲܲ /
Ó˚y!¢ ~ܲܲ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ

í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˆÜ˛°!˲l åKelvinä k

˜òâ≈ƒ !Ùê˛yÓ˚ åMetreä m
˲Ó˚ !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ åKilogramä Kg
Gçl !lí˛zê˛l åNewtonä N
xyÎ˚ï˛l âl!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åCubic Metreä m3
âlc !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ ≤Ã!ï˛ âl!Ùê˛yÓ˚
åKilogram per cubic metreä Kgm-3
ã˛y˛õ ˛õyflÒy° åPascalä Pa

xl%¢#°l#
1˛É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ§°!§Î˚y§ ˆfl҈ϰ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
a˛ä 293 K b˛ä 470 K
2˛É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°!˲l ˆfl҈ϰ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
˛a˛ä 250 C bä 3730 C˛
3É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚˛ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG /
a˛ä lƒy˛õÌy!°ˆÏlÓ˚ à%!ê˛ í˛zß√%=˛ Ó˚yáˆÏ° §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ í˛zˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚–
b˛ä ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ӈϧ ˆÌˆÏܲG xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚!Ê˛í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚ àrô ˛õy•z–
4É !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚ í˛zÂô≈ܲˆÏÙ
§yçyG/
ç°ñ !ã˛!lñ x!:ˆÏçl
5É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌy ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ
a˛ä 250 C bä 00 C cä 1000 C⁄
6É Î%!=˛ §• ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG /
a˛ä âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ç° ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈–
bä âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ xy°Ùy!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈–
7É 293 K í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ~ÓÇ §Ùí˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢#ï˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓÓ˚Ê˛ x!ôܲ
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆÜ˛l⁄
8É Ê%˛ê˛hs˝ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyˆÏ‹õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏÓ⁄
9É ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ xÓfiÌyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ lܲ¢y!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ A, B, C, D, E ~ÓÇ F ~Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy ÈüüüÈ˛

í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!Âô •ˆÏ°y

ã˛y˛õ •…y§ •ˆÏ°y
E
A B
ܲ!ë˛l ï˛Ó˚° àƒy§
D C
F
í˛z£÷Ïï˛y -•…y§ •ˆÏ°y
ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô •ˆÏ°y

12 !ÓK˛yl
 ò°ÓÂô ܲyç
ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙˆÏí˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Îy °yàˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ
• ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ çyÓ˚
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ°%l xÌÓy ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y Ó˚yÓyÓ˚!¢ê˛
• ~ܲê˛y §%ˆÏï˛y
• ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ òyly ˆSÈy°y Óy ܲyˆÏ°y í˛y° Óy ¢%ܲˆÏly §Ó%ç ˆSÈy°y lyG–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÈüüüÈ
• òylyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• §%ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚!¢ˆÏê˛Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ˆ§°y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ òyG ~ÓÇ ˆê˛˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚
¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~шÏê˛ òyG–
• Ó˚yÓyÓ˚!¢ê˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá ÓÑyˆÏôy–
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– xy.%° !òˆÏÎ˚ §%ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
o%ï˛ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy–

fl∫FSÈ çyÓ˚

¢%ܲˆÏly òyly

ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° G
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛
ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ
§%ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
Óí˛¸ ˆÓ°%l Óy Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !§ê˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
o%ï˛ ê˛yˆÏly–

!ã˛e lÇ 1.10 / ˛Ü˛!ë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚° ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒyˆÏ§ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏí˛°–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ 13

xôƒyÎ˚ 2
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ çylÓ ˆÎñ ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ly ò%ôñ !âñ
Ùyálñ °Óîñ Ù¢°yñ ç° Óy ç%§ !Ó¢%Âô !ܲly⁄
!Ó¢%Âô
ò%ô
!Ó¢%Âô
xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛lÎ%=˛ !Ó¢%Âô
°Óî
!â ò%ô
!Ó¢%Âô
ò%ô
!ã˛e 2.1/ áyòƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ à,•#ï˛ !ܲS%È Ó›
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈyñ áyòƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ à,•#ï˛ ~•z §Ó Ó›Ó˚
˛õƒyˆÏܲˆÏê˛ Ú!Ó¢%ÂôÛ åpureä ¢∑!ê˛ ˆ°áy ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó¢%Âô ÙyˆÏl •° ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl ˆË˛çy° ˆl•z– !ܲv ~ܲçl
˜ÓK˛y!lˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ó Ó›à%ˆÏ°y •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
!Ù◊î ~ÓÇ ˆ§çlƒ !Ó¢%Âô lÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ò%ô •°
ç°ñ ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊î– Îál ~ܲçl
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô ӈϰlñ ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ •° ˙ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ü˛° í˛z˛õyòyl ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲ Ó˚Ü˛Ù–
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢%Âô Ó› ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢%Âô ˛Ó› ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
xyÙÓ˚y Îál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˛õòyÌ≈•z ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ !Ó¢%Âô í˛z˛õyòyl
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÎÙl §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç°ñ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈ñ Ùy!ê˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛•z ~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊î–
2.1˛!Ù◊î ܲ#⁄ åWhat is a Mixtureä
~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ !وϢ !Ù◊î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l
oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ˆÏܲ Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
!lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ~ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˆï˛Ù!l !ã˛!lG ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛§Ó˚Óï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛
lÎ˚– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛zͧ Îy !ܲS%È•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§)ã˛Ü˛
ôÙ≈yÓ°# §Ó≈òy ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆ§çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !Ù◊ˆÏî ~ܲy!ôܲ !Ó¢%Âô
˛õòyÌ≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
2.1.1 !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò åTypes of Mixturesä
!Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Ù◊î ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ܲyç 2.1
• ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ A, B, C ~ÓÇ
D ~•z ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲ!Ó˚–
• A ò° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ 50 !Ù!° ç° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ ã˛yÙã˛
ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ !l°– B ò° !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ 50 !Ù!°
ç° ~ÓÇ ò%•z ã˛yÙã˛ Ü˛˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ !l°–
• ò° ÈCÈ ~ÓÇ ò° È DÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
~ÓÇ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˛õyÓ˚ÙƒyAàyˆÏlê˛ Óy §yôyÓ˚î °Óî
刧y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ä ˆlˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ù◊î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
• !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚. ~ÓÇ àë˛l ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ÈA G È B ò° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊î ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˆÎáyˆÏ l
§yÇàë˛!lܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°y §%£ÏÙ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î Óy oÓî ӈϰ– ~•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° /
åÈ iä çˆÏ° °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ oÓî ~ÓÇ åÈiiä çˆÏ° !ã˛!lÓ˚ oÓî–
 ò%!ê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ Óî≈à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!òG
ò%!ê˛ ò°•z ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ oÓî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲv ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
àyì˛¸c ò%!ê˛ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy°yòy– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚È ˆÎñ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚G !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
§ÇÎ%!ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• ÈC G ÈD ò° ˆÎ !Ù◊î ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛˛ í˛z˛õyòyl
xy°yòy xy°yòy ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛G !˲ߨ
Ó˚Ü˛Ù– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î ӈϰ–
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ G ˆ°Ô• ã)˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ù◊îñ °Óî
G §y°Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ù◊î ~ÓÇ ˆï˛° G çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊î
x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
ܲyç 2.2
• ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚
ò° ÈA, B, CÈ G DÈ ˆÜ˛ ˲yà ܲ!Ó˚–
• ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°y !Óï˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚
ÈüüüÈ A ò°ˆÏܲ !ܲS%È Ü˛˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˆÜ˛°y§
ÈüüüÈ B ò°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ ã˛yÙã˛ Ü˛˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
ÈüüüÈ CÈ ò°ˆÏܲ ã˛Ü‰˛ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ Óy xyê˛y
ÈüüüÈ DÈ ò°ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y ò%ô Óy ܲy!°
• ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ò° ≤Ãò_ lÙ%lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çˆÏ° ì˛y°ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
ܲyã˛ò[˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ lyí˛¸yˆÏÓ– !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ !ܲ⁄
• ~ÓyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ oÓî!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ê≈˛ °y•zˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ°y
ˆ§yçy§y!ç ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !Ù◊îˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòá–
xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ !ܲ⁄
• ~ál !Ù◊îˆÏܲ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyG–
å~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ SÈÑyܲ!l Îsf ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyGä–
!Ù◊î!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ˛ly!ܲ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
!ܲS%È«˛î ˛õÓ˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ì!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ⁄
• !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆSÑȈÏܲ lyG– !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl
xӈϢ£Ï Ó˚•z° !ܲ⁄ Ê˛°yÊ˛°ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• A G B ò° ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• C ò° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ð¡∫l ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˛ • D ò° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ oÓî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄
@’y§ Ó˚í˛
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ï% ˛Ü˛Ó˚î
Ê˛yˆÏl°
ˆê˛fiê˛ !ê˛í˛zÓ
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚
åËÑ˛yçܲÓ˚yä ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yî
˛õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛
!ã˛e 2.2/ ˛õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
~ál xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏ¡¨Ó˚ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò oÓîñ ≤ð¡∫l ~ÓÇ Ü˛°ˆÏÎ˚í˛
≤Ã
oÓî §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylˆÏÓy–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1ä Ó› Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# Ó%V˛⁄
2ä §Ù§_¥ G x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2.2 oÓî ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄ åWhat is a Solution?ä
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ oÓî ӈϰ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ°Ó%ç°ñ ˆ§yí˛yç° •zï˛ƒy!ò oÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– §yôyÓ˚îï˛
xyÙÓ˚y oÓîˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl
ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° Óy àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
oÓî å§ÇܲÓ˚ ôyï%˛ä ~ÓÇ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌyG xyÙÓ˚y
çy!l– oÓˆÏî ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y §%£ÏÙ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎÙl
ˆ°Ó%çˆÏÏ°Ó˚ fl∫yò §Ó≈e §Ùyl– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ oÓˆÏî
!ã˛!l Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y §Ù˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ–
§ÇܲÓ˚ ôyï%˛ / §ÇܲÓ˚ ôyï%˛ •° ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ôyï%˛Ó˚
Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyï%˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ xôyï%˛Ó˚ !Ù◊î ÎyˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÓ˚y çyˆÏly
ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚G §ÇܲÓ˚ ôyï%˛ˆÏܲ
!Ù◊î•z Ó°y •Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈
ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛G !˲ߨ !˲ߨ
•Î˚– ˆÎÙl !˛õï˛° åÓÑy¢ä •° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 30 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !çAܲ
~ÓÇ 70 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ ܲ˛õyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !Ù◊î–
15
~ܲ!ê˛ oÓˆÏî oyÓܲ ~ÓÇ oyÓ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Óï≈˛Ùyl–
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛˛ xlƒ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
å§yôyÓ˚îï˛ oÓˆÏî ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲä ï˛yˆÏܲ oyÓܲ
åsolventä ӈϰ– oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÎ í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ oyÓˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
•Î˚ åˆÎ!ê˛ oÓˆÏî Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲä ï˛yˆÏܲ oyÓ (Solute)
ӈϰ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î§Ù)• /
(i) çˆÏ° !ã˛!lÓ˚ oÓî •° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓî– ~•z
oÓˆÏî !ã˛!l •° oyÓ ~ÓÇ ç° •° oyÓܲ–
(ii) xƒy°ˆÏܲy•ˆÏ° ܲ!ë˛l xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ˆÏlÓ˚ oÓî Îy !ê˛Çã˛yÓ˚
xÓ‰ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛l lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ~ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛l
åܲ!ë˛lä •° oyÓ ~ÓÇ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•° åï˛Ó˚°ä •°
oyÓܲ–
(iii) ÓyÎ˚%Î%=˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ ˆÎÙl ˆ§yí˛yç° •zï˛ƒy!ò •° ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ oÓî– ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lí˛y•zx:y•zí˛ åàƒy§ä •°
oyÓ ~ÓÇ ç° åï˛Ó˚°ä •° oyÓܲ–
(iv) ÓyÎ˚% •° àƒyˆÏ§ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ù◊î– ÓyÎ˚% •° !Ó!˲ߨ
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î– ~ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Ù%áƒ
í˛z ˛ õyòyl •° x!:ˆÏ ç l å 21 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä ~ÓÇ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl å78 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ä– xlƒylƒ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó
Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÌyˆÏܲ–
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ôÙ≈yÓ°˛# /
• oÓî •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î–
• oÓˆÏî oyÓ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒy§ 1 lƒyˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ å10-9
!Ùê˛yÓ˚ä ˆÌˆÏܲG Ü˛Ù– ˆ§çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
• oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲîyà%!°Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ á%Ó ˆSÈyê˛ ÓˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ
!ÓFS%È!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ§çlƒ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
à!ï˛˛õÌ oÓˆÏî ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ ly–
• ˛õ!Ó˚flyÀ Óî ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ oÓˆÏî í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚
ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ oÓî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– oÓîˆÏܲ
!fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ !òˆÏ° oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y !Ì!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– xÌ≈yÍ oÓî •° §%!fiÌï˛–
2.2.1 oÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸c (Concentration of a solution)
ܲyç 2.2 ˆï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ò° ÈAÈ G ò° ÈBÈ ~ܲ•z ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
16
!Ó!˲ߨ àyì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ oÓî ˆ˛õˆÏ°y– ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ oÓˆÏî oyÓ G oyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#°– oÓˆÏî í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ oÓîˆÏܲ °â%ñ àyì˛¸ Óy §¡õ,=˛ oÓî Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
°â% ~ÓÇ àyì˛¸ •° ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ¢∑– ܲyç 2.2 ˆï˛ ÈA òˆÏ°Ó˚
oÓîñ B òˆÏ°Ó˚ oÓî xˆÏ˛õ«˛y °â%–
ܲyç 2.3
• ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 50 !Ù!° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç° lyG–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ °Óî ~ÓÇ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!l
Óy ˆÓ!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ü ˛Ùyàï˛
lyí˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ Ìyܲ–
• Îál çˆÏ° xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl oyÓ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly ï˛ál
!ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y 50C Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y˛õ
!òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy–
• ~ÓyÓ˚ oÓˆÏî ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ oyÓ ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ñ çˆÏ°˛ oyÓƒ °Óîñ !ã˛!l Óy
ˆÓ!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !ܲ §Ùyl⁄
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓˆÏî §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Îï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
oyÓ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî oyÓ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ
§¡õ,=˛ oÓî ӈϰ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Îál ˆÜ˛yl !l!ò≈T˛
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl oÓˆÏî xyÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛yl oyÓ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ ly ï˛ál ˆ§•z í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ §¡õ,=˛ oÓî ӈϰ– §¡õ,=˛
oÓˆÏî ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî oyÓ ˙ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÎ˚ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ !l!ò≈T˛
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ í˛z=˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛y ӈϰ–
Î!ò oÓˆÏî oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §¡õ,=˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ àyì˛¸c
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏܲ x§¡õ,=˛ oÓî ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚˚ §¡õ,=˛ oÓîˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢#ï˛°
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ oyÓˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
oyÓƒï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ–
ˆÜ˛yl oÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸c •° ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî oÓˆÏî å˲Ó˚
Óy xyÎ˚ï˛lä í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî å˲Ó˚ Óy xyÎ˚ï˛lä–
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸cˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲv
xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl Ùye !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ !¢áˆÏÓy–
(i) ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ àyì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛
(Mass by mass percentage of a solution)
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˲Ó˚
= oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ x100
!ÓK˛yl
(ii) oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ G oÓˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ • ≤ð¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ àyì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ÈüüüÈ˛ • ≤ð¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y oÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !là≈ï˛
(Mass by volume percentage of a solution) xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ !ÓFS%È!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲ
Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ à!ï˛˛ṏÏܲ ò,¢ƒÙyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˲Ó˚
= x 100 • ≤ð¡∫lˆÏܲ !ܲS%È«˛î !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏ°
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l
≤ð¡∫ˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y !Ì!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
(iii) xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ≤ð¡∫l •° ò%/!fiÌï˛– ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
àyì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ÈüüüÈ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲîyà%!°ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
(Volume by volume percentage of a solution) ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ܲîyà%!° !Ì!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ≤ð¡∫l
xÓfiÌy!ê˛ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ xyÓ˚
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l
= x 100 xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ !ÓFS%È!ÈÓ˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly–
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l
2.2.3 ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚ oÓî ܲ#⁄ åWhat is a Colloidal
Solutionä
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 2.1É ~ܲ!ê˛ oÓˆÏî 40 @˝ÃyÙ §yôyÓ˚î °Óî È320 ܲyç 2.2 ˆï˛ D ò° ˆÎ !Ù◊î!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛
@˝ÃyÙ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– oÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸c ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚ oÓî ӈϰ– ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°y oÓˆÏî §%£ÏÙ˲yˆÏÓ
¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y •yˆÏÓ˚ àîly ܲÓ˚– SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ð¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛
§Ùyôyl / ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ å°Óîä ˲Ó˚ È= 40 @˝Ãy٠ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚ oÓî ~ܲ!ê˛
x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊îñ ˆÎÙl ò%ô–
oyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ åç°ä ˲Ó˚ = 320 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛°Î˚í˛#Î˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ xyÙÓ˚y áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ly– !ܲv ~•z
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ = oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ È+ oyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç ò,¢ƒÙyl xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ !ÓFS%È!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
È = 40 @˝ÃyÙ + 320 @˝ÃyÙ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç 2.2ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyˆÏ°yܲ
= 360 @˝ÃyÙ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ !ê˛lí˛ƒy°ñ !Î!l ~•z
âê˛ly xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛yÇ¢ åTyndall effectä ӈϰ–
oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ Îál ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ˆÜ˛yl §Ó˚% !SÈo
= x100
oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ âˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛áˆÏly !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y
= 40 @˝ÃyÙ x100=11.1% ÎyÎ˚– ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ô)!°Ü˛îyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yܲ
360 @˝ÃyÙ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z âê˛ly âˆÏê˛–

2.2.2 ≤ð¡∫l ܲ#⁄ (What is a Suspension)

xyˆÏ ° yܲ
ܲyç 2.2 ˆï˛ C ò° ˆÎ x§Ù§_¥ oÓî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
ܲ!ë˛l oyÓ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ð¡∫l ӈϰ– ≤ð¡∫l à!ï˛˛õÌ
ê˛ã≈˛ ò,¢ƒÙyl
•° ~ܲ!ê˛ x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊îñ ˆÎáyˆÏl oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y •Î˚–
oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ xÇ¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– (a) (b)
≤ð¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
!ã˛e 2.3 åaä ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ oÓî !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ
≤ð¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÙ≈ åProperties of a Suspensionä / ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly
åbä ç° G ò%ˆôÏ Ó˚ !Ù◊î !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ–˚
• ≤ð¡∫l •° x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄ 17

ˆÜ˛yl âlÓˆÏlÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îál §)Î≈ÈüÈÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xÓ˚ˆÏîƒ Ü%˛Î˚y¢yˆÏï˛
ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîy ÌyˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y Óyï˛yˆÏ§ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy
ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚ ܲîy Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
!ܲv ˛õ, Ì Ü˛#ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï î Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛
ˆ§!rê˛∆!Ê˛í˛zˆÏà¢l åܲyç 2.5ä ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ܲ°Î˚í˛#Î˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl •° !Óhfl,Ïï˛ò¢y ~ÓÇ
!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ– oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲîyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ •° !Óhfl,ï˛
ò¢y ådispersed phaseä ~ÓÇ xlƒ í˛z˛õyòyl ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z
!Óhfl,Ïï˛ ò¢y ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ åsuspendedä ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
ÙyôƒÙ ådispersing mediumä ӈϰ– ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ xÓfiÌy åܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° Óy àƒy§#Î˚ä ~ÓÇ !Óhfl,Ïï˛
ò¢yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ܲS%È
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 2.1 §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – ~•z §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛
í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ xˆÏlܲ ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ oÓî•z xyÙÓ˚y ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl

≤Ã
!ã˛e 2.4 / !ê˛lí˛ƒy° ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈yÓ°#
• ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î–
• ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ~ï˛•z ˆSÈyê˛ •Î˚˛ ˆÎ áy!°
ˆã˛yˆÏá xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly–
• ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ Óí˛¸ •Î˚ñ Îy ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !là≈ï˛
ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚!Ÿ¬ˆÏܲ !ÓFS%È!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓDz xyˆÏ°yܲ Ó˚!Ÿ¬Ó˚
à!ï˛˛ṏÏܲ ò,¢ƒÙyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ oÓîˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáˆÏ°G ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°y
!Ì!ï˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •° §%!fiÌï˛–
Ÿ¿yÓ!° /
• §Ù§_¥ G x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
§• ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• §° åsoläñ oÓî ~ÓÇ ≤ð¡∫l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ⁄
• 293ˆÜ˛°!˲l í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ 36 @˝ÃyÙ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ
ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ˆÏܲ 100 @˝ÃyÙ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
§¡õ,=˛ oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •°– ~•z í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚
oÓî!ê˛Ó˚ àyì˛¸c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

§yÓ˚!î 2.1 / ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏí˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î í˛zòy•Ó˚î

!Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
ò¢y lÙ%ly
ï˛Ó˚° àƒy§ ~ˆÏÓ˚y§° Ü%˛Î˚y¢yñ ˆÙâñ !¢!¢Ó˚
ܲ!ë˛l àƒy§ ~ˆÏÓ˚y§° ˆôÑyÎ˚yñ xˆÏê˛yˆÏÙyÓy•zˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈ï˛ ˆôÑyÎ˚y
àƒy§ ï˛Ó˚° ˆÊ˛yÙ ˆ§!Ë˛Ç !ܲÙ
ï˛Ó˚° ï˛Ó˚° •zÙy°§l ò%ôñ ˆÊ˛•z§ !ܲÙ
ܲ!ë˛l ï˛Ó˚° §° !ÙÕÒ xÓ ÙƒyàˆÏl!¢Î˚yñ ܲyòy
àƒy§ ܲ!ë˛l ˆÊ˛yÙ ˆÊ˛yÙñ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ñ flõOñ V˛yÙy ˛õyÌÓ˚
ïÓ˚° Ü !ë˛l ˆç° ˆç!°ñ Ùyálñ ˛õ!lÓ˚
ܲ!ë˛l ܲ!ë˛l ܲ!ë˛l §° Ó˚bÈüÈ˛õyÌÓ˚ñ ˆây°yˆÏê˛ Ü˛yã˛

18
!ÓK˛yl
2.3 !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î (Separating
the Components of a Mixture)
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y•z
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó¢%Âô lÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ,Ì#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ çyly
G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚–
x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ §•ç ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎÙl
•yˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ Î ƒ xy°yòy ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ SÑ È y ܲ!l !òˆÏ Î ˚ ˆSÈ Ñ ˆ Ï Ü ˛ñ
˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#Ól ÎyeyÎ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
2.3.1 xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ l#°‡Ü˛yˆÏ°y ܲy!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚!.l
í˛z˛õyòyl åDyeä˛ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
ܲyç 2.4
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏô≈ܲ ç°myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ GÎ˚yã˛ @’y§ Ó˚yˆÏáy å !ã˛e 2.5ä
• GÎ˚y㉠@’yˆÏ§ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y ܲy!° Ó˚yˆÏáy–
• ~ál !ÓܲyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy– ܲy!°ˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
í˛z_Æ ly ܲÓ˚y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ
ˆÎ GÎ˚yã‰˛@’y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy‹õyÎ˚î ¢%Ó˚% •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Óy‹õyÎ˚î ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y˛õ
!òˆÏï˛˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ~ÓÇ Îál xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
ly ï˛ál ï˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ áyï˛yÎ˚ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy–
Óy‹õ
ܲy!°
GÎ˚yã‰˛@’y§
Ó#ܲyÓ˚
ç°
!ã˛e 2.5 / Óy‹õyÎ˚î
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG
• GÎ˚yã˛@’y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ Óy‹õy!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
• GÎ˚yã˛@’yˆÏ§ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xӈϢ£Ï Óyܲ# Ó˚•z°⁄
• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄ ܲy!° !ܲ ~ܲ•z í˛z˛õyòyÏl
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ly ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊î⁄
xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°yÙ Ü˛y!° •° çˆÏ° í˛y•z åDyeä ~Ó˚
!Ù◊î– ˆ§çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ í˛zmyÎ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ åoyÓܲä
xl%myÎ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl åoyÓä ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy‹õyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
2.3.2 ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛#Ù xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄
xyçܲy° xyÙÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !ܲÙñ ˆê˛ylí˛ ~ÓÇ í˛yÓ°
ˆê˛ylí˛ ò%ô ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!°˛õƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Óy ˆê˛ê˛∆yˆÏ˛õˆÏܲê˛
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%ˆÏô !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyeyÎ˚
ˆfl¨• åfatä ˛õòyÌ≈ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyç 2.5
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛ylˆÏ° !ܲS%È §¡õ)î≈ !ܲÙÎ%=˛ ò%ô lyG–
• ò%•z !Ù!lê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ â%î≈lΈÏsfÓ˚ åcentrifugeä
§y•yˆÏ΃ â%î≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò fl%҈ϰ â%î≈lÎsf ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï%˛!Ù
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛G ò%ô ˆÊ˛ê˛yˆÏly ΈÏsfÓ˚ åmilk
churnerä §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
• Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ í˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚# ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ÎyG ~ÓÇ !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚y åiä í˛zlyÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ü˛ÙˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l åiiä í˛zlyÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!lÓ˚
åcheeseä ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG
• ò%ôˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛ê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏ° åchurningä ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ#
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄
• ò%ô ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ü˛Ù ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó «%o ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §ÙhflÏ
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
19
 ~•z !Ù◊îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ â%î≈lΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ù)°
l#!ï˛ •° Îál â%î≈lÎsf o%ï˛ ˆâyÓ˚yˆÏly •Î˚ñ ˲yÓ˚# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y l#ˆÏã˛
ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ •yÕÒy ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
• ˆÓ˚yà !lÓ˚) õîܲyÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó˚=˛ G Ù)ˆÏeÓ˚
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
• ˆí˛Î˚yÓ˚# !ܲÇÓy Óy!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ Ùyál ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ü˛ÙˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
• GÎ˚y!¢Ç ˆÙ!¢ˆÏl !˲çy ܲy˛õí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lLjÏí˛¸ ç°
ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
2.3.3 ˛x!Ù◊î#Î˚ ò%!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚°ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄˛ (How can we separate a mixture of
two immiscible liquids?)
ܲyç 2.6
• ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l
ˆï˛°ˆÏܲ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
• ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l ˆï˛° ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î
Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ° ì˛y!° å!ã˛e 2.6ä
• ã˛ˆÏ°y ~•z !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È«˛î !fiÌÓ˚
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚y!áñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆï˛° G çˆÏ°Ó˚ÈüüüÈ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ hflÏÓ˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
• ~ál ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ê˛yˆÏlˆÏ°Ó˚ fiê˛˛õܲ܉˛!ê˛ á%ˆ°
Ï !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §yÓôyˆÏl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyG–
• Îál ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ fiê˛˛õܲˆÏ܉˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ï˛ál §yÓôyˆÏl
fiê˛˛õܲ܉˛!ê˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î Ê˛yˆÏl°
ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§l ˆï˛°
ç°
fiê˛˛õܲ܉˛
!ã˛e 2.6 / ˛x!Ù◊î#Î˚ ò%!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î
20
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
• ç° G ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
• xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°Ô•ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ ~•z
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ •yÕÒy ôyï%˛Ù°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyÓ˚%Íã%˛Õ‘#Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ à!°ï˛ ˆ°Ô•
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–
~!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛ •° ~•z ˆÎ x!Ù◊î#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚°à%ˆÏ°y âlc
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy •Î˚–
2.3.4 °Óî ~ÓÇ Ü˛˛õ)≈ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄ (How can we separate a mixture of
salt and camphor?)
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˆÎñ ï˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ܲ˛õ)≈Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l
ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§çlƒ
í˛zô≈˛õyï˛lˆÏÎyàƒ í˛zmyÎ˚# í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l xˆÏÎyàƒ
x¢%!ÂôÓ˚ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 2.7ä– !ܲS% í˛zô≈˛õyï˛l¢#° ܲ!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •°
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ñ ˆl˛õ̃y!°l ~ÓÇ ~lÌy!§l–
ï%˛°yÓ˚ !SÈ!˛õ
í˛zŒê˛yˆÏly Ê˛yˆÏl°
ܲ˛õ)≈ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy‹õ
ܲ!ë˛l ܲ˛õ)≈Ó˚
ܲ˛õ)≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛lyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ≤’ê˛
°ÓˆÏîÓ˚ !Ù◊î
!ã˛e 2.7 / í˛zô≈˛õyï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ˛õ)≈Ó˚ ~ÓÇ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î
!ÓK˛yl
2.3.5 ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy!°ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚Oܲ ܲîy åí˛y•zä !ܲ o%ï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈àˆ% °
Ï y xy°yòy •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚⁄ (Is the dye in black ink a single !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Oܲ í˛z˛õyòylà%°yˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛•z •°˛
colour?) ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛– @˝Ã#ܲ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ÚˆÜ˛yÙyÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Ó˚.– ~•z
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛yñ ˆ§çlƒ
ܲyç 2.7
~•z lyÙ!ê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ oyÓ ~ܲ•z oyÓˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàç lyG– •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
• !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 3 ˆ§!Ù í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!™° ≤ÃÎ%!=˛!ÓòƒyÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ó˚ lï%˛l lï%˛l ˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy ê˛yl !ã˛e/ 2.8 åa˛ä– ˆÜ˛Ô¢° í˛zqy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
• °y•zl!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛y!°Ó˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y òyG– ˆ◊!îˆÏï xyÓ˚G˛ çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
åˆflÒã˛ˆÏ˛õl Óy Ê˛yí˛zˆÏrê˛l ˆ˛õl ˆÌˆÏܲ Îy çˆÏ° oÓî#Î˚ä
~ˆÏܲ ¢%ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ òyG– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
• ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ç° !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàç!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚yˆÏáy ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛y!°Ó˚ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y!ê˛ ç°ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ • ˛Ó˚OܲÈüÈ ~Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ Óî≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ã˛e/ 2.8 åb˛ä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ • ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚. ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚Oܲ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyG– • Ó˚=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í»˛yàˆÏܲ
• ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓy˚ / !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàç ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ç° ô#ˆÏÓ˚ 2.3.6 !Ù◊î#Î˚ ò%!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ í˛˛z õˆÏÓ˚ í˛ëz ˛ˆïÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÓÏ – ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î l!ÌË%˛=˛ ܲˆÓÏ y˚ –
@’y§ Ó˚í˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄ (How can we separate a mixture of
ˆ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ !Üœ˛˛õ two miscible liquids?)
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛Ó˚y çyÓ˚
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛Ó˚y
ܲyç 2.8
• ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl G çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ˛õ!™ˆÏ°Ó˚ òyà
ܲy!°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ñyê˛y ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ç°
a˛˛
• !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛l Êœ˛yˆÏflÒ lyG– ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲy!°Ó˚ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y
b ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ lyG–
• Îsf˛õy!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ Ùï˛ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ lyG– å!ã˛e 2.9ä
!ã˛e 2.8 / ˆÜ˛yÙyˆÏê˛y@˝Ãy!Ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲyˆÏ°y ܲy!°ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ • ~ÓyÓ˚ !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ~ÓÇ
˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ Îb §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ¢#ï˛Ïܲ ΈÏsf ≤ÈÏÓ¢
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ܲˆÏÓ˚ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛Ü˛ ΈÏsfÓ˚ !là≈Ù l° ˆÌˆÏܲ
• !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏç ç° í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄ • ç° ˛õyï˛l Êœ˛yˆÏflÒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲ# !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏç !Ó!˲ߨ Óî≈ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyG⁄
ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yÓ˚
• ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàˆÏç ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚î ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆÜœ˛¡õ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈Ùl ˛õÌ
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ܲy!° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏÏï˛ ç° oyÓܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ Ó˚Oܲ ˛õyï˛l Êœ˛yflÒ ˆÜœ˛¡õ
ç°¢#ïܲ
ådyeä oyÓ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– çˆÏ°Ó˚ §!•ï˛ Ó˚Oܲ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl ~ÓÇ
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàç ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ GˆÏ벖 §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó˚Oܲ ò%•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊î
Óy ï˛yˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ !Ù◊î– çˆÏ° x!ôܲ oÓî#Î˚ Ó˚!.l í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ ë˛yu˛y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ˛õÌ
xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yl

!ã˛e 2.9 / ò%!ê˛ !Ù◊î#Î˚˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ì#ܲܲÓ˚î–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄ 21

í˛z_Ó˚ òyG 2.3.7 ˛ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ àƒy§ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲ
• Îál !Ù◊î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ï˛ál ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄ (How can we obtain different gases from
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄ air?)
• ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyë˛ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓyÎ%̊ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l
çlƒ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚⁄ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˛l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e!ê˛ å!ã˛e 2.11ä
• xƒy!§ˆÏê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛lyAܲ ܲï˛⁄ ~Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏFSÈ–
• ˆÜ˛l ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚⁄ ÓyÎ˚%

~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyï˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ӈϰ– ò%!ê˛ !Ù◊î#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚°

ã˛y˛õ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õÙyey
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Óï≈˛Ùyl ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ÙˆÏÎ˚ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G ¢#ï˛° ܲÓ˚y
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •Î˚ lyñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛Ó˚° ÓyÎ˚%
ò% • z Óy ï˛ˆÏ ï ˛y!ôܲ !Ù◊î#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚ ° ˆÎà% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚
fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ 25 ˆÜ˛°!˲ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l hflψÏΩ˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚y
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ àƒy§#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙçyï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°y xy°yòy •Î˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Îsf!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õyï˛l ΈÏsfÓ˚ Ùï˛•zñ Óƒ!ï˛Ü˛Ù!ê˛
•°ñ ˛õyï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛Ü˛ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ x!:ˆÏçl xyÓ˚àl ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
˛õyï˛l hflÏΩ˛ åFractionating columnä °yàyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ– fl≥%˛ê˛lyAܲ å0Cä -183 -186 -196
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l hflÏΩ˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ l° åTubeä ÎyˆÏï˛ % ÓyÎ˚% åxyÎ˚ï˛lä 20.9 0.9 78.1

ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ à%Ñ!ê˛ åbeadsä ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z à%Ñ!ê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛°

!ã˛e 2.11 / í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ àƒy§#Î˚
Óy‹õˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ¢#ï˛° •ˆÏï˛ G âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏFSÈ–
Îy !ã˛e 2.10 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl àƒy§ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z
ܲܲ≈ å!ã˛e 2.11ä ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏܲ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
çˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈Ùl
ˆÜœ˛¡õ ï˛y˛õÙyey ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ¢#ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ï˛Ó˚°
ç°¢#ï˛Ü˛
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l lˆÏ° àÓ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚y
ˆÊ˛Ü˛¢ˆÏl!ê˛Ç
ܲ°yÙ ˛õyï˛l Êœ˛yflÒ •Î˚– fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àƒy§à%ˆ°
Ï y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚
ë˛yu˛y çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ˛õÌ
˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚–
!Ù◊î
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG
!Ó¢%Âô ï˛Ó˚° • ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲÓ˚
í˛zÂô≈Ü˛Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §yçyG–
• ÓyÎ˚% ¢#ï˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl‰ àƒy§!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°
!ã˛e 2.10 / xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚⁄

22
!ÓK˛yl
 çˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈Ùl
í˛z£÷Ï ÓyÎ˚%
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ÓyÎ˚%
ÓyÎ˚ % Ó ˚ ≤ÃˆÏ Ó ¢
!Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚
ÓÓ˚Ê˛ ¢#ï˛° çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢myÓ˚
!ã˛eÉ 2.12 / ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î
2.3.8 xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x¢%Âô ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ lÙ%ly ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ó¢%Âô ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õyˆÏÓy⁄ (How can we obtain
pure copper sulphate from an impure sample?)
ܲyç
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛#ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe åchina dishä !ܲS%È x¢%Âô
ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ lÙ%ly åxyl%Ùy!lܲ 5 @˝ÃyÙä lyG–
• ~ˆÏܲ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ x¢%!Âôà%ˆÏ°y ò)Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓîˆÏܲ Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ˛õyÓ˚
§y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §¡õ,=˛ oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~•z oÓî!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲyàç !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ
âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ¢#ï˛° •ˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚y!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
!fiÌÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyG–
• ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛°y§ ˛õyˆÏÓ–
• ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°y§l ӈϰ–
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG
• !ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
• ˆÜ˛°y§à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ⁄
• !ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe ˆÜ˛°y§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÜ˛°y§l ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚ˆîÏ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ §Ù%o
ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ °Óî ˛õy•z ï˛yˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ x¢%!Âô ÌyܲˆÏï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄
¢#ï˛° §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ ÓyÎ˚%
˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î hflΩÏ ˛
xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ˛õyï˛l hflÏΩ˛
ï˛Ó˚° ÓyÎ˚% ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•à≈Ùl
xyà≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•à≈Ùl ï˛Ó˚° x!:ˆÏçl
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛
¢%‹Ò ÓÓ˚Ê˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ !là≈ï˛
•Î˚ ≤çyÓ˚îܲyÓ˚# ˆçê˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z x¢%!Âôà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛°y§l ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– oÓî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°y§ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÜ˛yl !Ó¢%Âô ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛•z˛ •° ˆÜ˛°y§l– §yôyÓ˚î Óy‹õyÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛°y§l
ˆÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ܲyÓ˚îÈüüüÈ
2.9
• ï˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ¢%ˆÏܲyˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° !ܲS%È Ü˛!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈
!ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyÌ≈
!ã˛!lÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ%ˆÏí˛¸ ܲyˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
• ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G !ܲS%È x¢%!Âô oÓˆÏî oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óy‹õ#Ë˛ÓˆÏl ~à%ˆÏ°y
ܲ!ë˛lˆÏܲ x¢%Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
• §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚ˆÏî
• Ê˛ê˛!ܲ!Ó˚Ó˚ åalumä x¢%Âô lÙ%ly ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô
ˆÜ˛°y§ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ˛ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
í˛zqy!Óï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ≤Ãîy°# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 2.13 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ≤Ãîy°#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ ≤ÃÓy•
!ã˛e ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ≤Ãîy°# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
Óy!í˛¸ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à,•#ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !ã˛e
2.13-Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
23
 Óy!°hflÏÓ˚
ç°Ë˛yu˛yÓ˚ ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ x¢%!Âôà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ç° ˆSÈyê˛ ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸ ˆÙÈyê˛y ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸
!Ìï˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ !Ìï˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ

xô/ˆÏ«˛˛õî˛ ê˛ƒyAܲ ˆ°y!í˛Ç ê˛ƒyAܲ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ê˛ƒyAܲ

Óy!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y ôÁLjϧÓ˚
çlƒ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏl¢yl

≤Ã
!ã˛e 2.13 / ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ≤Ãîy°#ˆÏï˛ ç° !Ó¢%!ÂôܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓfiÌy

Ÿ¿yÓ!° ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈•z ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

1. ò% ! ê˛ !Ù◊î#Î˚ ï˛Ó˚ ° ˆÎÙl ˆ˛õˆÏ ê ˛∆ y ° G
ˆÜ˛ˆÏÓ˚y!§ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊î åÎyˆÏòÓ˚ fl≥%˛ê˛lyˆÏAܲÓ˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ 250C ~Ó˚ ˆÓ¢#ä ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
2. ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛Ô¢°à%ˆÏ°y í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚y
i˛ä ò•z ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyál
ò•l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈
xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y lï%˛l ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õy•z–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yG Ó°y •Î˚–
ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛Ó˚ ò•ˆÏl ˆË˛Ôï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ í˛z˲Î˚
ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ

≤Ã
i˛i˛ä §Ù%o ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ °Óî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
i˛i˛i˛ä °Óî ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ˛õ≈)Ó˚
3. ˆÜ˛°y§l ˛ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ ° Ó˚ myÓ˚ y !ܲ ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ Ÿ¿yÓ!°
!Ù◊îˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
2.4˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l åPhysical and 1. !l¡¨ ! °!áï˛ âê˛lyà% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ G
Chemical Changesä Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüüüÈ
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôÙ≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ • àySÈ Ü˛yê˛y
ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– ˆÎ ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G !l!ò≈T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎÙl • àÓ˚Ù Ü˛í˛¸y•zˆÏï˛ ÙyáˆÏlÓ˚ à°l
Óî≈ñ ܲy!ë˛lƒñ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yñ ï˛yÓ˚°ƒñ âlcñ à°lyAܲñ fl≥%˛ê˛lyAܲ •zï˛ƒy!ò • xy°!ÙÓ˚yˆÏï˛ Ù!Ó˚ã˛y ˛õí˛¸y
•ˆÏ°y ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôÙ≈– • çˆÏ°Ó˚ fl≥%˛ê˛l G Óy‹õyÎ˚î
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l • çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í ≤ÃÓy• ã˛y°ly
ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ ° çÏ ° •y•z ˆ Ï í » ˛ yˆÏ ç l ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l SÈyí˛¸y•z âˆÏê˛– ÓÓ˚Ê˛ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ç°#Î˚ x!:ˆÏçˆÏl !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ •GÎ˚yñ
Óy‹õ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆË˛Ôï˛ • çˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚î °Óî oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y
ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ– • ÜÑ˛yã˛y Ê˛° myÓ˚y §ƒy°y퉲 ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ç° ~ÓÇ Ó˚yߨyÓ˚ ˆï˛° í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲv • ܲyàç ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ò•l–
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ xy°yòy– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àrô ~ÓÇ òy•ƒï˛y 2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô
!˲ߨ– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆï˛° ÓyÎ%̊ˆÏï˛ òy•ƒ xyÓ˚ ç° xyà%l !l˲yÎ˚– ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ !Ù◊îÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

24
!ÓK˛yl
2.5˛ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚⁄ å What are the types
of pure substances?ä
˛Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
~ÓÇ ˆÎÔ!àܲ ~•z ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
2.5.1 ˆÙÔ° å Elementsä
• !ÓK˛yl# Ó˚Óyê≈˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚° åRobert Boyleä 1661
á#T˛yˆÏ∑ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ê˛Ó˚y!§
Ó˚§yÎ˚l!Óò xƒyrê˛!l °ˆÏÓ˚rê˛ ˆ°Ë˛Î˚!§Î˚Ó˚ åAntoine
Laurent Lavoisier ä (1743-94 äñ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ
˛õÓ˚#«˛y°kô í˛z˛˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÙÔ° •ˆÏ°y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ù)° Ó˚)˛õ ÎyˆÏܲ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ó˚°ï˛Ó˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ÎyÎ˚ ly–
ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ åElementä §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ôyï%˛ñ xôyï%˛ ~ÓÇ ôyï%˛Ü˛ˆÏ“
ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ôyï%˛à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !lˆÏ¡¨ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È Óy §Óà%ˆÏ°y
ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ /
• ôyï%˛Ó˚ í˛zIµ°ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ôyï%˛ Ó˚)˛õy°# ô)§Ó˚ Óy ˆ§yly°# •°%ò ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚
• ôyï%˛ ï˛y˛õ G ï˛!í˛¸Í ˛§%˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#–
• ôyï%˛ ≤çyÓ˚î¢#° å ˆê˛ˆÏl °¡∫y ï˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ä
• ôyï%˛ lÙl#Î˚ å•yï%˛!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ä
• ôyï%˛ í˛zFã˛lyò !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ åxyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ôÁ!l §,!T˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ä
ôyï%˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° ˆ§ylyñ Ó˚)˛õyñ ï˛yÙyñ ˆ°y•yñ
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õyÓ˚ò ~ܲÙye ôyï%˛ ˆÎ!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ï˛Ó˚°–
xôyï%˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !lˆÏß√ í˛zˆÕÏ !‘ áï˛ ôˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ !ܲS%È Óy §Óà%ˆ°
Ï y
ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• xôyï%˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ •Î˚–
• xôyï% ˛ ï˛y˛õ G ï˛!í˛¸ ˆ Ï ï ˛Ó˚ Ü% ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ Ó y•# åpoor
conductorä
• xôyï%˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%I° µ – xôyï%˛ í˛zFã˛lyò# Óy lÙl#Î˚ •Î˚ ly–
xôyï%˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î •° •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçlñ xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛lñ
ܲyÓ≈l åܲÎ˚°yñ ˆÜ˛yܲäñ ˆÓy!Ùlñ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ôyï%˛ ~ÓÇ xôyï%˛Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ôÙ≈ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
ôyï%˛Ü˛“ ӈϰ– ˆÎÙl ˆÓyÓ˚lñ !§!°Ü˛lñ çyˆÏÙ!≈ lÎ˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄
• ~áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ 100!ê˛Ó˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˆÙÔ° çyly
xyˆÏSÈ– 92!ê˛ ˆÙÔ° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
Óy!ܲà%ˆÏ°y Ùl%£Ïƒ§,T˛–
• ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆÙÔ°•z ܲ!ë˛l–
xyˆÏÓ˚y çyˆÏly
• 11!ê˛ ˆÙÔ° âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ àƒy§#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ˛˛õyÓ˚ò ~ÓÇ ˆÓy!Ùl ˆÙÔ° ò%!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚
ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• àƒy!°Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ !§!çÎ˚yÙ ˆÙÔ° ò%!ê˛ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÙylƒ x!ôܲ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ å303
ˆÜ˛°!˲lä ï˛Ó˚° xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
2.5.2 ˆÎÔà å Compoundsä
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˆÙÔ° ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!•ï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ GçˆÏlÓ˚
xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˲yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õòyÌ≈ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ˆÎÔà ӈϰ–
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˆÙÔ° §ÇÎ%=˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˛õy•z⁄
ܲyç ˛2.10
• ã˛ˆÏ°y ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ SÈyeSÈye#ˆÏòÓ˚˛ ò%•z òˆÏ° ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛ly Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ò°ˆÏܲ 5 @˝ÃyÙ ˆ°Ô•ã)˛î≈
~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ò°ˆÏܲ 3 @˝ÃyÙ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ !ò•z–
ò° ÈüÈI
• ˆ°Ô•ã)˛î≈ ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ ã)˛î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!◊ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ò°ÈüÈ II
• ˆ°Ô•ã)˛î≈ ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚ ã)˛î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ù!◊ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !Ù◊îˆÏܲ ˆ°y!•ï˛ ï˛Æ ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y˛õ
!òˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy– ~ÓyÓ˚ ï˛y˛õ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏï˛ òyG–
ò° ÈüÈI˛ ~ÓÇ ò° ÈüÈII
• ~˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ã%˛¡∫ܲôÙ≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~ܲ!ê˛ ã%˛¡∫ܲˆÏܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏl ˆòˆÏáy ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛
ã˛%¡∫ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛T˛ •Î˚ !ܲly–
• ò%!ê˛ ò° myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ àë˛lyÜ,˛!ï˛ G ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–˛
• ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z §y°Ê˛y•zí˛
ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏí˛¸ !Ê˛Œê˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ xlƒ xLjϢ °â% §y°!Ê˛í˛z!Ó˚ܲ
25
 §yÓ˚!î 2.2 / !Ù◊î ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔà
!Ù◊î
1. ˆÙÔ° Óy ˆÎÔà §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !وϢ !Ù◊î ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl lï%˛l ˆÎÔà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ly–
2. !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
3. !Ù◊ˆÏî í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÌyˆÏܲ–
4. í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §•ç ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xƒy!§í˛ Óy °â% •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚y
[oT˛Óƒ/ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !lÓ˚#«˛î
åsupervisionä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–]
• ò%!ê˛ ˆÙÔ° 到ԕ G §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ä !lˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ü˛°
ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG
• ò%ˆÏê˛y òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ⁄
• ˆÜ˛yl ò°!ê˛ ã%˛¡∫ܲ ôÙ≈ !Ó!¢T˛ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
• ˆÎ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó !ܲ⁄
• °â% §y°!Ê˛í˛z!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ Óy °â% •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ
ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò% ! ê˛ ò°•z !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ l y àƒy§
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃyÆ àƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àrô !ܲ
~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ly xy°yòy⁄
IlÇ ò° ȈΠÓî≈•#lñ àrô•#l ~ÓÇ òy•ƒ àƒy§!ê˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ ˆ◊!î ܲˆÏ«˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ òy•ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y xl%!ã˛ï˛– II lÇ ò° ȈΠàƒy§!ê˛
ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y •° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl §y°Ê˛y•zí˛– ~!ê˛ ˛õÑã˛y !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚
àrôÎ%=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈•#l àƒy§–
26
ˆÎÔà
1. ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l ˆÎÔà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2. í˛zͲõߨ lï%˛l ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚
!l!ò≈T˛–
3. í˛zͲõߨ lï%˛l ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
4. í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛!í˛¸Í
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈy ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ ò° ˆÎ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛
~ܲ•z ˛õòyÌ≈ !SÈ°– ≤ÃÌÙ òˆÏ°Ó˚ åò°ÈüÈIä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆË˛Ôï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ åò°ÈüIIä ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l å~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yä âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
• I lÇ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈ •° ò%!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ù◊î–
ˆÎ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ˆòGÎ˚y •° ï˛y •ˆÏ°y xyÎ˚Ó˚î ~ÓÇ
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ˆÙÔ°–
• !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y–
• II lÇ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÆ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛ •° ˆÎÔà–
• ò%!ê˛ ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ ï˛#Ó˲yˆÏÓ í˛z_Æ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÎÔà ˛õy•zñ ÎyÓ˚ ôÙ≈ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ôÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ–
• §Ù@˝ à ˆÎÔˆÏ à •z §ÇÎ% ! ï˛ å Composition ä
~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù– xyÙÓ˚y ~G ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎñ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚
àë˛l !Ólƒy§ åTextureä ~ÓÇ Óî≈ §Ù@˝Ã ˆÎÔˆÏà
~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù– ˆ§ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ G
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ˆÏܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
!ÓK˛yl
 ˛õòyÌ≈
åܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚°ñ àƒy§ä

!Ù◊î
!Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈
å!l!ò≈T˛ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ ˆl•zä

ˆÙÔ° §Ù)• ˆÎÔà §Ù)• §Ù§_¥ x§Ù§_¥

!l!ò≈T˛ §ÇÎ%!ï˛˛Óï≈˛Ùylñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Óy
ˆË˛ˆÏ. §Ó˚°ï˛Ó˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!˲ߨ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ !˲ߨ §ÇÎ%!ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÙԈϰ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚

í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ï˛yÙyñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ç°ñ !ÙˆÏÌlñ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ / !ã˛!lÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓîñ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ / Óy!° ~ÓÇ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚
x!:ˆÏçlñ ˆ°Ô•ñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ !ã˛!lñ °Óî •zï˛ƒy!ò ç°#Î˚ oÓîñ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z §y°Ê˛y•zˆÏí˛ §y°Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ù◊îñ !ã˛!l G °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ !Ù◊îñ ˆï˛°
˛õyÓ˚ò •zï˛ƒy!ò oÓîñ xƒy°ˆÏܲy•ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ oÓî •zï˛ƒy!ò G çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ù◊î

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
˛!¢áˆÏ°
• !Ù◊ˆÏî ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ åˆÙÔ° Óy ˆÎÔà Óy í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•zä ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ !Ù!◊ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
• í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ù◊îˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
• oÓî •° ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î– oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî Ìyܲy
í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ oyÓܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî Ìyܲy í˛z˛õyòyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ oyÓ ÓˆÏ°–
• oÓî Óy oyÓˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲܲ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl Óy ~ܲܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ oyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ oÓˆÏîÓ˚
âlc ӈϰ–
• ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó› å materialsä oyÓˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ð¡∫l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ð¡∫l •ˆÏ°y x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î–
• ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ •° x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊î ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ ~ï˛•z ˆSÈyê˛ ˆÎ˛ áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ܲv ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ΈÏÌT˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y–
ܲ°Ü˛yÓ˚áyly ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyï˛ƒ!•Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏl ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛È •Î˚– ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ӈϰ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ò¢y ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°y !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ÙyôƒÙ ӈϰ–
• !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÙÔ° Óy ˆÎÔà í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙÔ° •° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~Ùl Ó˚)˛õ ÎyˆÏܲ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ó˚° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˲yAày ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÎÔà •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÎyˆÏï˛
ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÙÔ°§Ù)• Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ •Î˚ !ܲv !Ù◊îÈüÈ~ í˛z˛õyòyl
ˆÙÔ° Óy ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈˛≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄ 27

 xl%¢#°l#
1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ù◊îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ,Ìܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛Ô¢°˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
åaä ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛–
åbä ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ G xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ !Ù◊î ˆÌˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛–
åcä ày!í˛¸Ó˚ •z!OlÈüÈxˆÏÎ˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ôyï%˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y–
ådä Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚Oܲà%ˆÏ°y–
åeä ò•z ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyál–
åfä ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛°–
ågä ã˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õyï˛y–
åhä Óy!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ !˛õl–
åiä ï%˛£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ àˆÏÙÓ˚ òyly–
åjä çˆÏ° ≤ð!¡∫ï˛ ÜÑ˛yòyÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y–
2É ã˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ôy˛õà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~ˆÏï˛ oÓîñ oyÓñ oyÓܲñ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ñ
˛oÓî#Î˚ñ xoÓî#Î˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛ ~ÓÇ xӈϢ£Ï åresidueä •zï˛ƒy!ò ¢∑à%ˆÏ°y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3É ≤ÃK˛y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ oyÓƒï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Çà,•#ï˛
ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ål#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï ≤Ãò_ Ê˛°yÊ˛°à%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏ°yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ,=˛
oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ È100 @˝ÃyÙ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˲Ó˚–ä

oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÜ˛°!˲l åKä ~ܲˆÏܲ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y

283 293 313 333 353
oyÓƒï˛y
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ 21 32 62 106 167
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ 36 36 36 37 37
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ 35 35 40 46 54
xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ 24 37 41 55 66

åa˛ä 313 ˆÜ˛°!˲l í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ 50 @˝ÃyÙ çˆÏ° ˛õê˛y!§Î˚yÙ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç˛õ,=˛ oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õê˛y!§Î˚yÙ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ⁄
åb ä ≤ÃK˛y 353 ˆÜ˛°!˲l í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ çˆÏ° ˛õê˛y!§Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç˛õ,=˛ oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ oÓî!ê˛ˆÏܲ âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !ò°– oÓî!ê˛ ë˛yu˛y •ˆÏ° ˆ§ !ܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åcä 293 ˆÜ˛°!˲l í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ °Óî!ê˛Ó˚
oyÓƒï˛y §Ó≈y!ôܲ⁄
åd ä ~ܲ!ê˛ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ oyÓƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛#⁄˛

28
!ÓK˛yl
 4É í˛zòy•Ó˚î §• l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y
åaä §¡õ,=˛ oÓî
åbä !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈
åc ä ܲ°ˆÏÎ˚í˛
ådä ≤ð¡∫l
5É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ù§_¥ G x§Ù§_¥ !Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î !Ó˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüüüÈ
ˆ§yí˛y ç°ñ ܲyë˛ñ ÓyÎ˚%ñ Ùy!ê˛ñ !˲!làyÓ˚ñ ˛õ!Ó˚◊%ï˛ ã˛y–
6É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈•#l ï˛Ó˚° ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚°!ê˛ ç°–
7É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄
åaä ÓÓ˚Ê˛
åbä ò%ô
åc ä ˆ°y•y
ådä •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛
åeä ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ x:y•zí˛
åf ä ˛õyÓ˚ò
ågÈ ä •zê˛
åhä ܲyë˛
åi ä ÓyÎ˚%
8É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ù◊îà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ oÓîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åaä Ùy!ê˛
åbä §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç°
åc ä Óyï˛y§
ådä ܲÎ˚°y
åeä ˆ§yí˛y ç°
9É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylà%ˆÏ°y !ê˛lí˛y° ≤Ã˲yÓ åTindall effectä ˆòáyÎ˚⁄
åa˛ä °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ oÓî
åbä ò%ô
åc ä ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ oÓî
ådä fiê˛yã≈˛ oÓî
10É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ñ ˆÎÔ!àܲ G !Ù◊î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åaä ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ
åbä Ùy!ê˛
åc ä !ã˛!lÓ˚ oÓî
ådä Ó˚)˛õy
åeä ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ Ü˛yˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛
åf ä !ê˛l
ågÈ ä !§!°Ü˛l

xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ !ܲ !Ó¢%Âô⁄ 29

 åhä ܲÎ˚°y
åi ä ÓyÎ˚%
åj˛ä §yÓyl
åk ä !ÙˆÏÌl
ål ä ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛
åmä Ó˚=˛
11É l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l⁄
åaä í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
åbä ˆ°y•yÎ˚ ÙÓ˚ˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸y
åc ä Óy!° G ˆ°y•yÓ˚ «%˛o ܲîyÓ˚ !Ù◊î
ådä Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚y áyòƒ
åeä áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õyã˛l
åf ä çˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l#˲Ól
ågÈ ä ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛Ó˚ ò•l

˛ò°ÓÂô ܲyç
~ܲ!ê˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ°§#ˆÏï˛ åÙê˛Ü˛yä !ܲS%È l%!í˛¸˛õyÌÓ˚ G Óy!° lyG– ܲò≈Ùy=˛ ç°ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓî ÓƒÓfiÌy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

30
!ÓK˛yl
xôƒyÎ˚ 3
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî%
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !@˝Ãܲ òy¢≈!lÜ ˛àˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà §)e ò%ˆÏê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
xçyly ~ÓÇ xò,¢ƒ àë˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° !SÈ°– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3.1.1 ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y §)e (Law of Conservation
500 !áfiê˛˛õ)Ó≈y∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ !Ó˲yçƒ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ of Mass)
!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SÈ°– ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Ù•y}!£Ï ܲîyò Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl åÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ä ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎñ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˲y.ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ !ܲ⁄
Ìy!ܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛o «%˛o ܲîy ˛õyÓ– ~ܲ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲyç 3.1
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîy ˛õyÓ xyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏܲ ˲y.y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
!ï˛!l ~•z «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîyÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%– xlƒ ~ܲçl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ • l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ÈX ~ÓÇ Y ˆ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛
òy¢≈!lܲ ˛õÜ%˛ô ܲRÎ˚Ù ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÓy˚ ≤çyÓ˚ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°Ï l ˆ§ê˛ ˆÓˆÏSÈ lyG– üüüÈ
X Y
~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°!SȈ° Ï l ˆÎñ ~•z ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ §ÇÎ%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ åiä ܲ˛õyÓ˚ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ (i) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlê˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ӈϰ•z ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ xyÙÓ˚y !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õy•z– 1.25 @˝ÃyÙ 1.43 @˝ÃyÙ
≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãyã˛#l !@˝Ãܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!ܲê˛y§ åiiä ˆÓ!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛˛ (ii) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
1.22 @˝ÃyÙ 1.53 @˝ÃyÙ
(Democritus) ~ÓÇ !°í˛z!§˛õy§ (Leucippus) ӈϰ!SȈϰl
åiiiä ˆ°í˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ ˛ (iii) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛˛
ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˲y.ˆÏï˛ Ìy!ܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ 2.07 @˝ÃyÙ 1.17 @˝ÃyÙ
xy§ˆÏÓ Îál ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yψÏܲ xyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly– • ÈX ~ÓÇ Y ˆ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸y ˛õòyÌ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ 10
!Ù!°!°ê˛yÓ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xy°yòy xy°yòy ˲yˆÏÓ 5% oÓî ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!ܲê˛y§ ~•z x!Ó˲yçƒ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% åÎyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xÌ≈ •° x!Ó˲yçƒä– ~•z §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z !SÈ° òy¢≈!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy– • ÈY ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y ܲ!lˆÏܲ° Êœ˛yˆÏflÒ ~ÓÇ
xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÈX ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ò•l lˆÏ°
ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏ°y–
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲyç §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!l– • ò•l l°!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó §yÓôyˆÏl Êœ˛yˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ ˆV˛y°yˆÏly
xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï !ÓK˛yl#àî ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ •ˆÏ°y ˆÎl oÓî!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ly ˆÙˆÏ¢– Êœ˛yˆÏflÒÓ˚ Ù%á!ê˛
ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ á%ˆÑ ç
Ï ˛õyl ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆ° Ï y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ü≈˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏly •°– å !ã˛e lÇ È3.1 ˆòˆÏáyä
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Î%=˛ •ˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ï˛y ܲÜ≈˛
çylyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xy@˝Ã•# •l– §%ˆÏï˛y
xƒyrê˛!l ~° °ƒy˲Î˚!§Î˚Ó˚ (Antoine L. Lavoisier)
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ §)e ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛!lˆÏܲ° Êœ˛yflÒ
Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §)ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– «% o ò•l l°

ÈX ~Ó˚ oÓî
3.1 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà §)eyÓ!° (Laws of Chemical
Combination) Y ~Ó˚ oÓî

°ƒy˲Î˚!§Î˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆçyˆÏ§Ê˛ ~° ≤Ãyí˛zˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ åJoseph L. !ã˛e 3.1: YȈ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ oÓî Ó˚yáy ܲ!lˆÏܲ° Êœ˛yˆÏflÒ ÈX ˆ§ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Proust ä !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛y !lÓ˚ # «˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ ° !l¡¨ ! °!áï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ oÓî Ó˚yáy ò•l l°!ê˛ ˆV˛y°yˆÏly •°–
 • §yÓôyˆÏl í˛z˛õyòyl§• Êœ˛yflÒ!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl ˆlGÎ˚y •°–
• ~ál Êœ˛yflÒ!ê˛ Ü˛yï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏly •° G VÑ˛yܲyˆÏly •° ˆÎl X
~ÓÇ ÈY~•z ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ù◊î !وϢ ÎyÎ˚–
• xyÓyÓ˚ Gçl ˆlGÎ˚y •°–
• !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛ Êœ˛yˆÏflÒ Ü˛# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
• Êœ˛yˆÏflÒÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ü≈˛ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ°yÙ ˆÜ˛l⁄
• í˛z˛õyòyl§• Êœ˛yˆÏflÒÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •° !ܲ⁄
˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y §)e xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆï˛Ù!l ôÁǧG ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
3.1.2 !fiÌÓ˚ y l% ˛ õyï˛ §) e (Law of constant
proportions)
xlƒylƒ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ °ƒy˲Î˚!§Î˚Ó˚G ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÈÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Çà,•#ï˛ ˆ•yܲ
Óy ~!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚%ܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ §Ó≈òy•z ò%!ê˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÙÔ° ˛!òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˙ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÎÙlñ í˛zͧ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ç° lyÙܲ ˆÎÔ!àÜ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl G x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z
1:8 •ˆÏÓ–
ï˛y•zñ 9 @˝ÃyÙ ç°ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° §Ó≈òy•z 1 @˝ÃyÙ
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ 8 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ– ˆï˛Ù!lñ ˆÎ
ÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óy ˆÎÈÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y §Çà,•#ï˛
ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl G •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛
14:3 •ˆÏÓ–
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !fiÌÓ˚yl%˛õyï˛ §)e!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyï˛§)e
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– !ÓK˛yl# ≤Ãyí˛zfiê˛ §)e!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ !ÓÓ,ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈òy ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–ÛÛ
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°˛ !ÓK˛yl#àî ~•z §)eà%!°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy
!òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •l– !Ó!ê˛¢ Ó˚§yÎ˚l!Óò çl í˛y°ê˛l
åJohn Daltonä ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
ï˛_¥ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛y°ê˛l•z §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó˲yçƒï˛yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °yàylñ ~Ó˚ xyà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~!ê˛ !SÈ° !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛_¥– !ï˛!l !@˝ÃܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xƒyê˛Ù‰ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% lyˆÏÙ
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°l ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛oï˛Ù
ܲîy– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà §)eyÓ!°•z !SÈ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_–
32
í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Óyò ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y §)e ~ÓÇ !fiÌÓ˚yl%˛õyï˛ §)ˆeÏ Ó˚
Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚–
1766 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ çl í˛y°ê˛l •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
~ܲ˛ ò!Ó˚o ïÑ˛y!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ÓyˆÏÓy˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆ§Ï !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ç#Ól ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~Ó˚ §yï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛
!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ xôƒ«˛ •ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°Ï l– 1793
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ í˛y°ê˛l à!îï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G
Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ӣψÏÎ˚ !¢«˛yòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
çl í˛y°ê˛l
ÙƒyˆÏM˛fiê˛yÓ˚ Îyl– !¢«˛Ü˛ï˛y G àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà §ÙÎ˚ !ï˛!l ˆ§áyˆÏl ܲyê˛yl– 1808
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Óyò ï˛_¥ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓl˚ Îy ˛õòyÌ≈ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l˛!ò¢yÓ˚ í˛zˆßÏ √yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°–
í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Óyò xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ñ ˆÎÔ!àܲ
Óy !Ù◊ Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% lyˆÏÙ «%˛o «%˛o ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y l#ˆÏã˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •°Èüüü
(i) §Ü˛° ˛õòyÌ≈•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% lyÙܲ «%˛o «%˛o ܲîy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(ii) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y x!Ó˲yçƒ Ü˛îyñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ §,!T˛ Óy ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
(iii) ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ü˛° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚
~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ ~ܲ•z •Î˚–
(iv) !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
ôÙ≈ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
(v) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y «˛%o ˛õ)î≈ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ó˚° xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎÔà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(vi) ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÎÔˆÏà í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Çáƒy
G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù çylˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ «%˛o
≤Ã
«%˛o ܲîyÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ 5.3 @˝ÃyÙ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ
ܲyÓ≈ˆlÏ ê˛ 6 @˝ÃyÙ xƒyˆÏ§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zͲõߨ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y •° 2.2 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈l
í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ñ 0.9 @˝ÃyÙ ç° ~ÓÇ 8.2 @˝ÃyÙ
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛ê˛–
!ÓK˛yl
 ˆòáyG ˆÎñ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y˛Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y
§)ˆÏeÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Aà!ï˛˛õ)î≈–
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆlÏ ê˛ È+ xƒy!§!ê˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ → È
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ xƒy!§ˆÏê˛ê˛ È+ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛
È+È ç°–
2. •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 1: 8
xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ç° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– 3 @˝ÃyÙ
•y•zˆÏí˛» yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Ü˛ï˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!:ˆÏçl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ⁄
3. í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y §)e!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
4. í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈!ê˛
!fiÌÓ˚yl%˛õyï˛ §)eˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
3.2 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ܲ#⁄ (What is an Atom?)
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲálG ~ܲçl Ó˚yç!Ù!flfˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y°ñ ˆòGÎ˚y°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ«˛ñ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ«˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xRy!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏáSÈ⁄ ~•z !Ó¢y° xRy!°Ü˛yÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî åàë˛làï˛ä
~ܲܲ!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õÑ˛õˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !í˛!˛õÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî ~ܲܲ!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
~!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o Óy!°Ó˚ ܲîy– ˆï˛Ù!l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ àë˛làï˛
!lÙ≈yî ~ܲܲ!ê˛ •° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%–
˛ day symbols of atoms of different
õÓ˚Ùyî% Ü˛ï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y⁄(How big are Atoms?)
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z «%˛o– xyÙÓ˚y ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Óy ܲ“ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%È ˆÌˆÏܲG ~Ó˚y «%˛o– °«˛ °«˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% hfl)Ï˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y ÓˆÏí˛y¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ~•z
ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚% •Î˚–
õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ lƒyˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚È ~ܲˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
1 / 109 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ = 1 lƒyˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚
1 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ = 109 lƒyˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚
Óƒy§yô≈ å!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲä í˛zòy•Ó˚î
10 -10 •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùlê˛y ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛•z ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚
Î!ò ~ï˛•z «%˛o •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ï˛ Ë˛yÓ!SÈ
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˛õ,!ÌÓ#•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% myÓ˚y
à!ë˛ï˛– xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ly !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚
x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yˆÏç ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚
≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyô%!lܲ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ÓÓ!ô≈ï˛ !ã˛e ˆòáˆÏï˛˛
˛õy•z–
!ã˛e 3.2 / !§!°Ü˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛e–
3.2.1 !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ
!ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ (What are the modern
elements?)
í˛y°ê˛l •ˆÏFSÈl ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓK˛yl# !Î!l xï˛ƒhs˝ !l!ò≈T˛ xˆÏÌ≈
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Îál !ï˛!l
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SˆÏ°Èl ï˛ál !ï˛!l G•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲG Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SˆÏ°Èlñ xÌ≈yÍ G•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÜÏ ˛ Ó%!V˛ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èl– ÓyˆÏç!≈ °Î˚y§ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyˆÏÙÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ Óî≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SȈϰl–
ܲyÓ≈ l
•y•z ˆ Ï í » ˛ yˆÏ ç l
(Carbon)
x!:ˆÏ ç l
(Hydrogen) (Oxygen)
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ˆ°y•y
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ (Iron)
(Phosphorus)
(Sulphu r)

10-9 çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî% ï˛yÙy‡Ü˛˛õyÓ˚

!¢§y‡ˆ°í˛ Ó˚ ) ˛ õy
(Lead) (Silver)
10-8 !•ˆÏÙyˆÏ@’y!Ól xî% (Copper)
≤’y!ê˛ly˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ò ˛
Óy!°Ó˚ ܲîy ˆ§yly‡ˆày”˛
10-4 (Gold)
(Platina) (Mercury)

10-3 !˛õÑ˛õˆÏí˛¸
10-1 xyˆÏ˛õ° !ã˛e 3.3 : í˛y°ê˛l ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´–

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 33
¢%Ó˚%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛ ˆ§
çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ lyÙ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÙyÓ˚ åcopperä lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° §y•z≤Ãy§ åcyprusä
ˆÌˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ Óî≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§yly ågoldä ~Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°%ò åyellowä– Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏl IUPAC
(International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistryä •ˆÏ°y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl §ÇfiÌy ÎyÓ˚y ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
lyÙñ !ã˛•´ ~ÓÇ ~ܲܲ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´•z˛ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•zLjÏÓ˚!ç lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Óî≈ Óy ò%ˆÏê˛y Óî≈ myÓ˚y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ Óî≈!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ Óî≈!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ˆ°áy •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ
iä •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl åHydrogenäñ HÈ
iiä xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ åAluminiumä Al !ܲv ALÈ lÎ˚
iiiä ˆÜ˛yÓyŒê˛ åCobaltä ÈCoÈ !ܲv ÈCOÈ lÎ˚–
!ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒ
ˆÜ˛yl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Óî≈ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy •Î˚– ˆÎÙl åiä ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l
åChlorine), Cl åiiä òhflÏy åZinc), Znñ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
xÓ!¢T˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛•´ °ƒy!ê˛lñ çyÙ≈yl Óy !@˝Ãܲ lyÙ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ !ã˛•´ FeÈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
°ƒy!ê˛l lyÙ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yÙ åFerrumä ˆÌˆÏܲñ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛•´˛ ÈNaÈ
ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ °ƒy!ê˛l lyÙ lƒy!ê˛∆Î˚yÙ åNatriumä ˆÌˆÏܲñ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ã˛•´ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ åˆÙÔ° §¡∫ˆÏrô !ܲS%È ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù 3.1
§yÓ˚!î!ê˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ – ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ §Óà%ˆ° Ï y !ã˛•´˛ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáyÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓy˚ ly– §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ï%˛!Ù !lˆÏç•z !ã˛•´à%ˆÏ°y !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
3.2.2 ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ åAtomic Massä
í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •°
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Óyò xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ !lçfl∫ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ï˛_¥!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚yl%˛õyï˛ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ˆÎ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚
ܲÓ˚y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!ë˛l ܲyç !SÈ° ï˛y•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§ÇˆÏ Î yà §) Ï e à% ˆ Ï ° y ~ÓÇ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎÔà ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏ Ó ˚
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ܲyÓ≈l ÙˆÏly:y•zí˛ åCOä ˆÎÔà!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲñ Îy ܲyÓ≈l G x!:ˆÏçl !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ 3 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈lñ 4 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈l ÙˆÏly:y•zí˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°
ܲyÓ≈l ï˛yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%î ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
4
3
Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲܲˆÏܲ å˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ÚamuÛ
ˆ°áy •ˆÏï˛y– !ܲv Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï IUPAC !lˆÏò≈¢ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
~ˆÏ Ü ˛ ÚÈ u È Û È ü üüÈ unified mass !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó ˆ°áy •Î˚ ä –

§yÓ˚!î 3.1 ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´˛

ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙ !ã˛•´˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙ !ã˛•´ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙ !ã˛•´
xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ Al ܲ˛õyÓ˚ Cu ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl N
xyà≈l ÈAr ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l ÈF x!:ˆÏçl ÈO
ˆÓ!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ÈBa ˆày”˛ ÈAu ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ ÈK
ˆÓyÓ˚l ÈB •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçl È
H !§!°Ü˛l ÈSi
ˆÓy!Ùl ÈBr xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛l ÈI !§°Ë˛yÓ˚ ÈAg
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ÈC a xyÎ˚Ól˚ ÈFe ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ÈNa
ܲyÓ≈l ÈC ˆ°í˛ ÈPb §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ÈS
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ÈCl ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ÈMg •zí˛zˆÓÏ !˚ lÎ˚yÙ È
U
ˆÜ˛yÓyŒê˛ ÈC o !lÎ˚l ÈNe !çAܲ ÈZn
˛õê˛y!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛•´˛KÈ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ °ƒy!ê˛l lyÙ Ü˛ƒy!°Î˚yÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyl ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•zó ï˛ˆÏÓ˛ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚
åKaliumä ˆÌˆÏܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ fl∫ï˛sf lyÙ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲÈ1.0 uÈ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!:ˆÏçl

34
!ÓK˛yl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ 1.33 uÈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˙ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
§Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ)î≈ §Çáƒy Óy ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó ˛õ)î≈ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ •ˆÏ° §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲܲ !lî≈Î˚
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl#àî ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÆ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ˚!î 3.2 : ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
1
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ 16 xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ° Ï l– ˲Ó˚
ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°/ ˆÙÔ° ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚
• x!ôܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ x!:ˆÏçl !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎÔà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl 1
• ~•z ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° x!ôܲ ܲyÓ≈l 12
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyl ˛õ)î≈ §Çáƒy •Î˚– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl 14
ï˛ˆÏÓ 1961 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ x!:ˆÏçl 16
ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈ12 §ÙfiÌy!lܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˛≤ÃÙyî ~ܲܲ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ 23
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §yÓ≈çl#l ˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ 24
~ܲܲ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ Îy ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈ12 ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ 32
1
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 12 xLjϢÓ˚ §Ùyl– §Ó ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l 35.5
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lÈü12 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ 40
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲçl Ê˛° !ÓˆÏܲï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyê˛áyÓ˚y
SÈyí˛¸y•z Ê˛° !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ Èl– !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚Ùç % !lˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏ°lñ 3.2.3 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ åHow do
ÚÚ~Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 12 ~ܲܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §ÙylÛÛ– å12 ï˛Ó˚Ùç % ˲Ó˚ ~ܲܲ Óy 12 atoms exist?ä
!ê˛ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ~Ü˛Ü˛ä– !ï˛!l ï˛Ó˚Ùç % !ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ùyl 12 !ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ÓܲÎ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ ly– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y xî% G xyÎ˚l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xî% Óy
Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓl˚ – xÌ≈yÍ !ï˛!l xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ Ê˛° ˲Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒyÎ˚˛ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
åfmuä Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ã˛eÉ È3.4 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y–
ÌyˆÏܲ ӈϰ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚ Óy flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚–

!ã˛e 3.4 / åaä ï˛Ó˚Ù%çñ åbä ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ 12 !ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ åcä ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚
1
12
xÇ¢ñ ådä Ê˛° !ÓˆÏܲï˛y ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ܲyˆÏç
°y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Ê˛°à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lÈüÈ12 ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 121 xLjϢÓ˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎ àí˛¸ ˲Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°
• ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–
• áy!° ˆã˛yˆÏá ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ ˆòáy
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3.3 ˛xî% ܲ#⁄ åWhat is a Molecule?ä
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî%ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Órôl myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° myÓ˚y
~ܲˆÏe ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ– xî%ˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ xî% •° ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ Óy ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîy ÎyÓ˚
fl∫yô#l §_¥y xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Îy ˛˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ôÙ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Óy !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xl% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 35
3.3.1 ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xî% å˛Molecules of Elements˛ ä §yÓ˚!î 3.4 : ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔ!àܲ xî%
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §Ó xî% ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
!òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÎÙlñ xyà≈l ˆÎÔà §ÇÎ%=˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
åAräñ !•!°Î˚yÙ åHeä •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%˛õyï˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– !ܲv ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xôyï%˛Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe âˆÏê˛ ly– ˆÎÙlñ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî%È ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ç° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçl 1:8
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y•z x!:ˆÏçl !m˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xî% xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl 14:3
å02Èä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– Î!ò È2!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ 3È!ê˛ x!:ˆÏçl ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lñ x!:ˆÏçl 3:8
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y
GˆÏçyl å03Èä xî% ˛õy•z– xî% àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲï˛y ӈϰ– ܲyç 3.2
• §yÓ˚ ! î 3.4È ü ~ ˆòGÎ˚ y ~ܲ!ê˛ xî% ˆ Ï ï ˛ í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌï˛
ôyï%˛à%ˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È ˆÙÔ° ˆÎÙl ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚!î 3.2üÈ ~ ˆòGÎ˚y
àë˛l §Ó˚° lÎ˚ñ !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ x§Çრ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyÓÂô ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yÓ˚!î 3.4üÈ ~ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎÔ!àܲ
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~à%ˆÏ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §ÇáƒyÓ˚
xl%˛õyï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ !ܲS%È xôyï%˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲï˛y ˆòáy Îyܲ– • çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî%ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚È–
ˆÙÔ!°Ü ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ §Ó˚°
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚
§yÓ˚!î 3.3 : !ܲS%È ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲï˛y ˛õòyÌ≈ xl%˛õyï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛
åuä
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ lyÙ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲï˛y
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl åHä 1 1 1
-- =1 2
1
xôyï% xyà≈l ~ܲÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ 8 = ----
1
x!:ˆÏçl åOä 8 16 ---- 1
16 2
!•!°Î˚yÙ ~ܲÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
x!:ˆÏçl !mÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
• xÌ≈yÍ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛ •° H:O =
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl !mÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ 2:1
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !mÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
3.3.3 xyÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ åWhat is an Ion?ä
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l !mÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
ôyï%˛ G xôyï%˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îy ÌyˆÏܲ–
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ ã˛ï%˛/ÈüÈõyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ~•z ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°y ÚxyÎ˚lÛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°y ~ܲܲ
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ Ó•%ÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ xyôyl Î%=˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xÌÓy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xyôylÎ%=˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
˛õ%ˆO
Ï Ó˚ myÓ˚yG à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚l ôlydܲ ~ÓÇ }lydܲ
ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ }lydܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ xyÎ˚îà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ ÚxƒylyÎ˚lÛ
3.3.2 ˆÎÔ!àܲ xî% åMolecules of compoundsä ~ÓÇ ôlydܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Úܲƒyê˛yÎ˚lÛ ÓˆÏ°– í˛zòy•Ó˚î
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ åNaClä ܲÌy ˲yÓy Îyܲ– ~Ó˚
Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÔ!àܲ xî% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÓ˚!î lÇ 3.4ÈüÈ ~ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏ°y ôlydܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ åNa+ä
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆòGÎ˚y •°– xyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ }îydܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l xyÎ˚l åCl -ä– xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ

36
!ÓK˛yl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%˛õ%OˆÏܲ ˛Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚l ӈϰ å§yÓ˚!î 3.6 ä– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ӈϰ–
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ˚l !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ÓhflyÏ !Ó˚ï˛ çylÓ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆÎÔà àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Óy ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
Î%=˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yl˛
§yÓ˚!î È3.5 :È !ܲS%È xyÎ˚l#Î˚ ˆÎÔà
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ •yï˛ Óy Óy•%
xyÎ˚l#Î˚ ˆÎÔà àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÙÔ° ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
xl%˛õyï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ •yï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xˆÏQy˛õyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ
xyê˛!ê˛– Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏQy˛õy§ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçl
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ x:y•zí˛ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ 5:2 Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yï˛ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆÎl xˆÏQy˛õyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyê˛!ê˛ •yï˛
x!:ˆÏçl G ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ •yï˛•z ôÓ˚y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ §y°Ê˛y•zí˛ ÙƒyàˆÏ l !§Î˚ y Ù ~ÓÇ 3:4 xˆÏQy˛õy§!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛çl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •yï˛ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚
xˆÏQy˛õy§ˆÏܲ O !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ HÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l 23:35.5
å!ã˛!•´ï˛ä ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z §ÇÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛Ó˚
xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛
3.4 Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ!° åWriting !Ü˛È O H 4È ⁄ •y•z ˆ Ï í » ˛ yˆÏ ç l å ÈH È ä ~Ó˚ í˛yl!òˆÏ Ü ˛ !lˆÏ ã ˛
Chemical Formulaeä åSubscript ä ˆ°áy 4 §Çáƒy!ê˛ xˆÏ Q y˛õy§ ܲï˛çl
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ó˚ §yLjÏܲ!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §Çáƒy !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤Ãܲy¢– !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y §•ˆÏç•z ܲˆÏ Î ˚ Ü ˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛ xyÎ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y 3.6 È lÇ
ˆ°áy ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y çylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚G !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õí˛¸Ó–
§yÓ˚!î 3.6 : ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ lyÙ ~ÓÇ !ã˛•´

ˆÎyçƒï˛y ôyï˛Ó ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ xôyï˛Ó ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyl%ܲ !ã˛•´

xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ xyÎ˚l
1 ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ (Sodium) Na+ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl (Hydrogen) H+ xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ (Ammonium) NH4
+

-
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ (Potassium) K+ •y•zí»˛y•zí˛ (Hydride) H- •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zí˛˛ (Hydroxide) OH
-
Ó˚˛) õy (Silver) Ag+ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ (Chloride) Cl- ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛˛ (Nitrate) NO3
ï˛yÙy (Copper (I)*) Cu+ ˆÓyÙy•zí˛ (Bromide) Br- •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ܲyˆÏÓ≈yˆÏlê˛
xyˆÏÎ˚yí˛y•zí˛ (Iodide) I- (Hydrogen Carbonate) HCO-3

2. ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ (Megnesium) Mg2+ x:y•zí˛ (Hydrogen) 02- ܲyÓ≈ˆlÏ ê˛ (Carbonate) CO 3 2-

ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ (Calcium) Ca2+ §y°Ê˛y•zí˛˛ (Hydride) S2- §y°Ê˛y•zê˛˛˛ (Sulphite) SO32-
òhflyÏ (Zinc) Zn2+ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛˛˛ (Sulphate) SO42-
ˆ°y•y [(Iron (II)*)] Fe2+
ï˛yÙy [(Copper (II)*)] Cu2+
3. xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ (Aluminium) Al3+ ly•zê˛∆y•zí˛˛ (Nitride) N3- Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ (Phosphate) PO43-
ˆ°y•y [(Iron) III*)] Fe3+

D ~•z ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yà%ˆÏ°y Órôl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ˚yÙyl §ÇáƒyÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •Ï°–

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 37
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆÎ §Ó !lÎ˚Ù ˆÙˆÏl 3. ܲyÓ≈l ˆê˛ê˛∆yˆÏÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •Ï° / !ã˛•´ C Cl
• xyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y Óy xyôyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï˛y!Óôyl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• ôyï%˛ ~ÓÇ xôyï%˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆÎyçƒï˛y 4 1
ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ôyï%˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎÙlñ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / CCl4
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ x:y•zí˛ åCaOäñ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
åNaCläñ xyÎ˚Ó˚l §y°Ê˛y•zí˛ åFeSäñ ܲ˛õyÓ˚ x:y•zí˛˛
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ܲƒyê˛yÎ˚l åMg2+ä
åCuOä •zï˛ƒy!òˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl åOäñ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l åCläñ
~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xƒylyÎ˚l åCl-ä ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ !°!á– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê˛
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ åSä •° xôyï%˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ˆ°áy
•°– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ åCaäñ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ åNaäñ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ§ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
xyÎ˚Ó˚î åFeä ~ÓÇ Ü˛˛õyÓ˚ åCuä •° ôyï%˛ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÑy 4. ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
!òˆÏܲ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ã˛•´ Mg Cl
• Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚l !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛
ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê˛ Órôl#Ó˚ xyôyl 2+ 1-
ÙˆÏôƒ !°ˆÏá Órôl#Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Çáƒy!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / MgCl2
!°áˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÎÙl ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ çlƒ
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Mg(OH) – 2

Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Çáƒy ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏ° Órôl#Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ
•Î˚ ly– ˆÎÙlñ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏܲï˛
ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛ xyÎ˚l Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– ôlydܲ G }îydܲ xyôyl ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛
NaOH.È
≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÔà!ê˛ !lhflÏ!í˛¸Í •Î˚– °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
3.4.1 ˛§Ó˚° ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ( Formulae of
simple compounds) §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyÎ˚là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyôyl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l–
§Ó˚° ˆÎÔàñ ˆÎà%ˆ°Ï y ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ˆÙÔ° !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !mˆÏÎÔà åBinary
Compoundä ӈϰ– ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆl Ï Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yñ §yÓ˚!î 3.6 ~ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î
ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ – a. xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õyòyl
!ã˛•´ Al O
ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°!á– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
§ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲ§ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyôyl 3+ 2-
!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / Al2O3
í˛zòy•Ó˚î
1. •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
!ã˛•´ H Cl
ˆÎyçƒï˛y 1 1 b. ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ x:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
ˆÎÔà!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ HCl !ã˛•´ Ca O

2. •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl §y°Ê˛y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / xyôyl 2+ 2-

!ã˛•´ H S
ˆÎyçƒï˛y 1 2 ~áyˆÏl ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÙԈϰÓ˚•z ˆÎyçƒï˛y §Ùyl– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê˛
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / H2S !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Ca2O2È !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚°È xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !°!á CaOÈ

38
!ÓK˛yl
c. ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / (i) Al2(SO4 )3
!ã˛•´‡ (ii) CaCl2
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Na NO3 (iii) K2SO4
xyôyl 1+ 1- (iv) KNO3
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / NaNO 3 (v) CaCO3
d. ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / 3. Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ¢∑!ê˛ Ü˛# xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄
!ã˛•´‡ 4. ܲÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyˆÏSÈ ÈüüüÈ
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ca OH (i) H2SÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%ˆÏï˛
xyôyl 2 +
1- (ii) PO43- xyÎ˚ˆÏl–
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / Ca(OH)2 3.5 ˛xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy(Molecular Mass
°«˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» y:y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ca(OH)2, and Mole Concept)
CaOH2lÎ˚– §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Î!ò ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ 3.5.1 xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ / (Molecular Mass)
§Çáƒy ò%•z Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Órôl# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– 3.2.2 xl%ˆFÏ SȈòÏ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
~áyˆÏl Órôl#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy OH ~ÓÇ Órôl#Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆ°áy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ– ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ àîly ܲÓ˚y
2È ˆÓyV˛yˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ò%ˆÏê˛y ÎyÎ˚– ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ó ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
•y•zˆÏí»˛y!:°Ù)°Ü˛ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ •° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xî%!ê˛Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zˆÏí˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl ˛˛≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl xî%Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲܲ åuäÈü~˛ ≤Ãܲy¢
ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
e. ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /
!ã˛•´‡ í˛zòy•Ó˚î 3.1åaä çˆÏ°Ó˚ åH2Oä xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Na CO3 ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xyôyl 1 +
2- åbä HNO3üÈ~Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / Na2CO3 §Ùyôyl /
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚l xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° aä •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ È=1 u
Órôl#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚!l– x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ =16 u
f. xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚yÙ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl G
!ã˛•´‡ ~ܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% x!:ˆÏçl xyˆÏSÈ
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ NH4 SO4 = 2x1+1x16
= 18 u

≤Ã
xyôyl 1+ 2-
b) HNO3 ~Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / (NH4)2 SO4 = H~Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚ Ù yî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ +NüÈ ~ Ó˚
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ +3x 0 Èü~Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚
1.!l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy/ = 1+14+48
(i) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ x:y•zí˛ = 63 u
(ii) xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
(iii) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ §y°Ê˛y•zí˛ 3.5.2 §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ åFormula Unit Massä
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy §ÙhflÏ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
(iv) ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛y:y•zí˛
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù!T˛ •° ˆÎÔà!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ– xyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
2. l#ˆÏ ã ˆòGÎ˚ y §ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛à% ˆ Ï ° y ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ ÙˆÏï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ¢%ô% ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒê˛y
ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy/ •°ñ ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÎ˚l ÌyˆÏÜ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 39
ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 3.5.3 ˆÙyˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy (Mole Concept)
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛˛~ܲܲ ç° àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
•° NaCl– §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ !l¡¨!°!áï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y •Ï° /
ÎyÎ˚üüüÈ 2H2+O2=2H2O
1x23+1x35.5=58.5 u
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 3.2 CaCl2 ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈÈ
§Ùyôyl / (i) ò%•z xî% •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ ~ܲ xî% x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚
Ca È~Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%•z xî% ç° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xÌÓy
+ (2xCl~Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ä (ii) È4 uÈ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl xî%%ñ 32 u È˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚

≤Ã
=40+2x35.5 = 40+71 =111 u x!:ˆÏçl xî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ 36 uÈ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî% àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
H2, O2, Cl2, CO2, CH4, C2H6, ˆÎñ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ Óy xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛
C2H4, NH3, CH3OH ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
2. §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y / !Ó!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Óy xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ZnO, Na2O, K2CO3 ï˛y•z ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xî% Óy
≤Ãò_ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §%!Óôyçlܲ– ˆ§çlƒ
Zn=65 u, Na=23 u, K= 39 u,
C=12 u ~ÓÇ O=16 u ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ~ܲܲ ÚÚˆÙy°ÛÛ í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

1 ˆÙy° ܲyÓ≈l
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%

6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ 12 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%

ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%

1 ˆÙy° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛
1 @˝ÃyÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%

1 ˆÙy° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ܲîy

å˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ñ xl%ñ xyÎ˚lä
6.022 x 10 §ÇáƒÜ˛
23 @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ G•z
G•z ܲîy ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚

1 ˆÙy° xl%

6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ

G•z xl% xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚

!ã˛e 3.5 / ˆÙy°ñ xˆÏ˲y@˝ÃyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛

40
!ÓK˛yl
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ å˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ñ xî%ñ xyÎ˚l Óy ܲîyÓ˚ä ~ܲ ˆÙy° Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚
ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ ˙ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ~ÓÇ xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy çylyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ~çlƒ §ÇáƒyÓ˚
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ‡xyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyl– §yˆÏÌ @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !lÓ˚˛) õî ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– ~ê˛y !l¡¨Óˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ È1ȈÙyˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ å˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ñ xî% ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ
Óy xyÎ˚lä §Çáƒy!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ùyl 6.022 x 1023– ~!ê˛ 1ȈÙy° = 6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÆ Ùyl– •zï˛y°#Î˚ !ÓK˛yl# xƒyˆÏÙ!òG = @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚
xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛yÓ˚ §¡øylyˆÏÌ≈ ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y ô%Óܲ Óy ~çlƒñ ÚˆÙy°Û •° Ó˚§yÎ˚l!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚ àîlyÓ˚ ~ܲܲ–
xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy åNoÈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ä Ó°y •Î˚– ÚˆÙy°Û ¢∑!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1896 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
1ȈÙy° åˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ä = 6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ G•z !ÓK˛yl# í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ G§GÎ˚y”˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚l– °ƒy!ê˛l ˲y£ÏyÎ˚
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xî%ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Óy xyÎ˚l– Úhfl˛Ï) õÛ Óy ÚàyòyÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙy° ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛
ˆÎÙlñ 1Èí˛çl = 12 !ê˛ xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ hfl˛Ï) õ Óy àyòy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓy ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y°
1È ˆ@˝Ãy§ = 144 !ê˛ §ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ˆÜ˛yl ≤Ãò_ lÙ%lyÎ˚ !Ó¢y°yܲyˆÏÓ˚ hfl)Ï˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ xî% Óy
~SÈyí˛¸yG ȈÙy° ¢∑!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÙy°
í˛çl ~ÓÇ ˆ@˝ÃyˆÏ§Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ x!ôܲ˛ §%!ÓôyçlÜ˛È– ~ܲܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ 1967 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚–
§%!Óôy!ê˛ •° ~•z ˆÎ 1ȈÙy° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ §Ó≈òy
!l!ò≈T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î 3.3
1ȈÙy° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ (1) !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÙy° §Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ Óy xyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ (i) 52 @˝ÃyÙ !•!°Î˚yÙ å˲Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙy° !lî≈Î˚ä
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲ åuä ˙ (ii) 12.44 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ !•!°Î˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ˛ Ó%!V˛– ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly åܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙy° !lî≈Î˚ä
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ 1ȈÙy° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z §Ùyôyl /
§yÇáƒÙyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~ܲܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚuÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÈÚg å@˝ÃyÙäÛ ˆÙy° §Çáƒy = n
È~˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ @˝ÃyÙ ≤Ãò_ ˲Ó˚ = m
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚G Ó°y •Î˚– ˆÎÙl •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ = M
˲Ó˚ = 1 uñ ï˛y•z •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ = 1 @˝ÃyÙ ≤Ãò_ ܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy = N
•Î˚– 1 u •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xƒyˆÏ˲y@˝ÃyˆÏí»˛y §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲîy = No
ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv 1 @˝ÃyÙ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏl 1ȈÙy° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl õÓ˚Ùyî% (i) !•!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ = 4u
ÌyˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ 6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÌyˆÏܲ– !•!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ = 4 @˝ÃyÙ
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ 16 u x!:ˆÏçˆÏl ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÙy° §Çáƒy = ≤Ãò_ ˲Ó˚
ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv 16 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçˆÏl 1ȈÙy° x!:ˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚
xÌ≈yÍ 6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ x!:ˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛yl xî%Ó˚ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ Óy @˝ÃyÙ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y xî%!ê˛Ó˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÇáƒÙyl!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚y!á (ii) xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
!ܲv ~ܲܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚuÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Úg å@˝ÃyÙäÛ ~˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎÙl!ê˛ 1 ˆÙy° = 6.022 x 1023
≤Ãò_ ܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÙy° §Çáƒy = xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ åH2Oä xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ
18 u ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ
18 u çˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 1!ê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî% xyˆÏSÈñ
18 @˝ÃyÙ ç° •° çˆÏ°Ó˚ 1 ˆÙy° xî% xÌ≈yÍ ~ˆÏï˛ 6.022 x
1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî% xyˆÏSÈ–

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 41
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 3.4 !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y / §Ùyôyl /
(i) 0.5 ˆÙy° ÈN2 àƒy§ åxî%Ó˚ ˆÙy° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ä (i) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy = ≤Ãò_ ˲Ó˚ x
ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚
xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy
(ii) 0.5 ˆÙy° ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% å˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÙy°
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ä
(iii) 3.011 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
å§Çáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ä
(iv) 6.022 x 1023 §ÇáƒÜ˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl xî%
å§Çáƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ä
(ii) ˛xl%Ó˚ §Çáƒy = ≤Ãò_ ˲Ó˚ x xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí˛» y §Çáƒy
§Ùyôyl / ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚

(i) ˲Ó˚ = ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ x ˆÙy° §Çáƒy

@˝ÃyÙ
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ = 16 u
(ii) ˲Ó˚ = ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ x ˆÙy° §Çáƒy
∴ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ = 16x2=32 @˝ÃyÙ
@˝ÃyÙ
(iii) ˆÙy° §Çáƒy, n
= ≤Ãò_ ܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy =N
xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy N0
1.51x1023
(iii) ܲîyÓ˚ å˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ä §Çáƒy = ܲîyÓ˚ ˆÙy°
§Çáƒy x xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy
N=nxN0=0.1x6.022x1023
= 14 x 0.5 = 7 @˝ÃyÙ

≤Ã
= 6.022x1022
(iv) N
n=
N0
Ÿ¿yÓ!° /
1. 1 ˆÙy° ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 12 @˝ÃyÙ •ˆÏ°
= 28 x 1 = 28 @˝ÃyÙ 1!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ å@˝ÃyÙ ~ܲˆÏܲä ܲï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 3.5
2. ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È 100
(1) l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
@˝ÃyÙ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ly 100 @˝ÃyÙ ˆ°y•yÎ˚⁄
(i) 46 @˝ÃyÙ Na ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% å˲Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒyä å≤Ãò_ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ñ Na=23 u,
(ii) 8 @˝ÃyÙ O2 xî% å˲Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒyä Fe=56 u)
(iii) 0.1 ˆÙy° ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% å≤Ãò_ ˆÙy° §Çáƒy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒyä

42
!ÓK˛yl
 ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚ܲ G !Ó!Ü ˛Î˚yçyï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚
x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lï˛ƒï˛y §)e lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–˛
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢%Âô ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛
!fiÌÓ˚yl%˛õyï˛ §)e lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
• ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîy ÎyÓ˚ fl∫yô#l §_y ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• xî% •° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Óy ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîy §yôyÓ˚î xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ fl∫yô#l §_y
xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ ôÙ≈ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ˆÎÔ!àܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ
G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy çyly ÎyÎ˚–
• ~ܲà%FSÈ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÎyÓ˚y xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ xyÎ˚l ӈϰ– ï˛yÓ˚y
!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyôyl Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ xyî!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
!fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚–
• xyÎ˚l#Î˚ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyl ˆÎÔà!ê˛Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
• !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚
ˆflÒ° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ åC-12ä ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ 12 ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• xƒyˆÏ˲yàyˆÏí»˛y §Çáƒy 6.022x1023 ˆÜ˛ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ åC-12ä ~Ó˚ 12 @˝ÃyˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
• ˆÙy° •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ùyl §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲîy
å˛˛õÓ˚Ùyî%‡xyÎ˚l‡xî%‡§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ~ܲܲ •zï˛ƒy!òä ÌyˆÏܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ åC-12Èä
~Ó˚ 12 @˝ÃyÙ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî Ìyܲy ܲyÓ≈l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ùyl •Î˚– ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ê˛Ó˚
ˆÙy° ӈϰ–
• ~ܲ ˆÙy° ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ӈϰ–
xl%¢#°l#
1 x!:ˆÏçl ~ÓÇ ˆÓyÓ˚l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ 0.24 @˝ÃyÙ lÙ%ly !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ 0.096
@˝ÃyÙ ˆÓyÓ˚l ~ÓÇ 0.144 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà°– ˆÎÔà!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2 Îál 3.0 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈lˆÏܲ 8.00 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛ál 11.00 @˝ÃyÙ

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 43
 ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Î!ò 3.00 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈lˆÏܲ 50.00 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÎyà §)e!ê˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄˛˛˛
3. Ó•%˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ܲ˛ xyÎ˚l ܲ#⁄ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°ˆÏÏáy/
(a) ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛˛
(b) ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ x:y•zí˛
(c) ܲ˛õyÓ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛
(d) xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ ˆÜœ˛yÓ˚y•zí˛
(e) ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlê˛
5. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy /
(a) ˆ˛õyí˛¸y ã%˛l
(b) •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˆÓyÙy•zí˛
(c) ˆÓ!Ü˛Ç ˛õyí˛zí˛yÓ˚
(d) ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛
6. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙy°yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
(a) •zÌy•zlñ C2H2
(b) §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ xî%ñ S8
(c) Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ xî%ñ P4 åÊ˛§Ê˛Ó˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ =31ä
(d) •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏܲy!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§í˛ñ HCl
(e) ly•z!ê˛∆ܲ xƒy!§í˛ñ HNO3
7. ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈ/
(a) 1 ˆÙy° ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
(b) 4 ˆÙy° xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% åxƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ =27ä
(c) 10 ˆÙy° ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ §y°Ê˛y•zê˛ åNa2 SO3)
8. ˆÙyˆÏ° Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
(a) 12 @˝ÃyÙ x!:ˆÏçl àƒy§
(b) 20 @˝ÃyÙ ç°
(c) 22 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛yÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛
9. ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /È
(a) 0.2 ˆÙy° x!:ˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
(b) 0.5 ˆÙy° çˆÏ°Ó˚ xî%
10. 16 @˝ÃyÙ Ü˛!ë˛l §y°Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ åS8ä xî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. 0.051 @˝ÃyÙ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ x:y•zˆÏí˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
åí˛z_Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ / ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ §Ùyl–
xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ =27 uä
44
!ÓK˛yl
 ò°ÓÂô ܲyç
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆá°y ˆáˆÏ°y /
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 1 / ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˆ°áy G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y §)ã˛Ü˛ §Çáƒy ˆ°áy ~Ùl xy°yòy
xy°yòy ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ SÈye ò%ˆÏê˛y ≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ–
í˛yl •yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ !ã˛•´ ˆ°áy ≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛ G ÓÑyÈüÈ •yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ˆ°áy
≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛– ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚y !ã˛•´ ˆ°áy ≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛!ê˛Ó˚
xÓfiÌyl !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆÎyçƒï˛y ˆ°áy ≤’ƒyܲyí≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl !ܲ§ÈüÈܲ§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 2 / !ã˛•´ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çlƒ fl∫“ Ù)ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° /ÈüÈ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ áy!° ê˛ƒyӈϰˆÏê˛Ó˚ åG£Ï%ˆÏôÓ˚ä
˛õyï˛y lyG– !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÎyçƒï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ lyG– ~ál ï%˛!Ù
~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÎ˚lˆÏܲ xlƒ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ /
È Na+ SO 2- PO 3-
4 4

ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ /

ò%!ê˛ ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚lˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ §ÇˆÏܲï˛!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ / Na2SO4
!lˆÏç ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
~ál ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Ê˛§ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–

˛õÓ˚Ùyî% G xî% 45
xôƒyÎ˚È 4
xyÙÓ˚y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ àë˛làï˛ ~ܲܲ
•° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ~ÓÇ xî%– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ˙
˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~ál ≤ß¿
•°ÈüüüÈ åiä ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~ÓÇ åiiä í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÃhflÏyÓÙˆÏï˛y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ•z x!Ó˲yçƒ Óy ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚
«%˛oï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚Ó– xyÙÓ˚y çylÓ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
ܲîy åSub-Atomic Particles) ܲ# ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~•z §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏí˛° §¡∫ˆÏrô–
|l!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çyly ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ôÙ≈à%ˆÏ°y
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O !SÈ°– ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!fiÌÓ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í ~ÓÇ ˆÎ§Ó ¢ˆÏï≈˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í ˛≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ôyÓ˚îy
çß√yÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% x!Ó˲yçƒ lÎ˚–
4.1 ˛õòyˆÏ Ì ≈ Ó ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ ï˛!í˛¸ Í @˝ à h fl Ï Ü˛îy åCharged
Particles in Matterä /
˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îyÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
ܲyç!ê˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ /
ܲyç 4.1
aä !ã˛Ó˚!% l !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ¢%ܲˆÏly ã%˛° xÑyã˛í˛¸yG– ~ál !ã˛Ó˚!% l!ê˛
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄
bä ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ˚¢ˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲy˛õí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yã˛ò[˛ˆÏܲ
â£Ïî≈ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yã˛ò[˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÊ˛y°yˆÏly ˆÓ°%ˆlÏ Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏly– ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ â£Ïy •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛!í˛¸Í xyôyˆÏl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
xy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ï˛!í˛¸Í xyôyl ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§⁄ Îál çyly
ˆà° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !Ó˲yçƒ ~ÓÇ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îy !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ï˛ál•z
~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà°–
˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îy !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~•z §ï˛ƒï˛y í˛zòâyê˛ˆÏl
xˆÏlܲ ˛!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚ xÓòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
í˛z!l¢ ¢ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ çyly !SÈ° ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% x!Ó˲yçƒñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓK˛yl# ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l åJ. J. Thomsonä xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ ~•z
ܲîy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l– ~Ùl!ܲ 1886 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ •z ˆày”˛ˆÏfiê˛•zl åE. Goldsteinä àƒy§
ˆÙy«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ l)ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!ܲÓ˚î xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
~ÓÇ í˛z!l ~•z !Ó!ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ܲƒyly° Ó˚!Ÿ¬ åcanal raysä lyˆÏÙ
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z Ó˚!Ÿ¬ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ
!Ó!ܲÓ˚î Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ xÓ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy
xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z xÓ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy!ê˛Ó˚ xyôyl
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyl !ܲv ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚
xyôyˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ܲîy!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ 2000 à%î– ~•z ܲîy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ≤Ãyê˛l–
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓñ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆lˆÏܲ ‘e-’ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãyê˛lˆÏܲ Úp+Û !ã˛•´
myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ
xyôyl È+1 ôÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ làlƒ
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ xyôyl -1–
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ܲîyÓ˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyl
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ˛≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚G ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l
ܲîyà% ˆ Ï ° y ˛õÓ˚ Ù yî% Ó ˚ xhs˝ / fiÌˆÏ ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ ñ ï˛y•z
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆlGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏ°G ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚
ly– ~ál à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ≤ß¿ •° / ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙôƒfiÌ ~•z ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y
l#ˆÏã˛ á%ÑçÓ–
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1É
2É
ܲƒyly° Ó˚!Ÿ¬ åCanal raysä ܲ#⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l G ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏÓñ
!ܲ •ˆÏÓ ly⁄
4.2 ˛˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l åThe Structure of an atomä
xyÙÓ˚y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ í˛y°ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% x!Ó˲yçƒ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– !ܲv ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ù)° ܲîy
å•z ˆ Ï ° ܲê˛∆ l G ˆ≤Ãyê˛lä xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛y°ê˛ˆÏ l Ó˚
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y=˛ ï˛Ìƒ!ê˛ Ë%˛° ӈϰ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ál •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l G ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛
ܲ#Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y çyly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°–
~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çlƒ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y Ó•% ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ÙˆÏí˛°
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l åJ. J. Thomsonä
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
4.2.1 ˛ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° åThomson’s model
of an atomä
ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ Óí˛¸!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%!í˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚
åChristmas puddingä ÙˆÏï˛y– ˆÎÙlê˛y ˆày°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚
ÓˆÏí˛¸y!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%!í˛ÇÈüÈ~ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ù!l ôlydܲ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ˆÎl !ܲ§!وϧÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲê˛y ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲÌyG xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ °y° xÇ¢!ê˛ Îy xyÙÓ˚y áy•zñ ˆ§•z xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ ôlydܲ xyôyl §Ó≈e §%£ÏÙ˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ï˛Ó˚Ù%ˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!ã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ôlydܲ
xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 4.1 ä
ôlydܲ ˆày°Ü˛
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
!ã˛eÉ 4.1 / ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛°
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l
!Ó!ê˛¢ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l
å1856-1940ä ÙƒyˆÏM˛fiê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
¢•Ó˚ï˛!° !ã˛ÌÙ !•ˆÏ° åCheetham
Hillä 1856È !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚È18È !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚
çß√@˝ à •î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l – •z ˆ Ï ° ܲê˛∆ l
xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ 1906È !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑
ï˛Ñ y ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ! ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˆlyˆÏ Ó °
˛õ%Ó‹˚ ÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– í˛z!l È35È
ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲƒy!¡∫…ˆÏç xÓ!fiÌï˛
ܲƒyˆÏ˲!u˛§ °ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚Ó˚ x!ôܲï≈˛y !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ í˛zlyÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §•Ü˛yÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yï˛ çl ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚
ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó‹˚ ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl–
ÌÙ§l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ÈüüüÈ
iä ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •° ôlydܲ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ~•z ˆày°ˆÏܲ @˝Ã!Ìï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
iiä }îydܲ G ôlydܲ xyôyˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ §Ùyl
ÌyˆÏܲ– Ê˛ˆÏ° §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ •Î˚–
Î!òG ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ï˛!í˛¸Í
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ !ܲv xlƒylƒ !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y°kô
Ê˛°yÊ˛° Îy ~•z ÙˆÏ í ˛° Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ ! l ˆ§•z
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
4.2.2 ˛Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° åRutherford’s
Model of an Atomä
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl# xylˆÏ≈fiê˛
Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛yí≈˛ åErnest Rutherfordä çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# !SȈ° Ï l–
ˆ§•z çlƒ !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ˆÏï˛
o%ï˛ §M˛Ó˚l¢#° xy°Ê˛y å ä ܲîyˆÏܲ á%Ó ˛õyï˛°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ylyÓ˚
˛õyˆÏï˛ ˆÊ˛°y •Î˚–
• !ï˛!l ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓl˚ ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!l ˆã˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ° Ï l
˛õyï˛!ê˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §Ω˛Ó ˛õyï˛°y •Î˚– ~•z ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛!ê˛
!SÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1000 xƒyê˛Ù§ ˛õ%Ó–%̊
• xy°Ê˛y ܲîy å ä •° ò%•z ~ܲܲ ôlydܲ xyôyl!Ó!¢T˛
!•!°Î˚yÙ xyÎ˚l– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xy°Ê˛y ܲîyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 4 u Ê˛ˆÏ° o%ï˛
§M˛Ó˚î¢#° ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛ Ùç%ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
myÓ˚y xy°Ê˛y ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y !Ó!«˛Æ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv xy°Ê˛y ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y
ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˲yÓ˚# ӈϰñ í˛z!l Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ xy¢y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
47
 ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
xy°Ê˛y ܲîy
!ã˛e 4.2 / ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏï˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î
!ܲv ܲîy !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y
ˆà° å!ã˛eÉ 4.2 ä– ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ /
(i) o%ï˛àyÙ# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ ˆË˛ò
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§yçy ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
(ii) !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲîy ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ myÓ˚y §yÙylƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî !Óã%˛ƒï˛
•Î˚–
(iii) §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÓyܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î •°ñ ≤Ã!ï˛ È12000È
!ê˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õˆÏÌ•z xyÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xyˆÏ§–
Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛yˆÏí˛≈Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ ÚÚ~•z Ê˛°yÊ˛° !SÈ° ~ï˛ê˛y•z x!ÓŸªy§ƒ ˆÎÙl
~ܲ!ê˛ 15È •z!M˛ ÓƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyà%ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆày°yˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛°y ܲyàˆÏç
!lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyà%ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆày°y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ
xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚°–ÛÛ
•zÉ Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ å1871-1937äÈ 1871
!á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 30È xyàfiê˛ !fl±Ç @˝Ã%ˆÏ˲
åSpring Groveä çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
!ï˛!l ˛õyÓ˚ Ù yî!Óܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ! ÓòƒyÓ˚
ånuclear physicsä ÚçlÜ˛Û Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !SȈϰl– ˆï˛ç!‹;Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z!l !Óáƒyï˛ •l– í˛z!l È1908È
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ Ó˚§yÎ˚ˆÏl ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆáy°y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y
xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆòÎ˚y° ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛yá Órô ܲÓ˚y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
òyG– ~Ùï˛yÓfiÌyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y S%ÈÑí˛¸ˆÏï˛
48
ӈϰy– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
!¢¢%!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏÓ– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ˆ§ ò¢ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,!_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ
ˆ§ ò¢!ê˛ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛yá ÓÑyôy !¢¢% ÜÑ˛yê˛yï˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ Î!ò ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆSÈyˆÏí˛¸ ï˛y•ˆÏ° x!ôܲyÇ¢ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
ÜÑ˛yê˛yï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏÓ
ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ÜÑ˛yê˛yï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ÊÑ˛yܲ ÌyܲyÎ˚
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˙ ÊÑ˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xlƒ !òˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
~ܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ü˛îy !ÓFS%ÈÓî˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛yí≈˛
!§Âôyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÈüüüÈ
(i) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ fiÌyl•z ÊÑ˛yܲy ܲyÓ˚î x!ôܲyÇ¢ ܲîy
!Óã%˛ƒï˛ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyï˛ ˆË˛ò ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§yçy ã˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–˛
(ii) ܲîyà%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ï˛ x“ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲîy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§yçy
˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã%˛ƒï˛ •Î˚– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ôlydܲ xyôyl á%Ó «%˛o çyÎ˚ày òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
(iii) ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á%Ó•z «%˛o ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ È1800 ˆÜ˛yˆÏî
!Óã%˛ƒï˛ •Î˚– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§ÙhflÏ ôlydܲ xyôyl G ˲Ó˚ á%Ó «%˛o ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl
§#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ–
§Çà,•#ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál ˆÎ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲÓ˚ Óƒy§yˆÏô≈Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ È105 à%î ˆÓ!¢–
!lˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yí≈˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛
í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
(i) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ ôlydܲ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wܲ å!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ä ӈϰ– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ
˲Ó˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–˛
(ii) •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛wܲˆÏܲ å!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ä ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ºÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
(iii) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ x!ï˛ «%˛o–
Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚˛ õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ e%!ê˛ åDrawbacks of
Rutherford’s model of the atomä
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ºÙî fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y xy¢y
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ó,_ܲyÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲÙîܲyÓ˚# ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲîyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÓ– cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îy ¢!=˛
!Ó!ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ê˛ˆÏ° â)î≈îÓ˚ï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ܲÙyàï˛ ¢!=˛ !Ó!ܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Î!ò ~Ùlê˛y•z
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% á%Ó•z xfiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ çy!l ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y
çy!l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xï˛ƒhs˝ §%!fiÌï˛–
!ÓK˛yl
4.2.3 ˆÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° åBohr’s Model of
Atomä
Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛yˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˆÎ §Ü˛° e%!ê˛à%ˆ°
Ï y í˛zay!˛õï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!ÏS°Èñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ò)Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !l°§‰ ˆÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏí˛°
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl∫#ܲyÎ≈à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õfiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l /
(i) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ºÙˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲ«˛˛õÌ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Óy fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ«˛˛õÌ
ӈϰ–
(ii) ~•z§Ó fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ ˆâyÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛ !Ó!ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
!l°§‰ ˆÓyÓ˚ å 1885-1962ä 1885È
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ È7 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y˛õlˆÏ•ˆÏàˆÏl
çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1916 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!l
ˆÜ˛y˛õlˆÏ•ˆÏàl !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚
xôƒy˛õܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lÎ%=˛ •l– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
àë˛l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ 1922È
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!l ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!£Ïï˛
•l– xôƒy˛õܲ ˆÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§Çრˆ°áyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ó•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •° /È ÈüÈ
(i) The theory of spectra and Atomic
Constitution. (ii) Atomic Theory and, (iii) The
Description of Nature.
~•z ܲ«˛˛õÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ¢!=˛hflÏÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
¢!=˛hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ 4.3 È!ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
N ܲ«˛˛õÌ ån=4ä
M ܲ«˛˛õÌ ån=3ä
L ܲ«˛˛õÌ ån=2ä
K ܲ«˛˛õÌ ån=1ä
ˆÜ˛wܲ
!ã˛e 4.3 / ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ¢!=˛hflÏÓ˚–
~•z ܲ«˛˛õÌà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ K, L, M, N ... x«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xÌÓy n=1, 2,
3, 4, ... •zï˛ƒy!ò §Çáƒy myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l
≤Ãà Ÿ¿yÓ!°
(1) ˛!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ï˛!í˛¸Í !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ •Î˚ ï˛y
ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
(2) Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛yˆÏí˛≈ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ܲ # ܲ# xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
(3) ˆÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛° xl%ÎyÎ˚# !ï˛l ܲ«˛!Ó!¢T˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛e xÑyˆÏܲy–
(4) ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl ôyï%˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛
!lˆÏÎ˚ α ܲîy !ÓFS%ÈÓî˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆ° Ï ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
4.2.4 !lí˛zê˛∆l åNeutronsä
ˆç §ƒyí˛í˛z•zܲ åJ. Chadwickä 1932È !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ xyôyl•#l
G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏ l Ó˚ §Ùyl ˲Ó˚ ! Ó!¢T˛ xyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ü ˛!ê˛
xÓÈü˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~•z
ܲîy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ !lí˛zê˛∆l– §yôyÓ˚î •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
Óƒï˛#ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ !lí˛zê˛∆l ܲîy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zê˛∆lˆÏܲ ÚnÛ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ •° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ
≤Ã
xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G !lí˛zê˛∆l ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù!T˛–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
(1) ˛˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîyÓ˚ lyÙ
ˆ°ˆÏáy–
(2) !•!°Î˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ È4 u ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ܲÎ˚!ê˛ !lí˛zê˛∆l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
4.3 •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ !ÓlƒhflÏ
ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ åHow are Electrons Distributed in
Different Orbits (Shells) ?
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ˛
•ˆÏÓñ ˆÓyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!Ó˚ åBohr and Buryä ˆ§•z §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ôyÓ˚îy ˆòl–
!lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢!=˛hflψÏÓ˚ Óy
ܲˆÏ«˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Çáƒy ˆ°áy •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
(i) ˛~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆ°
Ï y •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ÌyܲˆÏÓ ï˛y È2n2
§)ˆeÏ Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Èn •° ܲ«˛
49
§Çáƒy Óy ¢!=˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)ã˛Ü˛ñ 1, 2, 3, ... – §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ !Ó!˲ߨ
ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Çáƒy !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ /
≤ÃÌÙ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ Óy ÈK ܲˆÏ«˛ =2x12=2
!mï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ Óy ÈL ܲˆÏ«˛ =2x22=8
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ Óy M ܲˆÏ«˛ =2x32=18
ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ܲˆÏ«˛ Óy ÈN ܲˆÏ«˛ =2x42=32˛
(ii) §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xyê˛!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
(iii) ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ«˛ ˛õ)î≈ ly •GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xÌ≈yÍ Ü˛«˛à%ˆÏ°y
ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚–
≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˛àë˛l!ã˛e l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ È4.4È
lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly •° /
!ã˛e 4.4/ ≤ÃÌÙ 18!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l!ã˛e–
ܲyç 4.2
• ≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l !Ólƒy§ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ÙˆÏí˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚–
50
• ˛≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l˜Ï¢°# 4.1 §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛
≤Ã
ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
(1) ˛Ü˛yÓ≈l G ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ •zˆ°Ï ܲê˛∆l !Ólƒy§
!°ˆÏáy–
(2) Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ K ~ÓÇ L ܲ«˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° G•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Çáƒy ܲï˛⁄
4.4 ˆÎyçƒï˛y åValencyä
xyÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲˆÏ«˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
§!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÎyçܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l åvalence electronsä
ӈϰ–
ˆÓyÓ˚Èü Óy!Ó˚ åBohr-Buryä !lÎ˚Ùyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎÈüÈ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ xyê˛!ê˛
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ§Ó ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ
ܲ«˛˛õÌ xyê˛!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§!ܲÎ˚ï˛y á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚– xlƒ ˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y
Óy ˆÎyçƒï˛y ¢)lƒ •Î˚– ~•z !l!‹;Î˚ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !•!°Î˚yÙ
!ÓK˛yl
 §yÓ˚!î 4.1 / !Ó!˲ߨ ܲˆÏ«˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ólƒy§§• ≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚˛ õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l˜Ï¢°#

ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ lyÙ !ã•´ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l !lí˛zê˛∆l •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ólƒy§ ˆÎyçƒï˛y
§Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl H 1 1 - 1 1 - - - 1
!•!°Î˚yÙ He 2 2 2 2 2 - - - 0
!°!ÌÎ˚yÙ Li 3 3 4 3 2 1 - - 1
ˆÓ!Ó˚!°Î˚yÙ Be 4 4 5 4 2 2 - - 2
ˆÓyÓ˚l B 5 5 6 5 2 3 - - 3
ܲyÓ≈l C 6 6 6 6 2 4 - - 4
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl N 7 7 7 7 2 5 - - 3
x!:ˆÏçl O 8 8 8 8 2 6 - - 2
ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l F 9 9 10 9 2 7 - - 1
!lÎ˚l Ne 10 10 10 10 2 8 - - 0
ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ Na 11 11 12 11 2 8 1 - 1
ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ Mg 12 12 12 12 2 8 2 - 2
xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ Al 13 13 14 13 2 8 3 - 3
!§!°Ü˛l Si 14 14 14 14 2 8 4 - 4
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ P 15 15 16 15 2 8 5 - 3,5
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ S 16 16 16 16 2 8 6 - 2
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l Cl 17 17 18 17 2 8 7 - 1
xyà≈l Ar 18 18 22 18 2 8 8 0

˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ ò%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xyê˛!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ÌyˆÏܲ–
xlƒylƒ ˆÙÔ°à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛!ê˛ •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l myÓ˚y
˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ Óy !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xl% àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆòáyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ xyê˛!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
ÌyܲˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xT˛Ü˛ ˛õ%!ï≈˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È Ó°y •Î˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚
ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ xT˛Ü˛˛õ)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ˚yˆÏ§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l xÇ¢#òy!Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ê˛y âˆÏê˛–
~•z ˲yˆÏÓ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ xT˛Ü˛˛õ%!ï≈˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÎy˚ ˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
Îï˛à%ˆ°Ï y •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ã•î Óy Óç≈l xÌÓy xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z §ÇáƒyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˙ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y Óy ˆÎyçƒï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ˆÎyçƒï˛y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ˛õ)ÓÓ≈ ï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl‡!°!ÌÎ˚yÙ‡ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
§Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÎyçƒï˛y 1 ôÓ˚y •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ
xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y •°
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 2 ~ÓÇ 3 ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
§Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 2 !ê˛ 3 !ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–˛
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ôyÓ˚î
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˙ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
ˆÎyçƒï˛y xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ 7 !ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y 7
•GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !ܲv ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ 7 !ê˛˛˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l Óç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y §•çï˛Ó˚– ï˛y•z xT˛Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ

˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l 51
§yï˛!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆lˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y 1 •Î˚–˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ x!:ˆÏçl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y àîly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àîly
ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ӈϰ– 4.1 §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
≤Ã
hflψÏΩ˛ ≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ÿ¿
1. ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚lñ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ G ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚
ˆÎyçƒï˛y ï%˛!Ù !ܲÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
4.5 ˛õyÓ˚ Ù yî!Óܲ §Çáƒy G ˲Ó˚ §Çáƒy å Atomic
Number and Mass Numberä /
4.5.1 ˛˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy Óy ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ܲÙyAܲ åAtomic
Numberä
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l §Çáƒy•z G•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy
!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ÚzÛ ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy åzä ~ܲ•z
•Î˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l §Çáƒy myÓ˚y•z ˆÜ˛yl ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Z=1 •Î˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆ≤Ãyê˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe z=6 •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛
ˆÙyê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l §Çáƒy•z •° ˙ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy–
4.5.2 ˛˛Ë˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy åMass Numberä
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ xôƒÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ~ÓÇ !lí˛zê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛
˲Ó˚•z §Ù@˝Ã ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G !lí˛zê˛∆lˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚l
åNucleonsä ӈϰ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ë˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 12 u
ܲyÓ˚î ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 6 !ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G 6 !ê˛ !lí˛zê˛∆l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
52
6 u+6 u=12 uÈ– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ È27 u
(13!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l È+14!ê˛ !lí˛zê˛∆lä– Ë˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G !lí˛zê˛∆l §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ù!T˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~ˆÏܲ ÈAÈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒyñ ˲Ó˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ã˛•´ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ°áy •Î˚–
˲Ó˚ §Çáƒy
A
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !ã˛•´ X
Z
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy
≤Ã
ˆÎÙlñ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ 147 N myÓ˚y ˆ°áy •Î˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ È8È!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l G È8!ê˛
ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° (i)È ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
§Çáƒy ܲï˛⁄ ~ÓÇ (ii) ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛Ó˚ xyôyl ܲï˛⁄
2. È4.1È §yÓ˚!îÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!:ˆÏçl G §y°Ê˛yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ §Çáƒy !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4.6 §ÙfiÌy!lܲ åIsotopesä
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy !ܲv !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy
!Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x!hflÏc §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚y
ˆàˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÎÌy ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Î˚yÙ Óy §yôyÓ˚î •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl
å 11 Häñ í˛Î˚ˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÙ Óy ˲yÓ˚# •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl å 12 H Óy DÈä ~ÓÇ
!ê˛∆!ê˛Î˚yÙ Óy x!ï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl å 13 H Óy ÈTä– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy È1 !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 1, 2È ~ÓÇ 3 È – ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î
•° åÈiä ܲyÓ≈lñ 126 C ~ÓÇ 146 CÈñ åiiä ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚lñ È Cl
~ÓÇ 1737 Cl, •zï˛ƒy!ò–
~•z í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
§ÙfiÌy!lܲ •° ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
§Çáƒy ~ܲ•z !ܲv ˛Ë˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙÓ˚y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎÌy
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Î˚yÙñ í˛Î˚ˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ !ê˛∆!ê˛Î˚yÙ–
!ÓK˛yl
 xˆÏlܲ ˆÙÔ°•z §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ù◊î myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢%Âô ˛õòyÌ≈–
§ÙfiÌy!lܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ ~ܲ•z !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛
ôˆÏÙ≈ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ 35 uÈ ~ÓÇ 37 uÈ Ë Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ò%!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ 3:1 xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– fl∫˲yÓï˛•z ≤ß¿ çyˆÏà
ÈüüüÈ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y á%шÏç ˆò!á–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àí˛¸
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ •ˆÏÓÈüüü
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ G•z
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÆ §ÙhflÏ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° G•z
ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G
!lí˛zê˛∆là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ù!T˛Ó˚ §Ùyl– !ܲv Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚
§ÙfiÌy!lܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆçˆÏl ˆÙԈϰÓ˚˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˲Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–˛
~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ È35.5 uÈ xÌ≈yÍ Ë˛@¿yLjϢ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl òÑyí˛¸y°
Î!ò ï%˛!Ù !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l lyG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ àí˛¸
˲Ó˚ È35.5 u •ˆÏÓ–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l G ˆ≤Ãyê˛l xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ü,˛!ï˛c •° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l G •z
ˆày”˛ˆÏfiê˛•zˆÏlÓ˚–
• ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ôlydܲ ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y
ˆàшÏÌ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà åApplicationsä
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §Ó §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈
~ܲ•z ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ù◊î !lˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï
ˆÜ˛yl Óyôy ˆl•z– !ܲv !ܲS%È §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÙ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ•z !ӈϢ£Ï !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° /È
(i) ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ã%˛!Õ‘ˆÏï˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ
çµy°y!l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
(ii) ˛Ü˛ƒy™yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÓyˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§ÙfiÌy!lܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
(iii) ˛xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ à°àu˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚
!ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
4.6.1 ˛xy•zˆÏ§yÓyÓ˚ åIsobarsä
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ20 ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
§Çáƒy !Ó!¢T˛ ܲƒy°!§Î˚ y Ù ~ÓÇ 18 ˛õyÓ˚ Ù yî!Óܲ
§Çáƒy!Ó!¢T˛ xyà≈l– ˆÙÔ° ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Çáƒy
!˲ߨ •ˆÏ°G ò%!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚•z ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy •° 40– xÌ≈yÍ ~•z
ˆÙÔ°Î%àˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛wܲ ܲîyÓ˚ å!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚lä ˆÙyê˛
§Çáƒy ~ܲ•z– !˲ߨ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy!Ó!¢T˛ !ܲv ~ܲ•z
˲Ó˚§Çáƒy Î%=˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ã
xy•zˆÏ§yÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. H, D ~ÓÇ TÈ !ã˛!•´ï˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîyÓ˚ §Çáƒy
§yÓ˚!îÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆÎÈ ü È ˆ ܲyˆÏ l y ~ܲ ˆçyí˛¸ y §ÙfiÌy!lܲ G
xy•zˆÏ§yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l !Ólƒy§ !°ˆÏáy–
53
 • Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ xy°Ê˛yÈüÈܲîy !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wܲ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛
•Î˚–
• Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏí˛° xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛¢Î˚ «%˛o ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛wܲ
åNucleusä ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y ~•z ˆÜ˛wܲˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ â%Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
˛àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
• !l°§‰ ˆÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ §Ê˛° !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛wܲˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ¢!=˛ !Ó!Ï¢T˛ §%!fiÌï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ«˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆là%ˆÏ°y !ÓlƒhflÏ ÌyˆÏܲ–
Î!ò ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ܲ«˛ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% §%!fiÌï˛ G Ü˛Ù §!ܲÎ˚ •Î˚–
• ˆç §ƒyí˛í˛z•zܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ !lí˛zê˛∆l ܲîyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ xy!ÓflÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ xÓÈüÈ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ܲîy •° åiä •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l åiiä ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ~ÓÇ åiiiä !lí˛zê˛∆l–
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l }îydܲ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îyñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ôlydܲ xyôyl@˝ÃhflÏ Ü˛îy ~ÓÇ !lí˛zê˛∆l
ܲîyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyôyl ˆl•z– ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ܲîyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚È
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 2000
1
xÇ¢– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l G ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÈí˛zê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ ~ܲܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ܲ«˛˛õÌà%!°ˆÏܲ K, L, M, N, myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• ˆÎyçƒï˛y •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy G•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l§ÇáƒyÓ˚
§Ùyl •Î˚–
• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚l §Çáƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Ùyl •Î˚–
• §ÙfiÌy!lܲ •° ~ܲ•z ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
• ~ܲ•z ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy !Ó!¢T˛ !ܲv !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy Î%=˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%à%ˆÏ°y •°
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy•zˆÏ§yÓyÓ˚–
• ˆ≤Ãyê˛l§Çáƒy myÓ˚y ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆lñ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ~ÓÇ !lí˛zê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛Ó˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
3. Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛Ó˚ e%!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
4. ˛ˆÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ÙˆÏí˛°!ê˛ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙˆÏí˛°à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. ≤ÃÌÙ xyë˛yˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ •zˆ° Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ùà%ˆ°
Ï y §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !°ˆÏáy–
7. !§!°Ü˛l G x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–

54
!ÓK˛yl
 8. í˛zòy•Ó˚î §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüüüÈ åiä ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy åiiä ˲Ó˚ §Çáƒy åiiiä
§ÙfiÌy!lܲ ~ÓÇ åivä xy•zˆÏ§yÓyÓ˚– §ÙfiÌy!lˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
9. ÈNa+ xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÈKÈ ~ÓÇ ÈLÈ Ü˛«˛˛õÌ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10. Î!ò ˆÓy!Ùl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲ 7935 Br (49.7%) ~ÓÇ 35 Br (50.3%) •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
81

ˆÓy!Ùl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àí˛¸ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

11. ˆÙÔ° ÈXüÈ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%lyÓ˚ àí˛¸ ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ È16.2 u. G•z lÙ%lyÎ˚ 168 X ~ÓÇ 188 X
§ÙfiÌy!lܲ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲï˛⁄
12. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ Z = 3 •ˆÏ°ñ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎyçƒï˛y Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
13. ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% X ~ÓÇ ÈYüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!ï˛ !lˆÏ¡¨ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
X Y
ˆ≤Ãyê˛l˛ = 6 6
!lí˛zê˛∆l = 6 8
X ~ÓÇ ÈY ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~•z ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
14. !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ !ÓÓ,!ï˛à%!° §ï˛ƒ •ˆÏ° T ~ÓÇ !Ù̃y •ˆÏ° F ˆ°ˆÏáyÈüüüÈ
åaä ˆç ˆç ÌÙ§l ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˆÜ˛wˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚l§‰ ÌyˆÏܲ–
åbä ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zê˛∆l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ ï˛!í˛¸Í !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛–
åcä ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°ê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 2000
1
xÇ¢–
ådä xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙfiÌy!lܲñ !ê˛Çã˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚y!í˛l ≤Û!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ÎyÓ˚
Å£ÏôÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
• l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ 15, 16È ~ÓÇ 17 l¡∫Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢%Âô í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ åPä !ã˛•´ ~ÓÇ Ë%˛°
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ åÈXÈä !ã˛•´ òyG /
15. Ó˚yòyÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ xy°Ê˛y ܲîy !ÓFS%ÈÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ
åaä ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ˆÜ˛wܲ åbä •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l
åcä ˆ≤Ãyê˛l ådä !lí˛zê˛∆l
16. ˆÜ˛yl ˆÙԈϰÓ˚ §ÙfiÌy!lܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ
åaä ˆË˛Ôï˛ ôÙ≈ xl%Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚ –
åbä Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ôÙ≈ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
åcä !lí˛zê˛∆l §Çáƒy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
ådä ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ §Çáƒy !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
17. Cl– xyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyçܲ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l §Çáƒy •°ÈüüüÈ
(a) 16 (b) 8 (c) 17 (d) 18

˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ àë˛l 55
 18. ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l !Ólƒy§ !l¡¨!°!áï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛⁄
(a) 2, 8 (b) 8,2,1 (c) 2,1,8 (d) 2,8,1

19. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!î!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ

˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lí˛zê˛∆l ˆ≤Ãyê˛l •zˆ°

Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%!ê˛Ó˚˛
§Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy lyÙ

9 - 10 - - -

16 32 - - - §y°Ê˛yÓ˚
- 24 - 12 - -

- 2 - 1 - -

- 1 0 1 0 -

56
!ÓK˛yl
xôƒyÎ˚ 5
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
!ÓK˛yl# Ó˚Óyê≈˛ •%ܲ ܲÜ≈˛ åcorkä ~Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ Óy Ê˛y!° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y §ï˛Ü≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù !¢«˛Ü˛ Óy !¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•y΃
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SȈϰl ˆÎ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ x§Çრ«%˛o ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçcˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó!¢T˛ ˆÙÔã˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ܲÜ≈˛ Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zrê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •°– ~•zÓyÓ˚ ~•z fl‘y•zí˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
Óyܲ° Óy SÈyˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï– 1665 §yˆÏ° •ë˛yÍ•z ~ܲ!òl !ÓK˛yl#
•%ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ˆÎÔ!àܲ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ fl∫“ !ÓÓô≈l«˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
Ê˛y!° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ !ÓÓô≈l «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ x!˲°«˛ƒ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
˛õyl– !ï˛!l ~•z ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ˆ§° åCellä lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ –
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆ§° åCellä ~ܲ!ê˛ °ƒy!ê˛l ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° Ú~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ˆÏle
«%˛o ܲ«˛Û–
§yôyÓ˚î ò,!T˛ÏˆïÏ ˛ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛FSÈ G xÌ≈•#l âê˛ly ÙˆÏl •ˆÏ°G
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~Ó˚ à%Ó˚%c x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù– ~•z ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌ)° §!ߨˆÏÓ¢Ü˛ fl$;
!ÓK˛yl# ~ê˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ §ç#Ó Ó› ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˆò• l°
~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– xyçG ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏl §ç#Ó Ó› àë˛lܲyÓ˚# §)- §!ߨˆÏÓ¢Ü˛ fl$;
~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ Óy ˆ§°åCellä ¢∑!ê˛•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Óy•%
!Üœ˛˛õ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ˆ°™
•Î˚– Ùy•zˆÏܲyˆÏflÒy˛õ fl‘y•zí˛
~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ÙM˛
ˆ•°yˆÏly fl$;
5.1. §ç#ÓÓ› §Ù)• ܲ# ܲ# í˛z˛õyòyl myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄åWhat ܲlˆÏí˛l§yÓ˚
are Living Organisms Made Up of ?) ò˛õ≈î
ܲyç È 5.1 ˛õyòˆÏò¢
• ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ çÈüÈܲˆÏ®Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ !l•z– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y
!ã˛Ùê˛y Óy Ê˛Ó˚ˆÏ§ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ xÓï˛°!òܲ !ãe 5.1 ı ˆÎÔ!àܲ xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf
åˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òÜ˛ä ˆÌˆÏܲ cˆÏܲÓ˚ å~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ä ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢ ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ Ùôƒ!òˆÏÎ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ùyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y fl‘y•zí˛!ê˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
SÈy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Óy ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ GÎ˚yã˛@’yˆÏ§ Ó˚y!á– ~Ó˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z⁄ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçÈüÈcˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ ËÑ˛yç •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y Óy ˆÎÙl!ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ àë˛l!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ§•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ã˛e ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î !§ê˛ ~
¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ– ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçÈüÈcˆÏܲÓ˚ ~•z xÑyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó !ܲ⁄ ~•z àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ !ã˛e 5.2ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ܲÓ˚ÏÓ⁄ !ܲ⁄
• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zí˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y ç° !ò•z ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% ÓyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ
GÎ˚yã˛ @’y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚– ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç cˆÏܲÓ˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ °«˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~!ê˛ ˆÎl §¡õ)î≈ SÈí˛¸yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ál ~ܲ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y §ƒyÊ˛y!ll Ó˚Oܲ oÓî fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç
cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ò•z ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ë˛yÓ˚ !fl‘˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y˛õy
!ò•z– Ùyí˛z!rê˛Ç !l퉲° ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ˲yÓ˚ !fl‘˛õ ã˛y˛õy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó%ò‰Ó%ò‰ ˆÌˆÏܲ ly ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ãe 5.2 ı ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçcˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
 ~ál xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲˆÏ®Ó˚˚ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚
cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zrê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
§ÓˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z !ܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓñ ly!ܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
àë˛l !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÓ⁄
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf ò,¢ƒÙyl ~•z àë˛là%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
§Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲˆÏ®Ó˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
àë˛là%ˆ° Ï y ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚ ܲˆÏ®Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y àë˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyç 5.1 ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçÈüÈܲ® xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf
ò,¢ƒÙyl ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ «%˛o «%˛o àë˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚
ܲˆÏ®Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •ˆÏ°G ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚–
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf ò,¢ƒÙyl ~•z «%˛o àë˛là%ˆ° Ï y•z ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ çÈüÈܲˆÏ®Ó˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àë˛làï˛ ~ܲܲ– ~•z àë˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ–
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç lÎ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆò••z
ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛y¢G xyˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
1665 §yˆÏ° Ó˚Óyê≈˛ •%ܲ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ˆÜ˛y¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ xy!ò §Ó˚° xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Ê˛y!° Óy ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !°í˛zˆÏÎ˚lÈ •Ü˛ 1674 §yˆÏ° §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
çˆÏ° Ù%=˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– 1831
§yˆÏ° Ó˚Óyê≈˛ Ó yí˛zl ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1839 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ï˛Ó˚° ôyeˆÏܲ Úˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙÛ lyˆÏÙ x!˲!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l
!ÓK˛yl# ˛õyÓ˚!ܲl!ç– ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛_¥ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆfl‘•zˆÏí˛l
xyˆÏÓ˚yG çyˆÏly
å1838ä ~ÓÇ ˆfl∫yÎ˚yl å1839ä ~•z ò%•z ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#–
ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ù)° Ó=˛Óƒ •°ÈüÈ (i) §Ó í˛z!qò G ˛≤Ãyî#Ó˚
ˆò• ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ (ii) ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ~ܲܲ •°
ˆÜ˛y¢– ˆÜ˛y¢ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl !ÓK˛yl#
!˲Ó˚ˆÏã˛y å1855ä– !ï˛!l ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎñ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z
xy!òÙyï,˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– 1940 §yˆÏ°
•zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ç!ê˛° àë˛l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y
§Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!ÓÓô≈ܲ ܲyã˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ âˆÏê˛– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
58
ˆÜ˛y¢•z §¡õ) î ≈ ç#ÓˆÏ ò • àë˛l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – ˆÎÙl xƒy!ÙÓyñ
Üœ˛ƒyÙy•zˆÏí˛yˆÏÙyly§ñ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙ!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y– ~•z
ç#Óà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ÓˆÏ°– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y ˆÜ˛y¢
~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ç#ÓˆÏò• àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓ åˆÎÙlÈüÈ!ܲS%È SÈeyܲñ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ä G•z
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y•z !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆò•yAà àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ xyˆÏÓy˚ !ܲS%È ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ⁄ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# ç#Ó•z ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x§ÇრˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
ï˛y•z §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z xy!ò Ùyï,˛ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏÜ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
ܲyç È5.2
• xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ cܲñ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈˲yàñ ~Ùl!ܲ
!Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢÓ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚#
Ùyí˛zrê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
• í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ Ü˛yç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÜ üüüÈ
åܲä xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ G xyܲyÓ˚àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ !ܲ ~ܲ•z
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚⁄
åáä §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛l !ܲ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚⁄
åàä í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲ⁄
åâä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# §yò,¢ƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢È ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!lˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãò_ !ã˛e!ê˛ å!ã˛e 5.3ä ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~áyˆÏl
ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ã˛e ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÜ˛y¢
Ó˚=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
Ù§,l ˆ˛õ!¢
ˆÜ˛y¢
x!fiÌ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ê˛ƒyê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
È!í˛¡∫yî% ¢%ܲyî%
ÈFig 5.3 ı ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•
!ÓK˛yl
 ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˙ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï
ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– xƒy!ÙÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È
!ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y xq(ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ fl¨yÎ˚% ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚
!ӈϢ£Ï xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyç §¡õyòl
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
§Ü˛° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ ~•z
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#
ç#ˆÏÓ åˆÎÙlÈüÈ Ùyl%£Ïäñ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊Ù !Ó˲yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~•z ˆÎñ ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲ ˛õy¡õ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚ñ ˛õyܲfiÌ°# áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ◊Ù!Ólƒy§ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚G Óï≈˛Ùyl– ܲyÎ≈ï˛ñ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y
!l!ò≈T˛ xÇ¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ӈϰ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÙlÈüü ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ lï%˛l Ó› §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
x˛õ§yÓ˚î âê˛yˆÏly •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%àˆ% ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó ܲyç
§¡õyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ Ù)°
~ܲܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛y¢ ӈϰ– xyŸã˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆÎñ
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyç Îy•z •í˛zܲ Óy ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎ ç#ˆÏÓ•z
ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ly ˆÜ˛lñ ˆ§•z ç#Ó ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ~ܲ•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
≤Ã
xAàyî% ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤ß¿yÓ!° ı
1. ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xy!Ó‹Òï˛≈ y ˆÜ˛⁄ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛y¢ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l⁄
2. ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ G ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲ ӈϰ
ˆÜ˛l⁄
5.2 ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲ# ܲ# í˛z˛õyòyl !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lÙ)°Ü˛ §Çàë˛l ܲ#⁄
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòá°yÙ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õyòyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ xAàyî% ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~•z
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó ܲyç ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Î˚y §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆò!á
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ âˆÏê˛–
5.2.1 ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y Óy ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y åPlasma Membrane
or Cell Membraneä
≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ˆÎ xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ӈϰ–
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y !ܲS%È ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óy ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xlƒ !ܲS%È ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ°G
Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ ˛õò≈y ӈϰ–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Ó›Ó˚ ˛xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢ âˆÏê˛⁄
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È Ó› ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄
ܲyÓ≈lÈ í˛y•zÈx:y•zí˛ Óy x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È Ó› Óƒy˛õl
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y
xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚y!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈÈ– xyÙÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°yÙ ˆÎñ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zFã˛âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ
!l¡¨âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ˛≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚–
xˆÏlܲê˛y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ Îál ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ çÙy •Î˚–
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•zx:y•zí˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !Ó˛õyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛zͲõߨ Óç≈ƒ
˛õòyÌ≈– ï˛y•zz ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ Ó!•/flÒÓ˚î åˆÓ˚ã˛lä xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ âlc ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xhs˝ı˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎ Ù%•%ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xhs˝/
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü˛Ù âlˆÏcÓ˚ fiÌyˆÏl xÌ≈yÍ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ âlc •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó!•ı˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xhs˝ı˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ §Ç°@¿ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ G ï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•ı˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àƒy§#Î˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏl
Óƒy˛õl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lG Óƒy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ˆÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lˆÏܲ x!˲flÀÓî ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈y Óy ≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•lG çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî myÓ˚y
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
59
 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x!˲flÀÓî •° ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zFã˛
ç° âlc !Ó!¢T˛ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨ ç° âlc !Ó!¢T˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ˛ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyÎ˚ ly ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î–
!ã˛!lÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓˆÏî Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ ç°#Î˚ oÓˆÏî ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qò
Óy ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲy¢ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !l¡¨Ó!î≈ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ı
1. Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒÙ
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° xÌ≈yÍ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ oÓî!ê˛ °â%
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏ°ñ x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ç° ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ oÓîˆÏܲ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ
oÓî ӈϰ–
~Ùl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ç° í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ
ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ Ê˛° •° ~•z ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ç°
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚–
2. Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒÙ G ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc
§Ùyl •ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛
ly– ~Ó˚)˛õ ˛Ó!•/ õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ oÓîˆÏܲ §Ù§yÓ˚ܲ oÓî
ӈϰ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛– !ܲv ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î âˆÏê˛ ly– ï˛y•z
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
3. Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ÙyôƒÙ
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù •ˆÏ° xÌ≈yÍ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ âlc
ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ°ñ x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç°
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ oÓîˆÏܲ
x!ï˛§yÓ˚ܲ oÓî ӈϰ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG ç° ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚!òˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ x!˲flÀÓî •° ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óƒy˛õl !ܲÎ˚y–
~ál !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü˛yç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
ܲyçÈ 5.3
!í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ x!˲flÀÓî ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
60
åܲä ~ܲ!ê˛ !í˛ÙˆÏܲ °â% •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏÜœ˛y!Ó˚ܲ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚
ˆáy°Ü˛!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyG– ˆáy°Ü˛!ê˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ Ü˛ƒy°!§Î˚yÙ
ܲyÓ≈ˆlÏ ê˛ myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ~•z xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !í˛Ù!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õyï˛°y Ó!•/xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ÓyÓ˚ !í˛Ù!ê˛ˆÏܲ !Ó¢%Âô çˆÏ°
Ó˚yˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ˛õÑyã˛ !Ù!lê˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚°yÙ⁄
!í˛Ù!ê˛ fl≥˛#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛yÓ˚î x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !í˛Ù!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ç° ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
åáä ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆáy°Ü˛ !Ó•#l ~ܲ!ê˛ !í˛ÙˆÏܲ °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ âl
oÓˆÏî Ó˚yˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ˛õÑyã˛ !Ù!lê˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ – !í˛Ù!ê˛
Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚⁄ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ oÓî
ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ oÓˆÏî ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ܲyÓ˚î °ÓˆÏîÓ˚
oÓî!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ x!ôܲ âlc!Ó!¢T˛– ¢%ܲˆÏly
!ܲ¢!Ù¢ Óy ~!≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ê˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
xyÙÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ܲyç 5.4
• !ܲS%È ¢%ܲˆÏly !ܲ¢!Ù¢ Óy ~!≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ê˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î çˆÏ°
Ó˚yá ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá òyG– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛!l Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ âl oÓˆÏî
Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
åÜ˛ä ¢%ܲˆÏly !ܲ¢!Ù¢ Óy ~!≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ Îál çˆÏ° Ó˚yáy
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛ál ~Ó˚y ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚y fl≥˛#ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
åáä Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ !ã˛!l Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ âl oÓˆÏî
Ó˚yáˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
~Ó˚y Ü%˛!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
fl∫yò%çˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛y¢ x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° myÓ˚y
ç° ˆ¢y£ÏîG x!˲flÀÓˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
xï˛~Óñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç#Ój¢yÎ˚ ç° G àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒy˛õl á%Ó•z à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÏÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
~•z ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ¢!=˛ÈüÈ!l˲≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xî%à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈y ~ܲ!ê˛ lÙl#Î˚ ˛õò≈y ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ !°!˛õí˛ G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
çyï˛#Î˚ ˜çÓˆÏÎÔà myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ôÙ% ye •zˆ° Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃•z ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Óy ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈yÓ˚ àë˛l
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ
G xlƒylƒ ˜çÓÓ› @˝Ã•ˆÏîG §«˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
áyòƒ@˝Ã•îˆÏܲ ~ˆÏu˛y§y•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ӈϰ– ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó xƒy!ÙÓy
~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓK˛yl
ܲyçÈ È5.5
• !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ ˚ ˚ @˝ÃrÌyàyÓ˚ G •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆlÏ ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •zˆ°
Ï Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î
Îsf §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛
≤Ã
Óy !¢!«˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ CO2, ç°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒõò≈y Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
5.2.2 ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ (Cell Wall)
í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y SÈyí˛¸yG x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,ì˛¸ Ó!•/xyÓÓ˚î#
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ˆ§°%ˆÏ°yç ~ܲ!ê˛ ç!ê˛° ˆÎÔà ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ
àyë˛!lܲ˛ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Îál í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ Ü%˛M˛l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~•z
âê˛lyˆÏܲ ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§ ӈϰ– !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛yç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z âê˛ly ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ܲyç È 5.6
• !Ó˚G åRhoeoä ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y hflÓÏ ˆ˚ ÜÏ ˛ fl‘y•zˆíÏ ˛ Ùyí˛zrê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ !ÓÓô≈l «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ x!˲°«˛ƒ
ˆ°ˆÏ™Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y «%˛oñ §Ó%ç òylyòyÓ˚ Ó› ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛˛ ӈϰ– ~•z òylyòyÓ˚ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§Ó%ç ܲîy ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ӈϰ– ~ÓyÓ˚ !ã˛!l
Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸ oÓî fl‘y•zˆíÏ ˛ Ùyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
~ܲ !Ù!lê˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ùyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ – xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õy!FSÈ⁄
• ~ÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !Ó˚G åRhoeoä ˛õyï˛y Ê%˛ê˛hs˝ çˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
!Ù!lˆÏê˛Ó˚ çlƒ Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ÙyÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ÓyÓ˚ Ê%˛ê˛hs˝ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛
Ùyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ã˛!l Óy °ÓˆÏîÓ˚ àyì˛¸ oÓî fl‘y•zˆÏí˛ Ùyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õyï˛yÎ˚
ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ – xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°yÙ⁄
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤’yçˆÏÙy°y•z!§§ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ܲ⁄
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ
~•z ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈ%ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~ê˛y ˆòáy
ˆà° ˆÎñ ~ܲÙye §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~Ó˚)˛õ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ÌyܲyÎ˚ í˛z!qòñ SÈeyܲ G Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¢
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ x!ï˛ °â% oÓî xÌ≈yÍ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ oÓˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
~ˆÏ°G !Óò#î≈ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xy§ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢ x!˲flÀÓî ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ç° ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ
§,!T˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl G
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ•z
~ çyï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
5.2.3. !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ (Nucleus)
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáy§yÓ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zrê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ
ï˛y ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚È ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáy§yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§ƒyÊ˛y!ll Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ oÓî ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°yÙ– !ܲv ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚
ˆáy§yÓ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zrê˛ÈüÈ~ §ƒyÊ˛y!ll Ó˚OˆÏܲÓ˚ oÓî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y •ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ⁄
§ƒyÊ˛y!ll ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ùyí˛zrê˛!ê˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
ò%!ê˛ Ùyí˛zrê˛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆòˆÏáy–
~SÈyí˛¸yñ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáy§yÓ˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zˆÏrê˛ §ƒyÊ˛y!ll oÓî
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!Oï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ܲ⁄
ˆòáyˆÏàˆÏ°y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ àë˛l xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%ˆ° Ï y
!Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!Oï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
xlƒ xLjϢÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ àyì˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏ. Ó˚!Oï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§ƒyÊ˛y!ll oÓî SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyˆÏÎy˚ !í˛l
oÓî Óy !Ù!Ì!°l Óœ% oÓî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyçÈ 5.7
• ~ܲˆÏÊÑ˛yê˛y ç°§• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zí˛ !l•z– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xy•z§!ܲÙÈüÈã˛yÙˆÏã˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ •y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y xÇ¢ ˆãÑ˛ˆÏSÈ !l•z– ˆòˆÏáyˆÏï˛y xy•z§!ܲÙÈüÈã˛yÙˆÏã˛Ó˚
àyˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°ˆÏà xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l퉲° Óy §%шÏã˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
xy•z§!ܲÙÈüÈã˛yÙˆÏã˛Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà Ìyܲy Ó›à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛y
§Ù˲yˆÏÓ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò•z– ~ÓyÓ˚ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛ Ó˚yáy Ó›ˆÏܲ Ó˚!Oï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲˆÏÊ˛Ñyê˛y !Ù!Ì!°l Óœ% oÓî ˆÎyà ܲ!Ó˚– ~ál
àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ xî%Ó#«˛î
ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛ Ó˚yáy Ó›ˆÏܲ ܲ˲yÓ˚!fl‘˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y˛õy !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!FSÈ⁄ ò,¢ƒÙyl ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!ܲÓ˚)˛õ⁄ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ¢#ê˛ÈüÈ~ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛e xAܲl
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
61
• ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xLjϢ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àyì˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏ. Ó˚!Oï˛ñ
Óï≈%˛°yܲyÓ˚ Óy !í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚ñ !Ó®%ÓÍ àë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~•z
àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ӈϰ– ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ àë˛l !ܲ ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚
ˆáy§yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆòáy !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ~ܲ!ê˛ !mhflÏÓ˚# xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚˛õò≈y ӈϰ– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ˛õò≈yÎ˚ x§Çრ!SÈo ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
~•z !SÈo˛õˆÏÌ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§
å5.2.4 xLjϢ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ÏÓä
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ¢%ÓÓ%̊ ˚ !ë˛Ü˛
xyˆÏà•z ¢%ô%Ùye ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚y
ò[˛yܲyÓ˚ àë˛l!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ !˛õï˛yÈüÈÙyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
≤ÃçˆÏß√ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ÓÇ¢yl%§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óyï≈˛y DNA å!í˛x!:Ó˚y•zˆÏÓy
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ä xî% Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ DNA
~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– DNA xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lÙ≈yî
G §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Óyï≈˛y Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– DNA ~Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# xÇ¢ˆÏܲ !çl ӈϰ– !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏFSÈly ~Ùl xÓfiÌyÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ñ ~•z DNA ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l Ó›Ó˚ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l Ó› ˛õуyã˛yˆÏly ï˛vÙÎ˚ àë˛lÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚˚–
Îál•z ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚ ï˛ál•z ˆÜ˛yÙy!ê˛l Ó› §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ≤ÃçlˆÏl !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G
ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈¢ òyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~•z ܲyç!ê˛
§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xM˛°!ê˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ò%Ó≈°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
¢%ô%Ùye !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xflõT˛˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚
xM˛°ˆÏܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ˆÏÎ˚í˛ ÓˆÏ°– ˆÎ §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚
xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲ ly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó å ˆ≤ÃyÈüÈxy!ò Óy
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲı ܲƒy!Ó˚Gê˛ ù ܲƒy!Ó˚Î˚l ù !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ä ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ
ˆÎ§Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó ÓˆÏ°–
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ñ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
62
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ xAàyî%à%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ¢#Ó˚˲yà xAàyî%à%!°
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ å!ã˛eı5.4 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ܲyçG §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ò)Ó≈°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y•z §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛eı5.2.4 ˆòˆÏ á yä–
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° à%ˆÏ°y ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏí˛ lÎ˚– å5.2.5 xÇ¢
ˆòˆÏáyä
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
!lí˛!z Üœ˛Îˆ˚ ÎÏ í˚ ˛
!ã˛eÈüÈ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
5.2.4 §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ (Cytoplasm)
xyÙÓ˚y Îál ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆáy§y ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# Ùyí˛zrê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÇ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y
myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yç٠ӈϰ– ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛
á%Ó•z •y°Ü˛y Ó˚ˆ.Ï Ó˚!Oï˛ •Î˚ – ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ï˛Ó˚° ˛õòyÌ≈˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛•z §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó•% !ӈϢ!£ï˛Ï
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚)˛õ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°y ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
ˆÎÙl §%à!ë˛ï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ÌyˆÏܲ ly !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%%G ÌyˆÏܲ ly– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ~ÓÇ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% í˛z˲Î˚•z Óï≈˛Ùyl–
˲y•zÓ˚y§ˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˛õò≈yÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c Óî≈ly
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÓÓ˚î# ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ Îï˛«˛î
ly ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ç#Ó ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝
~!ê˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ÓÇ¢!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓK˛yl
≤à Ÿ¿
1. ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ G •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛
§yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ¢)lƒfiÌyl ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
1– xyܲyÓ˚ı §yôyÓ˚îï ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y 1– xyܲyÓ˚ı §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
å1-10µm)[1µm=10–6m] å5-100µm)
2– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xM˛°ı 2– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ xM˛°ı §%flõT˛
ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ ~ÓÇ !lí˛z ! Üœ ˛ Î˚ ˛õò≈ y myÓ˚ y
üüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüü ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛–
~ÓÇ Ó°y •Î˚ ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ
3– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙıÈ~ܲ!ê˛ 3– ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙı ~ܲy!ôÜ
4– ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%ı 4– ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ
xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ üüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ
üüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ
5.2.5 ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%§Ù)• åCell Organelles)
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ Ó!•/õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢§• ÓˆÏí˛¸y G ç!ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
!ܲÎ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z !ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˙ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ç!ê˛°
àë˛l G ܲyç ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ°Ï yˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ ˆlÎ˚–
~•z ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ӈϰ– •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ Îy
~•z ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ˛ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xAàyî% ¢%ô%Ùye •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃•z ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚–
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ xLj¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ñ
à°!àÓ›ñ °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙñ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y ~ÓÇ ≤’y!fiê˛í˛– ~•z
xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È Ü˛yç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xAàyî%% Ó°y •Î˚–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ
5.2.5 (i) ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ åEndoplasmic Reticulumä
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ly!°Ü˛y G ˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y çy°Ü˛ !ӈϢ£Ï– ~!ê˛˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y ò#â≈
ly!°Ü˛y xÌÓy ˆày° Óy xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ àë˛l ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ xÙ§,î
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛–È xÙ§,î
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ àyˆÏe Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ xyÓÂô ÌyܲyÎ˚
xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsf ~ˆÏܲ xÙ§,î ˆòáyÎ˚– Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ §Ó §!ܲÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fiÌyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ã˛y!•òy
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˆ˛õÔSÈyÎ˚– Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
çy°Ü˛ Ê˛ƒyê˛ Óy !°!˛õí˛ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ƒyê˛ Óy !°!˛õí˛
ˆÜ˛yÏ¢#Î˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°# !lÎ˚sˆf îÏ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G !°!˛õˆÏí˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y àë˛ˆÏl xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚–
~•z ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚ y ˆÏ Ü ˛ ˛õò≈ y Ó˚ ˜çÓÈ ü È § ÇˆÏ Ÿ ’£Ï î (Membrane
biogenesis) ӈϰ– xlƒylƒ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G !°!˛õí˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛
G •Ó˚ ˆ Ï Ù yl !•ˆÏ § ˆÏ Ó Ü˛yç ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ – Î!òG !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ ¢
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛Ìy!˛õ
~!ê˛ §Ó≈òy §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢•z ~ܲ!ê˛ çy°Ü˛ï˛sf àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
à°!à Ó›
ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Óy ≤’yçÙy˛õò≈y
Ù§,î ˆ§!rê˛∆G°
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
çy°Ü˛
°y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ˛õò≈y
Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y
xÙ§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
çy°Ü˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ
!ã˛e 5.5 ≤Ãyî# ˆÜ˛y¢
§% ï ˛Ó˚ y Ç ~ˆÏ u ˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°ˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yç •°
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçˆÏÙÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ G
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ å≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lä ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî
§y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# çy°Ü˛ ˛õÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚y– ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlG §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy
63
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y âê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲƒy!ÙˆÏÕ‘y à°!à 1843 §yˆÏ°
˛ˆ«˛e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •zï˛y!°Ó˚ Óƒy§!§Î˚y åBresciaä
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ å§ÆÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáyäñ Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏê˛ˆÏly åCortenoä
!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£Ïy=˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ G í»˛yˆÏàÓ˚ !lÓ#≈£ÏܲÓ˚ˆÏî xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ @˝ÃyˆÏÙ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !ï˛!l ˛õy!˲Î˚y
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– å Pavia ä !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏ Î ˚
xÙ§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy¢yflf xôƒÎ˚ l ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l–
°y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ çy°Ü˛ 1865 §yˆÏ° fl¨yï˛Ü˛ !í˛!@˝Ã °y˲
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˛õy!˲Î˚y xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z
Ù§,î ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
çy°Ü
ˆ§rê˛ Ùƒy!RG åSt. Matteo ä
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛
•y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° ܲyç ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– ˙ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy•z !SÈ° fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §¡∫rô#Î˚– 1872 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l
xƒy!ÓÁÎ˚yˆÏê˛@˝ÃyˆÏ§y åAbbiategrassoä ¢•ˆÏÓ˚ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò
à°!à Ó› ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ !l!Ù≈ï˛ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ° !ã˛Ê˛ ˆÙ!í˛ˆÏܲ°
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚ ˛õò≈y x!Ê˛§yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õò @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ •y§˛õyï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õò≈y Ó˚yߨyâÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃÌÙ fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛sf §¡∫rô#Î˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~•z Ó˚yߨyâÓ˚!ê˛•z ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyàyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
§Ç°@¿
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÎ ܲyç!ê˛ !ï˛!l
ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó˚!ÈOï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲ!u»˛Î˚y §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲܲ fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ àë˛là%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚!Oï˛
Ó˚y•zˆÓÏ yˆÏçyÙ Ü˛Ó˚y– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óœƒyܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y åBlack reactionä ӈϰ–
§y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l !§°Ë˛yÓ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ ~Ó˚ °â% oÓî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z oÓî Ù)°ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô§Ù)• ~ÓÇ
!ãe 5.6ı í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛y¢ á%Ó•z ܲÙl#Î˚ ¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî Ù)°ƒÓyl
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §yÓ˚yç#Ól ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ~•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l G í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– 1906 §yˆÏ°
5.2.5 (ii) à°!à Ó› åGolgi Apparatusä fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l §ƒy!rê˛Î˚yˆÏày Ó˚ƒyˆÏÙy!l
ܲƒy!ÙˆÏÕ‘y à°!à åCamillo Golgiä §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ à°!à Ó›Ó˚ ܲƒyç° åSantiago Ramony Cajalä ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ
Óî≈ly ˆòl– !ï˛!l ӈϰl ˆÎñ à°!àÓ› ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆ° Ï y õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ì!° myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛sf!ӈϢ£Ïñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ì!°à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5.2.5 (iii) °y•zˆ§ Ï yˆÏçyÙ åLysosomeä
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚˚ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ •° ˛õyã˛Ü˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈
!§fiê˛yÓ˚!l ӈϰ– ~•z xyÓÓ˚î# ˛õò≈yà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚
õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%– ~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ à%ˆ° Ï y xÙ§,î
çy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç!ê˛° ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ myÓ˚y §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚– °y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õò≈yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Óç≈ƒ x˛õ§yÓ˚îï˛sf– ~•z xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤Ã!ÓT˛
~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ §Ç°@¿ xLjϢ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ Ó›§Ù)•
!Óçyï˛#Î˚ Ó› ~Ùl!ܲ çÓ˚y@˝ÃfiÌ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏܲG ˛õy!ã˛ï˛
à°!àÓ›ˆÏï˛ ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ à°!à Ó›Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ≤Ã!ÓT˛
ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ G Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ °«˛ƒfïϰåtargetä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
!Óçyï˛#Î˚ Ó› ˆÎÙl Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚ Î ˚ y Óy áyòƒÜ˛îy ~Ùl!ܲ
âˆÏê˛– à°!àÓ›Ó˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚yñ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
çÓ˚y@˝ÃfiÌåoldä ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ •Î˚–
Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l G ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y xÌ≈yÍ Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
°y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ ~•z ç!ê˛° ˆÎÔàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. §Ó˚° ˆÎÔˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
xyÓÂô ܲÓ˚y– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe à°!àÓ›ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyˆÏÙ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˛õyã˛Ü˛ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ç!ê˛° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ à°!àÓ› °y•zˆ§Ï yˆÏçyÙ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï GÏ
~•z í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y §Ó ˜çÓÓ›ˆÏܲ ˲y.ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ~•z
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ å5.2.5 (iii) ˆòˆÏáyä– xAàyî%!ê˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
64 !ÓK˛yl
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !Ó˛õyܲ !ܲÎ˚y ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ù§ƒy §,!T˛ •ˆÏ°ñ
ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏ°ñ °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
°y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙ ÙôƒfiÌ í˛z͈ϧã˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z
˛õy!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ï˛y•z °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙˆÏܲ xydâyï˛# Ì!°
åsuicide bagä ӈϰ–
5.2.5 (iv) Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y (Mitochondria)
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢!=˛âÓ˚ ӈϰ– Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y
!m˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ xAàyî%– Ó!•/xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛ !SÈoÎ%=˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/xyÓÓ˚î#!ê˛
à˲#Ó˚ ˲Ñyç!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~•z ËÑ˛yçà%ˆ° Ï y ATP §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆ£Ï Ï §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚#
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛xhs˝/ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°% Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~•z
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ñ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) xî%Óˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ–˚
ï˛y•z ATP ˆÜ˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ly!ç≈ ܲyˆÏÓ˚!™ Ó°y •Î˚– ç#ÓˆÏò• lï%˛l
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆÎÔà §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Îy!sfܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ
ATP xî%ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y •° xq$ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%ñ ܲyÓ˚î
ï˛yˆÏ ò Ó˚ !lçfl∫ DNA ~ÓÇ Ó˚ y •z ˆ Ï Ó yˆÏ ç yÙ ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ï˛y•z
Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
5.2.5 (V) ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ (Plastidä
≤’y!fiê˛í˛ ¢%ô%Ùye í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤’y!fiê˛í˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ˆÜ ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yfiê˛ åÓ˚.#l ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ä ~ÓÇ
!°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yfiê˛ å§yòy Óy Óî≈•#l ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ä– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yˆÏfiê˛
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛° Ó˚Oܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yfiê˛ ÓˆÏ°– ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ ≤’yˆÏfiê˛
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° SÈyí˛¸yG !Ó!˲ߨ •°%ò G Ü˛Ù°y Ó˚Oܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yfiê˛ •° ˆ§•z §Ü˛° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÎyˆÏï˛
fiê˛yã≈˛ 刟ªï˛§yÓ˚äñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l òyly §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §Çàë˛l Ùƒy!ê˛∆: Óy ôyˆÏe
åStromaä !l!•ï˛ x§ÇრxyÓÓ˚î# hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛l Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚– Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛yܲl!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚G !lçfl∫ DNA ~ÓÇ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ xyˆÏSÈ–
5.2.5 (vi) ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚ (vacuoles)
˲ƒyÜ%˛G° Óy ˆÜ˛y¢ à•¥Ó˚ •° ܲ!ë˛l Óy ï˛Ó˚° Ó› §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚#
Ì!°– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˲ƒyÜ%˛G°à%ˆ° Ï y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ
í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲ƒyÜ%˛G° ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˲ƒyÜ%˛G°!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ 50–90%
fiÌyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ
í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲ƒyÜ%˛G°à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢Ó˚§ åcell sapä myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Ó˚§fl≥˛#ï ܲˆÏÓ˚˛ G ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ~Ùl x§Çრӛ
˲ƒyÜ%˛G°ÈüÈ~ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈxƒyÙy•zˆÏly
xƒy!§í˛ñ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yñ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜çÓ x¡‘ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l– xƒy!ÙÓyÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛ áyòƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ à•¥ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ë˛ƒyÜ%˛G°
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ˛ Îy ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ç° G Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
≤Ã
x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîG à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1. xyÙÓ˚y xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%Ó˚
lyÙ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ÓÇ¢à!ï˛
ÈüÈÓ› xyˆÏSÈ⁄
2. !ܲS%È ˆË˛Ôï˛ Óy Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Î!ò
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Çàë˛l ôÁǧ≤ÃyÆ •Î˚
ï˛ál ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
3. °y•zˆÏ§yˆÏçyÙˆÏܲ xydâyï˛# Ì!° ӈϰ ˆÜ˛l⁄
4. ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛
•Î˚⁄
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# G ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛
§Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ àë˛l °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
§ÙÌ≈ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àyë˛!lܲ §Çàë˛l
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ Ÿª§lñ ˛õ%!T˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
x˛õ§yÓ˚î xÌÓy lï%˛l ˆ≤Ãy!Ïê˛l §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç §¡õyòl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛y¢ •° §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àë˛làï˛ ~ܲܲ– ~!ê˛
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ ~ܲܲG ÓˆÏê˛–
ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl (Cell Division)
§ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒñ ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛lñ Ù,ï˛ G xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ
ˆÜ˛y¢ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ çlˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
àƒyˆÏÙê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ lï%˛l
ˆÜ˛y¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl
≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ ~ÓÇ !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§–
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÜ˛y¢ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚
çlƒ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùy•zˆêÏ ˛y!§§ ӈϰ– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲy¢ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ §ÙôÙ≈# x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
å!ã˛e 5.7ä– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy
65
 !ã˛e 5.7 Ùy•zˆÏê˛y!§§ !ã˛e 5.8 !ÙˆÏÎ˚y!§§

Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ùyl •Î˚– ~!ê˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛
~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ «˛ï˛ §yÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• çll xˆÏAàÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• Óy ܲ°y
!Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ çll ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
x˛õï˛ƒ ç#Ó §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Óy ܲ°y ~ܲ!ê˛
!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ò%•zÓyÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚– ~•z !Ó˲yçl
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ӈϰ– Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !ÙˆÏÎy˚ !§§ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
!Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– lï%˛l x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ Ùyï,˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ §ÇáƒÜ˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛l x˛õï˛ƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢
ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ §Çáƒy •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ùyï,˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
= ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àë˛làï˛ ~ܲܲ •° ˆÜ˛y¢È–
= ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !°!˛õí˛ G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y Óy ≤’yçÙy ˛õò≈y myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
= ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ xÇ¢– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛° G Ó!•/˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆ§°%ˆ°
Ï yç
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
= ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ•z í˛z!qòñ SÈeyܲ G Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¢ °â%§yÓ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ
!Óò#î≈ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ !mÈüÈ˛õò≈y !Ó!¢T˛ xyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˜ç!Óܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ã˛ˆÏ°–
= ~ˆÏu˛y≤’yçÙ#Î˚ çy°Ü˛ xhs˝ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ˛õÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ïî ˆ«˛e !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= à°!àÓ› ›˛õyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ Ì!°Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~Ó˚ ܲyç •° áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚yñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l G ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛çyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏî åPackagingä
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚y–
= ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà í˛z!qòˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤’y!fiê˛í˛
ӈϰ– ≤’y!fiê˛í˛ ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yfiê˛ ~ÓÇ !°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yfiê˛–
= ˆÎ §Ü˛° ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙy≤’yˆÏfiê˛ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y âê˛yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
66 !ÓK˛yl
 = !°í˛zˆÏܲy≤’yˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ܲyç •° áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚y–
= ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ í˛z!qò ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚§fl≥˛#!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ §• !Ó!˲ߨ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ó›Ó˚ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏÙyˆÏçyÙ ¢%ô%Ùye
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ¢%ô%Ùye á%Ó•z
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚y•zˆÏÓyˆÏçyÙ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
= ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒñ Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ çll ˆÜ˛y¢ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ•
ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚⁄
3– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y !SȈÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏ° Óy ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄
4– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ à°!à Ó› ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
5– ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî%ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ¢!=˛âÓ˚ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
6– ˆÜ˛y¢˛õò≈y àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !°!˛õí˛ G ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚⁄
7– xƒy!ÙÓy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
8– x!˲flÀÓî ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄
9– x!˲flÀÓî §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÈüüüÈ
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆáy§y SÈyí˛¸yˆÏly xy°%Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y lyG– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ï%˛ˆÏ°
lyG ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l ܲyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •Î˚˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xy°%Ó˚ ܲy˛õ !§Âô xy°%Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ál ܲy˛õÈüȧò,¢ xy°%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ á[˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ ò#â≈ ˆáy°y
ÓyˆÏ: åtroughä Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~álÈüüüÈ
åܲä ܲy˛õ A !ê˛ˆÏܲ áy!° ܲˆÏÓ˚y
åáä ܲy˛õ B ˆï˛ ~ܲ ã˛yÙã˛ !ã˛!l òyG
åàä ܲy˛õ C ˆï˛ ~ܲ ã˛yÙã˛ °Óî òyG
åâä !§Âô xy°% ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲy˛õ D ˆï˛ ~ܲ ã˛yÙã˛ !ã˛!l òyG–
~ÓyÓ˚ ~•z ç°˛õ)î≈ ˆáy°y ÓyˆÏ: ܲy˛õà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ò%•z â^˝ê˛y ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ òyG– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xy°%Ó˚ ܲy˛õ à%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
(i) ܲy˛õ B ~ÓÇ Ü˛y˛õ C ~Ó˚ áy!° xLjϢ ç° ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
(ii) ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲy˛õ A ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
(iii) ܲy˛õ A ~ÓÇ Ü˛y˛õ D ~Ó˚ áy!° xLjϢ ç° çÙ° ly ˆÜ˛l ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ «˛Î˚˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl⁄ àƒyˆÏÙê˛
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl âˆÏê˛⁄

ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ 67

xôƒyÎ˚ 6
xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈñ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢•z
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÓÏ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòyÓ˚•î •°
xƒy!ÙÓy– ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ˆÜ˛y¢ !òˆÏÎ˚•z xƒy!ÙÓyñ áyòƒ@˝Ã•îñ ã˛°lñ
àƒy§#Î˚ !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲyÎ≈ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ÓˆÏò• ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÜ˛y¢•z !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈ §¡õyòl Óy !l!ò≈T˛
!ܲS%È Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ myÓ˚y §¡õߨ •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚y ˙ ܲyç!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲy¢à%ˆ° Ï y
§ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G !¢!Ì° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ã˛°l âê˛yÎ˚ñ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÏܲy¢ fl¨yÎ˚!Óܲ
Óyï≈˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ x!:ˆÏçlñ
áyòƒñ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl ~ÓÇ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• §ÇÓ•l ܲ°yñ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
~ܲ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ áyòƒÓ˚§ G ç° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢# ç#ˆÏÓ ˛◊Ù!Ó˲yçl ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ!£ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲˆÏe
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xÌ≈yÍ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !lˆÏÎy˚ !çï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈñ xÌ≈yÍ
ܲ°yñ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §!Iï˛ •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ω˛yÓƒ
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ò«˛ï˛yÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ
Ó˚=˛ñ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç
§¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲà%FSÈ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.1 í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# !ܲ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛⁄
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÜ – í˛z!qò G
≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆò•àë˛l !ܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z !ܲ ~ܲ•z
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ܲ°y
TISSUES
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qòÓ˚y
!lŸã˛° xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏl !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚y àÙˆÏl x«˛Ù–
~
‰ ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§yçy Óy áyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰñ ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî
˲yÓ˚Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ܲ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˲yÓ˚Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y áyòƒñ §Aà# ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §rôyˆÏl
~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl ã˛°yã˛° ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
ܲ°yÈüÈ•z §ç#Ó–
í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qˆÏò Ó,!Âô
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È xLjϢ §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ï˛y
lÎ˚– í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• !ܲS%È Ü˛°yÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl §yÓ˚y ç#Ól ôˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°•z
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qò ܲ°yˆÏܲ
ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈÓô≈l¢#° ܲ°y Óy ˲yçܲ ܲ°y
~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y– ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!Âô xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢
§yÙO§ƒ˛õ) î ≈ •Î˚ – §% ï ˛Ó˚ y Ç ≤Ãyî#ˆÏ ò ˆÏ • !Ó˲yçl¢#° G
x!Ó˲yçl¢#° ~•z ò%!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §#ÙyˆÏÓá˚ y
ê˛yly ÎyÎ˚ ly–
í˛zßï¨ ˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ í˛zßï¨ ˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• xAà ~ÓÇ xAàï˛sfàˆ% ° Ï y
àë˛làï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ܲÙ≈ˆÏ˛õyˆÏÎyà# ~ÓÇ §%!ÓlƒhflÏ
•Î˚– ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ò%•z Ù%რç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ åí˛z!qò ˆày¤˛#
~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏày¤˛#ä !Ó!˲ߨ ç#Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ G áyòƒyÏ˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl
~ܲ•zfiÌyˆÏl !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z!qò xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ù!l §!ܲÎ˚
àÙˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãyî# !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˲yˆÏÓ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ xAàï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlG ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ ~•z ç!ê˛° àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ál˛ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ°y §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy
!lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓÏ̊Ó–
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı = ~•z §yÓ˚!î˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
òyG ı
1É Ü˛°y ܲ#⁄ 1– ò%!ê˛ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)° xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ò#â≈
2É Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲ#⁄ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
2– Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G !ܲ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó,!Âô xÓƒy•ï˛ !SÈ°⁄
6É2 í˛z!qò ܲ°y åPlant Tissuesä 3– !mï˛#Î˚ çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yà ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
6É2É1 ˲yçܲ ܲ°y åMeristmatic Tissueä ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô Órô •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°•z âˆÏê˛–
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢%ô%Ùye ˙ §Ó xM˛ˆÏ°•z !Ó˲yçl«˛Ù
˲yçܲ ܲ°y §#ÙyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ – í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ܲ°yˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ x@˝ÃfiÌñ ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ ~ÓÇ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y å!ã˛e
6.2 ˆòˆÏáyä– Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ §,T˛ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yçܲ
ܲ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z •Î˚– !ܲv Ó,!Âô G ˛õ)î≈ï˛y ˛≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y•z !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
xlƒylƒ ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y
çyÓ˚ÈüÈ 1 çyÓ˚ÈüÈ 2

!ãeı 6.1 ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ܲˆÏ® Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!Âô

!lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y
ܲyçÈ 6.1
= ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ çyÓ˚ lyG ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y ç°˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
= ~ál ò%!ê˛ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yç ܲ® !lˆÏÎ˚ !ãe 6.1 ÈüÈ~ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õÑÎ˚yçˆÏܲ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ù%ˆÏá Ó§yG–
= í˛z˲Î˚ ˛ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏç Ù)ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ Ó,!Âô !ܲS%È!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
= ≤ÃÌÙñ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~•z !ï˛l !òl Ù)ˆ° Ï Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y
= ~ÓyÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ !òˆÏlñ !mï˛#Î˚ çyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ˆ˛õÑÎy˚ ˆÏçÓ˚ x@˝ÃyÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤ÃyÎ˚ 1 ˆ§!rê˛!Ùê˛yÓ˚ xÇ¢ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ lyG– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ çyˆÏÓ˚
Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ˛˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xyÓ˚G ˛õÑyã˛!òl !ã˛e 6.2 ı í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl
ôˆÏÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ïòâ≈ƒ õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy– x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ܲy[˛ G Ù)ˆ° Ï Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏà xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚
˜òâ≈ƒ !òl 1 !òl 2 !òl 3 !òl 4 !òl 5 ~ÓÇ Ü˛y[˛ G Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ˛õyŸª≈fiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚
çyÓ˚ 1 åܲƒy!¡∫Î˚yÙä !ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ܲy[˛ G Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âˆÏê˛– !ܲS%È
çyÓ˚ 2 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓÓ≈ ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ !lˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ˲yçܲ ܲ°y xÓfiÌyl
ܲˆÏÓ–˚
ܲ°y 69
˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z §!ܲÎ˚ñ âl §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ Î%=˛ñ 3– xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛l ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~•z Ê˛y!°!ê˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyï˛°y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ §%flõT˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Î%=˛ •Î˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
=~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚G ˆFSÈò ܲyê˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚!Ó•#l– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyu˛ G Ù)ˆ° Ï Ó˚
~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚ !Ó•#l •Î˚⁄ åÚˆÜ˛y¢Û xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆFSÈò ܲyê˛yÓ˚G ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ï%˛!Ù !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆçˆÏlSÈ–ä 6.2.2 (i) §Ó˚° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y (Simple Permanent Tissue)
6.2.2 fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y (Permanent Tissue) §ôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚•z •° §Ó˚°
fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y– §Ó˚°fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
~ÓyÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲñ ˲yçܲ ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ܲ°y– ~•z ܲ°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ñ ˛õyï˛°y
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚–
!Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ ~Ó˚y fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚lï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚# xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ xyܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yç ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ê˛Ñyܲy fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y xç≈ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏ Ü ˛ !ÓˆÏ Ë ˛!òܲÓ˚ î ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌylà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyl Óy ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ Ó˚rô ӈϰ–
ådifferentiationä ӈϰ– !ÓˆÏ˲!òܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !Ó!˲ߨ å!ã˛e 6.4 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z §Ó ܲ°y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°y ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° !Ó!¢T˛ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
!ܲí˛z!ê˛Ü˛°
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy

ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù

çy•zˆÏ°Ù
ly!°Ü˛y Óy![˛°

!ã˛eı 6.3 ı ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆSÈò

ܲyçÈü 6.2
=~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!qòÈüÈܲy[˛ lyG ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛yÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ˆÓœˆÏí˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ á%Ó
˛õyï˛°y Ê˛y!° (Section) ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyG–
=~ál Ê˛y!°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ƒyÊ˛y!ll Ó˚OˆÏܲ Ó˚!Oï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛
!l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yê˛y Ê˛y!°ˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ fl‘y•zˆíÏ ˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ ˆÊÑ˛yê˛y !@’§y!Ó˚l òyG–
=fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Ê˛y!°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ˲yÓ˚ !fl‘˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛y˛õy˛ òyG
~ÓÇ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
=!ã˛e ı 6.3 ~Ó˚ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
=~ál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ ≤ß¿§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
1– §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z !ܲ àë˛làï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ⁄
2– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
70
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy ӈϰ– ç°ç
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓyÎ˚%à•¥Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛
˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy ܲ°y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ çˆÏ° ˲y§ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ~ˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy •° x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ fiÌyÎ˚#ܲ°y Îy í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ~!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ
åˆÎÙl xyܲ£Ï≈ ~ÓÇ °ï˛yˆÏly í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲy[˛ä˛ ly ˆË˛ˆÏ. !àˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
ÙˆÏï˛y ÓÑyܲyˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲ°y í˛z!qòˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛yG
≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õeÓ,ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ܲ°y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §ç#Óñ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ x§Ù˲yˆÏÓ fiÌ)° ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z x§Ù fiÌ)°#ܲÓ˚î §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yî ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
âˆÏê˛– ~•z ܲ°yÎ˚ á%Ó•z §Ç!«˛Æ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ å!ã˛e
6.4 á ˆòˆÏáyä–
!ÓK˛yl
 xyhsı˝ˆÏܲy¢#Î˚ fiÌyl
≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ fiÌ)°#ܲÓ˚î
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
ˆÜ˛y¢à•¥Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
ܲ á à (i)
!ã˛e 6.4 ı !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚° ܲ°y ı Ü˛ä ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy åáä ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy åàä ˆflÒˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy (i) ≤ÃfïÏFSÈò (ii) °¡∫ˆÏFSÈò
ˆflÒˆÓÏ l˚ ܲy•zÙy •° xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y– ~•z ܲ°y í˛z!qòˆÏܲ
xlÙl#Î˚ G ò,ì˛¸ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y lyÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ
!SÈÑÓí˛¸y ˆò!áñ ï˛y ~•z ܲ°y myÓ˚y•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
Ù,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢– !°à!lˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ÙyˆÏV˛
ÙyˆÏV˛ fiÌ)° •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ G §Ó˚% ˆòáyÎ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z ˛fiÌ)° •Î˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÊÑ˛yܲy fiÌyl ÌyˆÏܲ ly– å!ã˛e 6.4 à ˆòˆÏáyä ~•z §Ó ܲ°y
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓñ˚ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y í˛z˛õ!¢Ó˚yÎ˚
~ÓÇ Ó#ç G ÓyòyˆÏÙÓ˚ ¢=˛ xyÓÓ˚î#ˆÏï˛ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò
xAà à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ˛ ò,ì˛¸ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyçÈ 6.3
= !Ó˚G í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ §òƒ !SÈшÏí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§y–
= ˛õyï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ê˛yl ê˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ !SÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏÏ°y–
= ˆSÈÑí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õyï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó xy°ˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ê˛yl
ê˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyˆÏï˛ ˙ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢ ˆSÈí˛¸y
fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
= cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ ˛õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ç°˛õ)î≈ ˆ˛õ!ê˛∆!í˛ˆÏ§ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
= ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲˆÏÊ˛Ñyê˛y §ƒyÊ˛y!ll Ó˚Oܲ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
= ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lê˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˙ ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!ê˛∆!í˛§
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
= ˛õyï˛°y xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ •y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ë˛yÓ˚!fl‘˛õ ã˛y˛õy
òyG–
= ~ÓyÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ï%˛!Ù xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyï˛°y xLjϢÓ˚
§Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛•z
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§‰ Óy Ó!•/cܲ– x!ï˛ ¢%‹Ò ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !ܲS%È
!ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çˆÏ°Ó˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/cܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˛õ%Ó˚% •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ܲ°y
fiÌ)° !°à!llÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
§Ó%̊ à•¥Ó˚
!°à!llÎ%=˛ ˛õ%Ó˚%
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
à (ii)
Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢
õeÓ˚rô
ÏÓ!•ıcܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢
ÏÓ˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢
åܲä åáä
!ã˛e 6.5 ı Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢ ~ÓÇ Ó!•ıcܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ åÜ˛ä ˛õyŸª#≈Î˚ ò,¢ƒ
åáä ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ò,¢ƒ–
§Ù@˝Ã ˆò•ï˛°!ê˛ ˆÎ xyÓÓ˚î# myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ•z
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ӈϰ– ~!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚Ó#Î˚ xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÙyÙ çyï˛#Î˚ ç° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ !l/
§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛ç° !lˆÏÓ˚yôܲ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚
x˛õã˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ xyâyï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#
SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
~•z Ó!•/cܲ í˛z!qòˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z Ó!•/
cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyl !Ó•#l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ
hflÏÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢•z
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛ƒy≤Wzy •Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyŸª#≈Î˚
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% •Î˚–
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyˆÏl x§ÇრˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !So ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z §Ó !SÈoˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚
˛õeÓ˚rô– å!ã˛e 6.5 ܲ ˆòˆÏáyä– ˛õeÓ˚rô˛ Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛
ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ!T˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛#ˆÏܲy¢ Óy ≤ÕÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢
åGuard cellä ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àƒy§#Î˚
xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏl §!ܲÎ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l
åç°#Î˚Óy‹õ !•§yˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !là≈Ùîä ˛õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ âˆÏê˛–
71
 ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓy˚ §yˆÏ°yܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ àƒy§!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
•Î˚–
í˛z!qˆÏò Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ# ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ç° ˆ¢y£ÏˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó!•/cܲ#Î˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ °¡∫y ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲï˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°y xÇ¢ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y
Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆ¢y£Ïîï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ΈÏÌT˛ Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚– ÙÓ˚% xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È !ܲS%È í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yà !ܲí˛z!ê˛l
åç° ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô# Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ä lyÙܲ ˆÙyÙ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
˛õ%Ó%̊ xyÓÓ˚ˆÏî xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– å~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È
˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,ˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyÓ˚ Ó!•/cܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó%̊î ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚
Ó!•/cˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÙ)°Ü˛
ܲ°y !ܲS%ê˛yÈ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲˆÏê≈˛ˆÏ: í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ~Ü˛Ê˛y!° ˆàÔî
˲yçܲ ܲ°y !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ ˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
ܲÜ≈˛ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y Ù,ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛y¢yhs˝Ó˚ fiÌyl!Ó•#l
G âl§!ߨ!ÓT˛ ˲yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚ §%ˆÏÓ!Ó˚lG ÌyˆÏܲñ
ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àƒy§ G ç°ÈüÈxˆÏ˲òƒ–
ܲÜ≈˛ˆÏܲy¢ !Óòy!Ó˚ï ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§‰
!ã˛e 6.3ÈüÈˆï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆSÈÈò!ê˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ly!°Ü˛y
Óy!u˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄
çy•zˆÏ°Ù ܲ°yñ ê˛∆ƒy!ܲí˛ñ çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛yñ çy•zˆÏ°Ù
˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lÈüÈܲy•zÙy å!ã˛e 6.7 ܲñ áñ à ˆòˆÏáyä ~ÓÇ çy•zˆÏ°Ù ï˛v
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ê˛∆y!Ü˛í˛ ~ÓÇ çy•zˆ° Ï Ù Óy!•Ü˛y ˛õ%Ó%˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆÜ˛y¢•z
Ù,ï˛ˆÏܲyˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ê˛∆ƒy!Ü˛í˛ ~ÓÇ çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛y l°yܲyÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ç° G á!lç °ÓˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zô≈Ù%á# ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î Óy í˛z͈ÏflÀyˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°y áyòƒ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
çy•zˆÏ°Ù ï˛v í˛z!qï˛ˆÏܲ Ù%áƒï Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°y ˛õÑyã˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~Ó˚y •°
!§Ë˛ˆÏܲy¢ñ !§Ë˛l°ñ §Aà#ˆÏܲy¢ñ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ùï˛v ~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù
˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy– å!ã˛e 6.7 ˆòˆÏáyä– !§Ë˛l° !SÈoÎ%=˛ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛
l°yܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ ˛Ü˛°y õyï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ
áyòƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ï˛v SÈyí˛¸y §Ó ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˆÜ˛y¢•z
§ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢–
!lí˛!z Üœ˛Îy˚ §

Ü)˛˛õ

Ü)˛˛õ
§Ù)• §y•zˆêÏ ˛y≤’yçÙ

!ã˛eı 6.6 ≤Ã!ï˛Ó˚«˛yÙ)°Ü˛ ܲ°y

áä çy•zˆÏ°Ù Óy!•Ü˛y àä çy•zˆÏ°Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
6.2.2 (ii) ç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y (Complex Permanent Tissue) ܲä ê˛∆ƒy!ܲí˛
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙÓ˚y Îï˛ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲ°y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ
~Ó˚y §Óà%ˆÏ°y•z xy°yòy xy°yòy ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ !§Ë˛ˆÏ≤’ê˛
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó˚° !§Ë˛ l°
fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y ӈϰ– x˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y
•ˆÏ°ÈüüüÈç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y– ç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yà%ˆ°Ï y xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)• !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
§Ùß∫Î˚ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ çy•zˆ° Ï Ù §Aà#ˆÏܲy¢
~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎÙ˚ •° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç!ê˛° ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~Ó˚y í˛z˲Î˚•z
ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛° àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ•l ܲ°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚
§ÇÓ•l ܲ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ç!ê˛° àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÜ˛yl ç!ê˛° àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ í˛z!qò åâä ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ë˛l
fiÌ°ç ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ã˛eı 6.7 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° ܲ°y
72 !ÓK˛yl
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı Ÿªy§Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl @˝Ã•î
1É !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Ó˚° ܲ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ܲ!Ó˚– à,•#ï˛ ~•z x!:ˆÏçl ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ~•z x!:ˆÏçl Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§
2É í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• x@˝ÃfiÌ Ë˛yçܲ ܲ°y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
ÎyÎ˚⁄ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ x!:ˆÏçl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏà
3É ˆÜ˛yl‰ ܲ°y lyÓ˚ˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ !SÈÓí˛¸y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ùy•zˆÏê˛yܲl‰!í»˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈñ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
4É ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛°yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyl à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ܲ# •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚=˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛
6.3 ≤Ãyî# ܲ°yı (Animal Tissue) •Î˚– ˆÎÙlñ Ó˚=˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y Îál Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°y•z ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó«˛ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óç≈ƒ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ˆò•yÇ¢à%ˆ°
Ï y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y !l‹Òy¢ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÜ,˛Í G Ó,ˆÏE˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ ~Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È Ó˚=˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢ í˛z˲Î˚ ܲ°yÈüÈ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛È–
~Ó˚y•z ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲy¢– ~•z §Ó ˆÜ˛y¢ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyî# ܲ°yÓ˚
!¢!Ì° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ã˛°l âê˛yÎ˚– ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÎÙlñ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yñ ˆÎyà ܲ°yñ ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y
~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y– Ó˚=˛ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y – ˆ˛õ!¢ ï˛và%ˆÏ°y
ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
6.3.1 xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y (Epithelial Tissue)
˛õyܲfiÌ°#
≤Ãyî#ˆÏò• xyFSÈyòlܲyÓ˚# xÌÓy §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ܲ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y
•Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y– ~•z ܲ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAà ~ÓÇ
xAàï˛sfˆÏܲ xyÓ,ï˛ Óy xyFSÈy!òï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z ܲ°y•z
xyhs˝Ó˚Îsfà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ܲ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ cܲñ Ù%áà•¥Ó˚ G Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝ıxyÓÓ˚î#ñ
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!° ~ÓÇ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÈüüüÈ~Ó˚y §Ó•z xyÓÓ˚î#
ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y âl §!ߨ!ÓT˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó!FSÈߨ xyÓÓ˚î# hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
á%Ó §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ åCementing materialä
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyhs˝/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ fiÌyl ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆl•z Ó°ˆÏ°•z ã˛ˆÏ°–
fl∫˲yÓï˛•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ȈÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ì%˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° Óy ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ xhs˝ï˛ı ~ܲ!ê˛
hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛•ˆÏÓ– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyòylÈüÈ≤Ãòyl
!lÎ˚sfˆÏî à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ó xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÈüÈ•z
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ï˛vÙÎ˚ Ó!•/ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ !˲!_˛õò≈y myÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÓÏ !˚ ê˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ å!ãe 6.9
Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ ï˛v ˆòˆÏáyä !˲ߨ !˲ߨ àë˛l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Î%=˛ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛Óy• ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ì!°Ó˚
Ù§,îˆÏ˛õ!¢ ï˛v xyÓÓ˚î# àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ xyÓÓ˚î# ÌyˆÏܲÈó ˆÎ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÈÏ˲òܲ ˆË˛òƒ˛õò≈yÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xyÓÓ˚î#ܲ°yˆÏܲ §Ó˚°
!ã˛e 6.8 ı ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛v §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl
xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y åsquamus epithelliumä ӈϰ–
ܲ°y 73
•zLjÏÓ˚!çˆÏï˛ squama ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏ°y scale of skin
xÌ≈yÍ cˆÏܲÓ˚ xÑy•z¢– §Ó˚° xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ á%Ó•z
Ü˛ä ¢ÕÒyܲyÓ˚ Óy xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
áä hflÏÓ˚#Ë)˛ï˛ ¢ÕÒyܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
àä âlܲyܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
âä hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ å!§!°Î˚y Î%=˛ä xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
!ã˛eı 6.9 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
74
˛õyï˛°y G ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ°‰Ü˛yhflÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
áyòƒly°# ~ÓÇ Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚G xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y
myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ ˆò•ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# cܲG
xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y myÓ˚y•z à!ë˛ï˛– cܲ#Î˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÜ˛y¢hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ §!Iï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ°yˆÏܲ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛Ó˚
•yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
§IyܲˆÏÙ hflψÏÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ §!Iï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ï˛y•z ~ˆÏܲ hflÏÓ˚#Ë)˛ï˛ xÑy•z¢yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ӈϰ–
«%˛oyˆÏsÓf ˚ xhs/ıxyÓÓ˚î#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÎ§Ó xLjϢ ˆ¢y£Ïî
~ÓÇ «˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛ñ ˆ§•z§Ó xLjϢÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
°¡∫yˆÏê˛ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yˆÏܲ hflΩÏ ˛yܲyÓ˚ åPiller Likeä
xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y ӈϰ– ~•z ܲ°y xyÓÓ˚î# ÓƒÓôyÎ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ ã˛°yã˛ˆÏ° §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ÿªy§ly°#ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y !§!°Î˚yÎ%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z !§!°Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y •°
xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó!•≈˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õÓ,!Âô–
~•z !§!°Î˚y à%ˆÏ°y ã˛°ˆÏl §«˛Ù ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
Ÿªy§ly°#!fiÌï˛ ˆŸ’‹øy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !là≈ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xyÓÓ˚ î # ܲ°yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÓ˚ y Ù¢ xyÓÓ˚ î # ܲ°y åCiliated
Epithelliumä ӈϰ–
âlܲyܲyÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y åâlܲyÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛y¢Î%=˛ä Ó,E˛#Î˚
ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# G °y°y@˝Ã!rÌ ly°#Ó˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xyÓ˚G !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ @˝Ã!r̈Ïܲy¢ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z
@˝Ã!r̈Ïܲy¢à%ˆ° Ï y xyÓÓ˚î#ÈüÈï˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyÌ≈ «˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
ܲálG ܲálG xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È˛ xÇ¢ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ËÑ˛yç
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# @˝Ã!rÌ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏܲ @˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#
ܲ°y ӈϰ–
6.3.2 ˆÎyàܲ°y (Connective Tissue)
Ó˚=˛ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y– ~ˆÏܲ ˆÎyàܲ°y ӈϰ ˆÜ˛l⁄
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ¢%Óˆ%˚ ïÏ ˛•z ~ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
~ál ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%Èê˛y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
çylˆÏÓy– ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y !¢!Ì°Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ
xyhs˝ıˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ ôyˆÏe !l!•ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ å!ã˛e 6.10 ˆòˆÏáyä– ~•z ôye
ˆç!° çyï˛#Î˚ Óy ï˛Ó˚°ñ âl xÌÓy ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ôyˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚–
ܲyçÈüüüÈ 6.4
= ~ܲ!ê˛ fl‘y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏÊÑ˛yê˛y Ó˚=˛ lyG ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ°
Ï y xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
!ÓK˛yl
 §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ
Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚° ôyeˆÏܲ ≤’yçÙy ӈϰ– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
ܲ!îܲy (RBCsä ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚ = ˛Ü˛!îܲy (WBCä ~ÓÇ
xl%ã˛!ܲܲyåPlateletsä ˲y§Ùyl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó˚=˛Ó˚§ Óy
!lí˛zˆÏê˛∆y!Ê˛° •zí˛z!§ˆÏly!Ê˛° ˆÏӈϧy!Ê˛°
!Ó!˲ߨôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆŸªï˛ Ó˚=˛Ü˛!îܲy åÓ•%!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ≤’yçÙyÎ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ á!lç °Óî ~ÓÇ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl
åWhite Blood Corpusclesä Î%=˛ !°í˛zˆÏܲy§y•zê˛ä
Ó˚=˛ àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ñ ˛õy!ã˛ï˛ áyòƒñ •Ó˚ˆÙÏ yl ~ÓÇ Óç≈ƒ˛õòyÌ≈ §Ù)•ˆÏܲ
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x!fiÌ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y– ~!ê˛ ˆò•Ü˛yÏë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
!°ˆÏ¡≥˛y§y•zê˛ ÙˆÏly§y•zê˛ xl%ã˛!ܲܲy ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆò•ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
(a)
•ˆÏÎ˚ x!fiÌ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ù%რxAà§Ù)•ˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚
•ƒy˲yÓ˚!¢Î˚yl ly!°
åÓ˚=˛Óy• G fl¨yÎ˚%ï˛v §Ù!ß∫ï˛ä ~!ê˛ ò,ì˛¸ ~ÓÇ xlÙl#Î˚ ܲ°y– åx!fiÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
ܲˆÏu»˛y§y•zê˛
§Ó ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !ܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ä– x!fiÌ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
•yÎ˚y!°l ôye
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ ˆÎÔà myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ܲ!ë˛l ôyˆÏe !l!•ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
ò%•!z ê˛ x!fiÌ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ xlƒ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y
ܲƒyly!°Ü%˛ƒ!° (c)
myÓ˚y Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ~ˆÏܲ !°àyˆÏÙrê˛ ÓˆÏ°– ~•z ˆÎyàܲ°y!ê˛ á%Ó•z
åx!fïÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó˚% xÇ¢ Óy G!fiêG§y•zê˛ä
(contains slender process
ÙçÓ%ï˛ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%Èê˛y lÙl#Î˚ •Î˚– !°àyˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyˆÏeÓ˚
(b) of bone cell or osteocyte) ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!fïÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ x!fiÌÓ˚
ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲy
(Red blood §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆê˛u˛l •° x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y Îy
corpuscle)
çy°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ï˛v
x!fïÏܲ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏá– ˆê˛u˛l ÙçÓ%ï˛ G §#!Ùï˛
Ê˛y•zˆÏÓ yÓœyfiê˛
lÙl#Î˚ï˛y §¡õߨ ï˛vÙÎ˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y–
x˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆÎyàܲ°y •° ï˛Ó˚î% y!fiÌñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%!°
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y ò)Ó˚c ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚
ܲ!ë˛l ôye ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ï˛Ó˚î% y!fiÌ x!fi̧!rôˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!fiÌÓ˚ ï˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ù§,î Ó˚yˆÏá– lyܲñ ܲylñ
ÙƒyˆÏÜ ˛yÊ˛yç Ÿªy§ly°# G fl∫Ó˚ΈÏsfG ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl– xyÙÓ˚y ܲyˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛Ó˚%îy!fïÏܲ ËÑ˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !ܲv˛ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!fïÏܲ ÓÑyܲyˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏçl ï˛v ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáyñ ~•z ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲ°y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
Ùyfiê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢
(d)
≤’yçÙyˆÜ˛y¢
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy⁄
ˆfl¨• !Ó®%
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°yÈ Ècܲ G ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Ó˚=˛Óy• G fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲ
!âˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!fiÌ ÙIyÎ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ xAàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ ÊÑ˛yܲyfiÌyl ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ñ x˲ƒhs˝Ó#˚ î xAàà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yˆÏܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÙÓ˚yÙ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ–˚
çyl !ܲñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAààˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙôƒÓï˛#≈fiÌyˆÏlñ ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# xƒy!í˛ˆÏ˛õyç ܲ°y Óy
ˆÙòܲ°y xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ §M˛Î˚
xƒy!í˛ˆÏ˛õy§y•zê˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá– xyÓ˚ ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ ï˛y˛õ !lˆÏÓ˚yôܲ
(e)
ܲ°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛eı 6.10 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°y åܲä !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 6.3.3 ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y (Muscular Tissue)
Ó˚=˛ˆÏܲy¢ åܲä ò,ì˛¸ÈüÈx!fiÌ åàä •yÎ˚y°y•zl ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ åâä !¢!Ì° ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏFSÈÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
ˆÎyàܲ°y å.ä ˆÙòܲ°y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ï˛v ӈϰ– ~•z ܲ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚
ܲ°y 75
çlƒ òyÎ˚#– ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏܲyã˛l¢#° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l lyˆÏÙñ ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˙!FSÜ˛È ˆ˛õ!¢ ӈϰ [!ã˛e 6.11 åÜ˛ä ˆòˆÏáy]– ~•z
!ӈϢ£ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G !¢!Ì° •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!fiÌÈüÈÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚!Oï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
˛õÓ˚ xî%Ó#«˛î ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲÓ˚ˆ°Ï ~ˆÏï˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ
ˆÓ˚áyAܲl §Ù)•
˲yˆÏÓ •y°‰Ü˛y G àyì˛¸ Óƒyu˛ xÌÓy ˆÓ˚áyAܲl ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ Ó°y •Î˚– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y
ò#â≈ñ l°yܲyÓ˚ñ ¢yáy!Ó•#l ~ÓÇ Ó•% !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ •Î˚–
åܲä áyòƒly°#ˆÏï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛°l xÌÓy Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ˆÏAܲyã˛l˛ G
!¢!Ì° •GÎ˚yÓ˚ âê˛ly •° x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– ~•z
ˆÓÙ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ó ã˛°l ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈÙï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ÈüȧM˛y°l ¢%Ó˚%
Óy Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly [!ã˛e 6.11 åáä ˆòˆÏáy]– Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ Óy
x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛°lˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ
ˆ˛õ!¢ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáÓ˚ ܲl#!lܲyñ Ù)ely°# ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÜœ˛yÙ¢yáyˆÏï˛G ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ §Ù)• °¡∫yñ SÈã%Ñ ˛yˆÏ°y
≤Ãyhs˝Î=% ˛ åÙyÜ%˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ä ~ÓÇ ~ܲܲ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢G ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•zÓ˚)˛õ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
•,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ §Ù)• SÈy!®Ü˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §AÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ G !¢!Ì° •Î˚
åáä
[!ã˛e 6.11 åàä ˆòˆÏáy]– ~•z§Ó x˜Ïl!FSÈܲ ˆ˛õ!¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
•,ÍÈüȈ˛õ!¢ ӈϰ– •,ÍÈüȈ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y l°yܲyÓ˚ñ ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ~ÓÇ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ •Î˚–
ˆÓ˚áyAܲl §Ù)• ܲyçÈ 6.5
=!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°yÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ §Ù)•
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl §yÓ˚!î 6.1.3 ˆï˛ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

§yÓ˚!î 6.1
˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ Ù§,î ˆ˛õ!¢ •,òÈüȈ˛õ!¢
Óy xˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢
xyÜ,˛!ï˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §Çáƒy
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl
åàä
!ã˛e 6.11 !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vı åÜ˛ä §ˆÏÓ˚á ˆ˛õ!¢ åáä Ù§,l 6.3.4 fl¨yÎ%̊ܲ°y (Nervous Tissue)
ˆ˛õ!¢ åàä •,òÈüȈ˛õ!¢ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛y¢•z í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ §yí˛¸y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y
ˆòˆÏ• lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸y âê˛yÎ˚– Ó˚yˆÏá– ï˛ˆÏÓ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!ܲS%È ˆ˛õ!¢ åˆÎÙl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ G ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ §Ù)•ä˛ í˛zßï¨ ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl
xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ •zFSÈy G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ lyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ x!ï˛ o%ï˛ í˛zj#˛õly ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ù!hfl‹Ï Òñ §%£¡%Ï y¨ ܲy[˛˛ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ%̊
xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl lyí˛¸yˆÏly ÓrôG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù)•ÈüüüÈ~•z §Ó•z fl¨yÎ˚% ܲ°y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ܲ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
76 !ÓK˛yl
fl¨yÎ˚%ˆÏܲy¢ xÌÓy !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ӈϰ– !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yl ~ܲܲ˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
~ÓÇ §y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ !Ó!¢T˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z
ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò• ˆÌˆÏܲ °¡∫yñ §Ó%̊ ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ xÇ¢ ˆÓˆÏÓy˚ Î˚ [!ã˛e 6.12
ˆòˆÏáy]– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ò#â≈ ≤ÃÓô≈ܲ
~ÓÇ x§Çრ«%˛o «%˛o ¢yáy!ß∫ï˛ ≤ÃÓô≈ܲ ÌyˆÏܲ– ò#â≈ ≤ÃÓô≈ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ
xƒy:l ~ÓÇ «%˛o «%˛o ≤ÃÓô≈ܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆí˛lí»˛l ӈϰ– ~ܲ!ê˛
~ܲܲ fl¨yÎ%̊ˆÜÏ ˛y¢ Óy !lí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ l ~ܲ !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ °¡∫y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y fl¨yÎ˚ˆ% ÜÏ ˛y¢ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÎyàܲ°y myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl¨yÎ˚% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
fl¨yÎ%̊ï˛v myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ Óyï≈˛yˆÏܲ fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l ӈϰ– fl¨yÎ%̊flõ®l
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ •zFSÈyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– fl¨yÎ˚%
~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈àï˛ §Ùß∫Î˚ §yôl ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚•z
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôÙ≈– ~•z §Ùß∫Î˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ í˛zj#˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ o%ï˛
§yí˛¸y !òˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§

ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏò•
ˆí˛lí»˛y•zê˛

xƒy:l
xƒy:l ≤Ãyhs˝
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# ܲ°yÓ˚ lyÙ
ˆ°ˆÏáy–
2É !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl •Î˚⁄
3É •,ÍÈüȈ˛õ!¢Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
4É !¢!Ì° ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄

!ã˛eı 6.12 : !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylÈüüüÈfl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yÓ˚ ~ܲܲ

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
= àë˛làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲà%FSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°y à!ë˛ï˛–

= í˛z!qò ܲ°y ≤Ãôylï˛ ò%•z≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ı ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y–

= ˲yçܲ ܲ°y •° í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óô≈l¢#° xM˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó˲yçl«˛Ù ܲ°y–

= ˲yçܲ ܲ°y ˆÎ•z Ù%•%ˆÏï≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó˲yçl «˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛ál•z ~Ó˚y fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y §Ó˚° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°yÈ ~•z ò%•z ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛–

= ˛õƒyˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy ~ÓÇ ˆflÒˆ°

Ï ˆÏÓl˚ ܲy•zÙy •° !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ó˚° ܲ°y– çy•zˆ°
Ï Ù
~ÓÇ ˆÊœ˛yˆÏÎ˚Ù •° ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç!ê˛° fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y–

= xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yñ ˆÎyàܲ°yñ ˆ˛õ!¢Ü˛°y ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y •° !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# ܲ°y–

= xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yˆÏܲ ¢ÕÒyܲyÓ˚ñ âlܲyܲyÓ˚ñ hflÏΩ˛yܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÓ˚yÙ¢ ~ÓÇ
@˝Ã!rÌÙÎ˚ xyÓÓ˚î# ܲ°yÎ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–

ܲ°y 77
 = xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÎyàܲ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È üüüÈ !¢!Ì° ܲ°yñ ˆÙò ܲ°yñ
x!fiÌñ ˆê˛u˛lñ !°àyˆÏÙrê˛ñ ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛–

= §ˆÏÓ˚áñ xˆÏÓ˚á ~ÓÇ •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢ •° !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ ܲ°y–

= fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°y ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚ylà%ˆÏ°y˛ í˛zj#˛õly @˝Ã•î G
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚

xl%¢#°l#ı

1– ܲ°yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y ˆ°ˆÏáy–

2– çy•zˆÏ°Ù ܲ°y ܲï˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
3– í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ó˚° ܲ°y ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° ܲ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü # ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
4– ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy ~ÓÇ
ˆfl҈ϰˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙyÈüÈ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚˛) õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5– ˛ õeÓ˚ˆÏrôÓ˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
6– !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛vÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáyG–
7– •,ÍÈüȈ˛õ!¢Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
8– ˆòˆÏ• ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl G àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓá˚ ñ xˆÏÓá˚ G •,ÍˆÏ˛õ!¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
!lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9– ~ܲ!ê˛ !lí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ !ãe xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
10– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ°yà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáyı
Ü˛ä ˆÎ Ü˛°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ xhs˝ıxyÓÓ˚î# àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
áä ˆÎ Ü˛°y ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ• x!fïÏܲ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àä ˆÎ Ü˛°y í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• áyòƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
âä ˆÎ Ü˛°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ §M˛Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
.ä ï˛Ó˚° ôye §¡õߨ ˆÎyà ܲ°y–
ã˛ä Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛°y–
11– !lÏ¡¨!°!áï˛ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ü˛°y §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ §ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
cܲñ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óyܲ°ñ x!fiÌñ Ó,E˛#Î˚ ly!°Ü˛yÓ˚ xyÓÓ˚î#ñ ly!°Ü˛y Óy!u˛°–

78 !ÓK˛yl
 12– ˛õƒyˆÏÓ˚lܲy•zÙy ܲ°yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13– í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• ~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!وϧÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ#⁄
14– ܲÜ≈˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §%Ó˚«˛y ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ܲ°y !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15– !lˆÏ¡¨ ≤Ãò_ SÈܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
fiÌyÎ˚# ܲ°y

§Ó˚° ܲ°y ç!ê˛° ܲ°y

ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°lܲy•zÙy çy•zˆÏ°Ù

ܲ°y 79
xôƒyÎ˚ 7
DIVERSITY
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° §ÇáƒÜ˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲálG
ˆË˛ˆÏÓSÈ !ܲ⁄ °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ç#Ó•z xlƒ ç#Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲÙÈüȈÓ!¢ ˛õ,Ìܲ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ï%˛!Ù ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Órô%Ó˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y !ܲ ~ܲ•z⁄
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ lyܲ !ܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% lyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y⁄
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Óhfl!,Ï ï˛ !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Óhfl!Ï, ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyl⁄
ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà Óy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ÓylˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# Ó°Ó⁄ flõT˛ï˛ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆàyÓ%̊ˆÏܲ
~•z ï%˛°lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ˆÏl ˆÊ˛!°ñ ï˛ál ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛ál
˲yÓÓ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆàyÓ˚%Ó˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ÓylˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yò,¢ƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yܲ,ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢–
ܲyç È7.1
= xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!¢ ˆàyÓ˚% ~ÓÇ çy!§≈ ˆàyÓ˚%Ó˚ ܲÌy ¢%ˆÏl!SÈ–
= ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò!¢ ˆàyÓ%̊ˆÜÏ ˛ !ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!§≈ ˆàyÓ%̊Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòáˆÏï˛⁄
= §Ó ˆò!¢ ˆàyÓ˚%•z !ܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲÓ˚ܲÙ⁄
= ˆò!¢ ˆàyÓ%̊Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly çy!§≈ ˆàyÓ%̊ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
§ly=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó !ܲ⁄ åçy!§≈ ˆàyÓ˚ˆ% ÜÏ ˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆò!¢ ˆàyÓ˚Ó% ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y lÎ˚ä
= xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲ#⁄
~•z ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°Ó˚
ˆÎñ x˲#T˛ ܲƒyê˛yà!Ó˚(Categoryä ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y x!ôܲ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG !fiÌÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°yÙ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˜Ó!¢T˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x@˝Ãy•ƒ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ál ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl §Ó Ó› !lˆÏÎ˚
˲yˆÏÓy ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyî xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÙl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
Ùy•zˆÏܲy!Ùê˛yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ !Ó!¢T˛ xyî%Ó#«˛!îܲ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
IN LIVING ORGANISMS
ˆò!áñ xlƒ !òˆÏÜ ˆï˛Ù!l 30 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ƒ l#° !ï˛!Ù ~ÓÇ 100
!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ !Ó!¢T˛ ܲƒy!°ˆÏÊ˛y!l≈Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚í˛í˛zí˛ Ó,«˛ˆÏòÓ˚G
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ˆÎáyˆÏl !ܲS%È ˛õy•zl çyï˛#Î˚ Ó,«˛ •yçyÓ˚ ÓͧÓ˚
ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl Ù¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õï˛ˆÏAàÓ˚
ç#Ólܲy° Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òl– Óî≈•#l Óy xyˆÏ°yܲˆÏ˲òƒ Ü,˛!Ù å
Transparent Worm) ˆÎÙl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l í˛zIµ° ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚
˛õy!á ~ÓÇ Ê%˛°G ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
˲yÓˆÏï˛ xÓyܲ °yˆÏàñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ~ï˛ !Ó!ã˛e ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ °«˛ °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ~•z §Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xy°yòy xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z Ó,•Í §ÙÎ˚ ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲîyÙye xÇ¢•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
•yˆÏï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~•z fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó
ç#ÓˆÏܲ çyly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ xyÙÓ˚y
ç#Óà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î Óy ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚î
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ê˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãôyl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
≤Ã
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ˆÜ˛l xyÙÓ˚y ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲ!Ó˚⁄
2É xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ç#ÓÓ›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ
Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG–
7.1. ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ ܲ#⁄ (What is the Basis
of Classification?)
fløÓ˚îyï˛#ï˛ Ü˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !@˝Ãܲ òy¢≈!lܲ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°ñ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ
~Ó˚y ç°ã˛Ó˚ñ fiÌ°ã˛Ó˚ ly!ܲ ˆáã˛Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ÈüüüÈ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z §•ç– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ Ë%˛°˛õÌG !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ §Ù%ˆÏo Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÓy°ñ !ï˛!Ùñ xˆÏQy˛õy§ñ ï˛yÓ˚yÙySÈ ~ÓÇ •y.Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y
ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ~•z ≤Ãyî#à%ˆÏ°y Ó•% !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy– ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÓy§fiÌ° •° ¢%ôÙ% ye
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ Îy ~•z §Óà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~ܲ– ܲyˆÏç•z
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xôƒÎ˚l Óy
˲yÓly !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y ~!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ lÎ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !Ó˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y Ù)° ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y G•z !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ §yÓÈüÈ@˝Ã%˛õ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lô≈yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚Ó– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ï˛ál
≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ lï%˛l ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ¢% Ó ˚ % ܲÓ˚ y Ó˚ xyˆÏ à Ú˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÛ
åCharacteristicsä Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xyÙÓ˚y Îál ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õÌ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆÎ ˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏ° !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ï˛ê˛y•z
§yò,¢ƒ áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáy ÎyÎ˚
ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓ– Ù)°ï˛ ~•z ˛õÌà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ !Óã˛yÎ≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÓ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚
!Ó¢ò Óy!•ƒÜ˛ àë˛l xÌÓy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyã˛Ó˚î– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyç–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÏÓ!¢T˛ƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ àë˛l
xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyçˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎÙlñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
§Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ •yˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ xy.%° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòÔí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !ܲv
Óê˛àySÈ ï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüüüÈ~!ê˛G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xlƒ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˛~ál çylyÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
•Î˚– ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛˛!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚
á[˛Ü˛ à%ˆÏ°y ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ
≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G
xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õyÌÓ˚ á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
≤Ãã˛#Ó˚ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó≈!l¡¨hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ á[˛Ü˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆ§•z
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ !Ù° Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÎà%ˆ°
Ï y §ç#Ó Ó›%ˆòÏ Ó˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y !Ó˲yˆÏà
!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ àë˛l G
ܲyç !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ly– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛#
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ hflψÏÓ˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ܲ#Ó˚˛) õ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !fiÌÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§¡õ)î≈ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ x§Çრxyhs/§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲ!Ó˚– ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy åhierarchial
classificationä ˆï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !ܲS%È ÓyhflÏÓ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ܲ# ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
~ܲ!ê˛ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§§• !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛
ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ– !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò«˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
§Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛y•zñ ˆÎ §Ó ç#ˆÏÓ §%flõT˛ §#Ùyly !lˆÏò!≈ ¢ï˛
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ xAàyî% ÌyˆÏܲ ly ˆ§•z §Ó
ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
•Î˚– ˆÜ˛y¢lܲ¢yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó£ÏΕ˚ z ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yñ
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ӈϰñ ~Ó˚y Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#Ó àë˛ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚yˆÏá–
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç#ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly!ܲ ï˛yÓ˚y
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~ˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!Ó˲yçƒ
ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ◊Ù!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ l#!ï˛ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢y !Ó!¢T˛ ç#ˆÏÓ §Óà%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆòáˆÏï˛
~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚ ly– ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%FSÈàˆ% ° Ï y !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ܲyç §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆò• lܲ¢yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ù)° ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z xƒy!ÙÓy G Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲê˛y ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚– ç#ÓÓ˚y !ܲ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ
!lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ
!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ á%Ó•z ç!ê˛° ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyˆÏSÈ Ü˛#⁄
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÎyÓ˚y §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ
!lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åˆÎÙl §Ó%ç í˛z!qòä ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• §Çàë˛l
ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ⁄
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ç#ÓˆÏò• ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢à%ˆÏ°y•z Óy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ xyÓyÓ˚
81
!Ó!˲ߨ ܲyç §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ xAàà%ˆÏ°y•z Óy ܲ# ܲ#⁄
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !çK˛y§ƒ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z
•yÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚!ܲ Óy ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆò• lܲ¢yÓ˚
ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z ˆÎñ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ù)°
ˆò•l:y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe áyòƒ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#ˆò•lܲ¢y ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛y•z ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢y
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~•z §Ó ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y åí˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛AܲyˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ä Ù)°ï˛ §yÓ@˝Ã%˛õ (Sub-groupä Óy í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈ àë˛ˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ÓˆÏí˛¸y @˝Ã%˛õ Óy !Ó˲yà Óy ˛˛õÓ≈ àë˛ˆÏl §y•y΃
≤Ã
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ x!ôܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈüÈ
åÜ˛ä ˆÎ fiÌyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
åáä ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚y à!ë˛ï˛
2É ˆÎ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
Óy Ó,•Í ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§•z ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
3É Ü˛#ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ
@˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáy •Î˚⁄
7.2. ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ G !ÓÓï≈˛l (Classification and
Evolution)
§ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àë˛l G ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚î G ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ xlƒylƒ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚G Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆò•l:yÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ñ ~!ê˛ ï˛ál
ܲÙyß∫ˆÎÏ ˚ xy!ÓË)˛≈ ï˛ Óy!ܲ §Ó ˆò•lܲ¢yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ
!lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– §•ç˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z lܲ¢y!ê˛
¢%Ó˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• Óï≈˛Ùyl !SÈ°– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÎ
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ xyˆÏà •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛–
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎñ ç#ÓÜ)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xAàyAà#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ !ÓÓï≈˛l ܲ#⁄
xyÙÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÎ §Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò!á ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚•z
xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ˆò• lܲ¢yÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆ° Ï y ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°– 1859 §yˆÏ° ã˛y°≈§ í˛yÓ˚í˛z•lz ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%hflÜÏ ˛ ÚThe Origin
82
of SpeciesÛ ~ §Ó≈≤ÃÌÙ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°Ï l–
Îál xyÙÓ˚y !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ˆÏܲ Î%=˛ ܲ!ÏÓ˚
ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ≤Ãyã˛#l ˆò•lܲ¢y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛!l– xyÓyÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#G ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ÎyÓ˚y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆò•lܲ¢y °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌÙ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛
ÎyÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l Óy !l¡¨ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# Ó°y
•Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Óy í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# ӈϰ– ÓyhflˆÏ ÓÏ ñ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy återmä à%ˆ° Ï y §¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ
§!ë˛Ü˛G lÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚y !ë˛Ü˛ë˛yÜ˛ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õÜ≈˛fiÌy˛õl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ !ܲS%È •°
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#˛ ~ÓÇ Óy!ܲ !ܲS%È ç#Ó •°
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ lÓ#l ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#– ˆÎˆÏ•ˆÏï%˛ !ÓÓï≈˛lܲyˆÏ° ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
ˆò•lܲ¢yÎ˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•z
~ê˛y Ó°y Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓly ˆÎñ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ó˚ ç#Óà%ˆÏ°y §Ó˚° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ lï%˛l ç#Óà%ˆÏ°y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ç!ê˛° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
•Î˚–
ç#Ó˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xM˛ˆÏ°
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢#Î˚
§¡õò ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Ó x˛õÓ˚!ê˛
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ §Ù!ß∫ï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#° ç#Ó §¡±òyÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•zòy!lÇ Ü˛yˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ•z ç#Ó §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
~•z ˲yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ– fl∫˲yÓï˛•zñ ~•z ç#Ó
xyÓ˚G çylyÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
§¡±òyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ Ùy!ê˛ñ ç°ñ ç°ÓyÎ˚% •zï˛ƒy!ò
myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ àîlyÎ˚ ˆòáy
ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ~•z @˝ÃˆÏ• ≤ÃyÎ˚ 10 !Ù!°Î˚l ç#Ó ≤Ãçy!ï˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Ùye
~ܲ Óy ò%•z !Ù!°Î˚l ≤Ãçy!ï˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çy!l– !Ó£ÏÓ% ˆÓ˚áy
G ܲÜ≈˛ê˛Ü˛y!hs˝ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ï G xyo≈
xM˛ˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢– ~•z xM˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÙàyí˛y•z˲yÓ˚!§!ê˛
åMega diversityä xM˛° ӈϰ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ç#Ó
˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ˆÏܲÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
ˆòˆÏ¢•z §#ÙyÓÂô– ~•z ˆò¢à%ˆ° Ï y •° Óy!ç°ñ ܲ°!¡∫Îy˚ ñ
•zÜ%˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛Ó˚ñ ˆ˛õÓ˚%ñ ˆÙ!:ˆÏܲyñ çy•zˆÏÓ˚ ÙyòyàyflÒyÓ˚ñ
xˆÏfiê˛∆!°Î˚yñ ã˛#lñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ñ •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚y G Ùy°ˆÏÎ˚!¢Î˚y–
!ÓK˛yl
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ò ç#Ó ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ
xy°yòy⁄
2É í˛zß¨ï˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛# !ܲ
~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚⁄ Î!ò •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
7.3. ˆ◊!îÓÂô ç#ˆÏ Ó Ó˚ §% ! l!j≈ T ˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏ Ù y
åhierarchyä
xyl≈fiê˛ ˆ•ˆÏܲ° å1894äñ Ó˚Óyê˛≈ •%•zˆÏê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ å1969ä ~ÓÇ
ܲy°≈í˛zç å1977ä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ç#Ó!ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y §Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ åkingdomä ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– •%•zˆÏê˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ~ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó˚yçƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~à%ˆÏ°y •° ÈüüüÈ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yñ SÈeyܲñ í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#
G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏày¤˛#– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ àë˛lñ ˛õ%!T˛oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ í˛zͧñ ˛õ%!T˛˛õÂô!ï˛
~ÓÇ ˆò• §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ y •ˆÏ Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È– !ÓK˛yl# í˛z ç å Woese ä ÙˆÏ l Ó˚ y ˆÜ˛
xyÓ˚!Ü˛Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y åArchaebacteriaä Óy Archaea ~ÓÇ
•zí˛zÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛ åxÌÓy Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yä !Ó˲=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l
ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yG ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ôyˆÏ˛õ !Ó!˲ߨ hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z lyÙܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ~Ó˚˛) õ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •°ÈüüüÈ
Ó˚yçƒ
˛ õÓ≈ å≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒä ‡ !Ó˲yà åí˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒä
ˆ◊!î
Óà≈
ˆàye
àî
≤Ãçy!ï˛
ï˛y•z ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ ܲˆÏÙyFã˛ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆÎ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈy•z ˆ§!ê˛ •° ≤Ãçy!ï˛– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ˆÜ˛yl‰ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ç#Ó Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z §Ó
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃçlˆÏl §«˛Ù •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
•%•zˆÏê˛Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒÈüȈ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ à%Ó%̊c˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
!l¡¨Ó˛)˚ õı
7.3.1. ÈÙˆÏlÓ˚y åMONERAä
~•z §Ó ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ §%flõT˛ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ G ˛õò≈yÓ,ï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚
xAàyî% xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛– ~Ùl!ܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏÓy˚ Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ••z Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#
ˆò•§Çàë˛l ÌyˆÏܲ ly– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ xlƒ xˆÏlܲ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– fl∫˲yÓï˛•z Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#
ç#ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Ìyܲy Óy ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ Ìyܲy Óy ly Ìyܲy !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• lܲ¢yÎ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y
!˲ߨ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ !ܲS%È ç#ˆÏÓ fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# G ˛Óy!ܲ
ç#Óà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– fl∫ˆÏ˲yç# ˛õ%!T˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# ˛õ%!T˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛ oÓƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ l#°y˲ §Ó%ç
˜¢Óy° Óy §yÎ˚yˆÏlyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ Ùy•zˆÏܲy≤’yçÙy– !ã˛e 7.1
~ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !ܲS%È ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!Ó◊yÙÓ˚ï˛
ˆÓ˚î%
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚
ˆ•ê˛yˆÏÓy˚ !§fiê˛
xƒylyˆÏÓly
!ã˛e 7.1 ı ÙˆÏlÓ˚y åMonera)
7.3.2 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y (Protista)
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
xhs˝Ë˛≈% =˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ç#Ó ã%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !§!°Î˚y Óy ã˛yÓ%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y Êœ˛yˆÏç°y çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õyˆÏAàÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ àÙlyàÙl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
˛õ%!T˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ fl∫ˆËÏ ˛yç#Î˚ Óy ˛õÓ˚ˆËÏ ˛yç#Î˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ ~ܲˆÏܲy¢# ˜¢Óy°ñ í˛yÎ˚yê˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y å!ã˛e
7.2 ˆï˛ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !ܲS%È ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
83
 ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ç#Ó ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ólã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢yÎ˚ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# Ó˚)˛õ ˆlÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,ì˛¸
ç!ê˛° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z ç!ê˛° ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y!ê˛ •° ܲy•z!ê˛l–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüü •zfiê˛ñ ˆÙy”˛ (Mold) ~ÓÇ Ùy¢Ó˚%Ù å!ã˛e 7.3 ˆï˛
ÙƒyˆÏܲyÈüÈ!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Ùy•zˆÏܲyÈüÈ!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆ°Ï y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä

Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈

õƒyÓ˚yˆÏÙ!§Î˚yÙ åParamecium)

È!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
Saccharomyces Penicillium Agaricus
å•zfiê˛ä åˆÙy”˛ä åÙy¢Ó˚%Ùä

!ã˛e 7.3 : SÈeyܲ

!ܲS% È !ܲS% È SÈeyÜÈüÈ≤Ãçy!ï˛ l#°y˲ §Ó% ç ˜¢Óy° Óy

xƒy!ÙÓy åAmoeba) §yÎ˚yˆÏlyÓƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyÎ˚#ñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó¢˚ #°
§¡õÜ≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#ï˛y
ӈϰ– l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢Óy° G SÈeyˆÏܲÓ˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ !ÙˆÏÌyç#Ó#Î˚
§•yÓfiÌylˆÏܲ °y•zˆÏܲl ӈϰ– Ó,«˛çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyܲˆÏ°
Êœ˛yˆÏç°y åò#â≈ä
ô#Ó˚à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Óô≈l¢#° ˆÎ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚!.l ˆSÈy˛õ ˆòáˆÏï˛
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛•zz °y•zˆÏܲl–
7.3.4 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ åPlantaeä
~Ó˚y §Óy•z ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó–
È!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
~Ó˚y fl∫ˆËÏ ˛yç# ~ÓÇ ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓy˚ !Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ–˚
•zí˛z!@’ly åEuglena) ï˛y•z §Ó í˛z!qò•z ~•z Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ
ç#Ó ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ò,¢ƒÙyl ç#Ó•z
!ã˛e 7.2 !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛ í˛z!qò Óy ≤Ãyî# Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ï˛y•z ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y ˛!lˆÏÎ˚
!ܲS%È ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó å7.4 xLjϢä–
7.3.3 SÈeyܲ È(Fungi)
~Ó˚y §Óy•z ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç# •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛z 7.3.5 ≤Ãyî# Ó˚yçƒ (Animalia)
ˆÜ˛í˛z ˛õã˛l¢#° ˜çÓ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#ñ •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ñ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó•#l ç#ÓÓ˚y ~•z
Ù,ï˛ç#Ó# ӈϰ– Óyܲ# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ç#Ó Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛– ~Ó˚y ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#– ˛~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–

84 !ÓK˛yl

ˆ≤Ãyܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó åxy!ò !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ç#Óä
~ܲˆÏܲy¢#
ÙˆÏlÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly
SÈeyܲ
!ã˛eı 7.4 ˛õM˛Ó˚yçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ÙˆÏlÓ˚y Óy ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y Ó˚yˆÏçƒ xhs˝Ë%˛!=≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ
ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÙylòˆÏu˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛
ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
2É ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲˆÏ Ü ˛y¢#ñ •z í ˛z Ü ˛ƒy!Ó˚ G !ê˛Ü˛ñ
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏܲyÓ˚# ç#ÓˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl‰
Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
3É ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
§yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#Ó
§Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#Ó
§Çáƒy §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢⁄
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
§ç#ÓÓ›
•zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ ç#Ó åxyò¢≈ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ç#Óä
~ܲˆÏܲy¢# Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢#
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛y
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
!Ó•#l
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£Ï §«˛Ù ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ
í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ
7.4 í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ åPlantaeä
í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ í˛z!qòˆÏò•
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ xAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ç° G xlƒylƒ Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲ°y à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È !ܲly ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– í˛z!qòÓ˚y Ó#ç ôyÓ˚ˆîÏ
§«˛Ù !ܲly ~ÓÇ Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲly
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ôy˛õ !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
7.4.1 §ÙyAàˆÏò•# í˛z!qò åThallophytaä
ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •Î˚ ly ï˛yÓ˚y ~•z
ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˜¢Óy° ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚
˲yà•z ç°ç– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ flõy•zˆÏÓ˚yày•zÓ˚yñ •zí˛zˆÏ°y!Ì:ñ
85
Üœ˛ƒyˆÏí˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚yñ í˛z°Ë˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚y å!ã˛e 7.5 ˆòˆÏáyä 7.4.2 ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y åBryophytaä
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%=˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ӈϰ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!qò
ˆò• §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y G ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xLjϢ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛
•Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ç° G xlƒylƒ
Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ°y ÌyˆÏܲ ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ !Ê˛í˛zly!Ó˚Î˚yåFunaria) åÙ§ä ~ÓÇ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏܲl!¢Î˚y
åMarchantiaä
7.4.3 ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y åPteridophytaä

Üœ˛ƒyˆÏí˛yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚y
•zí˛zˆÏ°y!Ì: åCladophoraä
åUlothrixä
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó˚ܲ!§Î˚y åRicciaä
ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y≤’yfiê˛
˛õy•z!Ó˚lyˆÏÎ˚í˛§
!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§
§y•zˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ

í˛z°Ë˛y ÙyÓ˚ˆÏܲl!¢Î˚y åMarchantiaä !Ê˛í˛zly!Ó˚Î˚y åFunariaä

åUlvaä
flõy•zˆÏÓ˚yày•zÓ˚y
åSpirogyraä !ã˛e 7.6 !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qò

~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ G ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛

~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ç° G xlƒylƒ
Ó› ˛õ!Ó˚Ó•ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ܲ°y Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˆày¤˛#˲%=˛
!ܲS%È í˛z!qò •° ÈüüüÈ ÙyÓ˚!¢!°Î˚y åç°ç Ê˛yl≈äñ ˆê˛!Ó˚§ åfiÌ°ç
Ê˛yl≈äñ •§≈ˆÏê˛•z° å•zÜ%˛ƒ•z!çê˛yÙä–
~•z !ï˛l ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ å§ÙyAà ˆò•#ñ ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yä
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚•z çll xAàà%ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z xflõT˛ ~ÓÇ ~çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
!ܲˆÏ≤WzyàƒyÙ§(Cryptogams) Óy °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛˛ çll xAà §Ù!ß∫ï˛
í˛z!qò ӈϰ–
ܲyÓ˚y åCharaä x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲñ ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏò çll xAàà%ˆÏ°y §%flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï Ó#ç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §˛õ%‹õܲ
!ã˛e 7.5 §ÙyAàˆÏò•# í˛z!qòÈüüüȘ¢Óy°

86 !ÓK˛yl
 7.4.5 à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qò åAngiospermsä
˛õyï˛y
‘Angiosperm’ ¢∑!ê˛ ò%!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ ¢∑ ‘Angio’ÈüÈxÌ≈yÍ xyÓ,ï˛
~ÓÇ ‘sperma’ xÌ≈yÍ Ó#ç !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §˛õ%‹õܲ
í˛z!qòG ӈϰ– Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y àË≈˛y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
àË≈˛y¢Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç ÙôƒfiÌ º%ˆîÏ Ó#ç˛õe
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç˛õe ӈϰ ܲyÓ˚î Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
˛Ü˛y[˛ Ó•%ˆ«Ï ˛ˆÏe•z ~Ó˚y Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ Óy•zˆÓÏ ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Ù)° §Ó%ç Óî≈ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó#ˆÏç í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó#ç˛õˆÏeÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
Ê˛yl≈ (Fern)
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ à%ÆÓ#ç# í˛z!qòˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z
ÙyÓ˚!¢!°Î˚y (Marsilea)
ò%!ê˛ ˆày¤˛# •°ÈüüüÈ åܲä ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qòÈüüüÈ ~•z í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏç
!ã˛eı 7.7 ı ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y
~ܲ!ê˛Ùye Ó#ç˛õe ÌyˆÏܲ– åáä !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qòÈÈüüüÈ ~•z í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z!qò åPhanerogamsä ӈϰ– ˆÎÔl çll ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ó#ˆÏç ò%!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe ÌyˆÏܲå!ã˛e 7.9 ~ÓÇ 7.10 ˆòˆÏáyä–
Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z Ó#ç à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y §!M˛ï˛ áyòƒ§• º%î
!lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z §!M˛ï˛ áyòƒ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓy˚ ÂàÙ Ü˛yˆÏ° º%ˆîÏ Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
Ó,!ÂôˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ó#çà%ˆ°Ï y l@¿ñ ly!ܲ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyÓÂô
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏï˛
˲yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈüüüÈÓƒy=˛Ó#ç# ~ÓÇ à%ÆÓ#ç#–
7.4.4 Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qò åGymnospermsä
‘Gymnosperm’ ¢∑!ê˛ ‘Gymno’ and ‘Sperma’ ~•z
ò%!ê˛ !@˝Ãܲ ¢∑ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Gymno’ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°
l@¿ ~ÓÇ ‘sperma’ •° Ó#ç– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qòÓ˚y l@¿Ó#ç
ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ó•%Ó£Ï≈ç#Ó#ñ !ã˛Ó˚§Ó%ç ~ÓÇ Ü˛y¤˛°
•Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüÈ ˛õy•zl åPineäñ §y•zܲy§åCycas ä G
ˆòGòyÓ˚åDeodarä å!ã˛e 7.8 ~ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä
!ã˛e 7.9 ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò

˛õy•zl åPinusä §y•zܲy§ åCycasä

!ã˛e 7.8 Óƒ=˛ç#Ó# í˛z!qò åGymnospermsä !ã˛e 7.10 !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò

ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 87
 í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#

!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ í˛z!qòÈüȈò•yÇ¢ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ í˛z!qòÈüȈò•yÇ¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl

§ÙyAàˆÏò•# í˛z!qò

§ÇÓ•lܲ°y !Ó•#l §ÇÓ•lܲ°y !Ó!¢T˛

ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛y

Ó#ç àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly Ó#çàë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚Èüȧ˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qò

ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y
Ó#ç xlyÓ,ï˛ Óy l@¿ ÌyˆÏܲ Ó#ç Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ

Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# à%ÆÓ#ç#

Ó#ç ò%•z!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe !Ó!¢T˛ Ó#ç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#ç˛õe !Ó!¢T˛

!mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qò

!ã˛e 7.11 í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà

ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ 7.2 = ~•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ê%˛ˆÏ° ܲÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õy˛õ!í˛¸ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄

= §Ó%ç ˆSÈy°yñ àÙñ Ë%˛Ryñ Ùê˛Ó˚ G ˆïÑ˛ï%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y = ~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# G
çˆÏ° ˆË˛çyG– ~à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲê%˛ lÓ˚Ù •ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó#çˆÏܲ !mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ

≤Ã
ò%•Ëz ˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓy˚ – §Óà%ˆ°
Ï y Ó#çˆÏܲ•z !ܲ !ܲ⁄
≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ùyl ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
= ˆÎ §Ó Ó#ç §Ùyl ò%•z˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°
!mÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç ~ÓÇ ˆÎ Ó#çà%ˆ° Ï y ~Ó˚˛) õ ˲yˆÏÓ 1É í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !Ó˲yˆÏà §Ó˚°ï˛Ù í˛z!qòˆÏày¤˛#
!Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÓly ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲÓ#ç˛õe# í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç– Óï≈˛Ùyl⁄
= ~ál ~•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ù)°ñ ˛õyï˛y G Ê%˛° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î 2É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ í˛z!qò ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲˆÏÓy˚ – §˛õ%‹õܲ í˛z!qò xy°yòy⁄
= Ù)°à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ≤ÃôylÙ)° ly à%FSÈÙ)°⁄ 3É à%ÆÓ#ç# G Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# í˛z!qòÓ˚y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
= ˛õyï˛yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ly çy!°Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ !¢Ó˚y!Ólƒy§ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy •Î˚⁄
Óï≈˛Ùyl⁄
88 !ÓK˛yl
≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ åAnimaliaä
~•z Ó˚yçƒË%˛=˛ ç#ÓÓ˚y •zí˛zܲƒy!Ó˚G!ê˛Ü˛ñ Ó•%ˆÜ˛y¢# G ˛õÓ˚ˆÏ˲yç#
•Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ≤Ãyî#•z
§ã˛° •Î˚–
ˆò•ÈüÈlܲ¢yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ôÓ˚l G !ÓhflÏ,!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚
≤Ãyî# Ó˚y烈Ïܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
7.5.1 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y åPoriferaä
Ú˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚yÛ ¢∑!ê˛ myÓ˚y !SÈoy° ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛
≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ã˛°yã˛° ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ~ÓÇ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲ!ë˛l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xÓ°¡∫ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Ó˚yˆÏᲖ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• x§Çრ!SÈo ÌyˆÏܲ–
~•z !SÈoà%ˆÏ°y ly!°Ü˛yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ly!°Ü˛yï˛sf
ˆòˆÏ• áyòƒ G x!:ˆÏçl §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓ˚yˆÏòˆÏ• ç°
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ• §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ¢=˛ ܲAܲy°
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢yÎ˚ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛y¢ x“ ÙyeyÎ˚ !ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ܲ°y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚l˲yˆÏÓ flõO ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ı §yÙ%!oܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– å!ã˛e 7.12 ~ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä–
•zí˛zˆÏ≤’zܲˆÏê˛°y §y•zܲl (Sycon)
(Euplectella)
flõ!O°y (Spongilla)
!ã˛e 7.12 ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y åPoriferaä
7.5.2 ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# (Coelenterataä Óy !lí˛y!Ó˚Îy˚ (Cnidaria)
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y çˆÏ° Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢yÎ˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ò%!ê˛
ˆÜ˛y¢hflÓÏ ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÓÏ ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó!•/≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ àë˛l
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝/≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏ°y!l àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÓy°ä– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xlƒ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#ÓÓ˚y ~ܲܲ
˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓшãÏ ˛ ÌyˆÏܲ åˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ•y•zí˛» yä– ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆç!°!Ê˛§ñ §Ù%o xƒy!lˆÏÙyl xlƒï˛Ù– å!ã˛e 7.13 ~˛ ~•z
˛ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ܲ!£Ï≈ܲy
ܲ!£Ï≈ܲy
!fiê˛Ç!àÇ ˆÜ˛y¢
Ù%á !SÈo
~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
ˆÙˆÏ§y!@’Îy˚
àƒyˆÏfiê˛∆yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§
àƒyˆÏfiê˛∆y˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚
à•¥Ó˚
§Ù%o xƒy!lˆÏÙyl
˛õò
•y•zí»˛y
!ã˛e 7.13 ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# ≤Ãyî# å!§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓ˚ê˛yä
7.5.3 ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ åPlatyhelminthesä
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ó!î≈ï˛ ò%•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z ˛ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆò•àë˛l xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ç!ê˛°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õyŸª#≈Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù
xÌ≈yÍ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓyÙ G í˛yl xLjϢÓ˚ ˆò•lܲ¢y ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ hflÏÓ˚à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
!ÓˆÏ˲!òï˛ Ü˛°y§Ù!T˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ~•z ˛≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ehflÓÏ #˚
ӈϰ– ~•z !ehflÏÓ˚# àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Ó!•/≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ G xhs˝/
≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ !ܲS%È xAàG ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È Ü˛°y à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
§%à!ë˛ï˛ xAàà%ˆÏ°y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õyŸª#≈Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ
ã˛ƒy≤Wzy åxÌ≈yÍ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏÜ˛ä •Î˚– ~•z çyï˛#Î˚
àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z §Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!٠ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y
fl∫yô#lç#Ó# Óy ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# •Î˚– fl∫yô#lç#Ó# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
≤’ƒyˆÏl!Ó˚Îy˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎÜ,˛ÍÜ,˛!Ù å!ã˛e 7.14
~ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä
89
 7.5.5 xƒy!l!°í˛y åAnnelidaä
¢yáy!ß∫ï˛
ã˛«%˛ àƒyˆÏfiê˛∆y˲y§Ü%˛°yÓ˚ xƒy!l!°í˛y ˛ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yG !m˛õyŸª#Î≈ Ë˚ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù G !ehflÓÏ #˚
à•¥Ó˚
ˆflÒyˆÏ°: ˆã˛y£Ïܲ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸yG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xƒy!§ê˛yÓ%°yÙ @˝ à #Óy
~•z ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xAàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆò•àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÙyí˛¸ˆÏܲ xyÓÂô ÌyܲˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
à°!Ó° ˆòˆÏ• xˆÏAàÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚˛– ~•z !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î
Ù%á!SÈo G
˛õyÎ˚%!SÈo
á[˛#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ˚òyÎ˚ âˆÏê ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙhflÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
ˆ¢£Ï ≤Ãyhs˝ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ á[˛Ü˛à%ˆ°Ï y ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ §!Iï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ÎÜ,˛ÍÜ,˛!Ù !Ê˛ï˛yÜ,˛!Ù ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ xÌ≈yÍ fl∫yò%çˆÏ°ñ
≤’ƒyˆÏl!Ó˚Î˚y
˛§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ çˆÏ° ~Ùl!ܲ fïϰG Óy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z
˛ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ~ÓÇ ˆçÑyܲ å!ã˛e
!ã˛e 7.14 ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ åã˛ƒy≤WzyÜ,˛!Ùä 7.16 ÈüÈ~ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
ܲ!£Ï≈ܲy
˛õy°‰˛õ
7.5.4 !lÙyˆÏê˛yí˛y åNematodaä
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õy¢≈#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù G !ehflÏÓ˚#–
ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ã˛ƒy≤Wzy ly •ˆÏÎ˚ l°yܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
ܲ°y§Ù!T˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ xAà ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§í˛zˆÏí˛y!§ˆÏ°yÙ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õy!í˛Î˚y ˆç!lê˛y°
˛õƒy!˛õ!°
≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ˛õyÎ˚%

ˆÎÙlñ ˆàyòˆÏÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ü,˛!Ù åˆàyòÜ,˛!Ù Óy Ê˛y•zˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y°

GÎ˚yÙ≈ä xÌÓy xˆÏsf Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# Ü,˛!Ù åˆày°yÜ,˛!Ù Óy §%ï˛yÜ,˛!Ùä–
å!ã˛e 7.15 ~ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ˛õƒyÓ˚yˆÏ˛õy!í˛Î˚y

flf# ≤Ãyî# ˆl!Ó˚§ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ˆçÑyܲ

!ã˛e 7.16 xƒy!l!°í˛y

7.5.6 xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y åArthropodaä

˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï ≤Ãyî#
≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆày¤˛#– ~•z
ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õyŸª#Î≈ Ë˚ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù ~ÓÇ á![˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆòˆÏ• Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚=˛ §%!l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚=˛ÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ly– ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°y!Ùܲ ܲƒy!˲!ê˛˛ Ó˚=˛˛õ)î≈
•Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• §!rô° í˛z˛õyAà å‘Arthropod’ä ܲÌy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈
•° §!rô° í˛z˛õyAàä ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
xƒy§Ü˛y!Ó˚§ åAscarisä í˛zˆÏã˛ˆÏÓ˚!Ó˚Î˚y åWuchereriaä ≤Ãyî# •°ÈÈüüüÈ!ã˛Ç!í˛¸ñ ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛ñ Ùy!SÈñ ÙyÜ˛í˛¸§yñ ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y !ÓSÈy ~ÓÇ
!ã˛e 7.15 !lÙyˆÏê˛yí˛y åxƒyˆÏ:°!ÙlˆÏ̧ä ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y– å!ã˛e 7.17 ˆòˆÏáyÈä

90 !ÓK˛yl
 7.5.8 ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y åEchinodermataä
!@˝Ãܲ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ‘echinos’ Ó°ˆÏï˛ §çyÓ˚% Óy Hedgehog åܲÑyê˛yÎ%=˛
hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#ä ˆÜ˛ ~ÓÇ derma Ó°ˆÏï˛ cܲˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z
ÙyÜ˛í˛¸§y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y•z ܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ ≤Ãyî# ӈϰ– ~Ó˚y §Óy•z
!ã˛Ç!í˛¸ fl∫yô#lç#Ó# G §yÙ%!oܲ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !ehflÓÏ #˚ ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ãܲ, ï˛
ÜÑ˛yÜ˛í˛¸y!ÓSÈy ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ xq$ï˛Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ç° ly°#ï˛sf ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
≤Ãyî#Ó˚y àÙlyàÙl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆòˆÏ• ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆlÏ ê˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛
≤Ãçy˛õ!ï ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,ì˛¸ àë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Îy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ܲAܲy° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚yÙySÈ åSea Staräñ §Ù%o xy!ã≈˛l åSea
xyÓ˚ˆÏ¢y°y urchinä

à,• Ùy!SÈ
¢ï˛˛õò#

!ã˛e 7.17 xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y å§!rô˛õò#ä §Ù%o ¢¢y

§Ù%oÈüÈ˛õy°Ü˛
7.5.7 ˆÙy°yflÒy åMolluscaä
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• !m˛õyŸª#Î≈ Ë˚ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ù •Î˚– ˆò•à•¥Ó˚
Óy !§ˆÏ°y!Ùܲ à•¥Ó!˚ ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ •Î˚– ˆòˆÏ• á%Ó•z §yÙylƒ á[˛#˲Ól
ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• Ù%=˛ §ÇÓ•lï˛sf ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y
Ó,ˆÏE˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xˆÏAàÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆÓ˚ã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆò•!fiÌï˛ Ùyǧ°
˛õò àÙlyàÙˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î ¢yÙ%ܲñ !V˛l%ܲ å!ã˛e
7.18 ˆòˆÏáyÈä– §Ù%o xy!ã≈˛l ï˛yÓ˚yÙySÈ
!ã˛e 7.19 ~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y åܲrê˛Ü˛cܲ#ä
7.5.9 ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y åProtochordataä .
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y !m˛õyŸª#Î≈ Ë˚ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÓÏ #˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛
ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• lܲ¢yÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆò•àë˛l ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛
ӈϰ– lˆÏê˛yܲí˛≈ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢yÎ˚ Óy §yÓ˚yç#Ól
ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ °¡∫yñ ò[˛yÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚
ܲ!í˛¸ Ó•ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ àë˛l åܲí≈˛ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ò!í˛¸ä Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
Chiton xˆÏQy˛õy§ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏò¢ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ fl¨yÎ˚%ܲ°yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°#
Octopus
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ Ó˚yˆÏá˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
àÙlyàÙˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ §Ó ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó ò¢yÎ˚ Óy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˜òâ≈ƒ
!V˛l%ܲ
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ lyG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
¢yÙ%ܲ Unio §yÙ%!oܲ •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈü ˆÓ°yˆÏly@’§y§ åBalanoglossusä
Pila •yí≈˛ˆÏÙ!lÎ˚y åHerdmaniaäñ xƒy!¡≥˛x:y§ åAmphioxusä
!ã˛e 7.18 ˆÙy°yflÒy 墡∫%ܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî#ä å!ã˛e 7.20 ˆòˆÏáyä
ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 91

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏÓy!§§
ˆÜ˛y°yˆÏÓ˚ê˛
ܲ°yÓ˚
˛õyÎ˚% Óƒy!AܲÎ˚y° xM˛°
Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo
˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ÓÑyܲyˆÏly
ˆ˛õy§ˆÏÌ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ í˛zòàï˛ ˆÎÔl xAà
xM˛°
Ùôƒ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ !Ó˚ç
ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ !§Ü˛y
ˆ•˛õy!ê˛Ü˛ xM˛°
≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆ° Ï y •°ÈüüüÈÓylÈüÈÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ å~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §!˛õ≈°yܲyÓ˚
ÙySÈä ÙˆÏï˛y °¡∫yˆÏê˛ ˆò•ñ ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ Ù%á!SÈo !Ó!¢T˛ñ xyÑ¢!Ó•#l
G Ù§,î ˆò•cܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y Ó!•/˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# •Î˚ Óy xlƒ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛#
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•cˆÏܲ !SÈo Óy àï≈˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ °ƒyˆÏ¡± åPetromyzonä ~ÓÇ •ƒyà
!Ê˛§ åMyxineä
7.5.10 åáä Ùͧ åPiscesä
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙySÈ ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛– ~Ó˚y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˲yˆÏÓ ç°ç
≤Ãyî#– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cܲ xÑy¢ Óy ˆ≤’ê˛ myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚y Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ≤ÃÓy•ˆÏÓá˚ yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
åstreamlinedä ˆò• ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó•%° ˆ°ç ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ àÙˆÏl
§•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y xl%£÷ψϢy!îï˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •,ò!˛õ[˛!ê˛
ò%•z ˛≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ lƒyÎ˚ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ly – ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– ~•z ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙySÈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xhs˝/ܲAܲy°
§¡õ)îË≈ ˛yˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚l% y!fiÌ !l!Ù≈ï˛åˆÎÙlÈüÈ•yAàÓ˚ä – xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È

!ã˛e 7.20 ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛yıˆÓ°yˆÏly@’§y§

7.5.10 ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# åVertebrataä
~•z ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆÙÓ%̊ò[˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝/ܲAܲy°
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ• ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ Synchiropus splendidus Caulophyryne jordani
åÙƒyu˛y!Ó˚l !Ê˛§Èä åxƒyAà°yÓ˚ !Ê˛§ä
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ñ Îy ~•z ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ àÙlyàÙˆÏl
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÙÓ˚ò% [˛# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y !m˛õyŸª#≈ÎË˚ ˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛§Ùñ !ehflÓÏ #˚ ñ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚
Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙÎ%=˛ G á[˛Î%=˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆò•Ü˛°y G xˆÏAàÓ˚
ç!ê˛° !ÓˆÏ˲ò#ܲÓ˚î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– §Ó ܲí≈˛yê˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ Pterois volitans
ˆòˆÏ• !lˆÏ¡¨Ó!î≈ï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !ÓòƒÙyl– ã˛«%˛ å°yÎ˚l !Ê˛§Èä
flõy•zÓ˚yܲ°
ܲä lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl
áä ˛õ,¤˛#Î˚ ÊÑ˛y˛õy fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚I% í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
àä !ehflÏÓ˚# àë˛l !Ó!¢T˛
âä Î%@¬ Ê%˛°Ü˛y !SÈo í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
.ä ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ !Ó!¢T˛ ˆ◊yî# ˛õyály
í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y G ˲y!ê≈˛Óyê˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲí≈˛yê˛yˆÏày¤˛# à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ,¤˛˛õyály
ˆ°ç
ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ˆày¤˛#ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ SÈÎ˚!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˛õ%FSÈ ˛õyály ¢AܲÓ˚ ÙySÈ
7.5.10 åÜ˛ä §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y åCyclostomataä ê˛Ó˚ˆÏ˛õˆÏí˛y
˛õ,¤˛˛õyály
ã˛«%˛ ˆ°ç
§y•zˆÜÏ ˛œ yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ˆÙÓ˚ò% u˛˛# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ˆã˛yÎ˚y°!Ó•#l– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
Ù%á!SÈo Ê%˛°Ü˛y
˛Ó«˛ ˛õyály ˆ◊yî#
˛õyály
•yAàÓ˚
!ã˛e 7.21 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛yÎ˚y°!Ó•#l ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛# ≤Ãyî#ı °ƒyˆÏ¡± åPetromyzonä !ã˛e 7.22 åܲä Ùͧƒ

92 !ÓK˛yl
 ˛õ,¤˛˛õyály ã«%˛ ÙhflÏܲ G fiÌ° í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ•z ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛
ly§yÓ˚rô ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛y°y Óƒy.ñ Ü%˛ˆÏly Óƒy.ñ §ƒy°yÙyu˛yÓ˚
Ó«˛˛õyály
Ù%á
å!ã˛e 7.23 ˆòˆÏáyä–
˛õ%FSÈ ˆ◊yî#
Ó«˛ ˛õyály Ù%á!SÈo
Ó %í˛ ˛õyí˛zã˛
˛õ,¤˛ ˛õyály 7.5.10 åâä §Ó˚#§,˛õ (Reptiliaä
˛õyály ˛õyály ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y xl%£ˆÏ÷ ¢Ï y!îï˛ G xÑy¢Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ°ç §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ •,ò!˛õ[˛!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛
Labeo rohita Male Hippocampus
åÓ˚%•z ÙySÈä å§Ù%o xŸªä !ï˛l ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü%˛!ÙˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •,ò!˛õ[˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
í˛ylyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó«˛ ˛õyály !Ó!¢T˛ – ~Ó˚y !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ !í˛Ùà%ˆÏ°y ¢=˛ ˆáy°Ü˛!Ó!¢T˛
•Î˚– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏ° !í˛Ù ˛õyí˛¸yÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl˛
•Î˚ ly– ~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ ≤Ãyî# •°ÈüüüÈ §y˛õñ ܲFSÈ˛õñ !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲ
xyÑ¢ G !àÓ˚!à!ê˛ å!°çyí≈˛äñ Ü%˛!ÙÓ˚ å!ã˛e 7.24 ˆòˆÏáyä
ˆ°ç
ˆ◊yî# ˛õyály
Exocoetus
åí˛zí˛YE%˛ ÙySÈ ä

ܲFSÈ˛õ
ܲƒyˆÏÙ!°Î˚l
Anabas
åÜœ˛y•z!¡∫Ç ˛õyã≈˛ÈüÈܲ•z ÙySÈä
Fig. 7.22 (b): Pisces

ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xhs˝/ܲAܲy° x!fiÌ G ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ í˛z˲Î˚ myÓ˚y•z à!ë˛ï˛

åˆÎÙlÈüÈ ê%˛ly ÙySÈñ Ó˚%•z ÙySÈä– !ã˛e 7.22 åܲä ~ÓÇ 7.22 åáä
ˆï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙySÈ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
7.5.10 åàä í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ (Amphibiaä
¢Cã)˛í˛¸
~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ˆÎ ˆÎ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùͧ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ü ˆòˆÏ• xÑyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ cˆÏܲ !Ùí˛zܲy§ @˝Ã!rÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛l
≤ÈÜÏ ˛y¤˛ !Ó!¢T˛ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ~Ó˚y Ê%˛°Ü˛y Óy Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§!ܲÎ˚y ã˛y°yÎ˚– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– ~Ó˚y ç°

ˆòÎ˚y° !ê˛Ü˛!ê˛!ܲ
(Hemidactylus)
í»˛yˆÏܲy (Draco)
§ƒy°yÙyu˛yÓ˚
Ü%˛ˆÏly Óƒy. !ã˛eı 7.24 §Ó˚#§,˛õ åReptiliaä
7.5.10 å.ä ˛õ«˛# åAvesä
~•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y í˛z£÷ψϢy!îï˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •,ò!˛õ[˛ ã˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏܲyT˛!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ G ~Ó˚y !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ˛õy°ˆÏܲ ì˛yܲy
ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ x@˝Ã˛õò í˛ylyÎ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs!˝Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
§yôyÓ˚î ˆÜ˛y°y Óƒy.
ˆàˆÏSÈy Óƒy. §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛y°yÎ˚– §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!á•z ~•z ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛–
å!ã˛e 7.25 ~ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏáyä
!ã˛e 7.23 í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ (Amphibiaä

ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 93
 !ï˛!Ù

§yòy §yÓ˚§
(Ciconia ciconia) •zòÑ Ó% ˚
Ùyl%£Ï
!Óí˛¸y° Óyò%Ó˚

åí˛zê˛˛õy!áä
(Struthio camelus)
˛õ%Ó˚%£Ï VÑ%˛!ê˛ •Ñy§
!ã˛eı 7.26 hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî#

≤Ã
(Aythya fuligula)

ã˛í˛Y•z
õyÎ˚Ó˚y
ܲyܲ
!ã˛eı 7.25 Aves å˛õ«˛#ä
7.5.10 åã˛ä hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# åMammaliaä
hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#Ó˚y í˛z£÷ψϢy!îï˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •,ò!˛õ[˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏܲy¤˛
!Ó!¢T˛˛ •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• hfllÏ @˝Ã!rÌ ÌyˆÏܲ– flf# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ hfllÏ @˝Ã!r̈Ïï˛
í˛zͲõߨ ò%?ô !¢¢%≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛ ˆçyàyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cܲ ˆ°yˆÏÙ ì˛yܲy
ÌyˆÏܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ cˆÏܲ âÙ≈@˝Ã!rÌ G ˜ï˛°@˝Ã!rÌ Óï≈˛Ùyl–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà hfllÏ ƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî# ÓyFã˛y ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚
Î!òG ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ñ ˆÎÙl ≤’y!ê˛˛õy§ Óy •Ç§ã˛M$˛
~ÓÇ !˛õ˛õ#!°Ü˛yË%˛Ü˛ åEchidnaä !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲƒy.yÓ%̊Ó˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# á%Ó•z x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÓyFã˛y ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– å!ã˛e 7.26
~ !ܲS%È hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ≤Ãyî# ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚y ˛ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ~ܲly°#ˆÏò•# ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# ܲ# ˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy⁄
2– xƒy!l!°í˛y ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏÌy≈ ˆÏ˛õyí˛y
ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy⁄
3– í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ G §Ó˚#§,˛õ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ#
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
4– ˛õ«˛# ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚# ˆ◊!îÓ˚
xhs˝Ë≈%˛=˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y°y§ !°!lÎ˚y§ åCarl von
Linne ä 1707 §yˆÏ ° §% • z ˆ Ï í ˛ˆÏ l
çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l
!SȈϰl ~ܲçl !ã˛!ܲͧܲ– !ï˛!l
í˛z!qò!Óòƒy xôƒÎ˚ˆlÏ í˛zͧy•# !SȈ° Ï l–
ïÑ ˛ yÓ˚ Ùye Óy•z ¢ ÓͧÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ ˆ Ï §
í˛z!qò!ÓòƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áy ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
Ó•!ê˛z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲçl !Ó_¢y°# Carolus Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ܲÙ≈ã˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ à,• !ã˛!ܲͧܲ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎy˚ àܲï≈˛yÓ˚ ÓyàyˆÏl
í˛z!qòçàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ xôƒÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l
≤ÃyÎ˚ 14 !ê˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy˛õe ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ Ú!§ˆÏfiê˛Ùy lyã%˛!Ó˚Û
(Systema Naturae) @˝ÃrÌ!ê˛G ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z @˝ÃrÌ
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !Ólƒy§!Ó!ô §¡∫rô#Î˚ §Ó ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ àˆÏÓ£Ïîyà%ˆ° Ï y ˆlGÎ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ !SÈ° á%Ó•z §Ó˚°– ~•z
§Ó˚° ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !ÓlƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚î §Ω˛Ó–

94 !ÓK˛yl
 ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ åAnimalia)

ˆÜ˛y¢hflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l !Ó!¢T˛ ܲ°yhflÏÓ˚#Î˚ §Çàë˛l !Ó!¢T˛

˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y

~!˛õí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ G àƒyˆÏfiê˛∆yí˛yÓ˚!Ù§ ~Ó˚ !§í˛zˆÏí˛y!§ˆÏ°yÙ Óy SÈp ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy

ÙôƒÓï˛#≈ fiÌyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ !§ˆÏ°yÙ !Ó!¢T˛

~ܲly°# ˆò•#ñ ≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ !lÙyˆÏê˛yí˛y

≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚!ê˛ º%ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆò•à•¥Ó˚ Óy !§ˆÏ°yÙ!ê˛ ~ˆÏu˛yí˛yÙ≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÙˆÏ§yí˛yÙ≈y° ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y Ì!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚

xƒy!l!°í˛yñ ˆÙy°yflÒyñ xyˆÏÌ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛y

lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl

~ܲy•zˆÏlyí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛y ܲí≈˛yê˛y

lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ °yË≈˛y ò¢yÎ˚ Óy ˛õ)î≈yAà ò¢yÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È ˛õ)î≈yAà ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ lˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛ ˆÙÓ˚%ò[˛ ≤Ãyî#
!ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ~!ê˛ á%Ó•z x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚

ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y ˲y!ê≈˛Óyê˛y

ˆã˛yÎ˚y° !Ó•#lñ Óyl
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛yñ
ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ Ù%á!SÈo
!Ó!¢T˛ñ xÑy¢!Ó•#lñ
!˛õ!FSÈ° cܲ !Ó!¢T˛
Ó!•/ܲAܲy° xÑy¢Î%=˛ñ
xhs˝/ܲAܲy°
x!fi̇ï˛Ó˚%îy!fiÌ
!l!Ù≈ï˛ñ Ê%˛°Ü˛yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§@˝Ã•î
°y˲≈y ò¢yÎ˚ Ê%˛°Ü˛y xÑy¢Î%=˛ Ó!•/ Ó!•/ܲAܲy° ˛õy°Ü˛ Ó!•/ܲAܲy° ˆ°yÙ
Óï≈˛Ùylñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ܲAܲy°ñ ç°ç !Ó!¢T˛ñ ç°ç Î%=˛ñ Ó!•/ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚
˛õ)î≈yAà ≤Ãyî#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ñ !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ !í˛Ù ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ñ í˛zU˛Î˚ˆÏl ˲yà ≤Ãyî#•zz ÓyFã˛y
!˛õ!FSÈ° cܲ !Ó!¢T˛ §«˛Ù ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚

§y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏfiê˛yÙyê˛y Ùͧƒ í˛z˲ã˛Ó˚ §Ó˚#§,˛õ ˛õ«˛# hflÏlƒ˛õyÎ˚#

!ã˛e 7.27 ı ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§

ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 95
7.6 lyÙܲÓ˚î åNomenclatureä
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ §%§ÇÓÂô lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ7.3
= !l¡¨!°!áï˛˛ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ Îï˛ˆÏÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ §Ω˛Ó á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚yÈı
1. Óyâ 2. ÙÎ˚%Ó˚ 3. !˛õÑ˛õí˛¸y
4. !lÙ 5. ˛õp 6. xy°%
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù xÓ¢ƒ•z í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ ˆÎñ !Ó!˲ߨ
˲y£Ïy˲y£Ï#Ó˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ•z ç#ÓˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆ°ˆÏá ï˛ál ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏÙƒÓ˚ çlƒ ˙
ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆã˛ly ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎÙl Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !ã˛•´ G
§ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó≈§¡øï˛
!§Âôyhs˝ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ lyÙ §Çܲyhs˝ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚
§Ùyôyl •ˆÏÎ˚!S°È– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ!ê˛
x!mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏl ˙ ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ
§ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z lyÙ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆÎ !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ
!ÓK˛yl# ܲƒyˆÏÓ˚y°y§ !°!lÎ˚yÙ xT˛yò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §)ã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙܲÓ˚î ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚•z Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ G•z ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
§¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– !ܲv Îál xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãçy!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚
lyÙ Ó!° ï˛ál ~Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ˙ ç#Ó!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ï˛yÓ˚ àîàï˛ G ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyÙ•z ¢%ô% í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛!Ó˚– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛
§Ó≈§¡øï˛ ~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ xy§y ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚
ò%!ê˛ ˛õò•z °ƒy!ê˛l ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó˚#!ï˛l#!ï˛
xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
1– àîàï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ x«˛Ó˚!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y •Ó˚ˆÏÊ˛ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
2– ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ x«˛Ó˚!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
3– SÈy˛õyˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ lyÙ ÓÑyܲy •Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛ SÈy˛õˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
4– •yˆÏï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ àîàï˛ G ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛
˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ òyà ê˛ylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ7.4
= ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛
lyÙ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î
lyÙ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z lyÙà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!Ù° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
= ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ó˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ xl%§rôyˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl Ó˚yˆÏçƒ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ≤Ãôyl
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ
åܲä ~Ó˚y xy!ò !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ly xyò¢≈ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛⁄
åáä ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly!ܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# ç!ê˛° ç#Ó
àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
åàä ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛y¢ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Ó!¢T˛ !ܲly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲly–

96 !ÓK˛yl
 = í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ
!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ó˚yçƒà%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ ÙˆÏlÓ˚yñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛fiê˛yñ SÈeyܲñ í˛z!qòÓ˚yçƒ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî#Ó˚yçƒ
= §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
= ˆò• §Çàë˛ˆÏl í˛zˆÏ_yˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ ç!ê˛°ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!qò Ó˚yçƒ G ≤Ãyî#
Ó˚y烈Ïܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
= í˛z!qòÓ˚y烈Ïܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y •°Èüüü §ÙyAàˆÏò•# í˛z!qòñ
ÓyˆÏÎ˚yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ ˆê˛!Ó˚ˆÏí˛yÊ˛y•zê˛yñ Óƒ=˛Ó#ç# ~ÓÇ à%ÆÓ#ç#–
= ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y烈Ïܲ ò¢!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%!° •°ÈüüüÈÈ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚yñ !§ˆÏ°lê˛yˆÏÓê˚ ˛yñ
≤’y!ê˛ˆÏ•°!ÙlˆÏ̧ñ !lÙyˆÏê˛yí˛yñ xƒy!l!°í˛yñ xyˆÏÌ ≈yˆÏ˛õyí˛yñ ˆÙy°yAܲyñ
~ܲy•zˆlÏ yí˛yÓ˚Ùyê˛yñ ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yܲí≈˛yê˛y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y!ê≈˛Óyê˛y–
= !m˛õò lyÙܲÓ˚î xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §%!Ó¢y° ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ly=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= !m˛õò lyÙܲÓ˚î ò%!ê˛ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ÈüüüÈ àîàï˛ lyÙ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãçy!ï˛àï˛ lyÙ–

xl%¢#°l#
1. §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
2. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˛ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚
Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
3. ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ Ó˚yˆÏçƒ !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. í˛z!qò Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ≤Ãôyl ˆày¤˛#à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ í˛z!qòÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚
~•z !Ó˲yçl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
5. í˛z!qòÓ˚y烈Ïܲ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˲yˆÏà !Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ Ùylò[˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ï˛y ≤Ãyî#Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˆ◊!îË%˛=˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ çlƒ !fiÌÓ˚ܲ, ï˛ Ùylò[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ xy°yòy⁄
6. ˆÙÓ%̊ò[˛# ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

ç#ÓçàˆÏï˛ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ 97
xôƒyÎ˚ 8
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È Ó›ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
Ó›ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ˆò!á– ˆÎÙl ˛õy!á xyܲyˆÏ¢ GˆÏí˛¸ñ ÙySÈ çˆÏ°
§Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏê˛ñ !¢Ó˚y ôÙl# !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚=˛ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚
ÎylÓy•l ã˛ˆÏ°– xî% ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ñ @˝Ã• l«˛e ~ÓÇ l«˛e˛õ%O §Ó•z
à!ï˛¢#°– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál•z ~Ó˚ à!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛ ≤ÃÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc
í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙl àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y G í˛y°˛õy°yÓ˚ lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yñ
ô)!° Gí˛¸y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
§)ˆÏÎ≈yòÎ˚ñ §)Î≈yhflÏ ~ÓÇ }ï%˛˛ õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî âˆÏê˛⁄ ~à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ•z •Î˚⁄ Î!ò ï˛y
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ à!ï˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly⁄
~ܲ•z Ó› ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !fiÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
à!ï˛¢#° ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– à!ï˛¢#° ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•#Ó˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ Ó˚yhflyÏ Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ àySÈàˆ% °
Ï yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl •Î˚– Ó˚yhflyÏ Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏly ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ã˛°hs˝ Óy§ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– !ܲv ã˛°hs˝ ÓyˆÏ§
Ìyܲy ~ܲçl xyˆÏÓ˚y•# xlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y•#ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ ˆòˆÏá– ~•z
˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚⁄
x!ôܲyÇ¢ à!ï˛•z ç!ê˛°– !ܲS%È Ó› §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚
!ܲS%È Ó› Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ à!ï˛¢#°– !ܲS%È Ó› â)î≈l¢#° ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È
§ÇáƒÜ˛ ܲ¡õl¢#°G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ÙlG xÓfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§Óà%ˆÏ°y à!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ à!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– §Ó˚° §Ù#ܲÓ˚î
G ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~Ó˚)˛õ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G xyÙÓ˚y
!¢áÓ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó,_#Î˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
MOTION
à!ï˛
ܲyç 8.1
É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y°à%ˆÏ°y !fiÌÓ˚ñ ly
à!ï˛¢#° xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲyç 8.2
É ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ ˆÎñ
!fiÌÓ˚ ˆê˛∆ˆlÏ ÓˆÏ§ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆê˛∆l!ê˛ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
ˆË˛ˆÓÏ Ü˛ˆÓÏ y˚
xyÙÓ˚y ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈܲáˆÏly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó›à%ˆ°Ï yÓ˚
à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ !Ó˛õˆÏò ˛õ!í˛¸ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Îál ˆ§ à!ï˛ •Î˚
x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ G x!lÎ˚!sfï˛ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ≤’y!Óï˛
lò#ñ •ƒy!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛l Óy §%ly!ÙˆÏï˛– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ !lÎ˚!sfï˛
à!ï˛ ç°!Óò%ƒÍ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ÙylÓ Ü˛°ƒyîܲÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ !ܲS%È Ó›Ó˚
x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
§¡∫ˆÏrô !¢áˆÏï˛ ã˛yG⁄
8.1 à!ï˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly (Describing Motion)
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚– ô!Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !Óòƒy°Î˚ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏfiê˛¢l
ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ 2 !ܲˆÏ ° y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ í˛z _ ˆÏ Ó ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛– xyÙÓ˚ y ~áyˆÏ l
ˆÓ˚°ˆÏfiê˛¢ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Óòƒy°Î˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ– ~•z
í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆîÏ ˆÓ˚°ˆÏfiê˛¢lˆÏܲ !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲ !Ó®% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !Ó®%G !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !Ó®%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ù)°!Ó®% Ó!°–
8.1.1 §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ!˚ áܲ à!ï˛ (Motion along a
straight line)
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚°ï˛Ù à!ï˛ •° §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ à!ï˛– xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !¢áÓ– §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ ˛õÌ
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– Ó›!ê˛
!lˆÏò¢≈ ܲ !Ó®% ÚOÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Îyey ¢%Ó%˚ ܲÓ˚° å!ã˛e 8.1ä– ôˆÏÓ˚
lyG A, B ~ÓÇ C Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó≈≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ó›!ê˛ C ˆï˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ B ˆï˛ ~ÓÇ
§Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï A ˆï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈy°– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó›!ê˛ ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ B •ˆÏÎ˚
C ˆï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~°–
!ã˛e 8.1 ı §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÓfiÌyl–
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ ˆÙyê˛ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ •Ï° OA + AC
xÌ≈ y Í 60 km + 35 km = 95 km – ~!ê˛•z •° Ó›Ó˚
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚ – ò)Óc˚ ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢%ôÙ% ye §yÇáƒ
Ùyl !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï •z ã˛ˆÏ°ñ à!ï˛Ó˚ !ò܉˛!lˆÏòˆ≈ ¢Ï Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ ly–
~Ùl ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ó˚y!¢ xyˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye §yÇრÙyˆÏlÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆË˛Ôï˛Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ §yÇრÙyl!ê˛•z
åNumerical valueä •° ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl åMagnitudeä– ~
í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyl ÚOÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
x!hs˝Ù xÓfiÌyl ÈC È~Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄ Ó›Ó˚
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ÓƒÓôyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù O ˆÌˆÏܲ A •ˆÏÎ˚ C ˛õÎ≈hs˝
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ §Ó˚î åDisplacementäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÇრÙyl ˛õyˆÏÓ– Ó›Ó˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ x!hs˝Ù xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù ò)Óc˚ ˆÏܲ ˙
Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl G Ó› ܲï≈,˛Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
§Ùyl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ 8.1 !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòGÎ˚y í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly
ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– O ˆÌˆÏܲ A ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝
ò)Ó˚c 60 km ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙylG 60 km– O ˆÌˆÏܲ A ˆï˛
!àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ B ˆï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
= 60km + 25 km= 85 kmñ Î!òG Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl
à!ï˛
35 km– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl å35 kmä ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ å85
kmä ~Ó˚ §Ùyl lÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚î ¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv xyl%£Ï!Aàܲ ò)Ó˚c
¢)lƒ lÎ˚– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ÚOÛ ˆï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ
!ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù xÓfiÌyl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ !وϰ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z §Ó˚î ¢)lƒ •Î˚– Î!òG ~•z Îyey˛õˆÏÌ
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c OA + AO = 60 km + 60 km = 120
km– ~˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚î G ò)Ó˚c ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛Ó˚y!¢ˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚
§y!Ó≈ܲ à!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãò_ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ x!hs˝Ù xÓfiÌyl !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ܲyç 8.3
É ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˆflÒ° G ~ܲ!ê˛ ò!í˛¸ lyG–
É ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏflÒê˛Ó° ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆÜ˛yî ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yî ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ•ÑˆêÏ ˛ ÎyG–
É ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c G §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
É ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
ܲyç 8.4
É ÎylÓy•ˆÏl x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf
Î%=˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ÎsfˆÏܲ GˆÏí˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ xyàÓ˚ ï ˛°y ˆÌˆÏ Ü ˛ §yÓ % Ù ˆà°–
GˆÏí˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ΈÏsÓf ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õyë˛ G x!hs˝Ù ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ 134 km–
É Ë˛yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ ˛õÌÙyl!ã˛e åRoad Mapä ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyàÓ˚ï˛°y G §yÓ%ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
99
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ~ܲ!ê˛ ò)Óc
˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚°– ~Ó˚ §Ó˚î
¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ~ܲçl Ü,˛£Ïܲ 40 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ 10 !Ùê˛yÓ˚
Óy•%!Ó!¢T˛ Óà≈yܲyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏë˛Ó˚ §#Ùyly ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚
~°– 2 !Ù!lê˛ 20 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
xÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ü,˛£ÏˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ùyl Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
§ÙÎ˚

9:30 am
9:45 am
10:00 am
10:15 am
§yÓ˚!î ı 8.1
A Ó› myÓ˚y
!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲ

10
20
30
40
B Ó› myÓ˚y
!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲ
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c (m) x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c (m)
12
19
23
35
3. l#ˆÏÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ §ï˛ƒ ⁄ 10:30 am 50 37
åÜ˛ä §Ó˚î ¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– 10:45 am 60 41
åáä §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c 11:00 am 70 44

xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢– 8.2 à!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ (Measuring the Rate

of Motion)
8.1.2 §%£ÏÙ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ x§Ù à!ï˛ åUniform
motion and Non-uniform motionä
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá˚ y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ôˆÏÓy˚ ñ
Ó›!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 5m x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈# ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛
xyÓ˚G 5m ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ 5m ~ÓÇ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 5m ӈϰÓ˚ à!ï˛ åkm/hä
ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó›!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ 5m ˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó›!ê˛ §Ùyl §Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl §Ùyl §Ùyl ò)Óc˚
x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z Ó›!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ( a )
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl «%˛o •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l à!ï˛Ó˚ §#Ùy
ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl §Ó à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ùyl
§Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ó› x§Ù ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ !Ë˛í˛¸ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ày!í˛¸ !ܲÇÓy ˛õyˆÏÜ≈˛
ç!àÇÓ˚ï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ÈüÈ~à%ˆÏ°y x§Ùà!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%È !lò¢≈l–

ܲyç È 8.5
• ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ Ó› A ~ÓÇ B ~Ó˚ à!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ï˛Ìƒ §yÓ˚!î
8.1ÈüÈ~ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
• ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ
Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ §%£ÏÙñ ly x§Ù ӈϰy–
( b )
!ã˛e ı 8.2
100 !ÓK˛yl
 8.2 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòGÎ˚y xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ = 4 s + 2 s = 6 s
8.2(a) lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ӈϰÓ˚ à!ï˛ Î!ò 143 kmh–1 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
àí˛¸o%!ï˛ =
myÓ˚y ܲ# ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚⁄ 8.2 (b) lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•zlˆÏÓyí≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚
ܲ# Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚SÈ⁄ =
32 m
= 5.33 m s–1
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Óc˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙÎ˚ 6s

ˆlÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È Ó› o%ï˛àyÙ# ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È Ó› ô#Ó˚
à!ï˛§¡õߨ– Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ Ó› ~ܲ•z •yˆÏ Ó ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ ï ˛ ˛õyˆÏ Ó ˚ – Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó› myÓ˚y x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝
ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y– ~•z Ó˚y!¢!ê˛ o%!ï˛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– o%!ï˛Ó˚
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ~ܲܲ Óy SI ~ܲܲ •° !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛–
~ˆÏܲ ms–1 Óy m/s myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– o%!ï˛Ó˚ xlƒylƒ
~ܲܲà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆ§!rê˛!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ åcms–1ä ~ÓÇ
!ܲˆÏ°y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛y åkmh–1ä– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ¢%ô%Ùye ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚
o%!ï˛ ô %Óܲ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲÌy ˆl•z– x!ôܲyÇ¢
ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ó›§Ù)• x§ÙÈ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ܲyˆÏç•zñ xyÙÓ˚y
Ó›§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ GˆÏòÓ˚ àí˛¸o!% ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚Ó–
Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ó›Ó˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
xÌ≈yÍñ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ =
ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ s ò)Óc˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ o%!ï˛ñ
s
v = t (8.1)
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ Ó%ˆVÏ ˛ ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸
2 â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ 100 !ܲ!Ù ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ 50
kmh–1– ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ 50 kmh–1 •yˆÏÓ˚ lyG ã˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ܲálG ~!ê˛ ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ Ü˛álG ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ
o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.1
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ≤Ã̈ÏÙ 16m ˛õÌ 4 sÈüÈ~ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# 16m
˛õÌ 2 sÈüÈ~ ÎyÎ˚– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
Ó›!ê˛ myÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c = 16 m + 16 m
= 32 m
˛xï˛~Óñ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ 5.33 m s–1.
8.2.1 x!˲Ù%á §• o%!ï˛ (Speed with Direction)
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓ Î!ò o%!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%áG !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲ!Ó˚– ˆÎ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ myÓ˚y o%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á í˛z˲Î˚ˆÜÏ ˛•z !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓà åvelocityä
ӈϰ– ˆÓà •° !l!ò≈T˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà §%£ÏÙ åuniformä Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° åvarianceä
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛Ó˚ Ùylñ x!˲Ù%á Óy í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Îál
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ï˛ál
xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛Ó˚ •yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî àí˛¸ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õy!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲ!Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
àí˛¸ˆÏÓà !lî≈Î˚ ܲ!Ó˚–
Î!ò Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà §Ù•yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G x!hs˝Ù ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó#˚ Î˚ ÙôƒÜ˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÓÏ à
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà + x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà
xÌ≈yÍñ àí˛¸ˆÏÓà =
2
u+v
ày!î!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ vav = (8.2)
2
ˆÎáyˆÏl v av •° àí˛¸ˆÏÓàñ u ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà ~ÓÇ v Ó›Ó˚
x!hs˝ÙˆÏÓà–
o%!ï˛ G ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ~ܲ•z xÌ≈yÍ ms–1 Óy m/sÉ
ܲyç È 8.6
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy§fiê˛˛õ Óy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà ˆÙˆÏ˛õ ˆòˆÏáy– Î!ò
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •Ñyê˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ 4 kmh–1 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy§fiê˛˛õ Óy !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ò)Óc˚
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

à!ï˛ 101
ܲyç È 8.7 = 50
km 1000 m
x x
1h
• ˆÙâ°y!òˆÏl âl âl ÓL˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍV˛°Ü˛ ˆòáy h 1 km 3600 s
ÎyÎ˚– !Óò%ƒÍV˛°Ü˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓL˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢∑ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ = 13.9 m s–1
ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È«˛î §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà– ày!í˛¸Ó˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ 50 km h–1 Óy 13.9 m s–1.
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù âˆÏê˛⁄
• !í˛!çê˛y° •yï˛â!í˛¸ Óy fiê˛˛õGÎ˚yˆÏã˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.3 |£Ïy 90m ò#â≈ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏê˛– ˆ§ 1
• !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˆÎ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Óò%ƒÍV˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–åÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà 346 ms–1ä ~ܲ•z §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ!˚ áܲ ˛õˆÏÌ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˆÙyê˛ 180m
˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– |£ÏyÓ˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ àí˛¸ˆÏÓà !lî≈Î˚

≤Ã
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı §Ùyôyl ı
1. o%!ï˛ G ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y ˆ°ˆÏáy– 1 !Ù!lˆÏê˛ |£Ïy ܲï,˛≈ ܲ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc
˚ 180 !Ùê˛yÓ˚–
2. ܲ# ¢ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ àí˛¸ˆÏÓà G àí˛¸o%!ï˛Ó˚ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ |£ÏyÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚î = 0 !Ùê˛yÓ˚–
Ùyl §Ùyl •Î˚⁄ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
3. ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ GˆÏí˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åOdometerä ~Ó˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ =
ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ܲ#˛ Ùy˛õy •Î˚⁄
180 m 180 m 1 min
4. §%£Ù Ï à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ ˆòáˆÏï˛ = = x
1 min 1 min 60 s
ˆÜ˛Ùl •Î˚⁄
= 3 m s-1
5. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîñ Ù•yܲy¢Îyl ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ ï ˛ §ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛ Ë) ˛ ˆÏ fi ê˛¢ˆÏ l å Ground §Ó˚î
àí˛¸ˆÏÓà =
Stationä ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ 5 !Ù!lê˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà– ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚
Ù•yܲy¢Îyl ˆÌˆÏܲ Ë)˛ˆÏfiê˛¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c ܲï˛⁄ 0m
=
§ÇˆÏ Ü ˛ï˛!ê˛ 3x10 8 ms –1 xÌ≈ y Í xyˆÏ ° yÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏ à 60 s
à!ï˛¢#°– = 0 ms–1
|£ÏyÓ˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ 3 ms-1 ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸ˆÏÓà 0 ms–1

í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.2 ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ GˆÏí˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ å Odometerä

ÎyeyÓ˚ ¢%Óˆ%̊ ïÏ ˛ ˛2000 km õyë˛ ~ÓÇ ÎyeyˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï 2400
km ˛õyë˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– Î!ò Îyey!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏï˛ 8 h §ÙÎ˚ 8.3 ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ (Rate of Change
°yˆÏà ï˛ˆÏÓ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ kmh–1 ~ÓÇ ms–1 ~ܲˆÏܲ of Velocity)
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ùyôyl / §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá˚ y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §%£ÙÏ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
ày!í˛¸ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cñ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓà x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚
s = 2400 km – 2000 km = 400 km ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ¢)lƒñ Î!òG x§Ù à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ t = 8 h §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛– Îyey˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛
s 400 km ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ Ù%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ ~Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ùyl •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ ˆÎÈÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ vav = =
t 8h §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ¢)lƒ lÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y !Ü
= 50 km h–1 ~ál˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˛≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄

102 !ÓK˛yl
 ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ cÓ˚î lyˆÏÙ xlƒ §Ùyôyl ı
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ u = 0 ;
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l x!hs˝Ù ˆÓàñ v = 6 m s–1 ;
xÌ≈yÍñ cÓ˚î =
Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 30 s .
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà u ˆÌˆÏܲ (8.3) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•z
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ x!hs˝ÙˆÏÓà v •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ cÓ˚î v–u
a=
v–u t
a= (8.3)
t
u, v ~ÓÇ t ~Ó˚ ≤Ãò_ Ùyl í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚
~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ cÓ˚îÎ%=˛ à!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°– cÓ˚î ôlydܲ ôÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
•ˆÏÓ Î!ò ~!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ cÓ˚î }îydܲ (6 ms–1 – 0 ms–1)
a=
ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ Î!ò ~!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– 30 s
cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ •° ms–2 É
Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ùyl = 0.2 m s–2
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÉ
cÓ˚îˆÏܲ §%£ÏÙ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï˛l¢#° Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ •° ˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ u = 6 m s–1;
§%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà x!hs˝Ù ˆÓàñ v = 4 m s–1;
x§Ù•yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›!ê˛ x§ÙcÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#°– §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 5 s.
ˆÎÙl §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ày!í˛¸ §Ùyl §Ùyl
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ (4 ms–1 – 6 ms–1)
§ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl o%!ï˛Ó˚ x§Ùyl Ó,!Âô âê˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ a=
5s
x§ÙcÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° Ó°y •ˆÏÓ–
= –0.4 m s–2 .
≤ÃÌوϫ˛ˆÏe Óy•z§y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ cÓ˚î 0.2 m s–2 ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚
ܲyç È 8.8 ˆ«˛ˆÏe cÓ˚î –0.4 m s–2.

≤Ã
• ≤Ã!ï˛!òl ï%˛!Ù xˆÏlܲ à!ï˛Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •G ˆÎáyˆÏlñ
(a) cÓ˚î à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
(b) cÓ˚î à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
(c) cÓ˚î §%£ÏÙ–
(d) cÓ˚î x§Ù–
• í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î
ï%˛!Ù á%шÏç ˛õyG !ܲ⁄
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.4 !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚y•%° ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•z§y•zˆÏÜ˛Ï°
ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ 6 ms–1 ˆÓÏà xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚È– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ˆ§ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎl ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# 5 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓà È4 ms–1üÈ~ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– í˛z˲Î˚ ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
Óy•z§y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ cÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. ܲál ï%˛!Ù Ó°ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› (i) §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî
(ii) x§Ù cÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏSÈ⁄
2. ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ o%!ï˛ 5 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ 80 Kmh–1
ˆÌˆÏܲ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ È60 kmh–1 •Î˚– Óy§!ê˛Ó˚ cÓ˚î
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆l ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚°GˆÏÎ˚ ˆfiê˛¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyey
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° 10 !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 40
kmh–1 o%!ï˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ cÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

à!ï˛ 103
8.4 ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ à!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢
(Graphical Representation of
Motion)
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ âê˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ï˛Ìƒ§Ù)• §•ˆÏç
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ ~ܲ!òˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ˆá°yÓ˚ §¡±ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§ÙÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ G˲yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî í˛z°¡∫
ò[˛ˆÏ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ åvertical bar graphsä §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáSÈ à!îˆÏï˛ ò%•z ã˛°!Ó!¢T˛ ˜Ó˚!áܲ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
§ÙyôyˆÏl §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ˆ°á!ã˛e åstraight line graphä ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚–
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ Óî≈lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ˚áy ˆ°á!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õy!Ó˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ˚áy ˆ°á!ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y ò)Ó˚c Óy ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚y!¢ñ ˆÎÙl
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
8.4.1 ò) Ó ˚ c ÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e (Distance–time
graphs)
~ܲ!ê˛ §%!Óôyçlܲ ˆfl҈ϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ XÈüÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ò)Óc˚ ˆÏܲ YÈüÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– Ó›Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÓàñ x§ÙˆÏÓàñ
ò)Óc˚ (km)
§ÙÎ˚ (min)
!ã˛e 8.3 ı §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚
ˆ°á!ã˛e–
!fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
104
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §Ùyl §Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓܲyˆÏ¢
§Ùyl §Ùyl ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü ˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó›!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛
à!ï˛¢#°– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó›Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§ˆÏAà §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛– ï˛y•z §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e 8.3 !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy
•ˆÏÓ– ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ OB xÇ¢ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ ò)Ó˚c §%£ÏÙ•yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô
˛õyÎ˚– ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï%˛!Ù Î!ò Y x«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl lyGñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ §%£ÏÙ
ˆÓà ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚
ˆ°á!ã˛e ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ – ~çlƒ 8.3 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏ e Ó˚
ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ AB lyG– A !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏܲ XÈüÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy xÑyˆÏܲy˛ ~ÓÇ B !Ó®%
ˆÌˆÏܲ YÈüÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ˆÓ˚áy xÑyˆÏܲy˛– ~•z ˆÓ˚áy ò%!ê˛
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ C !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ABC !eË%˛ç àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe AC, (t2 – t1) §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
BC, (s2 – s1) ò)Ó˚c !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ Îál A ˆÌˆÏÜ B˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál
Ó›!ê˛ (t2 – t1) §ÙˆÏÎ˚ (s2–s1) ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ v ˆÜ˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
s 2 – s1
v =
t 2– t 1
(8.4)
cÓ˚îÎ%=˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG xyÙÓ˚y ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e
xAܲl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ò%•z ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ §yÓ˚!î 8.2 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
§yÓ˚!î 8.2 : !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ ~ܲˆÏܲ §ÙÎ˚ !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚c
0 0
2 1
4 4
6 9
8 16
10 25
12 36
!ÓK˛yl
 ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Î!ò Ó› §%£ÏÙ ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ x«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚c §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ly– ~ê˛y ÈXüÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ó˚ ° ˆÏ Ó ˚ á y •ˆÏ Ó – 8.5 lÇ !ã˛e!ê˛ 40 kmh –1 §% £ Ï Ù ˆÓˆÏ à
à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛eˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l §%£ÏÙ ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà ~ÓÇ
ò)Óc˚ (m)

§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ à%îÊ˛° Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeñ

ˆ°á!ã˛e ~ÓÇ §ÙÎ˚ÈüÈxˆÏ«˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y xyÓÂô ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°
§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
8.5 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe t1 ~ÓÇ t2 §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ày!í˛¸
ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c çylˆÏï˛ t1 ~ÓÇ t2 §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyl%£Ïy!Aàܲ
!Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÙÎ˚ xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ °¡∫ ê˛yˆÏly– AC Óy BD
í˛zFã˛ï˛y 40 kmh–1 ˆÓàˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ AB myÓ˚y
§ÙÎ˚ (s)
(t2 – t1) §ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ (t2 – t1) §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ày!í˛¸ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c s
!ã˛e 8.4 ı x§Ùo%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ •ˆÏ°
ˆ°á!ã˛e– s = AC × CD
= [(40 km h–1) × (t2 – t1) h]
~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ò)Óc˚ ÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e 8.4 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly = 40 (t2– t1) km
•°– °«˛ ܲˆÏÓy˚ ñ xyˆÏàÓ˚ 8.3 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe §%£ÙÏ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ò)Óc˚ ÈüȧÙÎ˚ = ABCD xyÎ˚ ï ˛ˆÏ « ˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° å 8.5 !ã˛ˆÏ e
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚– xÇ¢y!AÜ˛ï˛ xM˛°ä
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óˆ˚ cÏ Ó˚ x§Ù xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚î
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ 8.4 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ •z!Ol ˛õÓ˚#«˛y
x§Ùo%!ï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛y°yˆÏly •Ï°– ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
í»˛y•z˲yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ӈϧ ~ܲçl ˆ°yܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ 5 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ ˛õÓ˚
8.4.2 ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e å Velocity-Time ˛õÓ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ !flõˆÏí˛y!Ùê˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˛õyë˛ ˆlÎ˚– 8.3 lÇ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
Graphä Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓà kmh-1 ~ÓÇ ms–1 ~ܲˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏly •°–
§Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
§yÓ˚!î 8.3 : !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚
ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeñ §ÙÎ˚˛ XÈüÈx«˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓà ÈYüÈ x«˛
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓà
§ÙÎ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓà
–1
ˆÓà (kmh–1)

–1
(s) (m s ) (km h )
0 0 0
5 2.5 9
10 5.0 18
15 7.5 27
§ÙÎ˚ (h)
20 10.0 36
25 12.5 45
!ã˛e 8.5 ı ~ܲ!ê˛ §%£ÙÏ à!ï˛§¡õߨ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e– 30 15.0 54

à!ï˛ 105
 ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe à!ï˛¢#° ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e 8.6 lÇ
!ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ

ˆÓà (ms–1)
§Ùyl §Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Ùyl •Î˚– ï˛y•z §Ü˛°
§% £ Ï Ù cÓ˚ î Î% = ˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e ˆÓàÈ ü È § ÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy •ˆÏÓ–

§ÙÎ˚ (s)
(a)
ˆÓà (kmh–1)

ˆÓà (ms–1) §ÙÎ˚ (s)

(b)

!ã˛e 8.7ı x§Ù cÓ˚îÎ%=˛ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚

§ÙÎ˚ (s) ˆ°á!ã˛e
!ã˛e 8.6 ı §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e 8.7 (a) !ã˛ˆÏe ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ •…y§ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 8.7 (b) !ã˛ˆÏe ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚
ˆ°á!ã˛e ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ x§Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ï%˛!Ù ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cG ˆÓÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˆ°á!ã˛eà%ˆÏ°y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ≤Ãò_ §ÙÎ˚
ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùylä– Î!ò ܲyç È 8.9
• A, B, C !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ xyàÙlܲy°
ày!í˛¸!ê˛ §%£ÙÏ ˆÏÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe å8.6 !ã˛eä ABCD
~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌylܲy° ~ÓÇ A ˆfiê˛¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ B ~ÓÇ C
~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° xhs˝Ë˛) =≈ ˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚ ˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c 8.4 §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆÏòGÎ˚y •°–
cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z ˆÓàÈüÈ §yÓ˚!î 8.4 ı A ˆfiê˛¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ B ~ÓÇ C ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c
§ÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ABCDE ~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ xyàÙlܲy° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃfiÌylܲy°
ò)Ó˚c ÚsÛ ˆÜ˛ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆfiê˛¢l A ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàÙl ≤ÃfiÌyl
xÌ≈yÍñ s = ABCDE ˆ«˛eÊ˛° x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ܲy° ܲy°
(km) (hours) (hours)
= ABCD xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° + ADE !eË%˛ˆÏçÓ˚
A 0 08:00 08:15
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° B 120 11:15 11:30
C 180 13:00 13:15
1
= AB × BC + (AD × DE)
2 • ò%!ê˛ ˆfiê˛¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆê˛∆ˆlÏ Ó˚ à!ï˛ §%£ÙÏ ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
x§Ù cÓ˚îÎ%=˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óƒyáƒy òyG–

106 !ÓK˛yl
ܲyç È 8.10 8.5 ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ àï˛#Î˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î
• !Ê˛ˆÏÓy˚ ç ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyl ˆ§y!lÎ˚y Óy•z§y•zˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏ° ܲˆÏÓ˚ (Equations of Motion by Graphical
fl%҈ϰ ÎyÎ˚– í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Method)
Ó˚Gly ˆòÎ˚ !ܲv fl%҈ϰ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Î!òG Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ï˛ál
ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ˛õÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– 8.5 lÇ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓàñ cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲà%FSÈ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Óñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ àï˛#Î˚
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î ӈϰ–
§yÓ˚!î 8.5 ı !˲ߨ !˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚yç ~ÓÇ ˆ§y!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ~Ó˚)˛õ !ï˛l!ê˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î l#ˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
Óy•z§y•zˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏ° x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚ v = u + at (8.5)
s = ut + ½ at2 (8.6)
2 a s = v2 – u2 (8.7)
§ÙÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ§y!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl u •° Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ Îy t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ a §ÙcÓ˚ˆÏî
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ à!ï˛¢#°– v •° x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà ~ÓÇ s •° t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
ò)Ó˚c ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c– 8.5 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ §¡õܲ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚
(km) (km) ~ÓÇ 8.6 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î xÓfiÌylÈüȧÙÎ˚ §¡õܲ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ 8.7
8:00 am 0 0
lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î xÓfiÌyl ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
8.5 lÇ ~ÓÇ 8.6 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ t x˛õlÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y
8:05 am 1.0 0.8 ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §Ù#ܲÓ˚î !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃G ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
8:10 am 1.9 1.6
8:15 am 2.8 2.3 8.5.1 ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (Equations
for velocity-Time Relation)
8:20 am 3.6 3.0
8.8 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly §ÙcÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚
8:25 am – 3.6
ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y å8.6 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xl%Ó˚)˛õñ Î!òG ~áyˆÏl
• ~ܲ•z ˆflÒ° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚
ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. §% £ Ï Ù ~ÓÇ x§Ùà!ï˛§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÓà (ms–1)

2. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e Î!ò §ÙÎ˚

xˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝ Ó ˚ y ° •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ Ó Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# Ó°y ÎyÎ˚⁄
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e Î!ò §ÙÎ˚
xˆÏ « ˛Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝ Ó ˚ y ° •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ Ó Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# Ó°y ÎyÎ˚⁄ §ÙÎ˚ (s)

4. ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛e 8.8 ı àï˛#Î˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e–
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° myÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚y!¢ Ùy˛õy •Î˚⁄

à!ï˛ 107
u ≠ 0ä– ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà OA = u, OC = AD = t ~ÓÇ BD = at ñ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl
•° u åA !Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛ä ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ v •Î˚ åB !Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛ä– ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
ˆÓàñ a §%£ÏÙ •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– 8.8 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe B !Ó®% ˆÌˆÏܲ 1
ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ §ÙÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓà xˆÏ«˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ BC ~ÓÇ BE s = ut + (t x at )
2
°¡∫ ê˛y!l ˆÎl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà OA myÓ˚yñ x!hs˝ÙˆÏÓà BC myÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
t §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÓôyl OC myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– BD = BC – CD, t 1 2
Óy, s = ut + at
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 2
OC ~Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° AD xAܲl ܲ!Ó˚– ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
°«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ
BC = BD + DC = BD + OA 8.5.3 xÓfiÌylÈüȈÓà §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (Equation
BC = v ~ÓÇ OA = u, ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ for position–velocity relation)
v = BD + u
Óyñ BD = v – u (8.8)
§%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e å8.8 lÇ !ã˛eä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zñ
sñ 8.8 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xhs˝Ë)≈˛=˛ OABC
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚îñ a = ê˛∆y!˛õ!çÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛=˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl–
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ §ÙÎ˚
xÌ≈yÍñ s = OABC ê˛∆y!˛õ!çÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛°
BD BD
= =
AD OC (OA + BC) x OC
=
2
OC = t ñ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
OA = u, BC = v ~ÓÇ OC = tñ ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚
BD
a= xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
t
Óyñ BD = at (8.9) (u + v)t
s= (8.11)
8.8 lÇ ~ÓÇ 8.9 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ 2
at = v – u ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ 8.6 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
v = u + at
(v – u)
t= (8.12)
a
8.11 lÇ ~ÓÇ 8.12 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
8.5.2 xÓfiÌylÈüȧÙÏÎ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ Ó˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (Equation
(v + u) x (v – u)
for position-time relation) s=
2a
ô!Ó˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› a §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ s ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óyñ 2 a s = v2 – u2
8.8 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe AB ˆÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e OABC ~Ó˚ xhsË)≈˛=˛
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xï˛~Óñ Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cñ
s = OABC ê˛∆y!˛õ!çÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.5 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆l !fiÌÓ˚yÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ 5
= OADC xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° + ABD !eË%˛ˆÏçÓ˚ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ 72 Kmh-1 ˆÓˆÏà ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– cÓ˚î §%£ÏÙ ôˆÏÓ˚
ˆ«˛eÊ˛°– í˛z=˛ ˆÓˆÏà ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ åiä cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ åiiä ˆê˛∆l ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
1
= OA × OC + (AD × BD) (8.10)
2 x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

108 !ÓK˛yl
§Ùyôyl ı (ii) 8.6 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ 1
s=ut+ at2
u = 0 ; v = 72 kmh–1 = 20 ms-1 ~ÓÇ 2
t = 5 minutes = 300 s. 1
= 5 m s–1 x 5 s + x 1 m s–2 x (5 s)2
(i) 8.5 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ 2
= 25 m + 12.5 m
(v – u)
a= = 37.5 m
t –2
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ cÓ˚î 1 m s ~ÓÇ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c •° 37.5 m.
20 ms–1 – 0 ms–1
=
300 s
1 ms –2 í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.7 ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚
=
15 !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òˆÏܲ 6 m s-2 cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §,!T˛ •°– Î!ò ˆÓܲ
(ii) 8.7 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ ày!í˛¸ ÌyÙˆÏï˛ 2 s §ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
2 as = v2 – u2 = v2 – 0 ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
xÌ≈yÍñ
§Ùyôyl ı
v2 xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ
s=
2a a = – 6 m s–2 ; t = 2 s ~ÓÇ v = 0 m s–1.
(20 ms ) –1 2
8.5 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l
= v = u + at
2x (1/15) ms–2
Óyñ 0 = u + (– 6 m s–2) × 2 s
= 3000 m = 3 km Óyñ u = 12 m s–1 .
1 8.6 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ cÓ˚î •° ms– 2 ~ÓÇ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c •° 3
km. 15 1
s=ut+ at2
2
1
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 8.6 ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ 5 s §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî = (12 ms–1 ) x (2 s) + (–6 ms–2 ) (2 s)2
–1 –1 2
18 kmh ˆÌˆÏܲ 36 kmh ˆÓˆÏà ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ– í˛z=˛
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ åiä cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ åiiä x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚ !lî≈Î˚ = 24 m – 12 m
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– = 12 m
xÌ≈yÍñ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ ÌyÙyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
§Ùyôyl ı
12m ÎyÎ˚– ï%˛!Ù ~ál Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚SÈñ ˆÜ˛l Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˛ày!í˛¸
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ
u = 18 km h–1 = 5 ms–1 ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ˆÏܲ ày!í˛¸à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ò)Ó˚c
v = 36 km h–1 = 10 ms–1 ~ÓÇ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄

≤Ã
t = 5s.
(i) 8.5 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
v–u 1. ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy§ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyey ¢%Ó˚%
a=
t ܲˆÏÓ˚ 0.1 m s-2 §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî 2 !Ù!lê˛ ã˛ˆÏ°–
10 ms–1 – 5 ms–1
= Óy§!ê˛Ó˚ åaä o%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ åbä x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Óc˚ !lî≈Î˚
5s
–2
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
= 1 ms

à!ï˛ 109
 2. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆l 90 km h–1 o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#°–
– 0.5 ms-2 §%£Ù Ï cÓ˚î §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
ܲÓ˚y •°– !fiÌÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆê˛∆l ܲï˛ò)Ó˚
ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ lï˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛∆!°Ó˚ cÓ˚î •° 2 cms-2. Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛3 s õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ˆÓà Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
4. ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓÙyl ày!í˛¸ 4 ms -2§% £ Ï Ù cÓ˚ ˆ Ï î
à!ï˛¢#°– Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛10 s õÓ˚ ày!í˛¸!ê˛
ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õÌ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
5. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛ 5 ms-1 ˆÓˆÏà í˛z°¡∫˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆSÈyí˛¸y •°– Î!ò l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ cÓ˚î 10 ms–2 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛
ܲï˛ê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˙ xÓfiÌyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏïÏ ˛
Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ⁄
8.6 §%£ÏÙÓ,_#Î˚ à!ï˛ (Uniform Circular Motion)
Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y Ó!° ˆÎ
Ó›!ê˛ cÓ˚îÎ%=˛– ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ xÌÓy !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ xÌÓy í˛z˲ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ– ï%˛!Ù
!ܲ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÓ lyñ !ܲv à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÓ⁄
åaä xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ åbä £Ïí˛¸Ë%˛çyܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ
åcä xT˛Ë%˛çyܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ ådä Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ
!ã˛e 8.9 ı !Ó!˲ߨ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ˛–
110
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛
!ÓˆÏ Ó ã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ – 8.9 (a) lÇ !ã˛ˆÏ e ~ܲçl Ü ˛#í˛¸ y !ÓˆÏ ò Ó˚
xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ ABCD ˆòáyˆÏly •°– xyÙÓ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z
ˆÎñ Ü ˛#í˛¸ y !Óò à!ï˛˛õˆÏ Ì Ó˚ AB, BC, CD ~ÓÇ DA
§Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ xLjϢ §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚– à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ§ ˆÜ˛Ô!îܲ ˝!Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛ á%Ó ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ o%!ï˛
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#í˛¸y!Óò ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ flõT˛ï˛•zñ xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚
à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ â%ˆÓÏ ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ã˛yÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á
˛õyŒê˛yÎ˚–
~ál 8.9 (b) lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ô!Ó˚ ܲ#í˛¸y!Óò xyÎ˚ï˛yܲyÓ˚
à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ £Ïí˛¸Ë%˛çyܲyÓ˚ ABCDEF õˆÏÌ ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ܲ#í˛¸y!Óò £Ïí˛¸Ë%˛çyܲyÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛
SÈÎÓ˚ yÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õyŒê˛yÎ˚– 8.9 (c) !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y £Ïí˛¸Ë˛% ç ly •ˆÏÎ˚
à!ï˛˛õÌ ABCDEFGHÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §%£ÏÙ xT˛Ë%˛ç •ˆÏ° ܲ#
•ˆÏÓ⁄ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Óy•%§Çáƒy Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚
ܲ#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚ !òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
Óy•%§Çáƒy x§#Ù •ˆÏ° à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ~Ó˚ܲÙ
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎñ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
•ˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Óy•%Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
•ˆÏFSÈ– Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ Ü˛#í˛¸y!Óò !fiÌÓ˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏà
à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ~ܲÙye
à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
ܲ#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ cÓ˚îÎ%=˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ r Óƒy§yˆÏô≈Ó˚ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô 2πr ñ Î!ò
ܲ#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ r Óƒy§yˆÏôÓ≈ ˚ Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ â%ˆÓÏ ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ t ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛
§ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓñ
2πr
o%!ï˛ñ v = (8.13)
t
Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §%£ÏÙ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ à!ï˛¢#°
•Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ §ÙÓ,_#Î˚ à!ï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
!ÓK˛yl
ܲyç 8.11 ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ë˛yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ °«˛
• ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ §%ˆïÏ ˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï ˆòáˆÏÓñ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ flõ¢≈ܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ~!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá˚ yÎ˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ÓÑyˆÏôy– 8.10 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸
≤Ãyhs˝ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ
!òˆÏ° G•z Ù%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° !SÈ° ˆ§!òˆÏܲ ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛
§Ùo%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆâyÓ˚yG–
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ Îál ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ à!ï˛¢#° ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ál à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆá°yÎ˚ ~ܲçl ܲ#í˛¸y!Óò •ƒyÙyÓ˚ åhammerä Óy !í˛§Ü˛y§
ådiscusä ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ •ƒyÙyÓ˚ åhammerä Óy
!ã˛e 8.10 / Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ !fiÌÓ˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏà â)î≈yÎ˚Ùyl ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛ !í˛§Ü˛y§ ådiscusä ˆÜ˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ â)î≈ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,_#Î˚à!ï˛ §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚
• ~ál §%ˆïÏ ˛y!ê˛ ˆSȈíÏ ˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛
òyG– ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •ƒyÙyÓ˚ Óy !í˛§Ü˛y§!ê˛ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏ° SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° !SÈ°ñ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ•z
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏ Ó – Ó›Ó˚ §% £ Ï Ù Ó, _ #Î˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ~Ó˚ Ü ˛Ù xˆÏ l ܲ
• ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓyÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,_˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
xÓfiÌyˆÏl ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏáyñ í˛zòy•Ó˚î xyˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ ãÑ˛yò ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ à!ï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ܲ#˛ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ í˛z˛õ@˝Ãˆ•Ï Ó˚ à!ï˛ñ Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ !fiÌÓ˚o!% ï˛ˆÏï˛
~ܲ•zñ ly xy°yòy⁄ §y•zˆÏܲ° xyˆÏÓ˚y•#Ó˚ à!ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• à!ï˛ •° xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ló ~!ê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚y ò)Ó˚c Óy §Ó˚î myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• !fiÌÓ˚ Óy ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ §%£ÏÙ Óy x§Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ •° ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ~ÓÇ ˆÓà •° ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §Ó˚î–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚î •° ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l–
• Ó›Ó˚ §%£ÏÙ ~ÓÇ x§Ù à!ï˛ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
• §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ÎÌyÈüÈ
v = u + at
s = ut + ½ at2
2as = v2 – u2
ˆÎáyˆÏl u •° Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ ˆÎ!ê˛ t §ÙÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ a §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#° ÌyˆÏܲñ v •°
x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà ~ÓÇ s •° t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c–

à!ï˛ 111
 • Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ §%£ÙÏ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ §%£ÙÏ Ó,_#Î˚ à!ï˛
ӈϰ–

xl%¢#°l#
1. 200 m ÓƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,_˛õˆÏÌ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ~ܲçl ܲ#í˛¸y!ÓˆÏòÓ˚ 40 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ §ÙÎ˚
°yˆÏà– 2 !Ù!lê˛ 20 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˛õÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ~ÓÇ §Ó˚î Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
2. ˆÎyˆÏ¢Ê˛ ç!àÇ åJoggingä ܲˆÏÓ˚ 2 !Ù!lê˛ 30 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 300 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ ˆ§yçy Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚
~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ A ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ≤Ãyhs˝ B ˆï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ˛õˆÏÌ 1 !Ù!lê˛ ˛õÓ˚ 100 !Ùê˛yÓ˚
ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ C !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– (a) A ˆÌˆÏܲ B ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ÓÇ (b) A ˆÌˆÏܲ C ˛õÎ≈hs˝˛ ç!àÇ ~Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎyˆÏ¢ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ ~ÓÇ àí˛¸ˆÏÓà !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. xy∑%° fl%҈ϰ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá° Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•ˆÏlÓ˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ 20 km h–1
~ܲ•z Ó˚yhflÏy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ë˛í˛¸ Ü˛Ù ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy•ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓà •Î˚ 30 km h–1–
§¡õ)î≈ ÎyeyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ àí˛¸o%!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛⁄
4. ~ܲ!ê˛ •…ˆÏò !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ˆÏÓyê˛ åmotorboatä §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy
ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ 3.0 m s–2 §ÙcÓ˚ˆÏî 8.0 s ã˛ˆÏ°– ˙ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ˆÏÓyê˛ åmotorboatä ܲï˛ò)Ó˚ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄
5. 52 km h–1 ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲçl ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òˆÏܲ §%£ÏÙ
cÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° 5 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ ˛õÓ˚ ÌyˆÏÙ– xlƒ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ 3 km h–1 ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲçl ày!í˛¸Ó˚
ã˛y°Ü˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ 10 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ ÌyˆÏÙ– ~ܲ•z ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe ò%!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe o%!ï˛
ÓlyÙ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÓܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ò)Ó˚
ÎyˆÏÓ⁄
6. 8.11 !ã˛ˆÏe A, B ~ÓÇ C Ó›Ó˚ ˝ ò)Ó˚cÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ°áà%!° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG–
ò)Ó˚c å!ܲ!Ùä

§ÙÎ˚ åâ^˝ê˛yä
!ã˛e ı 8.11

(a) !ï˛l!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ o%ï˛àyÙ#⁄

(b) à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ•z !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ày!í˛¸ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛álG ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲ⁄

112 !ÓK˛yl
 (c) Îál B, A ˆÜ˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál C ܲï˛ò)Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
(d) C ˆÜ˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ B ܲï˛ò)ÏÓ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
7. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ 20 m í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°ˆÏï˛y˲yˆÏÓ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– Î!ò ~Ó˚ ˆÓà 10 m s-2
§%£ÏÙ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛# ˆÓˆÏà ~!ê˛ Ë)˛˛õ,¤˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄ Ü˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÓ˚ Ë)˛È˛õ,¤˛ˆÏܲ
xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄
8. ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ o%!ï˛ÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e 8.12 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly •°–

o%!ï˛ åms–1ä

§ÙÎ˚ åsä
!ã˛e ı 8.12
(a) ≤ÃÌÙ 4 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õÌ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ ~•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe
ˆÎ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
(b) ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ §%£ÏÙ à!ï˛ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
9. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ §Ω˛Ó ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î òyG ı
(a) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚î §%£ÏÙ !ܲv ˆÓà ¢)lƒ–
(b) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› cÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° !ܲv o%!ï˛ §%£ÏÙ–
(c) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ~ÓÇ cÓ˚î à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏAà °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ
!ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
10. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!eÙ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• 42250 !ܲ!Ù Óƒy§yˆÏô≈Ó˚ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õÌ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ â%Ó˚ˆÏSÈ–
Î!ò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ 24 â^˝ê˛y §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ o%!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

à!ï˛ 113
xôƒyÎ˚ 9
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
à!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌylñ ˆÓà ~ÓÇ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ~Ó˚˛) õ à!ï˛ §%£ÙÏ Óy x§Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~álG xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l– ˆÜ˛l §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚⁄ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ à!ï˛Ó˚•z !ܲ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÓ˚î xyˆÏSÈ⁄ Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
ܲ#Ó˚˛) õ⁄ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚˛) õ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•°à%!°ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚Ó–
!Óàï˛ xˆÏlܲ ¢ï˛y∑# ôˆÏÓ˚ à!ï˛ G ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
§Ù§ƒy !ÓK˛yl# ~ÓÇ òy¢≈!lܲàîˆÏܲ !Óºyhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§!SÈ°–
Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó°ˆÏܲ §yÙylƒ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛y
§Ó≈«˛î à!ï˛¢#° ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ~•z ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛îà%!° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚
!fiÌÓ˚yÓfiÌy Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úfl∫y˲y!Óܲ xÓfiÌyÛ– àƒy!°!°G àƒy!°!°
~ÓÇ xy•zçƒyܲ !lí˛zê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §¡õ)î≈ lï%˛l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ à!ï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°–
(a) xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyE˛yÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá (b) í»˛Î˚yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ê˛yly •°–
ˆë˛°yày!í˛¸!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ
(c) •!ܲÓ˚ !fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyâyï˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
!ã˛e 9.1: ˆë˛°yñ ê˛yly Óy xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó›Ó˚ àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l–
Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!°
FORCE AND LAWS OF MOTION
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !fiÌÓ˚ Ó›ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#°
Óy à!ï˛¢#° Ó›ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– §yôyÓ˚î x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ~à%ˆÏ°y ˆ˛õ!¢ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆë˛°yñ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y Óy ê˛ylyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ˆë˛°y ê˛yly Óy
xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z ӈϰÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓ°Û §¡õˆÏܲ≈
˲yÓy Îyܲ– Ó° ܲ#˛⁄ ~!ê˛ Ó›ï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ lyñ xyfl∫yòl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly
Óy xl%Ë)˛ï˛G •Î˚ ly– Î!òG ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyÙÓ˚y §Ó≈òy•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ Óy
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •ˆÏ° Ó›Ó˚ ܲ#
âˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Óî≈lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ٠ӈϰÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆë˛°yñ xyâyï˛
ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ê˛yly ÈüüüÈ ~à%ˆÏ°y •° Ó›ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ å!ã˛e
9.1ä– GÓ˚y §ã˛° •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛l ly xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲ!Ó˚–
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ Üœ˛y§à%!°ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸SÈ ~ÓÇ çyl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚
ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ åxÌ≈yÍ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ o%ï˛ï˛Ó˚ Óy
ÙrÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ä Óy ~Ó˚ !òܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G çy!l ˆÎñ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° Ó›Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ Óy xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 9.2ä
(a)
(b)
!ã˛e 9.2: (a) Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà !fl±ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤çyÓ˚î–
(b) ˆày°#Î˚ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏܲ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y–
9.1 ≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°
(Balanced and Unbalanced
Forces)
9.3 !ã˛ˆÏe xl%˲) !Ùܲ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœÜ˛ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ–
ÓœÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ° ò%!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ X G Y Î%=˛ xyˆÏSÈ– Î!ò X
ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲ!Ó˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ Y ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ê˛yly •ˆÏ°ñ ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏÓ–
!ܲv ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò%•z ˛õy¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ùyl ӈϰ ê˛yly •ˆÏ°ñ ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!òˆÏܲ•z à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏÓ ly– ~Ó˚)˛õ Ó°ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ӈϰ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚)˛õ Ó° Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌÓ˚ Óy àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ál
ò%!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# !˲ߨ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° myÓ˚y ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ê˛yly •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ#
xÓfiÌy •Î˚ñ ï˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÜ – ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ Ó,•_Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
ӈϰÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ•z à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ Ó° ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ •Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ
Ó› ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°G ˆ§!òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°
Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 9.3: ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ò%!ê˛ Ó°–
~ܲ!ê˛ xÙ§,î ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Óy:ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl !¢¢% ôyE˛y
!òˆÏ° ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄ Î!ò GÓ˚y Ü˛Ù Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ Óy:!ê˛
(a)
!ã˛e 9.4
Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!°
à!ï˛¢#° •ˆÏÓ ly ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ôyE˛yÓ˚ñ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òˆÏܲ
â£Ï≈î !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ [ !ã˛e 9.4(a) ]– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ !l¡¨ï˛° G
xÙ§,î ˆÙˆÏV˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° â£Ï≈î Ó° ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ ≤â!Ùï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Óy:!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ly– !ã˛e 9.4(b) ˆï˛ñ !¢¢%Ó˚y
Óy:!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛Ó%G Óy:!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ ly–
ܲyÓ˚î ~álG â£Ï≈î Ó° !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ôyE˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!¢¢%Ó˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ôyE˛y !òˆÏ°ñ Î!ò ôyE˛y Ó° â£Ï≈î Ó°
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z
Óy:!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Óy•zȧy•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲ# •Î˚⁄ Îál ˛õƒyˆÏí˛!°Ç Órô
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ §y•zˆÏܲˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏlG
â£Ïî≈ Ó° à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆáÏ Ó˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Óy•z§y•zˆÜÏ ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏí˛!°Ç ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
•Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
xlÓÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ~•z
ôyÓ˚îy §¡õ)î≈ Ë%˛°– ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §%£ÏÙ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#°
•ˆÏÓ Î!ò ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°§Ù)• åôyE˛y Ó° G â£Ï≈î Ó°ä
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ˆÙyê˛ åNetä Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ly •Î˚– Î!ò x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°
Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl Óy !òܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!^Èªï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl
Óy !òÏܲ Óy í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ï˛ï˛«˛î•z ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îï˛«˛î
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó°
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›!ê˛ ˙ Ù%•%ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÎ ˆÓˆÏà
à!ï˛¢#° !SÈ° ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˆÓˆÏà ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
(b) (c)
115
9.2 ≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§) e (First Law of
Motion)
xylï˛ï˛° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚
àƒy!°!°G Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎñ Ó›§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚ ly ï˛ál Ó›§Ù)• !fiÌÓ˚ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#°
•Î˚– !ï˛!l ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓl˚ ˆÎñ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÓ° ≈ xylï˛ï˛°
ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ [!ã˛e
9.5(a)]– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !¢áÓ ˆÎ Îál x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ÙyˆÏÓ° ≈ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ Îál ˛õyò!Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ï˛ál ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÙyˆÏÓ° ≈ !ê˛
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ Gë˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ [!ã˛e 9.5(b)]–
9.5(c) !ã˛ˆÏe˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyˆÏŸª≈ xylï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈ â£Ï≈î•#l ï˛ˆÏ°
!fiÌÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyˆÏÓ≈°ˆÏܲ ˆòáyˆÏly •°– àƒy!°!°G Î%!=˛ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚
ӈϰl ˆÎñ ÙyˆÏÓ≈°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÙ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ° ~!ê˛ ï˛°
ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ SÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– í˛z˲Î˚ ˛õyˆÏŸª≈Ó˚
lï˛ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ l!ï˛ §Ùyl •ˆÏ° ÙyˆÏÓ° ≈ !ê˛ í˛yl!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛
ï˛ï˛ê˛y ò)Ó˚c•z í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ Îï˛ê˛y ò)Ó˚c ÙyˆÏÓ≈°!ê˛ ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲÓ˚
ï˛° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– í˛yl!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ l!ï˛ˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ÙyˆÏÓ≈°!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚y x!ôܲ ò)Ó˚c ÎyˆÏÓ
Îï˛«˛î ly ˆ§!ê˛ §Ùyl í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Î!ò í˛yl!òˆÏܲÓ˚
ï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ åxÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚ l!ï˛
¢)lƒˆÏï˛ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly •Î˚äñ ÙyˆÏÓ≈°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛y •ˆÏï˛ SÈyí˛¸y
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ° ˆ§ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛yÎ˚ !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÙyˆÏÓ≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ¢)lƒ– xÌ≈yÍ
~!ê˛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÙyˆÏÓ≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛
~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ñ !ܲv ÙyˆÏÓ° ≈ !ê˛Ó˚
§%£ÙÏ à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl
•Î˚ ly– ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢)lƒ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°
˛õyGÎ˚y ܲT˛§yôƒ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° à!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° â£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛– ÓyhflψÏÓ !ܲS%Èò)Ó˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ÙyˆÏÓ≈°!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– Ù§,î ÙyˆÏÓ≈° G Ù§,î ï˛° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˛õ!FSÈ°Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ålubricantä
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ â£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ü˛!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
116
!ã˛e 9.5: xylï˛ï˛° ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ÙyˆÏÓˆ≈ °
Ï Ó˚ (a) !l¡¨à!ï˛ˆÏï˛; (b) |ôÁ≈à!ï˛
(c) ò%!ê˛ xylï˛ï˛ˆÏ° ÙyˆÏÓ≈ˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛
!ÓK˛yl# xy•z ç ƒyܲ !lí˛z ê ˛l Ó° G à!ï˛ §ÇÜ ˛yhs˝
àƒy!°!°GÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G xôƒÎ˚l G !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l
~ÓÇ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §)eÏ í˛z˛õfiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓl˚ ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚
à!ï˛ !lÎ˚!sfï˛ •Î˚– ~•z §)e !ï˛l!ê˛ !lí˛zê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛§)e lyˆÏÙ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ •° ı
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó° åx≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Óyôƒ ܲÓ˚y ly •ˆÏ° !fiÌÓ˚ Ó› !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° !fiÌÓ˚
xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› !ã˛Ó˚ܲy° §ÙˆÏÓˆÏà
§Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xlƒÜ˛ÌyÎ˚ñ §Ó Ó›•z GˆÏòÓ˚ àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl
Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– à%îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ӈϰÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚
Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ !ܲÇÓy à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚
§ÙˆÏÓà ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ çyí˛ƒ Óy çí˛¸ï˛y åinertiaä
ӈϰ– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§)e!ê˛ˆÏܲ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ §)e lyˆÏÙG
x!˲!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆïÏ ˛ ºÙîܲyˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È
âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l ••z ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ §)ˆeÏ Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ly ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛y°Ü˛ ˆÓܲ ܲˆÏ£Ï ày!í˛¸!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÌyÙyˆÏï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ï˛«˛î !§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙÓ˚y
!fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÓܲ ܲ£ÏyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛
!ÓK˛yl
 àƒy!°!°G àƒy!°!° 1564
!áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 15 ˆÊ˛Ó%Î˚y!Ó˚ •zê˛y!°Ó˚
!˛õ§yÈüÈÎ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˜¢¢Ó
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z à!îï˛ G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò¢≈ˆlÏ Ó˚
!ӣψÏÎ˚ àƒy!°!°GÓ˚ xy@˝Ã• !SÈ°–
!ܲv ïÑ ˛ yÓ˚ !˛õï˛y !˲lˆÏ § ˆÏ O y
àƒy!°!° ã˛y•zˆÏï˛l !ï˛!l !ã˛!ܲͧܲ
ˆ•yl– ˆ§•zÙï˛ àƒy!°!°G 1581
!á fiê˛yˆÏ ∑ !˛õ§y !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏ Î ˚ Galileo Galilei
(1564 – 1642)
!ã˛!ܲͧy!ÓòƒyÎ˚ !í˛!@˝ à °yˆÏ Ë ˛Ó˚
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˲!ï≈˛ •l– !ܲv ï˛y ܲáˆÏly•z §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!lñ ˆÜ˛l ly
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•° !SÈ° à!îˆÏï˛– 1586 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ àƒy!°!°G
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ Ó•z Úòƒy !°ê˛° Óƒy°y™Û å La
Balancittaä ˆ°ˆÏál ÎyˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l ï%˛°yΈÏsÓ f ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc Óy xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ à%Ó˚%c !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óî≈ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– 1589 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ≤ÃÓrôyÓ!° òƒy
ˆÙyê%˛ åDe Motuä ˆï˛ xylï˛ï˛° ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸hs˝ Ó›Ó˚ ˛õï˛l
•yÓ˚ §Çܲyhs˝ ï˛_¥ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
1592 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑ àƒy!°!°G ˆË˛!l§ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsÓ f ˚ Ú˛õyò%Îy˚ Û
åPaduaä !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ xôƒy˛õܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !lÎ%=˛ •l–
ˆ§áyˆÏl !ï˛!l à!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl ~ÓÇ
xylï˛ï˛°ñ ˆ˛õu%˛°yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚î¢#° Ó›Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §)e ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰl
ˆÎñ Ó› ܲï, ≈ ˛ ܲ x!ï˛Ü ˛yhs˝ ò) Ó ˚ c Óƒ!Î˚ ï ˛ §ÙˆÏ Î ˚ Ó ˚ ÓˆÏ à ≈ Ó ˚
§Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛–
àƒy!°!°G ~ܲçl ò«˛ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚G !SȈ° Ï lÏ – !ï˛!l ~Ùl
§Ó ò)Ó˚Ó#«˛î Îsf í˛zqyÓl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y ï˛álܲyÓ˚
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ò)Ó˚Ó#«˛î ΈÏsfÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ ˲yˆÏ°y !SÈ°–
1640 !áfiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ˛õu%˛°yÙ â!í˛¸Ó˚
lܲ¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈K˛yl §Çܲyhs˝ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áy Ó•z ÚStarry MessengerÛ fiê˛y!Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏ§OyÓ˚ÈüÈ~
àƒy!°!°G òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ !ï˛!l ãÑ˛yˆÏò ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ x!hflÏc
˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– SÈyÎ˚y˛õÌ!ê˛ x§Çრ«%˛o ï˛yÓ˚yÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ
ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ Ó› Ó,•flõ!ï˛ˆÏܲ xyÓï˛≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó•z
ÚDiscourse of Floating bodiesÛ ~ÓÇ ÚLetters on the
SunspotsÛÈüÈ~ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ òyà ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲÌy Óƒ=˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
àƒy!°!°G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ò)ÓÓ˚ #«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢!l
G ¢%ܲ @˝Ã•ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛álܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ lÎ˚ñ
§)Î≈ˆÏܲ•z ≤Ãò!«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!°
Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ˛ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ çyí˛ƒôˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ çlƒ ~•z àï˛#Î˚
xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓܲ ܲ£ÏˆÏ°
§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyâyï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚˛) õ ò%âê≈ ˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆÓŒê˛
å Safety belt ä ˛õÓ˚ y •Î˚ – !lÓ˚ y ˛õ_y ˆÓŒê˛ xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚
§¡ø%áà!ï˛ˆÏܲ ÙrÌÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– !fiÌÓ˚ Óy§ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ âê˛ly
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆ˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏ° ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z–
~Ùlê˛y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l ly Óy§ •ë˛yÍ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏV˛Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈ Ìyܲy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyÈüÈG à!ï˛¢#°
•Î˚– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy!ܲ xÇ¢ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ~
à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚–
Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ o%ï˛à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛#Ó ˆÙyˆÏí˛¸ ÓÑyܲ
ˆlÎ˚ ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ÓÑyˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó!•Ù≈%á# ôyE˛y xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛!Ó˚– ~!ê˛G
çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
§Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– Îál•z ày!í˛¸Ó˚ •z!Ol
ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y çí˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ !˛õSȈϰ Îy•z–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !fiÌÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ ly •ˆÏ°
Ó›!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ÈüüüÈ ~ §ï˛ƒ!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç È 9.1
· !ã˛e 9.6 ~Ó˚ xl%§Ó˚ˆÏî ܲƒyÓ˚Ù ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•z
Ó˚Ü˛Ù à%!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏΩ˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ƒyÓ˚Ù à%!ê˛ !ܲÇÓy fiê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
hflÏΩ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyòˆÏòˆÏ¢ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ xyâyï˛
ܲˆÏÓy˚ – xyâyï˛!ê˛ ÎˆÏÌT˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •ˆÏ° l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ à%!ê˛!ê˛
o%ï˛ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ à%!ê˛!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏ°
xlƒ à%!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y çí˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ hflÏΩ˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ӈϧ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e 9.6: o%ï˛à!ï˛Ó˚ ܲƒyÓ˚Ùà%!ê˛Ó˚ åÓy fiê˛∆y•zܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ä xyâyˆÏï˛
¢%ô%Ùye à%!ê˛hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ à%!ê˛!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
117
ܲyç È 9.2
· !ã˛e 9.7 ~ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yáy áy!° ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚
Ù%ˆáÏ Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢=˛ ܲyí≈˛ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÑyã˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ù%oy Ó˚yˆÏáy–
· •yˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ xy.% ° !òˆÏ Î ˚ ܲyí≈ ˛ !ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏ Ü ˛
xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛yܲy òyG– ï%˛!Ù ˆê˛yܲy!ê˛
o%ï˛ G ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ Ü˛yí≈˛!ê˛ §ˆÏÓˆÏà
!SÈê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ xyÓ˚ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ Ù%oy!ê˛ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
· çyí˛ƒ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ܲyí≈˛!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ù%oy!ê˛
!fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 9.7: ܲyí≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ Îál xy.%ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆê˛yܲy ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
Ó˚yáy Ù%oy!ê˛ @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ܲyç È 9.3
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ylyÎ˚ ܲylyÎ˚ ç°˛õ)î≈ @’y§ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚
Ó˚yá–
· ˆê˛∆ÈüÈ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó o%ï˛ ˆâyÓ˚yG–
· xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ˆÎ ç° í˛z˛õˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ã˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲy˛õ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛ áÑyç ܲyê˛y
•Î˚– ~!ê˛ •ë˛yÍ V˛ÑyÜ%˛!l ˆáˆÏ° ܲy˛õˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ˛õí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
9.3 çyí˛ƒ G ˲Ó˚ (Inertia and Mass)
~ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îï˛à%ˆÏ°y í˛zòy•Ó˚î G ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ flõT˛ï˛•z ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›•z ï˛yÓ˚
àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Óyôy ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò Ó›!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚
G!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚ó xyÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› àï˛#Î˚
xÓfiÌy ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– Ó›Ó˚ ~•z ôÙ≈ˆÏܲ çyí˛ƒ Óy çí˛¸ï˛y
ӈϰ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›Ó˚•z çyí˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•z
˲!ï≈˛ ÓyˆÏ:Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ áy!° Óy:ˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚y §•çï˛Ó˚–
xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛ê˛Ó°ˆÏܲ °y!Ì ÙyÓ˚ˆÏ° G!ê˛ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv˛
118
~ܲ•z xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ӈϰ °y!Ì ˆÙˆÏÓ˚
lyí˛¸yˆÏly ܲT˛§yôƒ– Ó›ï˛ ~Ùlê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚yG xl%Ó˛)˚ õ˲yˆÏÓ
˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xyâyï˛G ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– 9.2 ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚
Ù%oyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ù%oy !lˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ˆÎñ
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ
Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ò%ÈüÈã˛yܲyÓ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà §M˛yˆÏÓ˚ §«˛Ù ˆ§
~ܲ•z Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚°ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!ï˛ §yÙylƒ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ ò%ÈüÈã˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚°ày!í˛¸Ó˚
àï˛#Î˚ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Ü˛Ù–
xï˛~Óñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ò%ÈüÈã˛yܲyÓ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚°ày!í˛¸Ó˚ çyí˛ƒ ˆÓ!¢– flõT˛ï˛•zñ ˲yÓ˚# Ó› Óy ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó›§Ù)•
ˆÓ!¢ çyí˛ƒôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ çyí˛ƒ
GÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ myÓ˚y•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÙÎ˚ •Î˚– xï˛~Óñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ çyí˛ƒ G
˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ
çyí˛ƒ Óy çí˛¸ï˛y •° Ó›Ó˚ àï˛#Î˚ !ܲÇÓy !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Óyôy ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y–
Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚•z Ó›Ó˚ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ–
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛Ó˚ çyí˛ƒ ˆÓ!¢ ı (a)
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ Ó° G ~ܲ•z xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚
˛õyÌÓ˚⁄ (b) ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•z§y•zˆÏܲ° G ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÓ˚°ày!í˛¸⁄ (c) ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÑyã˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ù%oy G ~ܲ!ê˛
~ܲ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ Ù%oy⁄
2. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛ˆÏï˛ñ Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà ܲï˛ÓyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ §ly=˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ܲçl Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê%˛ê˛Ó°ˆÏܲ
°y!Ì ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ fl∫ò°#Î˚ xlƒ ~ܲ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ !ò°ñ
ˆÎ Ê%˛ê˛Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆày°Ó˚«˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚°–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆày°Ó˚«˛Ü˛ Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
!lçòˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲçl ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚°–ÛÛ
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàܲyÓ˚#ˆÏܲG !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛¢yáyˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏ° V˛ÑyÜ%˛!l !òˆÏ° àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !ܲS%È
˛õyï˛y V˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ã˛°hs˝ Óy§ˆÏܲ ÌyÙyˆÏï˛ ˆÓܲ ܲ£Ïy
•Î˚ ï˛ál ï%˛!Ù §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l⁄
xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l•z Óy !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy •ˆÏï˛ •ë˛yÍ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ˆ˛õSȈÏl ˆ•ˆÏ° ˛õí˛¸⁄
!ÓK˛yl
9.4 !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e (Second Law of Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó° §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Motion) !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ !l¡¨Ó˚)˛õ ÈüüüÈ
≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§)e ~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎñ Îál Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •yÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛
x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál GÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y!˲Ù%ˆÏá•z
xÌ≈yÍ Ó› ~ܲ!ê˛ cÓ˚î °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~ál çylˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛–
ܲÓ˚Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚î GÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚Ó– 9.4.1 !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ âê˛lyÓ!° •ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ˛fløÓ˚î
ܲ!Ó˚– ˆê˛!Ó° ˆê˛!l§ ˆá°yÎ˚ ˆê˛!l§ Ó°!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y (MATHEMATICAL FORMU-
LATION OF SECOND LAW OF MOTION)
xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ xy•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Îál o%ï˛
à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ó° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈ܲˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y G•z ô!Ó˚ñ m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› u ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆÓˆÏà §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#°
ò¢≈ܲˆÏܲ xy•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑyí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ F !fiÌÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° t §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ê˛∆yˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ ly !òˆÏ°G x§%!Óôy ˆl•z– !ܲv ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó›!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî ã˛ˆÏ° v ˆÓà xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛
~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° ê˛∆yܲ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà Îï˛•z Ü˛Ù ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl!ܲ G x!hs˝Ù ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ P1= mu ~ÓÇ P2= mv
5ms–1 •ˆÏ°G ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏly ~ܲçl ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l = p2 – p1
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ «%˛o ˲Ó˚ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó%ˆÏ°ê˛ G ~ܲçl = mv – mu
ˆ°yܲˆÏܲ •ï˛ƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˆ§!ê˛ Ó®%ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˆSÈyí˛¸y •Î˚– = m x (v – u).
~§Ó ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ §,T˛ m x (v – u)
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ =
xyâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî GˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ G ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xl%Óˆ)˚ ˛Ï õñ t
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ ˆÓà §M˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ Ó° §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !lí˛zê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛ §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°ñ F α m x (v – u)
x!hflÏc Óï≈˛Ùyl Îy ˲Ó˚ G ˆÓà í˛z˲Î˚ Ó˚y!¢ˆÏܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !lí˛zê˛l t
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ åmä G Óy, F = km x (v – u) (9.2)
à!ï˛ˆÏÓà åvä ~Ó˚ à%îÊ˛Ï° •° Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà åpä– xÌ≈yÍñ t
Óy, F = k m a (9.3)
p = mv (9.1)
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl G !òܲ í˛z˲Î˚•z xyˆÏSÈ– Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà G ~áyˆÏl a [ = (v – u)/t ] •° cÓ˚îñ Îy ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚–
k Ó˚y!¢!ê˛ •° xyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ô%Óܲ– ˲Ó˚ G cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ !ò܉˛ ~ܲ•z •Î˚– ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ !Ùê˛yÓ˚
kg ~ÓÇ ms–2– ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎl k ôÓ % ܲ!ê˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ åkgms–1ä– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yÎ˚ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~!ê˛ flõT˛ ˆÎ Ó° Ó›Ó˚ Ùyl 1 å~Ü˛ä •Î˚– ~çlƒ ~ܲܲ Ó°ˆÏܲ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚Èüüü
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ~ܲ xÓfiÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl 1 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó› í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏï˛ 1 ms–2

~ܲ!ê˛ xã˛° Óƒyê˛y!Ó˚Î%=˛ ày!í˛¸ˆÏܲ ôyE˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù 1 ms–1 ˆÓà cÓ˚î í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó°ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲܲ Ó° Ó°y •Î˚–
!òˆÏ°•z ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ •z!Ol §ã˛° •Î˚– ~Ü˛È Óy Èò%çl ˆ°yܲ •ë˛yÍ ôyE˛y xÌ≈yÍ
åx≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó°ä !òˆÏ° ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ¢%ô%Ùye §ã˛° •Î˚– !ܲv !ܲS%È«˛î 1 ~ܲܲ Ó° = k x (1 kg) x (1 m s-2)
ôˆÏÓ˚ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôyE˛y !òˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ˆÓà Ü˛Ù¢ Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ∴k=1
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ¢%ô%Ùye ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ (9.3) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ
ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó°!ê˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°È ÈüÈ F = ma (9.4)
ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •Ï° kgms Óy !lí˛zê˛l ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ N –
–2

Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 119

 !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y •ˆÏï˛ ˛≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§)eˆÏܲ
à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
(9.4) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ •° ÈüüüÈ
ˆòÎ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)ˆÏeÓ˚ F = ma

≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !ܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ o%ï˛à!ï˛Ó˚ Óyñ F=
m (v – u)
(9.5)
!ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ó° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈlÏ Ó˚ t

!òˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl xyˆÏl⁄ ~˲yˆÏÓ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ o%ï˛à!ï˛Ó˚ Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ¢)lƒˆÏÓˆÏà Óyñ Ft = mv – mu

ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓñ !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ cÓ˚î
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ӈϰÓ˚ xyâyï˛G •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 9.8ä–
Î!ò Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyÙyˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà
x!ï˛ fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ¢)lƒ •ˆÏÓ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ– xï˛~Ó Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓˆÏí˛¸yÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy !Ê˛”˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ï˛y°%ˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
í˛zFã˛ °¡≥˛l ˆá°yÎ˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏܲ Ü%˛¢l !ܲÇÓy Óy!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏܲ ÌyÙˆÏï˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛•z
~Ùlê˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˲Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~ÓÇ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ~ܲçl ܲƒyÓ˚yˆÏê˛ Ùyfiê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye
xyâyˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ãÑ˛y•zˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ï˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ
ˆòˆÏáy–
xÌ≈yÍñ §ÙÎ˚ ˛Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛l F = 0 •ˆÏ° v = u– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°
t §ÙÎ˚Óƒy˛õ# Ó›!ê˛ u §ÙˆÏÓˆÏà ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Î!ò u = 0 •Î˚
ï˛ˆÏÓ v = 0 •ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍñ Ó› !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏï˛•z ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.1 ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° 5kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ 2s §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲÓ˚Ï°– ~ˆÏï˛ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓà
3ms–1 ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ 7 ms–1 •Ï°– ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl ˆÓÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ál Ó°!ê˛ Î!ò 5s §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆÓà Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ u = 3 m s–1 ~ÓÇ v = 7 m s-1, t = 2 s
~ÓÇ m = 5 kg. – (9.5) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
m (v – u)
F=
t
§¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ãò_ Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ÈüÈ
F = 5 kg (7 m s-1 – 3 m s-1)/2 s

= 10 N.
~álñ Ó°!ê˛ 5 s (t = 5 s), §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •ˆÏ° (9.5)
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆÓà
Ft
v= u+
m
u, F, m ~ÓÇ t, ~Ó˚ Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zñ

10 N x 5 s
v = 3ms–1 +
5 kg

!ã˛e 9.8: ܲƒyã˛ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲçl !Ê˛”˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° Ó°§• ïÑ˛yÓ˚ = 3ms–1 + 10ms–1
•yï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xylˆÏSÈ– v = 13 m s-1

120 !ÓK˛yl
 í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.2 ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó,•_Ó˚ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓÈñÈ 5 kg
˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ 5 ms–2 ~ c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ñ ly !ܲ 4 kg ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ
2ms–2 ~ c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ m1 = 2 kg; a1 = 5 m s-2
~ÓÇ m2 = 4 kg; a2 = 2 m s-2.
(9.4) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ F = ma.
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ F1 = m1a1 = 2 kg × 5 m s-2 = 10 N;
~ÓÇ F2 = m2a2 = 4 kg × 2 m s-2 = 8 N
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ F1 > F2.
xï˛~Óñ 2 kg ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ 5 m s-2 ~ c!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ó,•_Ó˚
ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.3 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ 108 km/h à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏà ÎyˆÏFSÈ
~ÓÇ ˆÓܲ ܲ£ÏyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÌyÙˆÏï˛ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ 4 s §ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚– Î!ò
Îye#§• ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 1000 kg •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏܲÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ùyôyl ı
§Ùyôyl ı
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î (9.4) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
m1 = F/a1; ~ÓÇ m2 = F/a2.
~áyˆÏlñ a1 = 10 m s-2; a2 = 20 ms-2 ~ÓÇ F = 5 N.
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ m1 = 5 N/10 m s-2 = 0.50 kg; ~ÓÇ
m2 = 5 N/20 m s -2 = 0.25 kg.
∴ Î!ò ˲Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÙyê˛˛ ˲Ó˚ñ
m = 0.50 kg + 0.25 kg = 0.75 kg.
∴ 5 N ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà Î%=˛Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl
•ˆÏÓ a = F/m = 5 N/0.75 kg = 6.67 ms-2
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.5 ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚
à!ï˛¢#° 20 g ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà ÈüÈ §ÙÎ˚
ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛ 9.9 !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòGÎ˚y •° ÈüüüÈ
(cm/s)

ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆÓà

à!ï˛ˆÏÓà

u = 108 km/h
= 108 × 1000 m/(60 × 60 s)
= 30 m s-1
~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà v = 0 ms-1
Îye#§• ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ m = 1000 kg ~ÓÇ
§ÙÎ˚ (s)
ÌyÙˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ t = 4 s
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î (9.5) •ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° !ã˛e 9.9

m (v – u) Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xylˆÏï˛ Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆê˛!Ó° ܲï˛

F=
t Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚°⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
m, v, u, t ~Ó˚ Ùyl Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zñ
Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ˆÓà u = 20 cm s-1– ӈϰÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
1000 kg † (0–30) ms–1 ˆê˛!Ó° myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ â£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà
F=
4s 10s ÈüÈ~ ¢)lƒˆÏï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§–
= – 7500 kg m s-2 = – 7500 N ܲyˆÏç•zñ u = 20 cm s–1; v = 0 cm s-1 ; t = 10 s –
}îydܲ !ã˛•´ ï˛y•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÓˆÏܲÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ӈϰÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓàÈüȧÙÎ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá˚ yñ
ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y xï˛~Óñ flõT˛ï˛•z Ó°!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#°–
ܲˆÏÓ˚– cÓ˚îñ
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.4 5 N ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° m1 ˲ˆÏÓ˚ 10 m s–2 v–u
a=
cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ m2 ˲ˆÏÓ˚ 20 m s-2 cÓ˚î §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò í˛z˲Î˚ t
˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˙ Ó° Ü˛ï˛ cÓ˚î §,!T˛ = (0 cm s-1 – 20 cm s-1)/10 s
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ = –2 cm s-2 = –0.02 m s-2

Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 121

 20
xyÓyÓ˚ñ ӈϰÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ m = 20 g = kg = 0.02 kg.
1000
∴ ӈϰÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆê˛!Ó° myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°ñ
F = ma = 0.02 kg × (– 0.02 ms–2)
= – 0.0004 N.
}îydܲ !ã˛•´ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ˆê˛!Ó° myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ â£Ï≈î
Ó° Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
9.5 ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e (Third Law of
Motion)
˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%!ê˛ à!ï˛§)e ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ Ó° à!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆòÎ˚– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› Îál xlƒ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !mï˛#Î˚ Ó›G §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà
≤ÃÌÙ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛
ӈϰÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ó≈òy §Ùyl !ܲv !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á#– Ó° ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ
Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly•z ~ܲ•z Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ê%˛ê˛Ó° ˆá°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ӈϰÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚ GÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆçyˆÏ Ó ˚ °y!Ì ÙyÓ˚ y Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲáˆÏ l yÈ ü È Ü ˛áˆÏ l y !Ó˛õ«˛òˆÏ ° Ó˚
ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §Çâ£Ï≈ •Î˚– ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° í˛z˲Î˚•z xyâyï˛≤ÃyÆ •Î˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye Ó° lÎ˚ñ ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#°
•Î˚– ~•z ò%!ê˛ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó°ˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y Ó° ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y
Ó°G ӈϰ–
9.10 !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ò%!ê˛ !fl±Ç ï%˛°yÎsfˆÏܲ ~ܲ§yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ– B ï%˛°yΈÏsÓf ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ò,ì˛¸ Ó›Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ~ÓyÓ˚ A ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ Ù%=˛≤ÃyˆÏhs˝
Îál Ó° ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál í˛z˲Î˚ ï%˛°yΈÏsÓf ˚ ˆflÒˆ° Ï Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§Ùyl ˛õyë˛ ˆòáyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° A ï%˛°yÎsf B ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ B ï%˛°yÎsfG A ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§Ùyl !ܲv !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ò%!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ !ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y–
~•z âê˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)eˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y xlƒË˛yˆÏÓG Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚•z §Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ≤Ã!ï˛!Ü ˛Î˚y
xyˆÏSÈ– ÎyˆÏ•yܲñ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y §Ó≈òy
ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚–
122
!ã˛e 9.10: !ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y Ó° §Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á#–
ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ï%˛!Ù !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xySÈ ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚
•Ñyê˛yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ •°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ cÓ˚î §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛˛ •ˆÏÓ– !mï˛#Î˚
à!ï˛ §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó°⁄ ~ê˛y !ܲ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚
Ó°⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ ˆ§!òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z⁄
lyñ ï%˛!Ù xy§ˆÏ° Ó˚yhflÏyˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôyE˛y !òÏFSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
§yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yhflÏy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl ~ÓÇ
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~áyˆÏl °«˛î#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •°ñ Î!òG !ܲÎ˚y G ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
Ùyl §Ó≈òy §Ùylñ ~•z Ó°à%ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ cÓ˚î §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚
Ùyl §Ùyl lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó° !Ó!˲ߨ
˲Ó˚!Ó!¢T˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó®%ܲ ˆSÈyí˛¸y •Î˚ñ ï˛ál Ó®%ܲ!ê˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– à%!°!ê˛ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
§Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó®%ܲ!ê˛
ˆ˛õSÈl!òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ å!ã˛e 9.11ä – Ó®%ˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ à%!°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛y•z Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ cÓ˚î à%!°Ó˚ cÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ
xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ~ܲçl Ùy!V˛ ã˛°hs˝ ˆlÔܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ °y!Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ lyÙyÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ xyÙÓ˚y ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)ˆeÏ Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– Ùy!V˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °yÊ˛yˆÏ° ˆlÔܲy!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ˆlÔܲy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ å!ã˛e
9.12ä–
à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ cÓ˚î §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# •°
Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ Ó°
!ã˛e 9.11 : à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §¡ø%áÓï≈˛# Ó° ~ÓÇ Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚y
!ÓK˛yl

!ã˛e 9.12 : Ùy!V˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ °yÊ˛ !òˆÏ° ˆlÔܲy!ê˛ ˆ˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ
ÎyÎ˚–
ܲyç 9.4
· !ã˛e 9.13. xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ !¢¢%ˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ xy°yòy ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛
òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yG–
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°Ë˛!ï≈˛ Ì!° Óy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyG ˲yÓ˚# Ó›
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ òyG– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ì!°!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yÊ˛y°%!Ê˛
ˆá°ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y–
· ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z !ܲ Óy!°Ó˚ Ì!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
· !¢¢%Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ Ì!°!ê˛ ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ï%˛!Ù ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ã˛yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §yòy Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ òyà ˆê˛ˆÏl ày!í˛¸
ò%!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y–
!ã˛e 9.13
~álñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ò%!ê˛ !¢¢% ~ÓÇ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ xlƒ
~ܲçl !¢¢%ˆÏܲ òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yG– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ӈϰÓ˚
çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚–
Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!°
~•z ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ 12mm xÌÓy 18 mm ˛õ%Ó˚% ~ÓÇ
50cm × 100cm ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ≤’y•zí˛zí˛‰ ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ Ó°!Ó˚Îy˚ !Ó˚Ç §• ò%ÈüȈçyí˛¸y
¢=˛ ã˛yܲy åˆflÒê˛ ã˛yܲyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §%!ÓôyçlÜ˛ä °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆflÒê˛ ˆÓyí≈˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# lÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
§Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ à!ï˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚–
9.6 ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà §ÇÓ˚«˛î (Conservation
of Momentum)
ô!Ó˚ñ mA ~ÓÇ mB ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó› åÓ° A ~ÓÇ Ó° B ä ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
!˲ߨ ˆÓà uA ~ÓÇ uB !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z x!˲Ù%ˆÏá §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
à!ï˛¢#° [!ã˛e 9.14(a)] ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•ƒÜ˛
x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ô!Ó˚ñ uA > uB ~ÓÇ 9.14(b) !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y ò%!ê˛ Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ôyE˛y °yˆÏà– §Çâ£Ï≈ܲyˆÏ° t
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ A Ó° B Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ FAB Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ B Ó° A
Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ FBA Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ô!Ó˚ñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ A Ó°
~ÓÇ B ӈϰÓ˚ ˆÓà ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ vA ~ÓÇ vB •Î˚– [!ã˛e 9.14(c)]
§ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà
§ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
!ã˛e 9.14 : ò%!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
(9.1) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î xl%§yˆÏÓñ˚ §ÇâˆÏ£Ó
≈Ï ˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ A ӈϰÓ˚
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ mAuA ~ÓÇ mAvA •Î˚– §Çâ£Ï≈ܲyˆÏ° ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
(vA – uA)
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓñ mA – xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓ §Çâ£Ï≈ܲyˆÏ°
t
(vB – uB)
B ӈϰÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓñ mB –
t
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛ §)eyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ A Ó° B ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ FAB
≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ~ÓÇ B Ó° A ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ FBA ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° xÓ¢ƒ•z
§Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# •ˆÏÓ–
123
 §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ܲyç 9.6
FAB = – FBA (9.6)
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zÓ lyG ~ÓÇ
(vA – uA) (vB – uB)
Óyñ mA = – mB ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° lyG– ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÓÓ˚
t t
Ù%á!ê˛ !SÈ!˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ òyG–
Óyñ mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB (9.7)
· 9.16 !ã˛ˆÏ e Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ï ˛y ò% ! ê˛ ò!í˛¸ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏ Î ˚
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà A Ó° ~ÓÇ B ӈϰÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zÓ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ V%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ òyG–
•° (mAuA + mBuB) ~ÓÇ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà · ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zÓ!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óyl≈yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z_Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y Îï˛«˛î ly
•° (mAvA + mBvB), ï˛y•z (9.7) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ç° Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛ á%ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚–
ò%!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Óy §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ Îál · °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáyñ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zˆŒÏ ê˛y!òˆÏܲ ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zÓ!ê˛Ó˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ •ˆÏFSÈ–
~•z xyò¢≈ §Çâ£Ï≈ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÓ Îál ~ˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ˆÏܲ•z xyÙÓ˚y
˲Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e Ó!°– ~•z !ÓÓ,!ï˛!ê˛ xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Óy
§ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

ܲyç 9.5

· ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ°%l ˆlÎ˚y •° ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ

§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆÊ˛y°yˆÏly •°– ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%á!ê˛ §%ˆÏï˛y
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓшÏô ˆòÎ˚y •°– ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚% l°
xyë˛yˆÏ°y !Ê˛ï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓÑyôy •°–
· ~ܲ!ê˛ §)ˆÏï˛y §Ó˚% lˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆì˛yܲyG ~ÓÇ §)ˆÏï˛yÓ˚
~ܲ ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy Óy ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°
xyê˛ˆÏܲ òyG–
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏܲ §)ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ !ܲS%È ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ôˆÏÓ˚
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Óy ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° xyê˛ˆÏܲ !òˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ°y– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛
!ã˛e 9.15 ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
· ~ál ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%á ˆÌˆÏܲ §)ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ á%ˆÏ° ˆlÎ˚y •Ï°–
ˆÓ°%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%á ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ òyG–
· °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚y §Ó˚% l°!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
§Ó˚% l°
ÓyÎ˚% ˆÓ°%l
!ã˛e 9.15
!ã˛e 9.16
· !SÈ!˛õÓ˚ ˆÓà ~ÓÇ ˆê˛fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.6 2 ˆÜ˛!ç ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !˛õhflÏ° ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 @˝ÃyÙ
˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%!° xl%˲) !Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ 150 ms–1 ˆÓˆÏà ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
ˆà°– !˛õhflÏ°!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆÓà ܲï˛⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
à%!°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ m1 = 20 @˝ÃyÙ (= 0.02 ˆÜ˛!ç) ~ÓÇ
!˛õhflψϰÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ m2 = 2 ˆÜ˛!çó
à%!°Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà (u1) ~ÓÇ
!˛õhflψϰÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà (u2) = 0,
à%!°Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà v1 = + 150 m s-1. à%!°Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á
ÓyÙ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ å≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ôlydܲä
ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ [!ã˛e 9.17] –

124 !ÓK˛yl
 ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ñ !˛õhflψϰÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆÓà = v í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.7 40 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ 5 ms–1 xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ
à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà Îál !˛õhflÏ°!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ !SÈ° ï˛ál !˛õhflÏ° ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ â£Ï≈î•#l ã˛yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ °yÊ˛
~ÓÇ à%!°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà =(2 + 0.02) kg × 0 m s–1 ˆòÎ˚– ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 3 kg– ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓà
= 0 kg m s–1
ܲï˛⁄ ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•ƒÜ˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ
à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !˛õhflÏ°˛ ~ÓÇ à%!°Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà
= 0.02 kg × (+ 150 m s–1)
!òˆÏܲ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
+ 2 kg × v m s–1
§Ùyôyl ı
= (3 + 2v) kg m s–1
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ô!Ó˚ñ ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ã˛°yÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓà
à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà = à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛xyˆÏà v ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ G ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏà ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà •°
ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà = 40 kg × 5 m s–1 + 3 kg × 0 m s–1
3 + 2v = 0
= 200 kg m s–1.
Óyñ v = – 1.5 m s–1.
~áyˆÏl }îydܲ !ã˛•´ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ !˛õhfl°
Ï ˛ à%!°Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛!òˆÏܲ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà
xÌ≈yÍ í˛yl!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!«˛Æ •ˆÏÓ –
= (40 + 3) kg × v m s–1
à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà = 43 v kg m s–1.

˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ

à%!° ˆSÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
§ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
xÌ≈yÍñ
43 v = 200
Óyñ v = 200/43 = + 4.65 m s–1.
ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ °yÊ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§!òˆÏܲ ˆ§ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!ã˛e 9.17 : Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ 4.65 m s–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ [!ã˛e 9.18] –

ày!í˛¸
(a) (b)

!ã˛e 9.18 : ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ °yÊ˛ !òˆÏFSÈ

Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 125

í˛zòy•Ó˚î 9.8 !Ó˛õ«˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%•z •!ܲ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy §ÇâˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Î!ò ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˆÓà v •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
~ܲ!ê˛ •!ܲ Ó°ˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà •ˆÏÓñ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 60 kg ~ÓÇ ˆ§ 5.0 ms–1 ˆÓà = (m1 + m2) × v
= (60 + 55) kg × v ms–1
!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ xlƒçˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 55 ˆÜ˛!ç ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÌÙ = 115 × v kg ms–1
çˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆ§ 6.0 ms–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eyl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà §Ùyl ÌyܲyÎ˚ñ
v = – 30/115
ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ â£Ïî≈ Ó° = – 0.26 m s–1
là §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà !mï˛#Î˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° !SÈ°ñ
§Ùyôyl ı ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸mÎ˚ xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ xÌ≈yÍ
í˛yl!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÙ!òˆÏܲ 0.26 m s–1 ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#°
•ˆÏÓ–

≤Ã
!ã˛e 9.19: ò%•z •!ܲ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ §Çâ£Ï≈ (a) §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà (b) §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚–

ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yí˛¸ ÓyÙ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı

≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó˚#!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÓyÙ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛yl!òܲ ôlydܲ
~ÓÇ í˛yl!òˆÏܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÙ!òܲˆÏܲ }îydܲ !òܲ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ 1. Î!ò !ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y §Ó≈òy §Ùyl •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
[!ã˛e 9.19]– Î!ò ≤ÃÌÙ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ m1 ~ÓÇ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆâyí˛¸y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ ê˛yˆÏlñ Óƒyáƒy
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà u1 ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ m2 ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˆ•y§ ˛õy•z˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ o%ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏà ≤Ãã˛% Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ç°
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà u2 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
m1 = 60 kg; u1 = + 5 ms-1; ~ÓÇ
ˆÓˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ òÙܲ°Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆ•y§ ˛õy•z˛õ
m2 = 55 kg; u2 = – 6 ms-1. ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà ò%•z ˆáˆÏ°yÎ˚yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà 3. ~ܲ!ê˛ 4 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó®%ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ 50 gm ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
-1
= 60 kg × (+ 5 m s ) + ~ܲ!ê˛ à%!° 35 m s–1 ˆÓˆÏà ˆSÈyí˛¸y •°– Ó®%ˆÏܲÓ˚
55 kg × (– 6 m s-1)
= – 30 kgms-1 ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆÓà !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

126 !ÓK˛yl
 4. 100 @˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ 200 @˝ÃyÙ Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó› §Çâ£Ï≈ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ó›!ê˛
~ܲ•z ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 2 m s–1 1.67 m s–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– !mï˛#Î˚ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚
~ÓÇ 1 m s–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓà !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

§ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eyÓ!° (CONSERVATION LAWS)

§ÙhflÏ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eyÓ!° ˆÎÙl ÈüÈ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓàñ ¢!=˛ñ ˆÜ˛Ô!îܲ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ xyôyl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eà%ˆÏ°y ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §)e§Ù)•Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚– ~!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ §ÇÓ˚«˛î
§)e ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~Ó˚ §ï˛ƒï˛y ¢%ô%Ùye Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óy lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛° §)e!ê˛Ó˚
§ï˛ƒï˛y Îyã˛y•z Óy ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv ~ˆÏï˛ §)e!ê˛ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚ ly– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° §)ˆÏeÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ÎyGÎ˚y
§)e!ê˛ x§ï˛ƒ Ó°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ΈÏÌT˛–
xˆÏlܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓÇ ˛˛õÓ˚#«˛y !lÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §)e ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ≤ÃyÎ˚
!ï˛lˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– ÙçyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •° ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l Îy ~•z §)e!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ x!˲K˛ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• ≤ÃÌÙ à!ï˛§)e ıÈüÈ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !fiÌÓ˚ Ó› !fiÌÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §ã˛° Ó›
~ܲ•z ˆÓˆÏà ~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢#° ÌyˆÏܲ–
• Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy Óy à!ï˛¢#° xÓfiÌy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Óyôy ˆòÎ˚yÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yˆÏܲ çí˛¸ï˛y Óy
çyí˛ƒ ӈϰ–
• Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ •° çí˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ– ~Ó˚ SI ~ܲܲ •° !ܲˆÏ°y@˝ÃyÙ (kg)–
• â£Ï≈î Ó° §Ó≈òy Ó›Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ à!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛!òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e ıÈüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ Ó° ˆÎ!òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lG ˆ§!òˆÏܲ âˆÏê˛–
• ӈϰÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ kg m s–2– ~•z ~ܲܲˆÏܲ Ú!lí˛zê˛lÛ ÓˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !ã˛•´ N – ~ܲ
!lí˛zê˛l Ó° ~ܲ ˆÜ˛!ç ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›ˆÏï˛ 1 m s–2 cÓ˚î §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°ˆÏܲ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ӈϰ– ӈϰÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á•z ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ •° kg m s–1–
• ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)e ıÈüÈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ
Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ÓÂô §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ åˆÎáyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•Ü˛ƒ Ó° ÌyˆÏܲ lyä ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓà §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–

Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 127

 xl%¢#°l#
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˆÙyê˛ x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° ¢)lƒ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ¢)lƒ lÎ˚ ~Ùl ˆÓà
!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò ï˛y §!ï˛ƒ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl G !òˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ ¢ï≈˛yÓ!°
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈yG–
2. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏ˛õ≈ê˛ˆÏܲ °y!ë˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏ° ô%ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

3. ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ SÈyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ùy°˛õe ˆÓшÏô !òˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄

4. ~ܲçl Óƒyê˛§‰Ùƒyl ~ܲ!ê˛ !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° Ó°!ê˛ §Ùï˛° Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ à!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸– !ܲS%Èò)Ó˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó°!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– Ó°!ê˛ xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
(a) Óƒyê˛§‰Ùƒyl Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%Ó ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!l–

(b) !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÓà ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛–

(c) !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° åforceä !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

(d) !ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ó° åforceä !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó°!ê˛
!fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
5. !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛∆yܲ Îyey ¢%Ó%̊ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !fiÌÓ˚ cÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ
l#ˆÏã˛ lyÙˆÏSÈ– 20 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ ê˛∆yܲ!ê˛ 400 m ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ cÓ˚î ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ê˛∆yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó° ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y Î!ò ê˛∆yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 7 ê˛l [1 tonne åê˛lä = 1000 ˆÜ˛!ç] •Î˚–
6. ~ܲ ˆÜ˛!ç ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ 20 ms–1 ˆÓˆÏà ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ÓÓ˚ˆÊ
Ï ˛Ó˚ !•Ùy!Î˚ï˛ ï˛° !òˆÏÎ˚
ˆSÈÑyí˛¸y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ 50 !ÙÉ ò)Ó˚c ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚– ˛õyÌÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÓÓ˚ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
â£Ï≈îÓ° Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
7. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆ˆÏlÓ˚ 5!ê˛ Ó!àˆÏܲ 8000 kg ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •z!Ol xl%˲) !Ùܲ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ˛ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ≤Ã!ï˛ Ó!àÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 2000 kg– Î!ò •z!Ol!ê˛ 40,000N Ó° ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌ!ê˛
5000N â£Ï≈îÓ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y

(a) ˆÙyê˛ cÓ˚î §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ó° ~ÓÇ

(b) ˆê˛∆l!ê˛Ó˚ cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ åcä !mï˛#Î˚ GÎ˚yàˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ GÎ˚yàˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°–

8. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 1500 kg – ày!í˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ Î!ò
ày!í˛¸!ê˛ 1.7 ms–1 }îydܲ cÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚⁄
9. m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› v ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄

(a) (mv)2 (b) mv2 (c) ½ mv2 (d) mv

10. 200N xl%˲) !Ùܲ Ó° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ xy°Ùy!Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏà
â%Ó˚y•z– xy°Ùy!Ó˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ â£Ï≈îÓ° ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
128 !ÓK˛yl
 11. ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 1.5 kg– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
x!˲Ù%ˆÏá à!ï˛¢#°– §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xyˆÏà ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà 2.5 ms–1– §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
~ܲˆÏe ˆ°ˆÏà ÎyÎ˚– §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Î%@¬ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
12. ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛§)eyl%§yˆÏÓñ˚ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆë˛°y ˆò•zñ Ó›!ê˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §Ùyl
~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò G•z Ó›!ê˛ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# ê˛∆yܲ
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ §Ω˛Óï˛ lí˛¸ˆÏÓ ly– ~•z âê˛lyê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈye ~˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚Ï° ˆÎñ ò%!ê˛
§Ùyl ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# Ó° ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ≤â!Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~•z Î%!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲ# ~ÓÇ ê˛∆yܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l lí˛¸ˆÏÓ ly ÈüüüÈ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. 10 ms–1 ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° 200 g ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •!ܲӰˆÏܲ •!ܲ!fiê˛Ü˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ xyâyï˛
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Ó°!ê˛ 5 ms–1 ˆÓˆÏà ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– •!ܲ!fiê˛Ü˛ myÓ˚y ˛≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ •!ܲ ӈϰÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
14. 150 ms–1 à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏà xl%˲) !Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ à!ï˛¢#° 10 g ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%!° ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚
ÓœÜ˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÓÏ ˚ 0.03s ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– à%!°!ê˛ ÓœˆÜÏ ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– à%!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÎ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙylG
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. 1 kg ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› 10 ms–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá
˚ yÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛§ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ 5 kg ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!fiÌÓ˚ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ôyE˛y ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛
xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ë˛Ó˚ˆÓÏ à Ü˛ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ~ܲ!eï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓàG
!lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
16. 100 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› 6 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 5 ms–1 ˆÓà ˆÌˆÏܲ 8 ms–1 ˆÓˆÏà §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚î
!lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ x!hs˝Ù ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
17. xyáï˛yÓ˚ñ !ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ó˚y•%° o%ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏà Ó˚yç˛õÌ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã˛°!SÈ°–
Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyܲy ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏã˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–
xyáï˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲÓ˚î §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– !ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ
ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆ˛õyܲy!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ åܲyÓ˚î
ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õyܲyÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°ä– xyáï˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°!SÈ°ñ ï˛y•z ˆ˛õyܲy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!ôܲ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õyܲy!ê˛ ÙyÓ˚y ˆà°– Ó˚y•%° §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó°°ñ ˆ˛õyܲy
~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸ í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~ܲ•z Ó° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z
≤ÃhflÏyÓà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ òyG–
18. 80 cm í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛yˆÏ¡∫° ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà §M˛y!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ í˛yˆÏ¡∫°!ê˛Ó˚ !l¡¨y!˲Ù%á# cÓ˚î 10 ms–2–

Ó° ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §)eyÓ!° 129

 x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛
xl%¢#°l#
A1. l#ˆÏã˛ à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c §ÙÎ˚ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ–
§ÙÎ˚ 刧ˆÏܲu˛ä ò)Óc˚ å!Ùê˛yÓ˚ä
0 0
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
5 125
6 216
7 343
(a) cÓ˚î §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§Âôyhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ⁄ ~ê˛y ܲ# ôÓ% ܲñ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ
ly ¢)lƒ⁄
(b) Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
A2. ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyl Ó˚yhflyÏ Î˚ §%£Ù Ï ˆÏÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ 1200 kg ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ ò%!ê˛ ˆ°yܲ ôyE˛y
!ò°– ~ܲ•z ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆÏܲ !ï˛lçl ˆ°yܲ ôyE˛y !òˆÏ° 0.2 ms–2 cÓ˚î §,!T˛ •Î˚– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛
ˆ°yܲ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ ܲ# Ó° !òˆÏÎ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòˆÏÓ⁄ åôˆÏÓ˚ lyGñ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆ°yܲ ~ܲ•z ˆ˛õ!¢Ó°
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ˆÏܲ ôyE˛y ˆòÎ˚ä
A3. 500 g ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •yï%˛!í˛¸ 50 ms–1 ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛!ê˛
0.01 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ •yï%˛!í˛¸!ê˛ Ìy!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– •yï%˛!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓÜ˚ ˛!ê˛ Ü˛# Ó° ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲˆÏÓ⁄
˚
A4. 1200 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸ 90 km/h §%£ÏÙ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
x≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ 4 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓà ܲˆÏÙ 18 km/h •Î˚È– cÓ˚î ~ÓÇ
˲Ó˚ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ӈϰÓ˚ ÙylG !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

130 !ÓK˛yl
xôƒyÎ˚ 10 Ù•yܲ£Ï≈
GRAVITATION

xT˛Ù G lÓÙ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y 8.11 ܲyç!ê˛ fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ó° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !¢ˆÏá!SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ~G !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛Ó˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
Ùyl xÌÓy à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ܲyç È 10.1
xyÙÓ˚y §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆò!á ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°
· ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y §%ˆÏï˛y lyG–
~ê˛y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚ñ · §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
xyÓ˚ ãÑ˛yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ â%ˆÏÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl @˝Ã• ~ÓÇ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓÑyˆÏôy– §%ˆÏï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ ≤Ãyhs˝ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ 10.1 ≤Ãò_
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó° ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xy•zçƒyܲ !lí˛zê˛l í˛z˛õ°!kô !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ lƒyÎ˚ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆâyÓ˚yG–
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~ §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z · ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ó°ˆÏܲ•z Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó° ӈϰ– · §%ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ G §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)e §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ · ~ÓyÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
çylÓ– xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó– fiÌylˆÏ˲ˆÏò ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ •Î˚ ~
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G xyÙÓ˚y !¢áÓ– ܲ# ¢ˆÏï≈˛ Ó› çˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ§È ï˛yG xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚Ó–

10.1 Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ (Gravitation)

xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ãÑ˛yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
xyÓyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– ܲ!Ìï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ Îál !lí˛zê˛l
~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ˛õ° àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ÓˆÏ§!SȈϰl ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ˛õ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°– xyˆÏ˛õ° ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~•z âê˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ !lí˛zê˛l ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î
˲yÓˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ≤ß¿ çyà°ñ Î!ò ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛e 10.1: Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ !fiÌÓ˚ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÓï≈˛lÓ˚ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
xyˆÏ˛õ°ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# !ܲ ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲG xyܲ£Ï≈î ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z !ܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#°
§%ˆÏï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
•ˆÏFSÈ⁄ !lí˛zê˛l xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~ܲ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ o%!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
Ó° ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ï˛!l Î%!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%!V˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ãÑ˛yò §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ï˛Ìy cÓ˚Ïî §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚˛– ˆÎ ӈϰÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z
!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛y•z ãÑ˛yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z xyܲ!£Ïï≈ ˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îy Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆâyÓ˚yÎ˚ñ G•z
!ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆò!á ly– ӈϰÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á §Ó§ÙÎ˚ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •Î˚–
 ~•z Ó°ˆÏܲ x!˲ˆÏܲw Ó° åˆÜ˛wy!˲Ù%á#ä ӈϰ– ~•z Ó° Î!ò
ly ÌyÜ˛ï˛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓá˚ y ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !SÈê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎï˛–
~•z §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy!ê˛ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê flõ¢≈ܲ–
Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ flõ¢≈ܲ
xyÓ˚G çyˆÏly
10.1.1 §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)e
(Universal law of gravitation)
~•z Ù•y!ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó› xlƒ §Ó Ó›ˆÏܲ˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó°ñ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛– ~•z Ó° Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w
§ÇˆÏÎyçܲ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

Mm
ˆÎ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ F=G
d2
!Ó®% !òˆÏÎ˚•z ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˙ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ flõ¢≈ܲ ӈϰ– ABC
§Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy!ê˛ Ó,ˆÏ_Ó˚ B !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ flõ¢≈ܲ– !ã˛e 10.2: ò%!ê˛ §%£ÏÙ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó°ñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛w §ÇˆÏÎyçܲ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚–

x!˲ˆÏܲw ӈϰÓ˚ çlƒ•z ãÑ˛yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° ~•z x!˲ˆÏܲw ӈϰÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚–
Î!ò ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° ly Ìyܲï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ãÑ˛yò §%£ÏÙ à!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
§Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° •ï˛–
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õí˛¸ h s˝ xyˆÏ ˛ õ° ˛õ, ! ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏ Ü ˛•z
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ M ~ÓÇ m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ Ó› ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ A G Bñ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ d ò)Ó˚ˆÏc xyˆÏSÈ å!ã˛e 10.2 ˆï˛ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ä– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ Ó›Ó˚ ò%!ê˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° F – Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)e xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó°ñ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛–
xÌ≈yÍñ F α M x m (10.1)

xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚– xyˆÏ˛õ°!ê˛ !ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ Î!ò ~ÓÇ ~•z Ó° Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ 1
xÌ≈yÍñ F α (10.2)
ˆò!á ly⁄ d2
.

ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛ §)e xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ xyˆÏ˛õ° G ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î §Ù#ܲÓ˚î 10.1 ~ÓÇ 10.2 ˆÜ˛ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•zñ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ à!ï˛ §)e xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Mxm
Fα (10.3)
çlƒñ Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ å§Ù#ܲÓ˚î d2
9.4ä– ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓÓ
˚ ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù– Mxm
Óyñ F = G (10.4)
ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ˛õˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆò!á ly– ~ܲ•z d2
Î%!=˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÜ˛l ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ ly– ˆÎáyˆÏlñ G •° §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ô%Óܲ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§ÔÓ˚çàˆÏï˛ @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°y §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ˆâyˆÏÓ˚– ô%Óܲ ӈϰ–
~ܲ•z Î%!=˛ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ §)Î≈ G @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG 10.4 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓLà%îl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•zñ
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° xyˆÏSÈ– í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ âê˛lyà%ˆ°
Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲ !lí˛zê˛l F×d2=GM × m
~•z !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •l ˆÎñ ¢%ô%Ùye ˛õ,!ÌÓ#•z xyˆÏ˛õ° G
F d2
ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ïî≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ~•z !ÓŸªÓ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó›•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ Óyñ G = (10.5)
Mxm
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ü ˛Î˚y¢#° ~•z
˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó°ˆÏܲ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó° ӈϰ–

132 !ÓK˛yl
 xy•zçƒyܲ !lí˛zê˛l •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚
@˝ à ƒyrê˛•yˆÏ Ù Ó˚ å Grantham ä
!lܲˆÏê˛ G°§ˆÏÌy˛õ≈ åWools-
thorpeä lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏl çß√@˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl# ӈϰ
àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– !ï˛!l ~ܲ à!Ó˚Ó
Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
!ܲv Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç !ï˛!l ˲yˆÏ°y
xy•zçƒyܲ !lí˛zê˛l !SÈˆÏ ° l ly– 1661 §yˆÏ °
(1642 – 1727) !¢«˛yç≈ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z l yˆÏ Ü ˛
ˆÜ˛Ù!Óç !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚– 1665 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛Ù!ÓˆÏç
ˆ≤’à Ù•yÙyÓ˚#Ó˚ ≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z !lí˛zê˛l ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
!ÓÓ˚!ï˛ ˆll– ܲ!Ìï˛ xyˆÏSÈ G•z ÓSÈÓ˚•z xyˆÏ˛õ° ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛
âˆÏê˛– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õˆÏÌ˛ xyÓÂô Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó° ~ÓÇ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎyà§)e ÌyܲyÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓlyˆÏܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ í˛zI#!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ï˛!l §Ó≈çl#l
Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚l– í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ~Ó˚ xyˆÏàG xˆÏlܲ
Ù•yl !ÓK˛yl#àî Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ çylˆÏ°G ~ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
ÓƒÌ≈ •l–
!lí˛zê˛l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !Óáƒyï˛ à!ï˛ §)eyÓ!° ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – !ï˛!l
xyˆÏ°yܲ!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ï˛_¥ G ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò,¢ƒyÓ!° ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l lˆÏ˲yÓ#«˛î
xyˆÏ°yܲ ΈÏsÓf ˚ åastronomical telescopeä lܲ¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓl˚ –
!lí˛zê˛l ~ܲçl Ù•yl à!îï˛K˛G !SȈϰl– Úܲ°l!ÓòƒyÛ lyÙܲ
à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ¢yáy !ï˛!l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
í˛z!l ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ §%£ÏÙ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˆày°ˆÏܲÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛
Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆày°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ë˛Ó˚ ˆÎl ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– !lí˛zê˛l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ à!ï˛§)e ~ÓÇ §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)ˆÏeÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓl˚ – ˆÜ˛y˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ñ
ˆÜ˛˛õ°yÓ˚ñ àƒy!°!°G ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!=˛ §yôˆÏl
!lí˛zê˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ¢!=˛¢y°# !˲!_≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Îy
§Æò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ôƒyl ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!Óܲy!ë˛
!SÈ°–
í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lí˛zê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ï˛_¥ Îyã˛y•z
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚!lñ !ܲv ~ê˛y ˆÎ §!ï˛ƒ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• !SÈ°
ly– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !SÈ° !lí˛zê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ §Ù,Âô ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ Î%!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ Îy à!îï˛ myÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ%T˛– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z ï˛_¥˛ §•ç G
!ã˛eyܲ£ÏÜ≈ ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ~•z à%îyÓ!°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢ï˛≈yÓ!° !•§yˆÏÓ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
Ù•yܲ£Ï≈
!lí˛zê˛l ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒhflÏ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚
§)e!ê˛ xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚l⁄
@˝Ã•y!òÓ˚ à!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ó≈òy•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï%˛•° ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢
¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈ò @˝Ã•y!òÓ˚ à!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xˆÏlܲ ï˛Ìƒ
xy•Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˙ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆçy•ylƒy§
ˆÜ˛˛õ°yÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ §)e ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ~•z §)eà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛˛õ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)e
ӈϰ– ~•z §)eà%ˆÏ°y •° ı
1. ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ @˝Ã• §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÓ,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ xyÓï≈˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §)Î≈ ˙ í˛z˛õÓ,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÊ˛yܲyˆÏ§ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ål#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä– !ã˛ˆÏe ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ÚOÛ !Ó®%!ê˛ •° §)ˆÎÏ Ó≈ ˚ xÓfiÌyl–
2. @˝Ã• ~ÓÇ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy §Ùyl
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Ùyl ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xM˛° x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò A
ˆÌˆÏܲ B ˆï˛ ~ÓÇ C ˆÌˆÏܲ D ˆï˛ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙÎ˚
°yˆÏà ï˛ˆÏÓ OAB ~ÓÇ OCD ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ~ܲ•z •ˆÏÓ–
3. @˝Ã• G §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àí˛¸ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ (r) !eâyï˛ñ @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ (T) ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛–
xÌÓyñ r3/T2 = ô%Óܲ–
í˛zˆÏՑრˆÎñ ˆÜ˛˛õ°yÓ˚ @˝Ã•y!òÓ˚ à!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛_¥ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l– !lí˛zê˛l•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ §)Î≈
@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z
@˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ Ù)° ܲyÓ˚î– !lí˛zê˛lñ ˆÜ˛˛õ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
§)e ˛˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ò)Ó˚c
Ó, ! ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏ A à Ù•yܲ£Ï ≈
ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– D C
~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç Î% ! =˛Ó˚
xÓï˛yÓ˚ î y ܲÓ˚ y Îyܲ– O B
xyÙÓ˚ y ôˆÏ Ó ˚ !l•z ñ A
@˝ à •à% ˆ Ï ° yÓ˚ ܲ«˛˛õÌ
Ó,_yܲyÓ˚– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ܲ«˛#Î˚ ˆÓà v ~ÓÇ Ó,_yܲyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚
Óƒy§yô≈ rÉ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xyÓï≈˛lÓ˚ï˛ @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó°ñ
F α v2/r.
Î!ò T myÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
v = 2πr/T ï˛y•zñ v2 α r2/T2.
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ
v2 α (1/r) × ( r3/T2)
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ r3/T2 •° ~ܲ!ê˛ ô%Óܲñ åˆÜ˛˛õ°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚
§)e ˆÌˆÏܲä
xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ v2 α 1/r ñ ~ˆÏܲ
F α v2/ r, ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•zñ F α 1/ r2
133
 (10.5) lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Ó°ñ ò)Ó˚c G ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲܲ Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ G §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (10.4) •ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛
~Ó˚ SI ~ܲܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ N m2 kg–2. Ó°ñ
Mxm
F=G
ˆ•l!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ë˛ƒyl!í˛¢ (1731 – 1810) ~ܲ!ê˛ §%ˆÏÓò# d2
ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ G ~Ó˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– G ~Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ 6.7 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2 × 6 × 1024 kg × 7.4 × 1022 kg
=
Ùyl •° 6.673 x 10–11 N m2 kg–2. (3.84 × 108 m)2
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ∴ F = 2.02 × 1020 N.
ï%˛!Ù ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢È Ìyܲy Órô%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xyܲ£Ï≈îç!lï˛ Ó° §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •°

≤Ã
àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ӈϰy ˆï˛yñ ~•z Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ°!kô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ 2.02 × 1020 N.

Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. Ù•yܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §Ó≈çl#l §)e!ê˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
2. ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
«%˛o Óy Ó,•Íñ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó Óy Ù•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ §Ó Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z
ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈ˆÎÏ Ó˚ ˚ §)e!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
~•z §)e!ê˛ ≤ÈÏÎy烖 ï˛y•z ~•z §)e §Ó≈çl#l–

§Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ı

xyÓ˚G çyˆÏly

ÓƒhflÏ Óà≈ 10.1.2

ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó° Fñ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà (Importance of the universal
ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ Î!ò ò)Ó˚c ådä ˆÜ˛ 6 à%î ܲÓ˚y law of gravitation)
1 !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ âê˛lyÓ!° ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyˆÏà !Ó!FSÈߨ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl
•Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó° à%î •ˆÏÓ– ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ
36
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ı
(i) ˆÎ Ó° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏáó
(ii) ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ â)î≈là!ï˛ó
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.1 ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 6×1024 kg ~ÓÇ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ (iii) §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ã˛y!Ó˚˛õyˆÏ¢ @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ó ~ÓÇ
7.4 × 1022 kg. Î!ò ˛õ,!ÌÓ# G ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚c (iv) ãÑ˛yò G §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ çlƒ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_–
3.84×105 km •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– åôˆÏÓ˚ lyG G = 6.7 × 10.2 xÓyô ˛õï˛l (Free Fall)
–11 2 -2
10 N m kg )
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xÓyô ˛õï˛l ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ùyôyl ı
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ñ M = 6 × 1024 kg ܲyç È 10.2
ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ñ · ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y lyG–
m = 7.4 × 1022 kg · ~ê˛yˆÏܲ |ˆÏôÁ≈ S%ȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
˛õ,!ÌÓ# G ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚cñ · ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛y í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
d = 3.84 × 105 km
!òˆÏܲ lyÙˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= 3.84 × 105 × 1000 m
= 3.84 × 108 m xyÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# §Ü˛° Ó›ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î
G = 6.7 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 ܲˆÏÓ˚– x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛y âˆÏê˛– ¢%ô%Ùye ˛ õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~•z

134 !ÓK˛yl
ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õï˛l¢#° Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ xÓyô ˛õï˛l 10.2.1 ‘g’ ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ àîly (TO CALCULATE
ӈϰ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˛õï˛l¢#° Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
THE VALUE OF g)
•Î˚ !ܲ⁄ Îál Ó›à%ˆ° Ï y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚
g ~Ó˚ Ùyl àîly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ (10.9) lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî G, M ~ÓÇ R
x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly– !ܲv ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ӈϰÓ˚
åx!˲ܲ£Ïç ≈ Ó°ä çlƒ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚– à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ùyl Ó§yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà•z cÓ˚î ç!í˛¸ï˛– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Îál §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ô%Óܲñ G = 6.7 ×10–11 N m2 kg-2,
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ cÓ˚î˛ •Î˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ñ M = 6 ×1024 kg,
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç Ó°•z ~ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~•z cÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ñ R = 6.4×106 m.
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚î ӈϰ– ~ cÓ˚îˆÏܲ ÚgÛ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– g M
g=G
~Ó˚ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲܲ ~ܲ•z Îy m/s2– R2
à!ï˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ §)e ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ Ó° •° Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G 6.7 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2 × 6 × 1024 kg
cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°– ô!Ó˚ñ å10.2ä ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ =
(6.4 × 106 m)2
˲Ó˚ m– xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ˆÎñ ˛õí˛¸hs˝ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç
ӈϰÓ˚ çlƒ cÓ˚î °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z cÓ˚îˆÏܲ ÚgÛ myÓ˚y §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y = 9.8 m s–2.
•Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~•z x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç Ó° F ~Ó˚ Ùyl •ˆÏÓñ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl g = 9.8 m s–2.
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°–
xÌ≈yÍñ F = m g (10.6)
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î (10.4) ~ÓÇ (10.6) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ 10.2.2˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ
mg=G
M×m Ó›§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ à!ï˛ (MOTION OF OBJECTS UNDER
d2
THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE OF
M
Óyñ g = G (10.7) THE EARTH)
d2
ˆÎáyˆÏl M •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ d •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ# G Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÊÑ˛y˛õy Óy !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ñ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óy ÓˆÏí˛¸y Ó›à%ˆÏ°y §Ùyl í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
ò)Ó˚c– ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°ñ ~Ó˚y §Ùyl o%ï˛ï˛yÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ !ܲ lyñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚
ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ xÌÓy ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ á%Ó•z §!ߨܲˆÏê˛
§y•yˆÏ΃ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
xyˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ å10.7ä lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ò)Ó˚c dñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ R
~Ó˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ Óy ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ Ó›Ó˚ çlƒñ ܲyç È 10.3
M×m
mg=G (10.8)
R2 · ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ lyG– ~ܲ!ê˛ !mï˛°
M Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ SÈyò ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG ~ÓÇ
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ g = G (10.9)
R2 °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~Ó˚y ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ˛ Ë)˛!Ù flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲly–
˛õ,!ÌÓ# ÎÌyÌ≈ ˆày°Ü˛ lÎ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ ˆÙÓ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ · xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ܲyàç!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ~ܲê%˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù
!lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ܲÙyàï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z x!˲ܲ£Ïç ≈ cÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ Óyôyç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z âê˛ly ˛•Î˚–
ågä Ùyl !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˆÙÓ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– x!ôܲyÇ¢ ˛õï˛l¢#° Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% ÙyôƒÙ â£Ïî≈ ç!lï˛ Óyôy ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
àîlyÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ Óy ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ ÚgÛ ~Ó˚ Ùyl ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ô%Óܲ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ó˚ Óyôyç!lï˛
ôÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ çlƒ cÓ˚îñ 10.7 lÇ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î Ó° ˆÓ!¢– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ˛Ü˛yç!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
myÓ˚y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚¢% l) ƒ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ çyˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáÓñ ܲyàç G ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–

Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 135
 u+v
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï˛l¢#° Ó›Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ cÓ˚î ÌyˆÏܲ– (ii) àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ =
2
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î å10.9ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚îñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
= (0 m s–1+ 5 m s–1)/2
!lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y Óy ÓˆÏí˛¸yñ ÊÑ˛y˛õy Óy !lˆÏÓ˚ê˛ ˆÎ
= 2.5 m s–1
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› §Ùyl o%ï˛ï˛yÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ܲ!Ìï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ àƒy!°!°G
(iii) x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cñ s = ½ a t2
~ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›ˆÏܲ •zï˛y!°ˆÏï˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ !˛õ§y = ½ × 10 m s–2 × (0.5 s)2
åPisaä lyÙܲ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ•°yˆÏly hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòl– = ½ × 10 m s–2 × 0.25 s2
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §!ߨܲˆÏê˛ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ågä Ùyl ô%Óܲñ = 1.25 m

ï˛y•z §%£ÙÏ cÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° Ó›Ó˚ §Ü˛° àï˛#Î˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚îà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
a ˆÜ˛ g myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fiÌy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ å8.5 xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆòˆÏáyä– (i) ày!í˛¸!ê˛ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏܲ 5 m s–1 o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
(ii) ~Ó˚ 0.5 s §ÙˆÏÎ˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ 2.5 m s–1
§Ù#ܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y •° /
(iii) Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ôyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y 1.25 m.
v = u + at (10.10)
s = ut + ½at2 (10.11) í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.3 ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ |ˆÏôÁ≈ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y
2 2
v = u + 2as (10.12) •° ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ 10 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛z벰– àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
(i) Ü˛ï˛ ˆÓˆÏà Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ |ˆÏôÁ≈ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •° ⁄
ˆÎáyˆÏl u G v •° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ G x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà ~ÓÇ s •° t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ (ii) §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yà°⁄
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c–
~•z §Ù#ܲÓ˚îà%ˆ°
Ï y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y cÓ˚îˆÏܲ åaä ôlydܲ §Ùyôyl ı
ôÓ˚Ó Îál ~Ó˚ x!˲Ù%áñ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ cÓ˚îˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cñ s = 10 m
åaä }îydܲ ôÓ˚Ó Îál ~!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏܲ Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– x!hs˝Ù à!ï˛ˆÏÓàñ v = 0 m s–1
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚îñ g = 9.8 m s–2
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ cÓ˚îñ a = – 9.8 m s–2 å|ôÁ≈Ù%á# à!ï˛ä
(i) v 2 = u2 + 2a s
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.2 ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ˆâшϧ 0.5 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛
0 = u 2 + 2 × (–9.8 m s–2) × 10 m
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸°– ôÓ˚ñ g = 10 m s–2 (àîlyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈). –u 2 = –2 × 9.8 × 10 m2 s–2
(i) Ü˛ï˛ o%!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ⁄ u = 196 m s-1
(ii) 0.5 ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚ àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ Ü˛ï˛⁄ u = 14 m s-1
(iii) Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ôyÓ˚!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ⁄ (ii) v=u+at
0 = 14 m s–1 – 9.8 m s–2 × t
t = 1.43 s.
§Ùyôyl ı §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
§ÙÎ˚ñ t = ½ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ñ (i) ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ u = 14 m s–1, ~ÓÇ

≤Ã
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ u = 0 m s–1 (ii) Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 1.43 s.
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚îñ g = 10 m s–2
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
∴ ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ cÓ˚îñ a = + 10 m s–2
(i) o%!ï˛ñ v = a t
1. xÓyô ˛õï˛l åFreefallä Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
v = 10 m s–2 × 0.5 s 2. x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
–1
= 5ms

136 !ÓK˛yl
10.3 ˲Ó˚ (Mass) ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ mñ ã˛ÑyˆÏò Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl Wm –
ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ Mm ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ Rm –
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈñ ˲Ó˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ çyˆÏí˛ƒÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)e ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy•zñ ãÑ˛yˆÏò Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçlñ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ å9.3 xÇ¢ä– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚
˲Ó˚ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ñ ~Ó˚ çyí˛ƒG ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ñ ãÑ˛yˆÏòñ ~Ùl!ܲ Mm × m
Wm = G (10.16)
Ù•y¢)ˆÏlƒG ~!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ô%Óܲ Rm2
~ÓÇ fiÌylˆÏ˲ˆÏò ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ˙ ~ܲ•z Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Gçl Weñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
˲Ó˚ •° M ~ÓÇ Óƒy§yô≈ R.
10.4 Gçl (Weight)
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ӈϰ xyܲ£Ï≈î §yÓ˚!î 10.1
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ (m) G x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù•yçyà!ï˛Ü˛ ˲Ó˚ (kg) Óƒy§yô≈ (m)
(g) í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆÎ ӈϰ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ!£Ïï
≈˛ Ó›
•Î˚ñ ï˛y•y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ˙ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl– xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
F = m × a, (10.13) ˛õ,!ÌÓ# 5.98 × 1024 6.37 × 106
xÌ≈yÍñ
F = m × g. (10.14) ãÑ˛yò 7.36 × 1022 1.74 × 106
˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÎ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z •° Ó›!ê˛Ó˚
Gçl– ~ˆÏܲ W myÓ˚y §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏܲ (10.14) §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî
Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zñ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (10.9) G (10.15) ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zñ
W=m×g (10.15)
M×m
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆÎ ӈϰ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyܲ!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚ñ We = G (10.17)
ï˛y•z Ó›Ó˚ Gçl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ GçˆÏlÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ R2
xÌ≈yÍ !lí˛zê˛l (N)– Gçl •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° Îy í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ 10.1 §yÓ˚!î ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãò_ Ùyl (10.16) ~ÓÇ (10.17) §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî
!òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ùyl ~ÓÇ x!˲Ù%Რí˛z˲Î˚•z xyˆÏSÈ– Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy•zñ
7.36 × 1022 kg × m
xyÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç Wm = G
cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl ô%Óܲ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly (1.74 × 106 m)2
Ó›Ó˚ Gçl åWä ñ ~Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ åmä §ˆÏAà §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ W Wm = 2.431 × 1010G × m N (10.18a)
α m– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ fiÌyˆÏlñ Ó›Ó˚ GçlˆÏܲ ~Ó˚
~ÓÇ We = 1.474 × 1011G × m N (10.18b)
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒ
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly @˝ÃˆÏ•ñ §Ó≈e Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲv Ó›Ó˚ Gçl §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (10.18a) ˆÜ˛ (10.18b) myÓ˚y ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zñ
xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î g xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ Wm 2.431 × 1010
ܲˆÏÓ˚– =
We 1.474 × 1011
10.4.1 ãÑ˛yˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl
Wm 1
(W EIGHT OF AN OBJECT ON Óyñ = 0.165 ∼ (10.19)
THE MOON) We 6
˛xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ӈϰ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ãÑ˛yˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl 1
ï˛y Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl– xl%Ó˚)˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ãÑ˛yˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Gçl •Ï°ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ =
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ G•z Ó›Ó˚ Gçl 6
ãÑ˛yò Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ӈϰ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ãÑ˛yˆÏò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù– ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ãÑ˛yò Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù Ó°
= (1/6) × ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ G•z Ó›Ó˚ Gçl–
˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 137
 í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.4 ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 10 kg. ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ G•z Ó›Ó˚ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y âyï˛ G ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
Gçl ܲï˛⁄ !lˆÏß√y=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–
§Ùyôyl ı ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ 1: ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó%ˆÏ°!ê˛l ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚ åPosterä xyÓÂô ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ å!ã˛e 10.3 ˆï˛ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ä– ~•z
˲Ó˚, m = 10 kg
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚î, g = 9.8 m s–2 ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆÓyí≈˛ !˛õlà%ˆ°
Ï yˆÏܲ Ó,ÂôyAà%!° !òˆÏÎ˚
W=m×g ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï%˛!Ù !˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ x@˝Ã˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏòÓ˚
W = 10 kg × 9.8 m s-2 = 98 N ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z Ó°!ê˛ ˆÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl 98 N –
í˛z˛õÓ˚ °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ •Î˚– ~ Ó°!ê˛ !˛õˆÏlÓ˚ §%ã˛yˆÏ°y ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ á%Ó•z
Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.5 ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆ¤Ï ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl 10 N – ã˛w˛õ,ˆ¤Ï ˛
G•z Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ
ã˛w˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Gçl
= (1/6) × ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˙ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl
xÌ≈yÍ
We 10
Wm = = N
6 6
= 1.67 N

≤Ã
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ã˛w˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl 1.67 N –

Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G GçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ#⁄
2. ãÑ˛yˆÏò Ó›Ó˚ Gçl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ˙ Ó›Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚
1
6
xÇ¢ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄

10.5 âyï˛ G ã˛y˛õ (Thrust and

Pressure)
ÙÓ˚%Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ í˛zê˛ˆÏܲ §•ˆÏç ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏá ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲálG xyŸã˛Î≈
•ˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ~ܲ •yçyÓ˚ ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%Âô ê˛ƒyÇܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
!lÓ˚!Ó!FSÈߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ⁄ ê˛∆yܲ Óy ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚
ê˛yÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓô ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛yê˛yÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚ á%Ó•z ï˛#«¯˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
~ÓÇ âê˛lyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒñ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá
≤ÃÎ=% ˛ ˆÙyê˛ Ó° åâyï˛ä ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ Ó° åã˛y˛õäñ
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e 10.3: ˆÓyˆÏí˛≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyfiê˛yÓ˚ °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏAà °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ
!˛õlà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏí˛¸y xy.%° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ 2: ï%˛!Ù !¢!Ì° åLooseä Óy!°Ó˚y!¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
xySÈ– ˆòáˆÏÓ ï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õyà%ˆÏ°y Óy!°Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál
ï%˛!Ù Óy!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ¢%ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸y– ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚ xyÓ˚
~ˆÏï˛yê˛y Óy!°Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly– í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Óy!°ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÎ%=˛
Ó° •° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyl–

138 !ÓK˛yl
 ï%˛!Ù ˆçˆÏlSÈ Gçl •° l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zÕ¡‘ Ë∫ ˛yˆÏÓ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyôyl ı
Ó°– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° Óy!°˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ = 5 kg
•ˆÏFSÈ– Ó›Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó°ˆÏܲ âyï˛ ÓˆÏ°–
Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ Ùyey = 40 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm
ï%˛!Ù Îál !¢!Ì° Óy!°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÖyí˛¸yˆÏly !SȈ°Ï ñ ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl ˆê˛!Ó° ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âyï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
Gçl ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈÏòÓ˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° !ܲÎ˚y¢#°
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
•Î˚– xyÓ˚ Îál ï%˛!Ù Óy!°ˆÏï˛ ¢%ˆÏÎ˚ !SȈϰ ï˛ál ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó°ñ
xÌ≈yÍñ âyï˛ =F=m× g
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢ Óy!°Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˙ xLjϢ °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ = 5 kg × 9.8 m s–2
≤ÃÎ%=˛ •Î˚– ~•z ˆ«˛eÊ˛° ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢– ï˛y•z = 49 N
§ÙÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° = ˜òâ≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ
•Î˚– = 20 cm × 10 cm
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ܲ•z !ܲv ~ˆÏòÓ˚ = 200 cm2 = 0.02 m2
(10.20) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•zñ
≤Ã˲yÓ !˲ߨ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓñ ˆÎ ï˛ˆÏ° ~ê˛y !ܲÎ˚y¢#°ñ ˙
ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ã˛y˛õ =
49 N
= 2450 N m-2.
Óy!°ˆÏï˛ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÎ˚ âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ¢%ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸y xÓfiÌy 0.02 m2
xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ~ܲܲ ≤ÃfïÏFSȈòÏ Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° âyï˛ˆÏܲ Îál Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛° å40 cm × 20 cmäñ ˆê˛!Ó° ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
ã˛y˛õ ӈϰ– §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛álG ˆê˛!Ó°ï˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÎ%=˛ âyï˛ ~ܲ•z
âyï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï˛y•zñ ã˛y˛õ = (10.20)
ˆ«˛eÊ˛° Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˙ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ«˛eÊ˛° = ˜òâ≈ƒ × ≤ÃfiÌ
âyï˛ G ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ SI ~ܲܲ 10.20 §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî Ó!§ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ SI = 40 cm × 20 cm
~ܲܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ N/m2 xÌÓy N m–2– = 800 cm2 = 0.08 m2
!ÓK˛yl# Óœy•z§‰ ˛õyˆÏflÒ° åBlaise Pascalä ~Ó˚ §¡øylyˆÏÌ≈ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î (10.20) •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ
SI ~ܲܲˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏflÒ° Ó°y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Pa myÓ˚y §)!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– 49 N
ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ = = 612.5 N m–2
0.08 m2
≤ÃÎ%=˛ âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ 20 cm × 10 cm ï˛° myÓ˚y
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.6 ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°Ü˛ ˆê˛!ӈϰ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ– ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ã˛y˛õ 2450 N m–2 ~ÓÇ 40 cm × 20 cm ï˛°
Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 5 kg ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ùyeyà%ˆÏ°y •° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 40 cm × myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ã˛y˛õ 612.5 N m–2.
20 cm × 10 cm– Îál ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ï˛° ˆê˛!Ó° ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚
§ˆÏAà §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y (a) 20 cm ×10 cm ~ÓÇ (b) 40 cm ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z Ó° ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ü˛Ù ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!¢ ã˛y˛õ
× 20 cm– ~ ˆ«˛eà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°Ü˛!ê˛ ˆê˛!Ó° ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆÎ
G ˆÓ!¢ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ° Ü˛Ù ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ~ܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xy°!˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãyhs˝Ë˛yà §)ã˛yˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ S%È!Ó˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
~ÓÇ òy°ylÓy!í˛¸Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ ≤âhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–

10.5.1 ≤ÃÓy•#Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ (PRESSURE IN FLUIDS)

§Ü˛° ï˛Ó˚° G àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y •° ≤ÃÓy•#– ܲ!ë˛l Ó› í˛z•yÓ˚
GçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ˆÏ° ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– xl%Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ≤ÃÓy•#Ó˚G
Gçl xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˛õyˆÏe ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓÂô Ó˚yáy •Î˚ñ ˙ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ù
G ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°ñ ~Ó˚y ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÓÂô ≤ÃÓy•#ˆÏï˛
ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˙ ã˛y˛õ §Ó≈!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ÙyˆÏl §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
xyÓÂô ≤ÃÓy•#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xLjϢ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ã˛y˛õ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÙyˆÏl §Ó≈!òˆÏܲ
!ã˛e 10.4 §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 139
10.5.2 ≤’Óï˛y (BUOYANCY)
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ܲálG §%•z!ÙÇ ˛õ%ˆÏ° §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛SÈ ~ÓÇ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ •y°Ü˛y ˆÓyô ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ ܲálG !ܲ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ˛ ç°
ï%˛ˆÏ°SÈ ~ÓÇ ç°˛õ)î≈ Óy°‰!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl ç°ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢
ӈϰ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ •zflõyï˛ G !fiê˛° !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy•yç
§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ lyñ !ܲv ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •zflõyï˛ G !fiê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛ çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xÓyܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
!l⁄ ≤’Óï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤’Óï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ܲyç È 10.4
· ~ܲ!ê˛ áy!° ≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÓyï˛° lyG– ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%á
~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚% !lˆÏÓ˚yôܲ myÓ˚y Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ ˛õyˆÏe ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏÓ
ˆÎ ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ Ë˛y§ˆÏSÈ–
· ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° òyG– |ôÁ≈Ù%á#
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G
à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ lyG– ˆòáˆÏÓñ çˆÏ° ~ˆÏܲ Îï˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~ê˛y ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚
ˆÎñ ç° ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ |ôÁ≈Ùá% # Ó° ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ à
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ çˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ ly
•GÎ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îï˛ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ~ê˛yÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ç° myÓ˚y |ôÁ≈Ù%á# !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl
ܲÙyàï˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
· ~ál ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG– ~ê˛y ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
· ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç åxyܲ£Ï≈îä
Ó° !Ü ˛Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ⁄ Î!ò ï˛y•z •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ çˆÏ°
!lÙ!Iï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ° ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ ~ܲ•z
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ ï%˛!Ù ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
çˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç ӈϰÓ˚
x!˲Ù%á !l¡¨y!˲Ù%á#– ï˛y•z ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛yl
xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ç° ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛°y xl%˲Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Gçl •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç Ó°– ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ Îál çˆÏ°
!lÙ!Iï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó°ñ ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ñ ï˛y•z ˆSȈÏí˛¸
!òˆÏ° ~ê˛y í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§–
140
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !lÙ!Iï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ùï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛y
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ӈϰÓ˚ l)ƒlï˛Ù Ùyl ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ç°
ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° G ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ §Ùyl •ˆÏÓ–
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ç° |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ˆÎ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
|ôÁ≈âyï˛ Óy ≤’Óï˛y Ó° ӈϰ– ≤Ãܲ, ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ü˛° Ó›•z ≤ÃÓy•# ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
!lÙ!Iï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ≤’Óï˛y Ó° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ≤’Óï˛y ӈϰÓ˚ ~•z
Ùyl ≤ÃÓy•# ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
10.5.3 çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Ó˚yáˆÏ°
˲yˆÏ § Óy ˆí˛yˆÏ Ó ˆÜ˛l⁄ (W HY
OBJECTS FLOAT OR SINK WHEN PLACED
ON THE SURFACE OF WATER?)
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚yñ l#ˆÏã˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ á%Ñ!ç–
ܲyç 10.5
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyÓ˚ lyG–
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ !˛õl lyG ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
· ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛!˛õl!ê˛ í% ˛ ˆÏ Ó ÎyÎ˚ – ˛õ, ! ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï ≈ ç Ó° ˆ°y•yÓ˚
!˛õl!ê˛ˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ê˛yˆÏl– ç° !˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ |ôÁ≈âyï˛
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy !˛õl!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛°y ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv
!˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç ӈϰÓ˚ Ùylñ
~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ |ôÁ≈âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùyl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢– ï˛y•z
Ó›!ê˛ çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ (!ã˛e 10.5) –
!ã˛e 10.5: ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ !˛õl çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ü≈˛˛
çˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ§–
!ÓK˛yl
 ܲyç È 10.6
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyÓ˚ lyG–
· §Ù˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°y•yÓ˚
!˛õl lyG–
· ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
· ܲ# âˆÏê˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲÜ≈˛!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ§ñ Î!òG !˛õl!ê˛ í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ê˛y •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ âlc Ó°ˆÏï˛ •z•yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
~ܲܲ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ (a)
âlc çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù– •z•yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ |ôÁ≈âyï˛ Óy ≤’Óï˛y ӈϰÓ˚ Ùylñ ܲˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Gçl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢–
ï˛y•z ~ê˛y çˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ§ (!ã˛e 10.5) –
(b)
ˆ°y•yÓ˚ !˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ âlc çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈
•° ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ !˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ |ôÁ≈âyï˛ Óy ≤’Óï˛y ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl !ã˛e 10.6: (a) ÓyÎ˚ˆ% ïÏ ˛ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ V%˛°hs˝ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛Ó˚
!˛õl!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù– ï˛y•z ~ê˛y í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚– GçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ~ê˛yÓ˚ ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô •° ÈüÈ ï˛y
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ü˛Ù âlˆÏcÓ˚ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˆÓ!¢ âlˆÏcÓ˚ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– (b) V%˛°hs˝ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ° í%˛ÓyˆÏlyÓ˚
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ§– Ó›Ó˚ âlc ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ,!Âô •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

≤Ã
ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° Ó› ˙ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyÎ˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. fl%Ò° ÓƒyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ê˛ï˛y §Ó˚% G ¢=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏ°ñ ˙ ÓƒyàˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy á%Ó•z ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚
ˆÜ˛l⁄
2. ≤’Óï˛y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
3. çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› Ó˚yáˆÏ°ñ ˲yˆÏ§ xÌÓy
í%˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
10.6 xy!Ü≈˛!Ù!í˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ l#!ï˛ (Archimedes’
Principle)
ܲyç 10.7
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y lyG ~ÓÇ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ xÌÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsf
Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
ˆV˛y°yG xÌÓy 10.6 (a) È lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ V%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ òyG–
· ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ,!Âô !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y xÌÓy ˛õyÌÓ˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsÓf ˚ ˛õyë˛ lyG–
· ~ál 10.6 (b) lÇ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ çˆÏ° ˆí˛yÓyG–
· ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ,!Âô xÌÓy !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚
ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛Ó˚ ܲÙyàï˛ çˆÏ° xÓlÙˆÏlÓ˚
§ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ,!Âô xÌÓy !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ùyàï˛ •…y§
˛õyˆÏFSÈ– Î!òGñ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ çˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ˆàˆÏ°ñ
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ly– ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒÓ,!ÂôÓ˚
•…y§ xÌÓy !fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsfÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛Ó˚ xÓlÙl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÌÓy
!fl±Ç ï%˛°yΈÏsÓf ˚ !fl±ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô •Î˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ !ê˛Ó˚
ܲÙyàï˛ çˆÏ° xÓlÙˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ Ó,!Âô Ü˛ÙˆÏSÈñ •z•yÓ˚
xÌ≈ •° ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ≤ÃÎ%=˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ~çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚
˜òâ≈ƒ ≤çyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ñ ç° Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ |ôÁ≈Ù%á#
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° ~•z Ó°ˆÏܲ ≤’Óï˛y Ó° ӈϰ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤’Óï˛y Ó° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
Ó›Ó˚ çlƒ §Ü˛° ≤ÃÓy•# ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z !ܲ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ•z⁄ §Ü˛° Ó›•z !ܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ≤ÃÓy•# ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ≤’Óï˛y Ó° xl%˲Ó

Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 141
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ~ §ÙhflÏ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xy!Ü≈˛!Ù!í˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ l#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !l!•ï˛
xyˆÏSÈñ Îy l#ˆÏã˛ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •°–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §¡õ)î≈ Óy xyÇ!¢Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÓy•#ˆÏï˛ !lÙ!Iï˛
ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ |ôÁ≈Ù%á# Ó° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ӈϰÓ˚
Ùyl Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÃÓy•#Ó˚ GçˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùyl–
10.7 ܲyˆÏç Ó!î≈ï˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛!ê˛ §¡õ)îË ≈ ˛yˆÏÓ çˆÏ° !lÙIˆÏlÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ≤çyÓ˚î xyÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ lyñ ~ê˛y ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
xy!Ü≈ ˛ !Ù!í˛§ !@˝ Ã Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ ¢ Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl#
!SȈϰl– í˛z!l ~ܲ!òl ç°˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
ÓyÌê˛ˆÏÓ lyÙyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ç° í˛z˛õˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸y
ˆòˆÏáñ í˛zlyÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ lyÙy!AÜ˛ï˛ l#!ï˛!ê˛
≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l Ó˚yç˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚
Archimedes Ú•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚ܲyÛ ÓˆÏ° !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ S%Èê˛!SȈϰl
ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ÚÚ xy!Ù ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈÛÛ– Ó˚yçyÓ˚
çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏî≈Ó˚ Ù%Ü%˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z
l#!ï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
çƒy!Ù!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó°!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l
!Óáƒyï˛– !°Ë˛yÓ˚ñ ܲ!˛õܲ°ñ x«˛ G ã˛yܲy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛
K˛yl !@˝Ãܲ ˜§lƒ Óy!•l#ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yÙyl ˜§lƒ Óy!•l#Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Î%Âô
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
10.7 xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc (Relative
Density)
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y çylñ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲܲ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲ âlc ӈϰ–
âlˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •° ˆÜ˛!ç ≤Ã!ï˛ âl !Ùê˛yÓ˚ (kg m–3)– !l!ò≈T˛ ¢ˆÏï≈˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âlc ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z âlc ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ– ~ê˛y !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!˲ߨ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ fl∫ˆÏî≈Ó˚ âlc
19300 kg/m3 ñ Î!òG çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc 1000kg/m3 – ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ ≈ ˚
≤Ãò_ lÙ%lyÓ˚ âlc í˛z•yÓ˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌÓ≈ ˚ âlc çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚y•z §%!Óôyçlܲ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc •° ˙
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âlc G çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ xl%˛õyï˛–
õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âlc
xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc =
çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlÏc
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc ò%!ê˛ §ÙÓ˚y!¢Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ñ ï˛y•z ~Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲܲ ˆl•z–

xy!Ü≈˛!Ù!í˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyˆÏSÈ– çy•yç G í%˛ˆÏÓy

çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ lܲ¢y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ~•z l#!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î 10.7 Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc 10.8ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °ƒyܲˆÏê˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •y•zˆÏí»˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y 103 kg m–3 – SI ~ܲˆÏܲ Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ âlc ܲï˛⁄
•Î˚– °ƒyܲˆÏê˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ò%ˆÏôÓ˚ lÙ%lyÓ˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ÓÇ
§Ùyôyl ı

≤Ã
•y•zˆÏí»˛y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc = 10.8
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ âlc
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ Gçl Ùy˛õyÓ˚ ΈÏsÓf ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏ° xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc =
çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlÏc
ˆÎ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ 42 kg – ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲ# 42
kg ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢ ly ܲÙ⁄ Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ âlc = Ó˚%ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ âlc
2. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï%˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Óƒyà ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ × çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc
ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ò[˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Gçl Ùy˛õyÓ˚ ΈÏsfÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 100 kg !lˆÏò!≈ ¢ï˛ •°– = 10.8 × 103 kg m–3
ÓyhflψÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚# •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù
ܲ# Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÓÏ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yÓ˚# ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛l⁄
142 !ÓK˛yl
 ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)e xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó°ñ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÓƒhflÏyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛– !ÓŸªÓ·yˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÈ
~•z §)e ≤ÈÏÎy烖 ï˛y•z ~•z §)eˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l §)e ӈϰ–
• Ó›à%ˆÏ°y Î!ò Ó,•Í ly •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó° á%Ó•z ò%Ó≈° •Î˚–
• x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç Ó° í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z Ó° Ë)˛È˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆÙÓ˚% xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ Ùyl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
• ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÎ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ˙ Ó›Ó˚ Gçl–
• Gçl •ˆÏFSÈ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ G x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°–
• Ó›Ó˚ Gçl fiÌylˆÏ˲ˆÏò !Ó!˲ߨ •Î˚ñ !ܲv Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ô%Óܲ ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ≤ÃÓy•#ˆÏï˛ !lÙ!Iï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ §Ü˛° Ó›•z ≤’Óï˛y Ó° xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
• Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ âlc Î!ò ï˛Ó˚ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z Ó› G•z ï˛Ó˚ˆ°
Ï Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°
˲y§ˆÏÓ– xyÓ˚ Î!ò Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ âlcñ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó› G•z
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏÓ–

xl%¢#°l#
1. ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚c Î!ò ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚
ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÓ⁄
2. !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ Ó° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# Ó›
•y°Ü˛y Ó› xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ o%ï˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 1 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl ܲï˛⁄
åˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ = 6 × 1024 kg ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Óƒy§yô≈ = 6.4 × 106 m)
4. ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ ãÑ˛yò ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó° myÓ˚y xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ãÑ˛yòˆÏܲ ˆÎ ӈϰ xyܲ£Ï≈î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y ܲ# ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î Ó° xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ñ ly ܲÙñ ly §Ùyl⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. Î!ò ãÑ˛yò ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄

Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 143
 6. ò%!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó° ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ Î!ò ÈüüüÈ
(i) ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ !mà%î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
(ii) Ó› ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚c !mà%î ~ÓÇ !ï˛là%î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
(iii) í˛z˲Î˚ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚•z !mà%î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
7. §Ó≈çl#l Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ §)ˆÏeÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄
8. Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe cÓ˚î ܲï˛⁄
9. ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ# Ó!°⁄
10. x!Ùï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ Órô%Ó˚ ܲÌyÙˆÏï˛y˛ ˆÙÓ˚% xM˛ˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ @˝ÃyÙ fl∫î≈ !ܲl°– !lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ° G•z
Órô%Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ˆòáy •ˆÏ°ñ ˆ§ ˙ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî fl∫î≈ Órô%ˆÏܲ !ò°– ï˛yÓ˚ Órô% !ܲ ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y fl∫ˆÏî≈Ó˚ Gçl
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §•Ùï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ Î!ò ly •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛l⁄ [ •z!Aàï˛ ı x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyl
!lÓ˚«˛#Î˚ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙÓ˚% xM˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!¢ ]
11. ӈϰÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyã˛í˛¸yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàç xˆÏ˛õ«˛y G•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yàˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õyï˛y ô#ˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ˆÜ˛l⁄
1
12. ã˛w˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ Ó°ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ xÇ¢– 10 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
6
ã˛w˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ !lí˛zê˛l ~ܲˆÏܲ Gçl ܲï˛⁄
13. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ 49 m/s ˆÓˆÏà í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆSÈyí˛¸y •°– àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ
(i) ~ê˛y §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ü˛ï˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ⁄
(ii) Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ °yàˆÏÓ⁄
14. 19.6 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •°–
Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ãy܉˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ~Ó˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ˆÓà Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ 40 m/s ˆÓˆÏà í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆSÈyí˛¸y •°– g = 10 m/s2 ôˆÏÓ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ñ ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ü˛ï˛ê˛y í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ÈüÈ ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˛õyÌÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚î
G ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ܲï˛⁄
16. ˛õ,!ÌÓ# G §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ = 6 × 1024
kg ~ÓÇ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ = 2 × 1030 kg– ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àí˛¸ ò)Ó˚c = 1.5 × 1011 m
17. 100 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏΩ˛Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •° ~ÓÇ
~ܲ•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏܲ 25 m/s ˆÓˆÏà í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ |ˆÏôÁ≈ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ
ܲÓ˚y •°– ܲál ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §y«˛yÍ •ˆÏÓ⁄
18. í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !l!«˛Æ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° 6 s §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ !lˆÏ«˛˛õܲyÓ˚#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚
xy§°– àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
(a) ˆÎ ˆÓˆÏà ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ –
(b) §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ê˛y í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ
(c) 4 s §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ xÓfiÌyl–

144 !ÓK˛yl
 19. ï˛Ó˚ˆÏ° !lÙ!Iï˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ≤’Óï˛y ӈϰÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲ •Î˚⁄
20. ≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛°Ü˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y xyÓyÓ˚ ç°ï˛ˆÏ° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛l⁄
21. 50 g ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l 20 cm3ñ Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc 1 g / cm3 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó›!ê˛ çˆÏ°
˲y§ˆÏÓñ ly í%˛ÓˆÏÓ⁄
22. 500 g ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÂô ˛õƒyˆÏܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyÎ˚ï˛l 350 cm3– Î!ò çˆÏ°Ó˚ âlc 1 g / cm3 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛!ê˛ çˆÏ° ˲y§ˆÏÓñ ly í%˛ÓˆÏÓ⁄ ˛õƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ ܲï˛⁄

Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ 145
xôƒyÎ˚ 11
˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# !ܲS%È xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
˛õÂô!ï˛ñ à!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ!° Óƒyáƒy
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •° ÚܲyÎ≈Û– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒË˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛y– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
~ ôyÓ˚îyà%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Ó¢ˆÏò çylÓ–
§Ü˛° ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xyˆÏSÈ– §Ü˛° ç#Ó ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚
çlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
~•z !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Úç#Ól ˜¢°#Û Ó!°– ~ §ÙhflÏ
ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ¢!=˛ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ܲyç ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆá°yô)°yñ àyl ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyñ
ˆ°áyñ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚yñ °yÊ˛yˆÏlyñ §y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆòÔí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚
çˆÏlƒG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– ◊Ù§yôƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÓ!¢
¢!=˛Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
˛õ¢%Óy˚ G !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆòÔí˛¸yÎ˚ñ
°yÊ˛yÎ˚– ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y °í˛¸y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢e% ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚y˛õò xy◊Î˚ ˆáÑyˆÏç– ~SÈyí˛¸yGñ
xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏ_y°lñ ˲yÓ˚ Ó•lñ ày!í˛¸ ê˛yly ~ÓÇ
ç!Ù ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– ~ §Ü˛° ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚ çlƒ ¢!=˛Ó˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ï%˛!Ù ˆÙ!¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yˆÏÓy– ï%˛!Ù çylñ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˆÙ!¢ˆÏlÓ˚
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ܲyç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙ!¢là%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ܲ#ˆÏ§Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚
•Î˚⁄ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È •z!OˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y° ~ÓÇ !í˛ˆÏçˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ çµy°y!l
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ç#Óhs˝ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ ˆÙ!¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛•Î˚
ˆÜ˛l⁄
11.1 ܲyÎ≈ (Work)
ܲyÎ≈ ܲ#⁄ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ¢∑ ÚܲyÎ≈Û ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆlÓ–
ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
WORK AND ENERGY
11.1.1 ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚G á%Ó ˆÓ!¢
ܲyç •° ly ú (NOT MUCH ‘WORK’
INSPITE OF WORKING HARD !)
ܲÙ!° ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ !lˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ ˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢ylyÎ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
!òˆÏFSÈ– ˆ§ Ó•z ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲˆÏSÈñ GÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈ˲yÓlyà%ˆÏ°y §y!çˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏFSÈ– ≤ß¿˛õe §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Üœ˛yˆÏ§ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏSÈñ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y
§¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ §ÙhflÏ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°yˆÏ˛õ ˆ§ xˆÏlܲ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ –
§yôyÓ˚î ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ÚÚˆ§ á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈÛÛ– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ §ÇK˛y ô!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z á%Ó ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù !ܲv x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ܲyçˆÏܲG Ó%V˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ §Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù xˆÏlܲ
˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°– xyÙÓ˚y ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•zñ §Ó ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛
§Ó˚° ly– ï%˛!Ù §¡õ)î≈ Üœ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚î •Î˚!lñ ï˛y•z ï%˛!Ù ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyçG
ܲÓ˚!l–
ï%˛!Ù ÙyÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# ˆÓyV˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ !Ù!lê˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
Ó˚•zˆÏ°– ï%˛!Ù Üœ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°– ï%˛!Ù xˆÏlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚SÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ¢!=˛ «˛Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – ˲yÓ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ÏSÈ
!ܲ⁄ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l–
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò,¢ƒ ˆòáyÓ˚ çlƒ ï%˛!Ù !§Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ ôy˛õà%ˆ°Ï y ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆòyï˛°yÎ˚
í˛zë˛ˆÏ°– ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÑã%˛ àyˆÏSÈ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚G í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò
xyÙÓ˚y !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ §ÇK˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xˆÏlܲ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ Óy Ùyl!§Ü˛
◊ÙˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z– ÙyˆÏë˛ ˆá°y ܲÓ˚yñ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy Ó°yñ à%l à%l ܲˆÏÓ˚ àyl àyGÎ˚yñ !§ˆÏlÙy ˆòáyñ §yÙy!çܲ
xl%¤˛yˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ •GÎ˚yñ ~§Ó !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ§ÙÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈
ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ܲyÎ≈ •° !ܲ lyñ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
~ˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚Ó ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ܲyÎ≈ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §ÇK˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ– !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓ–
ܲyç È 11.1
· í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl âê˛y
!ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î âê˛lyÓ!° ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ ӈϰ ôÓ˚y •Î˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˙ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!°Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y !çˆÏK˛§ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG ı
(i) ܲ# ܲyç ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ⁄
(ii) Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ܲ# âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ⁄
(iii) ˆÜ˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
11.1.2 ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl!˲!_ܲ ôyÓ˚îy
(SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTION OF WORK)
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!T˛ˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ §ÇK˛y
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ° Ìyܲy ~ܲ!ê˛ l%!í˛¸ˆÏܲ ôyE˛y òyG– l%!í˛¸!ê˛
!ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°– ï%˛!Ù l%!í˛¸!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ
l%!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ fiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Ï°– ~ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛∆!° ê˛ylˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ ê˛∆!°!ê˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°–
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛ ê˛∆!°ˆÏï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ê˛∆!°!ê˛Ó˚ fiÌyl
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •°– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~áyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó•zˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°y– ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ !ܲS%È Ó°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó•z!ê˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z벰– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •° ~ÓÇ Ó•z!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°– ܲyˆÏç•z ܲyÎ≈
§¡õy!òï˛ •°–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎñ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ¢ï≈˛ ˛õ)Óî˚ •GÎ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– (i) Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#°
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ (ii) xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó›Ó˚ fiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ xl%˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°•z ܲyÎ≈
§¡õyòl •ˆÏÓ ly– !ÓK˛yˆÏlñ ܲyÎ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ xyÙÓ˚y ~˲yˆÏÓ•z !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚–
~ܲ!ê˛ £ÑyÏ í˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆàyÓ˚Ó% ˚ ày!í˛¸ˆÜÏ ˛ ê˛ylˆÏSÈ– ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl
ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •° ~ÓÇ ày!í˛¸!ê˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ˆà°– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ~ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ܲyç È 11.2
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚
ܲÌy ˲yˆÏÓyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
· ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆ§ §ÙhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏòÔ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
!ܲ lyñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· Î!ò ܲyÎ≈ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó›ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó°
!ܲÎ˚y¢#° !SÈ°⁄
· ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈÏ°⁄
· ˆÎ Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ# âê˛°⁄
ܲyç È 11.3
• ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓfiÌyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yˆÏÓy ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G Ó›Ó˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ ly–
• xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌyG !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓy˚ ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
ӈϰÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛G Ó›Ó˚ fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ âˆÏê˛–
• ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ xÓfiÌyà%ˆÏ°y ˆË˛ˆÏÓÏSÈñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• ~ §Ü˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ §¡õy!òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲ
lyñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11.1.3 !fiÌÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈
(WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE)
!ÓK˛yˆÏl ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ÇK˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚⁄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !l•zñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚î ~ܲ•z
x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
ô!Ó˚ñ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó° ÚFÛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
ô!Ó˚ñ Ó›!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ÚsÛ ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚° å!ã˛e 11.1ä–
ô!Ó˚ñ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ÚWÛ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÊ˛°
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏܲ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚–
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ = Ó° × §Ó˚î
W = Fs (11.1)
!ã˛e 11.1
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ §¡õy!òï˛
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •ˆÏÓñ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ¢%ô% Ùyl xyˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲Ù%á ˆl•z–
147
 §Ù#ܲÓ˚î å11.1äÈüÈ~ Î!òñ F = 1 N ~ÓÇ s = 1m •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •ˆÏÓ 1 N m– ~áyˆÏl ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ~ܲܲ •°
!lí˛zê˛lÈüÈ!Ùê˛yÓ˚ åN mä xÌÓy ç%° åJä–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 1 N Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ӈϰÓ˚
x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Î!ò Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î 1 m •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈
•Î˚ ~ܲ ç%° å1 Jä
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î å11.1ä ˆòˆÏáy– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ӈϰÓ˚
Ùyl ¢)lƒ •ˆÏ° Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyl Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î Î!ò ¢)lƒ •Î˚ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyl Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢ï≈˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î •ˆÏ° Ó°y
ÎyˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.1 5 N ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
ӈϰÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ 2 m §Ó˚î •Ï° å!ã˛e 11.2ä– ~•z
§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Î!ò ~ Ó° ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •°ñ 5 N × 2 m =10 N m xÌÓy 10 J –
!ã˛e 11.2
≤Ã
Ÿ¿ ı
1. 7 N ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° Ó›ˆÏï˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°– ӈϰÓ˚
x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î 8 m, (!ã˛e 11.3). ÙˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ Ó° Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyl ܲï˛⁄
!ã˛e 11.3
xlƒ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%=˛
Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚î ~ܲ•z x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •Î˚– !ã˛e 11.4ÈüÈ~ ˆòáy
ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ˆá°ly ày!í˛¸!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ°
ê˛ylˆÏSÈ– !¢¢%!ê˛ ˆá°ly ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ §Ó˚î ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ à%îÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ùyl–
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ ܲyÎ≈ˆÏܲ ôlydܲ ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
148
!ã˛e 11.4
~ÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› §%£ÏÙ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
x!˲Ù%ˆÏá à!ï˛¢#°– ~ál ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ÚFÛ
åretarding forceä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Ï°– xÌ≈yÍñ ò%•z x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚
ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ˆÜ˛yî •° 1800– ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ Ó›!ê˛ ‘s’ ò)Ó˚c ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏÙ ˆà°– ~ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ñ Ó° ÚFÛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ }îydܲ ôÓ˚y •Î˚
~ÓÇ }îydܲ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° myÓ˚y
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •° F × (–s) xÌÓy (– F × s) –
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎñ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ܲï≈,˛Ü˛
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •Î˚ ôlydܲ •ˆÏÓñ ly •Î˚ }îydܲ •ˆÏÓ– !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚
çlƒñ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛!Ó˚–
ܲyç 11.4
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Gë˛yG– Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
§Ó˚yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y•z ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° Ó›Ó˚
§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á#– ~áyˆÏl !ܲvñ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
· ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó°!ê˛ ôlydܲ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
· ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó°!ê˛ }îydܲ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
· ܲyÓ˚î ˆòáyG–
≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚î !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# •ˆÏ° Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈
}îydܲ– ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚î ~ܲ•z !òˆÏܲ •ˆÏ°
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ôlydܲ–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.2 ~ܲ Ü%˛!° Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 1.5 m í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚
15 kg GçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy°˛õe Gë˛y°– Ü%˛!° ܲï,˛≈ܲ Ùy°˛õˆÏeÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ùyôyl ı
Ùy°˛õˆÏeÓ˚ åluggageä ˲Ó˚ñ m = 15 kg
~ÓÇ §Ó˚î, s = 1.5 m.
!ÓK˛yl
 Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈, W = F × s = mg × s
= 15 kg × 10 m s-2 × 1.5 m
= 225 kg m s-2 m
= 225 N m = 225 J
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •° 225 J.
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. ܲál xyÙÓ˚y Ó°Ó ˆÎ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
2. Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á
~ܲ•z •ˆÏ° Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ܲ# •ˆÏÓñ
ˆ°ˆÏáy–
3. 1 J å~ܲ ç%°ä ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–
4. ~ܲˆÏçyí˛¸y £ÏÑyí˛¸ 140 N ӈϰ °y.° ê˛ylˆÏSÈ–
ã˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ç!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ 15 !Ù– ç!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚
ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
11.2 ¢!=˛ (Energy)
¢!=˛ SÈyí˛¸y ç#Ól x§Ω˛Ó– !òl !òl ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ ˛õy•z⁄ §)Î≈ •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
í˛zͧ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ•z §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛–
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚˲yà ~ÓÇ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚˲yê˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲG xyÙÓ˚y ¢!=˛ ˛õy•z– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ܲ# ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y⁄
ܲyç È 11.5
· í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ lyÙ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÓ˚G xˆÏlܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈñ ˆ§à%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáyñ
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyˆÏ§–
· ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͧ
§)Î≈ lÎ˚⁄
˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ¢!=˛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ
!ܲv !ÓK˛yˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ ÎÌyÎÌ §ÇK˛y ˆòÏÓ–
ã˛ˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚îà%ˆÏ°y ˆò!á ı Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ o%ï˛àyÙ#
!ܲˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ í˛z•zˆÏÜ˛ê˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál í˛z•zˆÏܲê˛!ê˛
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ !l!«˛Æ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏ°ñ
ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛
Ó›!ê˛ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˆòˆÏáSÈñ
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲ ÙyÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ •yï%˛!í˛¸ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°
ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ñ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏë˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ
ÎyÎ˚– xyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ !¢¢%Ó˚y Îál ˆá°lyày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ òÙ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏáñ ï˛ál ~ê˛y ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÎ˚%˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÓ°%lˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyÙÓ˚y °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚–
•y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏ°ñ ˆÓ°%l xyÓyÓ˚
xyˆÏàÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÎ˚– !ܲv Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ°%l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚
ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ô!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓ°%l!ê˛ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛G ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~§Ó í˛zòy•Ó˚ˆÏîñ Ó›à%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎñ
Ó›!ê˛ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ Ó› ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ¢!=˛ •yÓ˚yÎ˚
~ÓÇ ˆ§ Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢!=˛§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
¢!=˛§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xlƒ Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ó°≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Îál
~Ùlê˛y âˆÏê˛ñ ï˛ál ≤ÃÌÙ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ !mï˛#Î˚ Ó›ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛y°l
•Î˚– !mï˛#Î˚ Ó›!ê˛ ¢!=˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°y ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛ál !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ܲyˆÏç•zñ ≤ÃÌÙ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ
!SÈ°– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ¢!=˛§¡õߨ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›•z ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛y•zñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ¢!=˛ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ¢!=˛ G ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ~ܲܲ ~ܲ•zñ xÌ≈yÍ ç%° åJä–
1 J ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 1 J ¢!=˛Ó˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ •Î˚– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚
ÓˆÏí˛¸y ~ܲܲ !•§yˆÏÓ !ܲˆÏ°yç%° (kJ) ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 1 kJ •°
1000 J åç%°äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ùyl–
11.2.1 ¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)˛õ (FORMS OF ENERGY)
ˆ§Ô˲yàƒÓ¢ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ !ӈϟª Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!Ë˛ß¨Óˆ)˚ ˛Ï õ
¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚– ¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÈüÈ Îy!sfܲ
¢!=˛ å!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ + à!ï˛¢!=˛äñ ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛ñ ï˛!í˛¸Í¢!=˛
~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲ¢!=˛–
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy ú
ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ¢!=˛Ó˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚˛) õ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
149
 ˆçÙ§‰ ˆ≤Ã§Ü˛ê˛ ç% °
åJames Prescott Jouleä
!SȈϰl ~ܲçl §%!Ó!òï˛
!Ó !ê˛¢ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óò– !ï˛!l
ï˛!í˛¸Í ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õà!ï˛!ÓòƒyÎ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ !ã˛e 11.5
!ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ ! ã˛ï˛–
xlƒylƒ !Ó£Ï ˆ Ï Î ˚ Ó ˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒ · ê˛∆!°!ê˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏë˛Ó˚
ï˛!í˛¸ Í ≤ÃÓyˆÏ • Ó˚ ï˛y˛õ#Î˚ ÓœˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ˆçÙ§‰ ˆ≤Ã§Ü˛ê˛ ç%° Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §)e ≤ÃîÎ˚l ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
· ˆê˛!ӈϰ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyôy xyê˛Ü˛yGñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ê˛∆!°!ê˛
(1818 – 1889) !ï˛!l ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– ÓœÜ˛!ê˛
˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓl˚
fiÌylã%˛ƒï˛ •Î˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó˚î •Î˚–
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ ï%˛°ƒyˆÏAܲÓ˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
lyÙyl%§yˆÏÓ•˚ z ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ lyÙ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ç%°– · ÓœÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ §Ó˚î !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
ÓœÜ˛!ê˛ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y•z ê˛∆!°!ê˛ ÓœÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
11.2.2 à!ï˛¢!=˛ (KINETIC ENERGY)
· ~•z ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ§⁄
ܲyç 11.6
· ˛õyˆÏe ˲Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÜ˛yl‰
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚# Ó° lyG– Óy!°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚% hflψÏÓ˚ Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ó˚î ˆÓ!¢⁄
ˆÊ˛°– !˲ˆÏç Óy!°Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ˲yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÓ– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 25
cm í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° òyG– Ó°!ê˛ Óy!°ˆÏï˛ · ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÓ!¢⁄
~ܲ!ê˛ àï≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– · ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ê˛∆!°!ê˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z
· 50 cm, 1 m ~ÓÇ 1.5 m í˛zFã˛ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ–
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ o%ï˛ à!ï˛¢#°
· ˆáÎ˚y° ˆÓ˚ˆÏáyñ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ àï≈˛ ˆÎl xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáy Ó›ñ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ܲv xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ!¢ ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
· ˆÜ˛yl‰ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó°!ê˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛yl‰ àï≈˛à%ˆ°
Ï y
~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó%ˆ° Ï ê˛ñ ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl ÓyÎ%̊ñ â)îy≈ Î˚Ùyl ã˛yܲyñ o%ï˛àyÙ#
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˛õyÌÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó%ˆÏ°ê˛ ê˛yˆÏà≈ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ò
· àˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚ ÓyÎ˚% ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚Ü% ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyáyˆÏܲ §ã˛° ܲˆÏÓ–˚ à!ï˛¢#°
· ˆÜ˛yl‰ àï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢⁄
Ó› ¢!=˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚#– ~•z ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ó!°– ˛õí˛¸hs˝
· ˆÜ˛yl‰ àï≈˛!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xà˲#Ó˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
lyÓ˚ˆÏܲ°ñ à!ï˛¢#° ày!í˛¸ñ àí˛¸yˆÏly ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛ñ í˛zí˛¸hs˝ ÓyÎ˚%Îylñ
· ܲ# ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî à˲#Ó˚ àï≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
≤ÃÓ•Ùyl ç° G ÓyÎ˚%ñ ôyÓÙyl ܲ#í˛¸y!Óò ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚
· xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚– §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó› ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ¢!=˛
ܲyç È 11.7 xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z •° ÈüÈ à!ï˛¢!=˛– Ó›Ó˚ o%!ï˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà
· !ã˛e 11.5 xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ §yçyG– ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
· ê˛∆!°Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc çyly ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ §ÇK˛y
ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÓœÜ˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy– xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚
· ˛õyˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ çyly ˲Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy ÎyˆÏï˛ ê˛∆!°!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ñ ˙ ˆÓà xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚
¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Ùyl–

150 !ÓK˛yl
 ã˛ˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ùyôyl ı
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚– ô!Ó˚ñ m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› u ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#°– ôÓ˚y Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ñ m = 15 kg, Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà, v = 4 m s–1.
Îyܲñ ÓhflÏ!ê˛Ó˚ §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !fiÌÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó° ÚFÛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà (11.5) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ
ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ Ó›!ê˛ ÚsÛ ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚°– §Ù#ܲÓ˚î å11.1ä xl%§yˆÏÓ˚
Ek = ½ m v2
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ W •Ï° Fs– Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
1
âê˛yÎ˚– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà u ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ v •Ï°– =
2
× 15 kg × 4 m s–1 × 4 m s–1
ô!Ó˚ñ Ó›ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõߨ cÓ˚î •Ï° ÚaÛ– = 120 J
xl%ˆÏFSÈò È8.5üÈ~ xyÙÓ˚y à!ï˛Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˛ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ •° 120 J –
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà åuäñ x!hs˝Ù ˆÓà åvä ~ÓÇ a §%£ÏÙ cÓ˚ˆÏî à!ï˛¢#°
Ó›Ó˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c ÚsÛ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# §Ù#ܲÓ˚î!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.4 1500 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆÓà 30 km
•° ÈüüüÈ h–1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 60 km h–1 Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
v2 – u2 = 2a s (8.7) •ˆÏÓ⁄
v2 – u2
Óyñ s=
2a (11.2) §Ùyôyl ı
xl%ˆÏFSÈò 9.4 ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ F = ma. §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ 11.1 ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ñ m =1500 kg,
§Ù#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî È11.2 §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !°áˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓàñ u = 30 km h–1
Ó° ÚFÛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùylñ =
30 × 1000 m
2
v –u 2 60 × 60 s
W=ma×
2a
= 25/3 m s–1.
xÌÓyñ
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù ˆÓàñ
2 2
W = ½ m (v – u ) (11.3) v = 60 km h–1
= 50/3 m s–1
Î!ò Ó› !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ Îyey ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° u = 0
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ à!ï˛¢!=˛ñ
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ W = ½ m v2 (11.4) Eki =½ m u2

~!ê˛ flõT˛ ˆÎñ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lñ Ó› ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ = ½ × 1500 kg × (25/3 m s–1)2
§Ùyl– = 156250/3 J

Î!òñ u = 0 •Î˚ñ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •ˆÏÓ ½ m v2 – ày!í˛¸!ê˛Ó˚ x!hs˝Ù à!ï˛¢!=˛ñ

§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ÓÇ v §%£ÏÙ ˆÓà !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ Ekf = ½ × 1500 kg × (50/3 m s–1)2
x!ç≈ï˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ •Ï° ÈüüüÈ = 625000/3 J

Ek = ½ m v2 (11.5) §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ = à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l

= Ekf – Eki
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.3 15 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› 4 m s §%£ÏÙ ˆÓˆÏà
–1

= 156250 J
ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– Ó›!ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ x!ç≈ï˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲï˛⁄

ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 151

≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄
2. Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Ùy°y ˆ°ˆÏáy–
3. m ˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ 5 m s–1 ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚
à!ï˛¢!=˛ 25 J– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà !mà%î •ˆÏ°
~Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÓà 3 à%î Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏ°ñ
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
11.2.3 !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ (POTENTIAL ENERGY)
ܲyç È 11.8
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ê˛ï˛y å Rubber bandä lyG–
· ~Ó˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ xlƒ ≤Ãyhs˝
ôˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yl òyG– !Ê˛ï˛y!ê˛ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
· !Ê˛ï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãyhs˝ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
· ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄
· !Ê˛ï˛y!ê˛ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– flõT˛ï˛•z
!Ê˛ï˛y!ê˛ ê˛yl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°–
· ê˛yl xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ó›!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈÏ°⁄
ܲyç È 11.9
· ~ܲ!ê˛ !fl‘Ç!ܲ åslinkyä lyG åSÈ!ÓˆÏï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% ˆ Ï Ü ˛ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ ÓˆÏ ° y–
xlƒ≤Ãyhs˝!ê˛ ï%˛!Ù ôˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Órô%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚
ÎyG– ~ál ï%˛!Ù !fl‘Ç!ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
· ܲ# âê˛Ï°⁄
· ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !fl‘Ç!ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ¢!=˛ xç≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°⁄
· !fl‘Ç!ܲ!ê˛ Îál §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛ál !ܲ ~ˆÏï˛
¢!=˛ §!M˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄
ܲyç 11.10
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆá°lyày!í˛¸ lyG– ã˛y!ÓÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ˆÏï˛ òÙ
òyG–
· ày!í˛¸!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏV˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
· ~!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
· ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ ˆ˛õ°⁄
· ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛ !ܲ òˆÏÙÓ˚ åwindingä §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
· ï%˛!Ù ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
152
ܲyç È 11.11
· ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Gë˛yG– Ó›!ê˛
~ál !ܲS%È Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Îál ~ˆÏܲ G˛õÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚%
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
· ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ !ܲS%È ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ°–
Î!ò Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Gë˛yˆÏly •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚
xÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈ Ó›!ê˛ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
· Ó›!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ ˆ˛õ°⁄ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy ~ÓÇ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z
Ó›ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛ §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚– Ó›ˆÏï˛ §M˛y!°ï˛ ¢!=˛ Î!ò Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà Óy
o%!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ï%˛!Ù Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ê˛ï˛yˆÏܲ åRubber bandä ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛
ܲÓ˚ñ ï%˛!Ù ï˛yˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛y°l ܲÓ˚– !Ê˛ï˛yÎ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛ ¢!=˛ •Ï°
~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛– ˆá°ly ày!í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ã˛y!Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ òÙ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù
ܲyç ܲÓ˚– ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ !fl±ÇÈüÈ~ ~•z §M˛y!°ï˛ ¢!=˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛
!•§yˆÏÓ §!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– Ó› ï˛yÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ~ÓÇ xyÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛
˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y Ó›ˆÏï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ !•§yˆÏÓ
§!M˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ܲyç È 11.12
· ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÑyˆÏ¢Ó˚ SÈ!í˛¸ lyG ~ÓÇ !ã˛e 11.6 ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ ôl%ܲ ÓylyG–•
· •y°Ü˛y SÈ!í˛¸ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ôl%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ê˛yl
ܲÓ˚y à%ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
· ~ál à%î!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ òyG–
· ôl%ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ S%ȈÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y !ï˛Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~ܲ•z§ˆÏAà ôl%ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ôl%ˆÜÏ ˛ §!M˛ï˛ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛
!l!«˛Æ ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
!ã˛e 11.6 : ~ܲ!ê˛ !ï˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ôl%ˆÏܲ ê˛yly à%î–
!ÓK˛yl
11.2.4 í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ñ Ë)˛!Ùï˛° Óy
(POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN OBJECT AT

A HEIGHT)
í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ Ó›Ó˚ ¢!=˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ܲyÓ˚îñ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Gë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó›ˆÏï˛ §!M˛ï˛ ~•z ¢!=˛ •° x!˲ܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛–
Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ ӈϰÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Gë˛yˆÏï˛ Îï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÈüÈ ï˛y•z •Ï°
˙ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛–
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï#≈ Î˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏܲ §Ù#ܲÓ˚î
myÓ˚y §•ˆÏç•z ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
xyÓ˚G çyˆÏly
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õSÈ® ܲÓ˚y ¢)lƒï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ xÓfiÌyˆÏl
Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ !˲ߨ
•Î˚–
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎñ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ Ó° myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
~ÓÇ x!hs˝Ù xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zÕ‘¡∫ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
11.8 È!ã˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓœÜ˛ˆÏܲ A ˆÌˆÏܲ B ˆï˛ í˛zë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ò%ˆÏê˛y
xy°yòy ˛õÌ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ í˛zFã˛ï˛y!ê˛ •Ï° AB = h–
í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ÓœÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ •Ï° mgh –

˛õÌ 1 ˛õÌ 2

Ë)˛!Ù

!ã˛e 11.7
!ã˛e 11.8

ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ m– Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚhÛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.5 Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ 6 m í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy 10 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛yˆÏly •°– ~ ܲyç!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ ӈϰÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ x!ç≈ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ùyl !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏS
g = 9.8 m s–2
Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Gë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ l)ƒlï˛Ù ˆÎ ӈϰÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛y
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ Gçl ÈmgüÈ~Ó˚ §Ùyl– Ó›!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §Ùyl §Ùyôyl ı
¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ô!Ó˚ñ x!˲ܲˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈
•° W– xÌ≈yÍñ Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ñ m = 10 kg, §Ó˚î åí˛zFã˛ï˛yä, h = 6 m ~ÓÇ
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ñ W = Ó° × §Ó˚î x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ç cÓ˚îñ g = 9.8 m s–2 –
= mg × h (11.6) §Ù#ܲÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ
= mgh
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ = mgh
ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ÈmghüÈ~Ó˚ §Ùylñ Ó›!ê˛ mgh = 10 kg × 9.8 m s–2 × 6 m
~ܲˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ùyl ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛•z •Ï° Ó›Ó˚
= 588 J –
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ (EP)–
Ep = mgh (11.6) §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ •Ï° È588 J –

ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 153

 í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.6 12 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ 11.2.6 ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e (LAW OF
!l!ò≈T˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Î!ò Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ Ùyl 480 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
J •Î˚ñ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó›Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆòGÎ˚y
xyˆÏSÈñ g = 10 m s–2 – ܲyç 11.13 ~ÓÇ 11.14ÈüÈ~ xyÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá!SÈ ¢!=˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
§Ùyôyl ı ~ܲÓ˚˛) õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óy
Ó›Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ñ m = 12 kg ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ñ Ep = 480 J –
˛õˆÏÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ Îál•z ¢!=˛Ó˚
Ep = mgh
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛•z ¢!=˛Ó˚
480 J = 12 kg × 10 m s–2 × h
§ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e– ~•z §)e xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ Ó˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ
480 J xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ §,!T˛G ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly xÌÓy
h = =4m
120 kg m s–2 ôÁǧG ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛
Ó›!ê˛ 4 m í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎy烖
11.2.5 ¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)˛õ !ܲ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆlGÎ˚y Îyܲ– ô!Ó˚ñ m ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Óˆ˚ ÎÏ yàƒ⁄ (ARE VARIOUS ENERGY Ó› h í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xÓyˆÏô ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ– ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛
FORMS INTERCONVERTIBLE?) mgh ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ¢)lƒ– à!ï˛¢!=˛ ¢)lƒ ˆÜ˛l⁄ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ¢)lƒñ

xyÙÓ˚y ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !ܲ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x§Çრí˛zòy•Ó˚î xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z–
ܲyç 11.13
· ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ ӈϧy–
· ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y @˝Ã%ˆÏ˛õ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı
(a) §Ó%ç í˛z!qò ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ áyÓyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
(b) ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢!=˛ ˛õyÎ˚⁄
(c) ˆÜ˛l ÓyÎ˚% ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl ã˛°yã˛°
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
(d) ˆ˛õˆÏê˛∆y!°Î˚yÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Î˚°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y çµy°y!là%ˆÏ°y
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚⁄
(e) ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ç°ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ
ã˛y°% Ó˚yˆÏá⁄
ܲyç 11.14
· Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
· ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ~ÓÇ Îsfy!òÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ~ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ~ÓÇ Îsfy!òˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚ ï˛y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲyÓ˚î Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà ¢)lƒ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛ mghñ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
§ÙÎ˚ •z•yÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ù%•ˆ) ïÏ ˛≈ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà v •ˆÏ° ~!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ •ˆÏÓ ½mv2 –
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õï˛l ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ñ Î!òG
à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– Îál Óhfl!%Ï ê˛ Ë)˛!Ù flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ñ ï˛ál h=0
~ÓÇ ÈvüÈ~Ó˚ Ùyl §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ •ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ à!ï˛¢!=˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ~ÓÇ
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ §Ó≈!l¡¨ •ˆÏÓ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ G à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° §Ùyl •ˆÏÓ–
xÌ≈yÍñ
!fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ + à!ï˛¢!=˛ = ô%Óܲ–
xÌÓyñ mgh + ½m v2 = ô%Óܲ– (11.7)
Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛° •° Ó›Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛
Îy!sfܲ ¢!=˛–
xÓyˆÏô ˛õï˛l¢#° Óhfl%Ó˚ ˛õï˛lܲyˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!áÈ ˆÎ Ó›Ó˚
à!ï˛˛õˆÏ Ì Ó˚ ˆÎÈ ü È ˆ ܲyˆÏ l y !Ó®% ˆ Ï ï ˛ Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ •… y §ñ
§Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ å~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó›Ó˚
à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÓyôyˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– Ü˛yˆÏç•z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
x!˲ܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲÙyàï˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–

154 !ÓK˛yl
ܲyç È 11.15 ~ܲçl ¢!=˛¢y°# Óƒ!=˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ܲyç xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛
x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ!¢ «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ñ ܲÙ
· 20 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ 4 m í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ ày!í˛¸ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ò)Óc˚ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù
ˆÊ˛°y •°– ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ Óy•zܲ Óy ˆÙyê˛Ó˚ày!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y˛ ΈÏsfÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚
àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ܲÌy ӈϰ Ìy!ܲ– ˆÎ o%ï˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~ ÎylÓy•là%ˆÏ°y ¢!=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ à!ï˛¢!=˛ Ep + Ek
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óy ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲yà
Ó›Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y (Ep= mgh) 2
(Ek = mv /2)
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– «˛Ùï˛y myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍ
m J J J
ܲï˛ê˛y xyˆÏhflÏ Óy ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ Óy
¢!=˛ §M˛y°ˆÏlÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛y åPowerä Ó°y •Î˚– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
4
§ÇfiÌy t §ÙˆÏÎ˚ W ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° §ÇfiÌy!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y
3
2
•ˆÏÓñ
1 «˛Ùï˛y = ܲyÎ≈ ‡ §ÙÎ˚
Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ W
Óyñ P= (11.8)
t
!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •° GÎ˚yê˛ [ !ÓK˛yl# ˆçÙ§‰ GÎ˚yˆÏê˛Ó˚ (1736
· àîlyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒñ g ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùyl 10 m s–2 lyG– – 1819) §¡øylyˆÏÌ≈ ]– ~ˆÏܲ ÚWÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°áy •Î˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌyÓ˚

ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáyú
ܲ# •ï˛ñ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ˆÙˆÏl ly !lï˛⁄
~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ xyˆÏSÈñ ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ SÈyí˛¸y ç#Ól
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛!Ù ~ܲÙï˛ !ܲ⁄
11.3 Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ •yÓ˚ (Rate of Doing
Work)
xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z !ܲ ~ܲ•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ܲyç ܲ!Ó˚⁄ ˆÙ!¢l !ܲ ~ܲ•z
•yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÎ˚ Óy fiÌylyhs˝Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ⁄˚ ˆÎ§Ó §ÇfiÌy ¢!=˛ §M˛y°l
ܲˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÎÓ≈ ˚ •yÓ˚ xy°yòy– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó£ÏÎ!˚ ê˛ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
ܲyç!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛T˛y ܲ!Ó˚–
ܲyç È 11.16
· ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ ò%!ê˛ !¢¢% A ~ÓÇ B– ô!Ó˚ñ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ Gçl
~ܲ•z– ò%çˆÏl•z xy°yòy˲yˆÏÓ ò!í˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛
¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚°– ò%çˆÏl•z 8 m í˛zÑã%˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z벰– ~ ܲyç!ê˛
ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÈAüÈÓ˚ 15 s˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
BÈüÈÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ 20 s˛˛–
· ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲï˛⁄
· Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ܲ•z– Î!òG ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÈBüÈ~Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÈA Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
· ≤Ãò_ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲ 1 sÈüÈ~˛˛ ˆÜ˛ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ •yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 1 ç%° •ˆÏ°ñ §ÇfiÌy!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
1 GÎ˚yê˛ ÓˆÏ°– Îál Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ ¢!=˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ •Î˚ 1 J s–1ñ ï˛álG xyÙÓ˚y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y •° 1 W–
1 GÎ˚yê˛ = 1 ç%°‡ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ñ xÌÓyñ 1W = 1 Js–1–
ˆÓ!¢ •yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §M˛y°lˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲˆÏ°yGÎ˚yê˛ åkWä myÓ˚y
≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚–
1 !ܲˆÏ°yGÎ˚yê˛ = 1000 GÎ˚yê˛
1 kW = 1000 W
1 kW = 1000 J s–1– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌyÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ
!Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ •yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ àí˛¸ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà#– Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y àí˛¸ «˛Ùï˛y ˛õy•z–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.7 ò%çl ˆÙˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ Gçl 400 N ñ
~ܲ!ê˛ ò!í˛¸ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ 8 m í˛zÑã%˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z벰– xyÙÓ˚y GˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ A ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚çˆÏlÓ˚ lyÙ B !ò°yÙ– ~
ܲyç!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ A ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ 20 s ˆÎáyˆÏl
BÈ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ˆ°ˆÏàˆÏSÈ 50 s– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y
ܲï˛⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
(i) A ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ı
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Gçlñ mg = 400 N
§Ó˚î åí˛zFã˛ï˛yä h = 8 m

ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 155

 ≤Ã
Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 20 s Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î (11.8) ˆÌˆÏܲñ 1. «˛Ùï˛y ܲ#⁄
«˛Ùï˛yñ P = Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ‡ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ 2. 1 ÈGÎ˚yê˛ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ §ÇK˛y òyG–
mgh 3. ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!ï˛ ålampä 10 ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛ 1000 J
=
t ï˛!í˛¸Í¢!=˛ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y ܲï˛⁄
400 N × 8 m 4. àí˛¸ «˛Ùï˛y ܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ⁄
=
20 s
= 160 W 11.3.1 ¢!=˛Ó˚ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ~ܲܲ
(ii) B ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y ı (COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY)
ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Gçlñ mg = 400 N
ç%° ~ܲܲ!ê˛ á%Ó ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y •GÎ˚yÎ˚ñ á%Ó ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ
§Ó˚î åí˛zFã˛ï˛yäñ h = 8 m
~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y x§%!Óôyçlܲ– ï˛y•zñ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲˆÏ°yGÎ˚yê˛
Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 50 s
â^˝ê˛y åKilowatt hour Óy kW hä lyÙܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y
mgh
«˛Ùï˛yñ P =
t
~ܲܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚–
400 N × 8 m
1 kW h ܲ#⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ô!Ó˚ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙ!¢l ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛
=
50 s 1000 J ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~ ˆÙ!¢lˆÏܲ ~ܲlyàyˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ
= 64 W â^˝ê˛y ã˛y°yˆÏly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÙ!¢l!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî •Î˚
A ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y •° 160 W – 1 kWh– ܲyˆÏç•z 1000 Js–1 åÓy 1 kW ä •yˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
B ˆÙˆÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛y •° 64 W – ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî•z •° 1 kWh–
1 kW h = 1 kW × 1 h
= 1000 W × 3600 s
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.8 50 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSȈϰ 9 s ~ܲ!ê˛ = 3600000 J
!§Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ 45 !ê˛ ôy˛õ ˆòÔˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛Ï°– Î!ò ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ 1 kW h = 3.6 × 106 J –
í˛zFã˛ï˛y 15 cm •Î˚ñ ˆSȈϰ!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Óy!í˛¸âˆÏÓ˚ñ !¢“ÈüÈܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ §ÇfiÌyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
ôˆÏÓ˚yñ g = 10 m s–2. ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ !ܲˆÏ°yGÎ˚yê˛ â^˝ê˛y ~ܲˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ
§Ùyôyl ı ~ܲÙyˆÏ§ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ˜ÏÓò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ Ú•zí˛z!lê˛Û åunitä myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢
ˆSȈϰ!ê˛Ó˚ Gçlñ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~áyˆÏl 1 •zí˛z!lê˛ ÙyˆÏl 1 !ܲˆÏ°yGÎ˚yê˛ÈüÈâ^˝ê˛y–
mg = 50 kg × 10 m s–2 = 500 N
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 11.9 60 GÎ˚yˆÏê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl 6
!§Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yñ
h = 45 × 15/100 m = 6.75 m
â^˝ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ çµy°yˆÏly •Î˚– Óy!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl Ü˛ï˛ Ú•zí˛z!lê˛Û
!§Ñ!í˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 9 s ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !•§yÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
§Ù#ܲÓ˚î (11.8) ˆÌˆÏܲñ §Ùyôyl ı
Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ «˛Ùï˛yñ P = Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ‡ §ÙÎ˚ ˜ÏÓò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Óy!ï˛!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y = 60 W
mgh = 0.06 kW
=
t ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 6 h
500 N × 6.75 m ¢!=˛ = «˛Ùï˛y × ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚
=
9s = 0.06 kW × 6 h
= 0.36 kW h
= 375 W
= 0.36 ‘units’ –
«˛Ùï˛y •° 375 W –
Óy!ï˛!ê˛ myÓ˚y Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!=˛ 0.36 •zí˛z!lê˛–

156 !ÓK˛yl
ܲyç È 11.17
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy!í˛¸Ó˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !Ùê˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy– !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ˛ ~Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y
°«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ≤ÈïÏ ˛ƒÜ˛!òl §Ü˛y° 6.30 ~ÓÇ §rôƒy 6.30 ÈüÈ~ !Ùê˛yÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚
˛õyë˛ lyG–
· ~ ܲyç!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ §Æy• ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ Ú•zí˛z!lê˛Û ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ •Î˚⁄
· Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ Ú•zí˛z!lê˛Û ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ •Î˚⁄
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
· ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚§Çáƒyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# !§Âôyhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
· !ÓhflyÏ !Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆòGÎ˚y Ùy!§Ü˛ !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ӈϰÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y åGÎ˚yê˛ ~ܲˆÏܲ
ï˛!í˛¸ÍÎsfàˆ% °Ï yÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ â^˝ê˛y ~ܲˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
§ÙÎ˚ˆÏܲ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ !Óò%ƒÍ¢!=˛Ó˚
áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !•ˆÏ§Ó ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä–

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ ˙ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ=% ˛ ӈϰÓ˚ Ùyl ~ÓÇ ÓˆÏ°Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆáÏ Ó›Ó˚
§Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÊ˛° myÓ˚y §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚– ܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ~ܲܲ •° ç%°ı
1 ç%° = 1 !lí˛zê˛l × 1 !Ùê˛yÓ˚–
• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ §Ó˚î ¢)lƒ •ˆÏ° Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%=˛ Ó° myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ ¢)lƒ–
• Ó›Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ~ܲܲ ~ܲ•z–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ à!ï˛¢#° Ó› à!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ¢!=˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ӈϰ– m
˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› v ˆÓˆÏà ã˛°ˆÏ° Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ •ˆÏÓ ½mv2 –
• Ó›Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy xÓfiÌyl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ Ó› ¢!=˛ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ӈϰ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛–
m ˲ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ Ë)˛È˛õ,¤˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ h í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛yˆÏly •ˆÏ° Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!˲ܲ£Ï#≈ Î˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛
•ˆÏÓ mgh –
• ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢!=˛ ~ܲ Ó˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ó ~ˆÏܲ §,!T˛G
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly xyÓyÓ˚ ôÁǧG ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Ó˚˛) õyhs˝ˆÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ xyˆÏà G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙyê˛ ¢!=˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ–
• ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢!=˛ !Ó!˲ߨÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏܲó ˆÎÙlÈüÈà!ï˛¢!=˛ñ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ñ ï˛y˛õ¢!=˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ¢!=˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò– à!ï˛¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàÊ˛°ˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚ Îy!sfܲ ¢!=˛ ӈϰ–
• ܲyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •yÓ˚ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛y ӈϰ– «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ SI ~ܲܲ •° GÎ˚yê˛– 1 W = 1 J/s
• ≤Ã!ï˛ â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ 1kW •yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ 1 kW h ӈϰ–

ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 157

 xl%¢#°l#
1. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyçà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ï˛yܲyG– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Î%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ •Î˚!l ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ˆòáyG–
• ˆ§yÙy ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ñyï˛yÓ˚ ܲyê˛ˆÏSÈ–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ àyôy ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õˆÏë˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%ܲ° Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° ï%˛°ˆÏSÈ–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó%ç àyˆÏSÈ §yˆÏ°yÜ˛È§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï •ˆÏFSÈ–
• ~ܲ!ê •z!Ol ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆l ê˛ylˆÏSÈ–
• áyòƒ¢§ƒ ˆÓ˚yˆÏò ¢%ˆÏܲyˆÏFSÈ–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy°ˆÏï˛y°y ˆlÔܲy ÓyÎ˚%¢!=˛ myÓ˚y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
2. ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî S%ȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ° Ó›!ê˛ Óܲ˛õˆÏÌ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ x!hs˝Ù !Ó®% ~ܲ•z xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ ˆÓ˚áyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
x!˲ܲ£≈ Ó° myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒyê˛y!Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!ï˛ çµy°y°– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
4. 20 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° •GÎ˚yÎ˚ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓà 5 m s–1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2
m s–1 •°– ӈϰÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲï,˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyl ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
5. ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ A !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ 10kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xyˆÏSÈ– ~!ê˛ BÈ È!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°– A G B
È §ÇˆÏÎyàܲyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚áy Î!ò xl%Ë)˛!Ùܲ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
Ùyl Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
6. Ù%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õï˛l¢#° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ Ü˛Ù¢ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~!ê˛ !ܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î l#!ï˛
°Aâl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
7. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óy•z§y•zˆÏܲ° ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
8. ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!=˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ôyE˛y !òˆÏÎ˚G ˛õyÌÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ly
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚ !ܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Óƒ!Î˚ï˛ ¢!=˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆà°⁄
9. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ ÙyˆÏ§ 250 units ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ç%° ~ܲˆÏܲ ~ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄
10. 40 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ 5 m í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛yˆÏly •°– Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ !fiÌ!ï˛¢!=˛ ܲï˛⁄
Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ !òˆÏ° xˆÏô≈ܲ ˛õˆÏÌ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚!òˆÏܲ xyÓï≈˛lÓ˚ï˛ í˛z˛õ@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚˛ x!˲ܲ£Ï≈ ӈϰÓ˚ myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ Ü˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
12. ӈϰÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚î Ìyܲy !ܲ §Ω˛Ó⁄ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy– ≤ß¿!ê˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛
~ÓÇ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
158 !ÓK˛yl
 13. ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ xÑy!ê˛ áí˛¸ ÙyÌyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ 30 !Ù!lê˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Üœ˛yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– í˛z!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!=˛ òyG–
14. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !•ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y åratedä 1500 W – 10 â^˝ê˛yÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
15. §Ó˚°ˆÏòy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆòy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆÎ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆòy°Ü˛!ê˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ï˛ál ˆòy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ ~!ê˛ !ܲ
¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)eˆÏܲ °Aâl ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
16. m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› v !fiÌÓ˚ˆÏÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#°– Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ܲyÎ≈
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
17. 60 km/h ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° 1500 kg ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ày!í˛¸ˆÏܲ ÌyÙyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄
18. l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe m ˲ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ F Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#°– §Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ
˛õ)Ó≈!òˆÏܲ Îy ò#â≈ !ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– SÈ!Óà%ˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰy ≤ÃÎ%=˛
Ó° myÓ˚y Ü,˛ï˛Ü˛yÎ≈ }îydܲñ ôlydܲ xÌÓy ¢)lƒ–

19. ˆ§y!l Ó°° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›ˆÏï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ Ó° !ܲÎ˚y¢#° ÌyܲˆÏ°G Ó›Ó˚ cÓ˚î ¢)lƒ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù
ï˛yÓ˚ ~ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲÙï˛ !ܲ⁄ ˆÜ˛l⁄
20. 10 â^˝ê˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°y ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ 500 W «˛Ùï˛y§¡õߨ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Îsf ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ¢!=˛ áÓ˚ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ
ï˛y kWh ~ܲˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
21. xÓyˆÏô ˛õï˛l¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› xӈϢˆÏ£Ï Ë)˛˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ à!ï˛¢!=˛Ó˚ ܲ# âê˛ˆÏÓ⁄

ܲyÎ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛ 159

xôƒyÎ˚ 12 ¢∑
SOUND

≤Ã!ï˛!òl xyÙÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÎÙl Ùyl%£Ïñ ˛õy!áñ â^˝ê˛yñ Îsfñ

ÎylÓy•lñ ò)Óò˚ ¢≈l åtelevisionäñ ˆÓï˛yÓ˚ åradioä •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆÌˆÏܲ
¢∑ ¢%!l– ¢∑ •° ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ¢!=˛ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆ¢ylyÓ˚
xl%˲) !ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚G !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ¢!=˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎÙlñ §%ï˛y
Îy!sfܲ ¢!=˛ñ xyˆÏ°yܲ ¢!=˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ xôƒyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y
Îy!sfܲ ¢!=˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ¢!=˛Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î §)e
!¢ˆÏáSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyÙÓ˚y ¢!=˛ §,!T˛ Óy ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆê˛!l§ Ó°
˛õy!Ó˚ ly– xyÙÓ˚y ¢%ô%Ùye ¢!=˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÓ˚)˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– Îál xyÙÓ˚y •yˆÏï˛ ï˛y!° !ò•z ï˛ál ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà SÈyí˛¸y ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ˙ ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲy
¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰ⁄ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚
xyÙÓ˚y ¢∑ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §M˛y°l
!ã˛e 12.1: ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ Óy•% V%˛°hs˝ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆê˛!l§ Ó°ˆÏܲ
˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲî≈ myÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ @˝Ã•î ˛õÂô!ï˛ !¢áÓ–
flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
12.1 ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ (Production of ܲyç È 12.2
Sound) · ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ Óy @’yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲylyÎ˚ ܲylyÎ˚ ˲!ï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲyç È 12.1 ç° lyG– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Óy•%ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛°ˆÏܲ xy°ˆÏï˛y˲yˆÏÓ flõ¢≈
· ~ܲ!ê˛ §%Ó¢˚ °yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•%ˆÜÏ ˛ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ ˛õƒyˆÏí˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yG å!ã˛e 12.2 ä–
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ¡õl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
xyˆÏly–
· ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ Óy•% ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°
í%˛ÓyG å!ã˛e 12.3ä–
· ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyFSÈ⁄
· ò%•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# âˆÏê˛ °«˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xy.%° myÓ˚y §%Ó˚¢y°yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛¡õÙyl
Óy•%ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ · ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚˛) õ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆòÏ Ó˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
§ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
· ~ál ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓ°¡∫l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛!Ó° ˆê˛!l§ ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲy
Ó° Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ≤’y!fiê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏܲ §Ó˚% §%ï˛yÓ˚
§y•yˆÏ΃ ˆV˛y°yG– å~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §%ã˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%ï˛y @’y§
lyG– §%ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ !àÑê˛ òyG ~ÓÇ ç°
xlƒ≤Ãyhs˝ §%ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó°!ê˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆì˛yܲyG–
· ~ál ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ Óy•%ˆÏܲ xy°ˆÏï˛y˲yˆÏÓ
Ó°!ê˛ˆÏï˛ flõ¢≈ ܲÓ˚yG å!ã˛e12.1ä–
· ܲ# âˆÏê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !ã˛e 12.2: ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•% ç°ï˛°ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ܲ!¡õï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~!ê˛ Ü˛álG ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲ
ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲy ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ê˛yl ܲÓ˚y Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ¡õl ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ܲyç È 12.3
@’y§ · !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÓyòƒÎˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÓ˚!î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y
ç°
~ÓÇ ˙ ÓyòƒÎsfà%!°Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÇ¢à%!°Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛y Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!ã˛e 12.3: ܲ¡õÙyl §%Ó˚¢°yܲyÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ Óy•%ˆÏܲ çˆÏ° ˆí˛yÓyˆÏly
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– 12.2 ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ (Propagation of
Sound)
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# !§ÂôyˆÏhs˝ ~ˆÏ°⁄ ܲ¡õÙyl Ó› Ó›Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˆÎ§Ó ˛õòyÌ≈ Óy í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
SÈyí˛¸y !ܲ ï%˛!Ù ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÙyôƒÙ ӈϰ– ~•z ÙyôƒÙ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç xyÙÓ˚y §%Ó˚¢°yܲyˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚° Óy àƒy§#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ¢∑ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›ˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏlñ xÑyã˛í˛¸ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ñ âˆÏ£Ïñ Ê%Ñ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ xÌÓy !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ܲ!¡õï˛
ˆlˆÏí˛¸G ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç Ó›ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ál ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲ!¡õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ⁄ xyÙÓ˚y Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛¡õl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ~•z§Ó ܲ¡õÙyl ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y !ܲv ˆ§yçy ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚
ܲ¡õl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ á%Ó o%ï˛ ~!òܲÈüÈG!òܲ ly– ܲ!¡õï˛ Ó›Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ Ìyܲy ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîy ≤Ã̈ÏÙ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyl
à!ï˛– ܲˆÏZ˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚ΈÏsfÓ˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ܲîyà%%ˆÏ°y ï˛ál ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õy!á ï˛yÓ˚ í˛yly V˛y˛õê˛yÎ˚ ï˛ál !ܲ ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ Ü˛îyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲy ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yG
˛õyG⁄ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ à%Ol ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê%˛ ˲yˆÏÓy– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛yl ܲÓ˚y Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏ° ~!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙy=˛ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
¢∑ !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyˆÏ°yܲ!Ó®%ˆÏܲ lyã˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆã˛y.yÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õye lyG– ˛õye!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyhs˝#Î˚ ï˛° ò%!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%ˆÏ° lyG ~ÓÇ ò%•z Ù%á ˆáy°y ˆã˛y.ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÓ°%l !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õye!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲÙ%ˆÏá ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓшÏô òyG– ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ò˛õ≈î !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õò≈yÓ˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl
xyë˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ òyG– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy!SȈÏoÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°y ò˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y •°– ò˛õ≈î ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ~•z xyˆÏ°y
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ°yܲ!Ó®% §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 12.4 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ~ál !ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ ˆáy°y Ù%ˆÏá ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÌy
Ó°ˆÏ° Óy !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó®%Ó˚ lyã˛ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– xyˆÏ°yܲ !Ó®%Ó˚ ~•z lyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î Órô%ˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͧ
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y˛ ò˛õ≈î
ˆÓ˚áy!SÈo
ê˛yl ê˛yl ˆÓ°%l
!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛y.yÜ,˛!ï˛
˛õye ˆòGÎ˚y°

!ã˛e 12.4: xyˆÏ°yܲ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚áy!SȈÏoÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyàï˛ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ˚!Ÿ¬ ò˛õ≈ˆÏî ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ˛õí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–

¢∑ 161
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑ ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͧ myÓ˚y ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §,T˛ ~•z xyˆÏ®y°l ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚ñ !ܲv ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ fiÌylã%˛ƒ!ï˛ •Î˚
ly–
ï˛Ó˚Aà •° xyˆÏ®y°l Îy ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ܲ!¡õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛õy°yܲˆÏÙ ~•z xyˆÏ®y°l ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ à!ï˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
~ÓÇ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– !ܲv ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
fiÌylã%˛ƒ!ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z
≤Ã
12.2.1
1.
Ÿ¿ ı
ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ ¢∑ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚⁄

¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚

âê˛ly!ê˛•z âˆÏê˛– ï˛y•z ¢∑ˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚AàÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲ¡õl à!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà ӈϰ–
ÓyÎ%̊ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÙyôƒÙ ÎyÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ã˛°yã˛°
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ¡õÙyl Ó›Ó˚ §¡ø%á ܲ¡õl ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ x@˝Ã§Ó˚
•Î˚ ï˛ál ~!ê˛ ÓyÎ%̊ˆÏܲ ôyE˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÎ%̊ˆÏܲ âl#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ •Î˚– í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ~•z xM˛°ˆÏܲ
âl#˲Ól åCompression-Cä ӈϰñ Îy !ã˛e 12.5üÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z âl#˲Ól ܲ¡õÙyl Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲ¡õÙyl Ó›Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yòÙ%á# ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~!ê˛ Ü˛Ù ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛
xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ Ó!° °â%˲Ól Óy ï˛l%˲Ól
åRarefraction-Räñ Îy !ã˛e 12.5ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~˲yˆÏÓ
ܲ¡õÙyl Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ o%ï˛ §yÙˆÏlÈüȈ˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚
xˆÏlܲà%ˆ° Ï y âl#˲Ól G ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà
§,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •Î˚– âl#˲Ól •° í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õ
Î%=˛ xM˛° ~ÓÇ ï˛l%˲Ól •° !l¡¨ã˛y˛õ Î%=˛ xM˛°– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛
!l!ò≈T˛ xyÎ˚ï˛ˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÙyôƒÙܲîyÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ã˛y˛õ
§¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ÙyôƒÙܲîyÓ˚ x!ôܲ âlc x!ôܲ ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ü˛Ù âlc Ü˛Ù ã˛y˛õ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óy ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ӈϰ
ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl (SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM TO
TRAVEL)
¢∑ •° ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà Îy !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲ!ë˛lñ ï˛Ó˚°
Óy àƒy§#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ¢∑ ¢)lƒ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
°y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
•°üüüÈ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ â^˝ê˛y G ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%!lÓ˚%Âô ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°çyÓ˚
lyG– ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ â^˝ê˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚% !lÓ˚%Âô˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚
ˆÓ°çyˆÏÓ˚ V%˛°yG– ˆÓ°çyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓyÎ˚% !l‹Òy¢l Îsf
°yàyˆÏly xyˆÏSÈ å!ã˛e 12.6ä– !Óò%ƒÍ §ÇˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
â^˝ê˛yôÁ!l ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ– ~ál ÓyÎ˚% !l‹Òy¢l Îsf ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y •°–
Î!òG !Óò%ƒÍ ≤ÃÓy• ~ܲ•z ÌyܲˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ô#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ°çyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÓyÎ˚% ˆÓÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà â^˝ê˛yôÁ!l «˛#î •ˆÏï˛ «˛#îï˛Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îál ˆÓ°çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù ÓyÎ˚% ÌyˆÏܲ
ï˛ál â^˝ê˛yôÁ!l xyÓ˚G «˛#îï˛Ó˚ •Î˚– Î!ò ˆÓ°çyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈
ÓyÎ˚% ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# âˆÏê˛⁄ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ï˛álG â^˝ê˛yôÁ!l
¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄
!Óò%ƒÍ §ÇˆÏÎyà
§%•ãz ˛
ܲÜ≈˛
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ â^˝ê˛y
ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°çyÓ˚

!ã˛e 12.5: ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛¡õÙyl Ó› å§%Ó˚¢°yܲyä xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y !ã˛e 12.6: ˆÓ°çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yñ ÙyôƒÙ SÈyí˛¸y ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲
âl#˲Ól (C) G ï˛l%˲Ól (R) §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–

162 !ÓK˛yl
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ â^˝ê˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢∑ í˛zͲõߨ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y⁄
2. ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ Îy!sfܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ï%˛!Ù G ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% ãÑ˛yˆÏò xySÈ–
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ⁄
12.2.2 ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚Aà •° xl%˜òÏ â≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà
(SOUND WAVES ARE LONGITUDINAL
WAVES)
ܲyç È 12.4
· ~ܲ!ê˛ !fl‘!Aܲ å°¡∫y ã%˛!í˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛˛õуyã˛yˆÏly lÙl#Î˚
!fl±Çä lyG– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%ˆÜÏ ˛ !fl‘!AܲÓ˚ ~ܲ≤Ãyhs˝ ôÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
ӈϰy ~ÓÇ xlƒ≤Ãyhs˝ ï%˛!Ù ôˆÏÓ˚y– ~ál !ã˛e 12.7 (a)
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !fl‘!AܲˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl °¡∫y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ ôyE˛y òyG–
· ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# °«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄ Î!ò ï%˛!Ù •yï˛ myÓ˚y !fl‘!AܲˆÏܲ
˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲˆÏÙ ê˛yl G ôyE˛y òyG ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˆòáˆÏÓ⁄
· Î!ò ï%˛!Ù !fl‘!AܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆòáˆÏÓ ˆÎ !Ó®%!ê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°l !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° §yÙˆÏlÈüȈ˛õSȈÏl xy§yÈüÈÎyGÎ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
(a)
(b)
!ã˛e 12.7: !fl‘!AܲˆÏï˛ §,T˛ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà–
!fl‘!AܲÓ˚ ˆÎ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyܲà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ xyˆÏ§
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ âl#˲Ól (C) ~ÓÇ ˆÎ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyܲà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ï˛l%˲Ól (R) ӈϰ– xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z
ˆçˆÏl!SÈñ ¢∑ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ âl#˲Ól
G ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ál xyÙÓ˚y !fl‘!AܲÓ˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
!ÓhflyÏ ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z§Ó ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ xl%˜òÏ â≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà–
¢∑
~•z§Ó ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAà ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛îy xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá
à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ~ܲfiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒfiÌyˆÏl fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ lyñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !fiÌÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ åÙ)°!Ó®%Ó˚ä
§yÙˆÏlÈüȈ˛õSȈÏl xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàG !ë˛Ü˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ§çlƒ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ӈϰ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà –
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà xyˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !ï˛Î≈ܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà Ó!°–
!ï˛Î≈ܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ à ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆ°Ï y ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ àÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §Ùyhs˝Óy˚ ˆÏ°
ܲ!¡õï˛ •Î˚ lyñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ y ï˛Ó˚ ˆ Ï A àÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õˆÏ Ì Ó˚ §ˆÏ A à
§yÙƒyÓfiÌyl!ê˛Ó˚˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ˛~˲yˆÏÓñ !ï˛Î≈ܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ à
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛îy ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ §ˆÏAà °¡∫˲yˆÏÓ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙƒyÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y
˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏ° !lˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ç°hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛Ó˚Aà
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ ï˛y •° ~ܲ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ï˛Î≈ܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ àÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î– xyˆÏ°yܲ
ï˛Ó˚Aà •° !ï˛Î≈ܲ ï˛Ó˚Aàñ !ܲv xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z xyˆÏ®y°l
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ Óy âlˆÏcÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ
ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Îy!sfܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà lÎ˚– ï%˛!Ù í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ !ï˛Î≈ܲ
ï˛Ó˚Aà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚G çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
12.2.3 ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
(CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND
WAVE)
¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ó˚y!¢à%ˆÏ°y myÓ˚y Óî≈ly ܲ!Ó˚–
· ܲ¡õyAܲ åfrequencyä
· !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ åamplitudeä
· o%!ï˛ åspeedä
!ã˛e 12.8(c) ˆï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ°á!ã˛e ˆòáyˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ¢∑ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ï˛ál ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âlc G ã˛y˛õ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˙ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏe
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ≤Ãò_ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò)Óˆ˚ cÏ Ó˚ §ˆÏAà âlc G ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
•Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àí˛¸Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyˆÏí˛¸ G ܲˆÏÙ– ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏAà âlc G ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ
!ã˛e 12.8(a) G !ã˛e 12.8(b) È ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏl ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y ~ܲˆÏe âl §!ߨ!ÓT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÌyˆÏܲ–
12.8(c) ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ myÓ˚y ï˛y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸y §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ âl#˲ÓlˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– ~˲yˆÏÓ
âl#˲Ól •° ˆÓ!¢ ã˛y˛õ G ˆÓ!¢ âlc§¡õߨ xM˛°– ï˛l%˲Ól •°
Ü˛Ù ã˛y˛õ §¡õߨ xM˛° ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%ˆ° Ï y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆ°á!ã˛e 12.8(c) È ˆï˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y xÌ≈yÍ
163
 âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l

!flõܲyÓ˚ å¢∑ í˛zͧä

ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l

!flõܲyÓ˚ å¢∑ í˛zͧä

ï˛Ó˚Aà˛¢#£Ï≈
âlc
Óy àí˛¸ âlc Óy ã˛y˛õ
ã˛y˛õ
ï˛Ó˚Aà˛õyò
ò)Óc˚

!ã˛e 12.8: âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ !ã˛e (a) ˆï˛ñ ã˛y˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ !ã˛e (b) ˆï˛ ~ÓÇ !ã˛e (c)
ˆï˛ ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ âlc G ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–

ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ myÓ˚y !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ°á!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚
ã)˛í˛¸yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà¢#£Ï≈ åcrestä ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà˛õyò åtroughä
Ó°y •Î˚–˛
˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ âl#˲Ól åCä Óy ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ åRä ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ò)Óc˚ ˆÏܲ
ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ӈϰ å!ã˛e 12.8(c) ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– §yôyÓ˚îï˛
ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒˆÏܲ ÚλÛ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y å!@˝Ãܲ Óî≈ ˆ°Ùí˛yä ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
SI ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜òâ≈ƒÓ˚ ~ܲܲ •° !Ùê˛yÓ˚ åmä–
Heinrich Rudolph Hertz 1857
!á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ 22 ˆÊ ˛Ó %Î˚y!Ó˚ çyÙ≈y!lÓ˚
•yÙÓyà≈ È ü È ~ çß√@˝ à •î ܲˆÏ Ó ˚ l ~ÓÇ
˛õí˛¸yˆÏ¢yly ܲˆÏÓl˚ Óy!°≈l •zí˛z!l˲y!§≈!ê˛ˆÏï˛–
!ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ # «˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏ Ù ÈJ .C.
H. R. Hertz
MaxwellüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛!í˛¸ÍÈüÈã%˛¡∫ܲ#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
åElectro-magnetic Theoryä §ï˛ƒï˛y
Îyã˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ˆÓ˚!í˛ˆÏÎ˚yñ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛ylñ ˆê˛!°@˝ÃyÊ˛ ~Ùl!ܲ
164
ˆê˛!°!˲¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ fiÌy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l
xyˆÏ°yܲ ï˛!í˛¸Í!ܲÎ˚yG xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xƒy°Óyê≈˛
xy•zlfiê˛y•zl Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡øylyˆÏÌ≈ SI ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ~ܲܲ Ó˚yáy •Î˚ •yÍ≈ç–
ܲ¡õyAܲ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ó%V˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly˛ Ü˛ï˛ o%ï˛ï˛yÎ˚ âˆÏê˛– ôˆÏÓ˚y
ï%˛!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ í»˛yÙˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚SÈ– ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛ï˛ÓyÓ˚
í»˛yÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚SÈ ï˛y •° í»˛yÙˆÏܲ ˛xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ–
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l Îál ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âlc ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó≈!l¡¨ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xyˆÏ®y!°ï˛ •Î˚– âlˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈ Fã˛ Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó≈!l¡¨ ÙyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
~ÓÇ xyÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ÙyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ˆòy°l §¡õߨ •Î˚–
≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ˆÙyê˛ ˆòy°l •° ¢∑
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ– ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚
ÎyGÎ˚y âl#˲Ól G ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §Çáƒy Î!ò àîly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
xyÙÓ˚y ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ ˛õyÓ– ܲ¡õyAܲˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ υ
å!@˝Ãܲ Óî≈ Ú!lí˛zÛä myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– SI ˆï˛ ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲ •°
•yÍ≈ç å!ã˛•´ñ Hzä–
!ÓK˛yl
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !Ó®%ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ âl#˲Ól Óy ï˛l%˲Ól x!ï˛Ü˛Ù
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ àÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° ӈϰ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ÈüüüÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòy°l §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚
°yˆÏà ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° Óy ˆòy°lܲy° ӈϰ– ~ˆÏܲ
ÚTÛ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– SI ˆï˛ ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲ •° ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ åsä–
ܲ¡õyAܲ G ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õÜ≈˛ •°
υ=
1 §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛
T ˆê˛!Ó°ˆÏܲ •y°Ü˛y˲yˆÏÓ xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y
~ܲ!ê˛ xˆÏÜ≈˛fiê˛∆yˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ•y°y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÑy!¢ ~ܲˆÏe
ÓyçyˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– ò%!ê˛ ¢∑•z ~ܲ•z ÙyôƒÙ xÌ≈yÍ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚– í˛zͧ !l!Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï ¢∑
ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ¢∑ ¢%!l– ~ê˛y •Î˚
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ– ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y •° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–
!l/§,ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z •° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y– ¢∑ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ܲ¡õl Îï˛
ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yG
ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ å!ã˛e 12.9ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ~˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ˆÓ!¢ §ÇáƒÜ˛ âl#˲Ól G ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !Ó®%ˆÏܲ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆ§ˆÏܲˆÏu˛˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚y–
!Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚ G ¢ï≈˛yô#l Ó› !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲ ܲ!¡õï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yÓ˚ ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l
§ÙÎ˚
Ü˛Ù ï˛#«¯˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚AàÓ˚)Ï˛õ
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l
§ÙÎ˚
ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#«¯˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚AàÓ˚)Ï˛õ
!ã˛e 12.9: Ü˛Ù ï˛#«¯˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#«¯˛
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ ˆÓ!¢–
¢∑
§yÙƒÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ÈüÈ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ÙylˆÏܲ
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ӈϰ– ~ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÚAÛ Óî≈ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚ !ã˛e 12.8(c) – ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ ~ܲܲ •ˆÏÓ âlc Óy ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
~ܲܲ–
¢∑ Ü˛ï˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y Óy Ü˛ï˛ «˛#î ˆ¢ylyˆÏÓ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ Ó° myÓ˚y ܲ¡õl
«˛#î ˆ¢yly ÎyˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y ¢∑ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ Ü˛Ù ¢!=˛ å!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ä
myÓ˚y– xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ˆê˛!Ó°ˆÏܲ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛!Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y
¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛#˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛l⁄ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ §,!T˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ã˛y!Ó˚!òˆÏܲ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)Ó˚c Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ §ˆÏAà
§ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§ §ˆÏAà ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyeyG
åLoudnessä Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#Ó ¢∑ xˆÏlܲ ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ˆÓ!¢– 12.10 lÇ !ã˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z ܲ¡õyAܲ!Ó!¢T˛
ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ¢∑ G Ù,ò% ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l
§ÙÎ˚
Ù,ò% ¢∑
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l
§ÙÎ˚
ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ¢∑
!ã˛e 12.10: Ù,ò¢% ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ~ÓÇ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ÓhflyÏ Ó˚
ˆÓ!¢–
à%î Óy çy!ï˛ •° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆ§•z ôÙ≈ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~ܲ•z ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ ÙyeyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎ ¢∑ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ◊%!ï˛Ùô%Ó˚ ˆ§ ¢∑ˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ à%î Óy
165
çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ó°y •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ܲ¡õyAܲÎ%=˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚ ӈϰ– Î!ò §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ 1.5 km ò)Ó˚c ådä x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÙÎ˚ •°ñ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲ¡õyAܲÎ%=˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !Ù◊ˆÏî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° t=
d
=
1.5 × 1000 m 15
= s = 2.1 s
ˆ§ ¢∑ˆÏܲ fl∫Ó˚ ӈϰ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ¢%lˆÏï˛G Ùô%Ó˚ •Î˚– §%Ó˚Ó!ç≈ï˛ ¢∑ v 700 m s–1 7
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ◊%!ï˛Ùô%Ó˚ lÎ˚ñ !ܲhs˝% §Çà#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ 1.5 km ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ 2.1 s

≤Ã
◊%!ï˛Ùô%Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ à%î Óy çy!ï˛ í˛zFã˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚– §ÙÎ˚ °yˆÏà–

≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ (a) ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey (b) 1. ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒñ ܲ¡õyAܲñ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy°
ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y ? ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄
2. ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛#«¯˛ï˛y ˆÓ!¢ ı !àê˛yÓ˚ñ ly !ܲ ày!í˛¸Ó˚ 2. ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ~ÓÇ Ü˛¡õyAܲ ï˛yÓ˚ o%!ï˛Ó˚
•l≈ ? §ˆÏAà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛⁄
3. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ
¢∑ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âl#˲Ól Óy ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ÓÇ o%!ï˛ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 220 Hz ~ÓÇ 440 m/s
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛
•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
ӈϰ–
4. ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ 500 Hz ~Ó˚ §%Ó˚ 450 m ò)Ó˚c
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l˛ñ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%lˆÏSÈl– í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
λ
ˆÓà˛ v = ò)Ó˚c ‡ §ÙÎ˚ = Τ ò%!ê˛ âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚ xÓܲy¢ ܲï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄
~áyˆÏl λ •° ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ˆòy°lܲyˆÏ°
~ܲܲ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
(T) ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆÎ ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ åλä
¢∑¢!=˛ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ Ó°y •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y
ӈϰ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈܲáˆÏly ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey å loudnessä ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒˆÏܲ
1
v=λυ åˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ Τ = υä åintensityä ~ܲ•z xˆÏÌ≈ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ
Óyñ v=λυ
lÎ˚– ˛≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey åloudnessä •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
xÌ≈yÍñ o%!ï˛ = ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ × Ü˛¡õyAܲ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ ~ܲ•z
~ܲ•z ˆË˛Ôï˛ xÓfiÌy §¡õߨ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Ó!˲ߨ ï˛#Óï˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ xlƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ≤ÃyӈϰƒÓ˚

≤Ã
ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– ¢%!l ܲyÓ˚î xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyl ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢ly=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–

í˛zòy•Ó˚î 12.1 ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ G ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ Ÿ¿ ı

•° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ 2 kHz ~ÓÇ 35 cm– ï˛Ó˚Aà!ê˛ 1.5 km 1. ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey å loudness ä ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ
ò)Ó˚c x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÓ⁄ åIntensityä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–
§Ùyôyl ı
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ 12.2.4 !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛˛ (SPEED OF
ܲ¡õyAܲñ υ = 2 kHz = 2000 Hz SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA)
ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒñ λ = 35 cm = 0.35 m ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ~ܲ!ê˛ §§#Ù o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚
xyÙÓ˚y çy!lñ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ o%!ï˛ = ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ × Ü˛¡õyAܲ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ V˛°Ü˛ ˆòáyÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
v = λ υ = 0.35 m × 2000 Hz = 700 m/s
ˆÙâàç≈l ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚
166 !ÓK˛yl
ˆÓà xˆÏ˛õ«˛y xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù ˆÓˆÏà ¢∑ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– ¢∑ ˆÎ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ§y!lܲ ˆÓyÙ‰ (Sonic boom): ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓà ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà ˆ§ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÓà xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ˆ§ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÓàˆÏܲ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ˆÓà
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°ï˛y ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y í˛zFã˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ åSupersonic speedä ӈϰ– à%!°ñ ˆçê ˆ≤’l •zï˛ƒy!ò ≤ÃyÎ˚•z
˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ˆÓˆÏà˛ à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚– Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢∑ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ó›
ܲ!ë˛Ù ÙyôƒÙ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y àƒy§#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà Ü˛Ù •Î˚– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ ˆÓˆÏà à!ï˛¢#° •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ~ê˛y ÓyÎ˚ˆ% ïÏ ˛
ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆ°
Ï ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ x!˲âyï˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà åshock waveä §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z x!˲âyï˛
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ 0 c í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà 331 ms–1 ~ÓÇ 220C í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÎ˚
0 ï˛Ó˚Aà !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢!=˛ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚ˆ% ïÏ ˛ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛#«¯˛ G ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~•z
344 ms–1– ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà
¢∑ˆÏܲ ˆ§y!lܲ ˆÓyÙ‰ åSonic boomä ӈϰ– §%˛õyÓ˚§!lܲ
l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ 12.1 lÇ §yÓ˚!îˆÏï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z Ùylà%ˆÏ°y
!ÓÙyl å~Î˚yÓ˚ܲƒyʉ˛ê˛ä ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˆÎ x!˲âyï˛ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚
Ù%áfiÌ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛y ~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ¢!=˛¢y°# ˆÎ ï˛y çyl°yÓ˚ ܲyã˛ Ë˛y.ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
§yÓ˚!î 12.1: 25 ºC ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~Ùl!ܲ xRy!°Ü˛yÓ˚G «˛!ï˛ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÓà
12.3 ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l (Reflection of
xÓfiÌy ˛õòyÌ≈ m/s ~ܲˆÏܲ ˆÓà
Sound)
ܲ!ë˛l xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ 6420
Ó˚yÓyÓ˚ Ó° ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòGÎ˚y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!«˛Æ •Î˚ ¢∑G
!lˆÏܲ° 6040
ܲ!ë˛l Óy ï˛Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!«˛Æ •Î˚– xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
!fiê˛° 5960 ¢∑G ܲ!ë˛l Óy ï˛Ó˚° ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
ˆ°y•y 5950 xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ §)eà%ˆÏ°y ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰ
!˛õï˛° 4700 ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°– xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà G ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛
@’y§ å!Êœ˛rê˛ä 3980 ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆAÏ àÓ˚ x!˲Ù%á xy˛õyï˛l !Ó®%ˆïÏ ˛ !ÓˆÏ˲òï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x!Aܲï˛
x!˲°ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ùyl ˆÜ˛yî ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ~ܲ•z §Ùï˛ˆÏ°
ï˛Ó˚° ç° å§Ù%oä 1531
xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ù§,î Óy xÙ§,î !Ó¢y°
ç° å˛õy!ï˛ï˛ä 1498 xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ ï˛° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
•zÌyl° 1207
!ÙÌyl° 1103
ܲyç È 12.5
· !ã˛e 12.11üÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù l° lyG–
àƒy§#Î˚ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl 1284
ï%˛!Ù ã˛yê≈˛ˆÏ˛õ˛õyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎG
˚ l°à%ˆ°
Ï y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓy˚ –
!•!°Î˚yÙ 965
l°à%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT °¡∫y •GÎ˚y xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ å!ã˛ˆÏe
˛ÓyÎ˚% 346 ˆòáyˆÏlyä–
x!:ˆÏçl 316 · ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚yˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆê˛!ӈϰÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy–
§y°Ê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ · ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ ˆáy°yÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ

≤Ã
213
~ܲ!ê˛ â!í˛¸ Ó˚yˆÏáy ~ÓÇ xlƒ l°!ê˛Ó˚ ˆáy°y Ù%á !òˆÏÎ˚
â!í˛¸Ó˚ ¢∑ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
Ÿ¿ ı · ï%˛!Ù l°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §yçyG ÎyˆÏï˛ â!í˛¸Ó˚
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ ˆ°y•y ¢∑ á%Ó Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚–
~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ¢∑ · ~ál xy˛õyï˛l ˆÜ˛yî G ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l ˆÜ˛yî ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ o%!ï˛ˆÏï˛ à!ï˛¢#°⁄ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §¡õܲ≈ ˆòˆÏáy–

¢∑ 167
 · í˛yl!òˆÏܲ l°!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛zÕ‘¡∫˲yˆÏÓ x“ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°y
~ÓÇ Ü˛# âˆÏê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛î ܲˆÏÓy˚ – åâ!í˛¸Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï˛≈ ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÙyÓy•z° ˆÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ¡õÙyl xÓfiÌy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓy˚ ä
ˆòÎ˚y°
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
ò#â≈«˛î ÎyÓÍ x!hflÏc ÌyܲyˆÏܲ ӈϰ xl%Ó˚îl– ˆ≤ë˛yà,• Óy ÓˆÏí˛¸y
•°âˆÏÓ˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ xl%Ó˚îl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z x!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ lÎ˚– xl%Ó˚îl
ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ≤ë˛yà,ˆÏ•Ó˚ SÈyò ~ÓÇ ˆòÎ˚y°à%ˆÏ°y ¢∑ˆÏ¢y£Ïܲ Ó›ñ
ˆÎÙl ï˛v myÓ˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˛õyê˛yï˛lñ xÙ§,î xyhflÏÓ˚î åPlasterä Óy
V˛y°Ó˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ myÓ˚y ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Ó§yÓ˚ xy§là%ˆÏ°y
˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆ¢y£Ïî
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y xyˆÏSÈ–

ˆê˛!Ó°
â!í˛¸ í˛zòy•Ó˚î 12.2 ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ áyí˛¸y ÓÑyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •yˆÏï˛
x!˲°¡∫ ܲyl ï˛y!° !òˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ 2 s ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°l–
Î!ò ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ åvä 346 m s–1 •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z Óƒ!=˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ áyí˛¸y ÓÑyˆÏôÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c ܲï˛⁄

!ã˛e 12.11: ˛¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l §Ùyôyl ı

ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ
12.3.1 ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l (ECHO) È¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ñ v = 346 m s–1
xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò §%!l!ò≈T˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ Ó› ˆÎÙl í˛zÑã%˛ òy°yl Óy ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ È≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ¢%lˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ t = 2 s
ܲyˆÏSÈ !ã˛ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ Óy •yˆÏï˛ ï˛y!° !ò•zñ !ܲS%È«˛î ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù È¢∑ myÓ˚y x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c
¢∑ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z– ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ,_ ~•z ¢∑ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ӈϰ– = v × t = 346 m s–1 × 2 s = 692 m
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓ˚¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò 0.1 s fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ 2s ~ ¢∑ áyí˛¸y ÓÑyô G Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%ÓyÓ˚ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛
flõT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ¢%lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° Ù)° ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ áyí˛¸y ÓÑyô ~ÓÇ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ò)Ó˚c

≤Ã
= 692 m/2 = 346 m.
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl l)lƒï˛Ù 0.1 s xÓ¢ƒ•z •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y
~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà 344 m/s åô!Ó˚ 22
ºC ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚äñ ¢∑ˆÏܲ 0.1 s ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ Ÿ¿ ı
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl È ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ 1. ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l 3 s ~ ˆ¢yly ˆà°– í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c ܲï˛⁄ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈ
¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ 342 m s–1.
ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏï˛ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c (344 m/s) × 0.1
s = 34.4 m– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ flõT˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ¢%lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ l)lƒï˛Ù ò)Ó˚c ~•z ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ xÌ≈yÍ 17.2 m 12.3.3 ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚
•ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ ˛ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l •ˆÏ° ~•z ò)Óˆ˚ cÏ Ó˚G ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
•ˆÏÓ– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Óy Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ܲy!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ (U SES OF MULTIPLE
≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l ˆ¢yly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÙâ ~ÓÇ Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏܲ REFLECTION OF SOUND)
ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ àç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ à%Ó˚% à%Ó˚% ¢∑ ˆ¢yly
ÎyÎ˚– 1. ˆÙàyˆÏÊ˛yl åloudhailersäñ •l≈ñ ÓyòƒÎsf ˆÎÙl ê˛∆yÙˆÏ˛õê˛§‰
~ÓÇ §yly•zÈ ~Ó˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ¢∑
12.3.2 xl%Ó˚îl (REVERBERATION)
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓˆÏí˛¸y •° âˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ¢∑ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ¢yly ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ !òˆÏܲ ly SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ !òˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ å!ã˛e
ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆòÎ˚y° myÓ˚y ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ 12.12 Èˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–

168 !ÓK˛yl
 ÓÑyܲy §yí˛zu˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ¢∑ §yí˛zu˛ˆÏÓyˆÏí˛≈˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ §ÙhflÏ •° âˆÏÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛e 12.15 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–

ˆÙàyˆÏÊ˛yl

•l≈
!ã˛e 12.12 : ˛~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙàyˆÏÊ˛yl G ~ܲ!ê˛ •l≈– !ã˛e 12.14 : ˛§ˆÏ¡ø°l Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓÑyܲy SÈyò–

~§Ü˛° Îsf˛õy!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ lˆÏ°Ó˚ §¡ø%á ˲yà ¢AÜ%˛È §yí˛zu˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛

xyÜ,˛!ï˛!Ó!¢T˛ •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õ%l/˛õ%l ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l âˆÏê˛
~ÓÇ ï˛y í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ◊yï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚–
2. !ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf •° ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌyˆÏflÒy˛õ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôylï˛ •,Í!˛õ[˛ G Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢∑ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚
ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ •,Í!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ •,òflõ®l
ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌyˆÏflÒyˆÏ˛õ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏl ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ í˛zͧ
ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 12.13 ˆï˛ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–

≤Ã
!ã˛e 12.15 : ˛ÓˆÏí˛¸y •°âˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §yí˛zu˛ˆÏÓyí≈˛–

Ÿ¿ ı
1. ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Çà#ï˛yl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •°âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ SÈyò ÓÑyܲyˆÏly
ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l⁄

!ã˛e 12.13 : ˛ˆfiê˛ˆÏÌyˆÏflÒy˛õ

3. §Çà#ï˛yl%¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ •°ñ §ˆÏ¡ø°l ˲Ól ~ÓÇ !§ˆÏlÙy •ˆÏ°Ó˚ 12.4 ◊%!ï˛§#Ùy (Range of Hearing)
SÈyòà%!° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓÑyܲy ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ §#Ùy 20 Hz ˆÌˆÏܲ 20000 Hz
˛õˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yîyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ å!ã˛e 12.14 ˆï˛
~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ å1 Hz = 1 Cycle/s ä– ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !¢¢%
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ Ó˚AàÙˆÏM˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl

¢∑ 169
~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆÎÙl Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ 25 kHz (1 kHz = 1000 Hz)
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓÎ˚§ Óyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚
í˛zFã˛ Ü˛¡õyAܲ §¡õߨ ¢∑ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– 20
Hz ~Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲÎ%=˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ ¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚ ¢∑ åinfrasonic
sound or infrasoundä ӈϰ– xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò 20 Hz ~Ó˚ ܲÙ
ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÙÔÙy!SȈÏòÓ˚ í˛ylyÓ˚
ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆÎÙl ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆï˛Ù!l §Ó˚°ˆÏòy°ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚
¢∑G ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õï˛yÙ– àu˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y 5Hz ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !l¡¨ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚
¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ï˛!Ù ~ÓÇ •y!ï˛Ó˚y
¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚ ¢∑ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ê˛y °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ x§Ç°@¿ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲˆÏ¡õÓ˚ Ù)° Ë)˛Ü˛¡õl
ï˛Ó˚Aà åShock waveä §,!T˛Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ü˛Ù Ü˛¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚
¢∑ •Î˚ Îy §Ω˛Óï˛ ˙ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ 20
kHz xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏ° ˆ§ ¢∑ˆÏܲ Ú¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑Û Óy ÚxyŒê˛∆y
§yí˛zu˛Û ӈϰ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ≤Ãyî# ˆÎÙl í˛°!Ê˛lñ Óyò%Ó˚ñ ¢%¢%ܲ
åporpoisesä ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ù̈ÏòÓ˚
á%Ó í˛zFã˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ◊ÓˆÏî!wÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y Óyò%í˛¸ myÓ˚y §,T˛ í˛zFã˛
ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ !ãÑ˛ÈüÈ!ãÑ˛ ¢∑ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyÎ˚ G Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲál ~ܲ!ê˛
Óyò%í˛¸ í˛zˆÏí˛¸ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y xydˆÏày˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– •zÑò%Ó˚Ó˚yG
xyŒê˛∆y§yí˛zu˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚–
◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf (Hearing Aid): ˆÎ §Ü˛° Óƒ!=˛ ◊Óî
«˛Ùï˛y •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf •° Óƒyê˛y!Ó˚ ã˛y!°ï˛ ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!l: ˛
Îsf– ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ Îsf Ùy•zˆÏܲyˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢∑ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ Ùy•zˆÜÏ ˛yˆÏÊ˛yl ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ !ÓÓô≈ܲ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !ÓÓ!ô≈ï
•Î˚– !ÓÓ!ô≈ï˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ◊Óî §•yÎ˚ܲ ΈÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌܲ
åSpeakeräÈüÈ~ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚– ܲÌܲ ~•z §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢ˆÏ∑
Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ çlƒ ܲˆÏî≈ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î
≤Ã
ܲˆÏÓ˚–˛
¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà
Ÿ¿yÓ!° ı
1. Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚ ܲˆÏîÓ≈ ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ §#Ùy ܲï˛⁄
2. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ §#Ùy ܲï˛⁄
(a) ¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚ ¢∑⁄
(b) ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑⁄
170
12.5 ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
(Applications of Ultrasound)
¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ åUltra Soundä •° í˛zFã˛ Ü˛¡õyAܲ!Ó!¢T˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà–
¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÓyôyˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ü˛Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù •Î˚– ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ !¢“ˆÏ«˛e ~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
· ˆÎ §Ü˛° xM˛ˆÏ° ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏly ܲT˛Ü˛Ó˚ñ ˆÎÙl Ü%˛[˛!°ñ
l°ñ x§Ù xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ñ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆!lܲ§ í˛z˛õyòyl
•zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç xy°ê˛∆y §yí˛zu˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•Î˚– ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ó›ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒÓ˚î oÓˆÏî ˆÓ˚ˆÏá oÓˆÏîÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyŒê˛∆y§yí˛zu˛
Óy ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zFã˛ Ü˛¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚
çlƒ ô)!°Ü˛îyñ ˜ï˛°ç ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ÙÎ˚°yà%!° xy°yòy
•ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ Ó› §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •Î˚–
· ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲ Ê˛yê˛° Óy e%!ê˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓˆÏí˛¸y !lÙ≈yˆÏî ˆÎÙl òy°ylñ
!Óçñ Îsf ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ ôyï˛Ó
í˛z˛õyòyl ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §Ü˛° Ê˛yê˛°
Óy !SÈoà%!° Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ly ï˛yÓ˚y ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓˆÏí˛¸y
!lÙ≈yîà%!°Ó˚ ¢!=˛ ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ
~•z§Ü˛° ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
!í˛ˆÏê˛Ü˛ê˛Ó˚ ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y
•Î˚– Î!ò á%Ó §yÙylƒ e%!ê˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲ e%!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ å!ã˛e 12.16 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
e%!ê˛ Óy Ê˛yê˛°
!í˛ˆÏê˛Ü˛ê˛Ó˚
ôyï˛Ó ÓœÜ˛
!ã˛e 12.16: ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚
ï˛Ó˚Aà–
!ÓK˛yl
 ò#â≈ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ !Ó!¢T˛ §yôyÓ˚î ¢∑ˆÏܲ ~ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î •z•y e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ xM˛Ï° ˆâˆÏ£Ï ˆÓшÏܲ !í˛ˆÏê˛Ü˛ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°
ÎyÎ˚–
· ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ˆÏܲ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛
ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ •,ò!˛õˆÏ[˛Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ
ÚÚ•zˆÏܲyܲy!í≈˛G@˝Ãy!Ê˛ÛÛ Ó°y •Î˚–
· ÚxyŒê˛y §yí˛z[˛ ˆflÒlyÓ˚Û ÎˆÏsf ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚Aà ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙylÓ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î xAà§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ SÈ!Ó ˆï˛y°y
•Î˚– í˛y=˛yÓ˚Ó˚y ˆÓ˚yà#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆÎÙl !°Ë˛yÓ˚ñ
à°Óœyí˛yÓ˚ñ •zí˛zˆÏê˛Ó˚y§ñ !ܲí˛!l •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–
•z•y ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y ˆÎÙl à° Óœyí˛yÓ˚
~ÓÇ !ܲí˛!lÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ Óy xlƒylƒ xˆÏAà !ê˛í˛zÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ
!ܲ ly á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ í˛y=˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z
≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲ°y
åtissuesäÈüÈÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ~ÓÇ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ
ܲ°y âlˆÏcÓ˚ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•Î˚ Îy•y ˙ xˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
xï˛˛õÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓˆÏܲ Ù!lê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Óy
!Ê˛Õ√È ~ SÈy˛õy •Î˚– ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ ÚxyŒê˛∆y
§ˆÏly@˝Ãy!Ê˛Û– à˲≈yÓfiÌyÎ˚ º%ˆîÏ Ó˚ çß√àï˛ e%!ê˛ åcongenialä
~ÓÇ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y !lô≈yÓ˚ˆîÏ G ÚxyŒê˛∆y §ˆÏly@˝Ãy!Ê˛Û
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
· ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !ܲí˛!lˆÏï˛˛ §,T˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆË˛ˆÏ.
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲîyˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y
˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ù)eˆÏflÀyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
12.5.1 ˆ§ylyÓ˚ (SONAR)
ˆ§ylyÓ˚ åSONARä ~Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y lyÙ åacronymä •° §yí˛zu˛
ˆl!˲ˆÏà¢yl xƒyu˛ ˆÓ˚!OÇ åSound Navigation and Rangingä–
ˆ§ylyÓ˚ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ çˆÏ°Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ Ó›Ó˚
ò)Ó˚cñ !ò܉˛ ~ÓÇ o%!ï˛ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ G !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ ådetectorä ÈüÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ xÇ¢ myÓ˚y ˆ§ylyÓ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ñ
ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆlÔܲy Óy çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ å!ã˛e
12.17ÈüÈ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
¢∑
ˆlÔܲy Óy çy•yç
ç°hflÓÏ ˚
!lî≈yÎ˚ܲ
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ
§Ù%o ï˛°ˆÏò¢
!ã˛e 12.17: ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ myÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ
myÓ˚y @˝Ã•î–
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚ܲ Îsf ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà §,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛Ó˚Aà
çˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §Ù%o ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó›ˆÏï˛ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ ådetectorä ΈÏsf ~ˆÏ§ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚–
!lî≈yÎ˚ܲ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚– ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚
ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ çˆÏ° à!ï˛ˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚
ˆçˆÏl ˆÎ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l âˆÏê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ò)Ó˚c !lî≈Î˚
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ô!Ó˚ñ ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ G à,•#ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚
•° ÚtÛ ~ÓÇ §Ù%o çˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà v– ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚cñ 2d = v × t –
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ ӈϰ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!lÈüÈ!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ åecho-
rangingä ˛õÂô!ï˛– ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ!% =˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ù%ˆoÏ Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y !lî≈Î˚
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õy•yí˛¸ñ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yñ í%˛ˆÏÓy
çy•yçñ !•Ù˜Ï¢° ~ÓÇ í%˛ˆÏÓ ÎyGÎ˚y çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl •zï˛ƒy!ò
!lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î 12.3 ~ܲ!ê˛ çy•yç ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà
§Ù%oï˛ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !lî≈yÎ˚ܲÈüÈ~ xy§ˆÏï˛ 3.42 s
§ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚– Î!ò §Ù%oçˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ 1531 m/s •Î˚ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ˙ çy•yç ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù%o ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c ܲï˛⁄
§Ùyôyl ı
ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ
ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# §ÙÎ˚, t = 3.42 s
171
 §Ù%oçˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ñ 12.6 ÙylÓ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ àë˛l (Structure of
v = 1531 m/s
¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ myÓ˚y x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c Human Ear)
= 2 × §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y = 2d xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢%!l⁄ xyÙÓ˚y á%Ó í˛zFã˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#° ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÎáyˆÏlñ d •° §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y– ΈÏsfÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲyl Óy ܲî≈ Ó!°– ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛
2d = ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ × §ÙÎ˚
= 1531 m/s × 3.42 s = 5236 m
ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛
d = 5236 m/2 = 2618 m. ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ◊Óî fl¨yÎ˚%
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ çy•yç ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ù%o ï˛°ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò)Ó˚c •° 2618 åauditory nerveä ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ÙylÓ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚
m Óy 2.62 km. ◊ÓˆÏl!wˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ àë˛l l#ˆÏã˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y •°–

≤Ã
ܲî≈SÈe

Ÿ¿ ı ˆ•ÙyÓ˚
~l!˲°
1. ~ܲ!ê˛ í%˛ˆÏÓyçy•yç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ˛õy°§‰ !l/ !fiê˛Ó˚y˛õ
!í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚ çyly°y
§,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy çˆÏ°Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õÓ≈ï˛àye x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ fl¨yÎ%̊
ܲܲ!°Î˚y
ˆÌˆÏܲ 1.02 s ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
Î!ò °Óîy=˛ çˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ 1531 m/s •Î˚ñ ܲî≈˛õê˛•

ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛ï˛ ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ˛õÓ≈ï˛ àye!ê˛ xÓ!fiÌï˛⁄ ܲî≈ܲ% •Ó˚

xyˆÏà•z Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ Óyò%í˛¸ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆ≤ÃÓ˚î G
@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚È ~ÓÇ xrôܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏe
í˛zí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Óyò%Ó˚ myÓ˚y §,T˛ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛#«¯˛ !ãÑ˛ÈüÈ!ãÑ˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óyôy Óy !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Óyò%í˛¸ˆòÏ Ó˚ ܲyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚
å!ã˛e 12.18 ~ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä– ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚l Óyò%í˛¸ˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ Óyôy Óy !¢Ü˛yÓ˚!ê˛˛ ܲ# çyï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xÓ!fiÌï˛–
¢%¢%ܲG xrôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚
¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 12.18: Óyò%í˛¸ myÓ˚y ˆ≤Ã!Ó˚ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ ~ÓÇ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ Óy Óyôy
myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢∑–
•zí˛zˆÏfiê˛!ã˛Î˚yl ly°#
Ó!•/ܲî≈ ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ xhs˝/ܲî≈
!ã˛e 12.19: ÙylÓ Ü˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ ◊Óî §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢–
Ó!•/ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ lyÙ •° ܲî≈SÈe åpinnaäñ ~!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ
¢∑ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– §Çà,•#ï˛ ¢∑ x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ lÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ lˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ ˆÎ ˛õyï˛°y ˛õò≈y ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲî≈˛õê˛•
åear drumä ӈϰ– ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âl#˲Ól Îál ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ• ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ
ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ùyl Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y
˛õò≈yˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛• Óy•zˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!òˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛l%˲Ól •z•yˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛î≈˛õê˛•
ÜÑ˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z ܲ¡õl ÙôƒÜ˛ˆÏî≈Ó˚ •yí˛¸eÎ˚ ˆ•ÙyÓ˚ñ ~l!˲°
~ÓÇ !fiê˛Ó˚y˛õ ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ó•%à%î !ÓÓ!ô≈ï˛ •Î˚– ÙôƒÜ˛î≈ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà
ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ~•z !ÓÓ!ô≈ï˛ ˛ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lˆÏܲ xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ˛õyë˛yÎ˚–
xhs˝/ܲˆÏî≈ ܲܲ!°Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇˆÏܲˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚– x!í˛ê˛!Ó˚ fl¨yÎ˚%Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ~•z ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛
§ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏ‹Ò ~•z §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ˆÏܲ §Ç!Ÿ’T˛ ¢ˆÏ∑
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–

172 !ÓK˛yl
 ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°
• !Ó!˲ߨ Ó›Ó˚ ܲ¡õˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
• çí˛¸ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ §M˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚–
• ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ âl#˲Ól G ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ àÙl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑¢!=˛ àÙl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲîyà%!° fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚
ly–
• ¢∑ ¢)lƒ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
• âlˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛Ïl ~ܲ!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ Ùyl ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó≈!l¡¨ ÙyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ÙyˆÏl ˆ˛õÑÔSȈϰ
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ ˆòy°l §¡õߨ •Î˚–
• ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ âl#˲Ól Óy ò%!ê˛ ï˛l%Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ò)Ó˚cˆÏܲ ӈϰ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒñ λ–
• ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ âlˆÏcÓ˚ Óy ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈ˆÏòy°l §¡õߨ •ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ ˆlÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲy° T
ӈϰ–
1
• ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Îï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ˛õ)î≈ˆÏòy°l §¡õߨ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ¡õyAܲ åυä ӈϰñ υ = .
T
• ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà v, ܲ¡õyAܲ υ, ~ÓÇ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ λ, ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ v = υλ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
• ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà˛ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
• ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §)eyl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ !òܲ ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ ¢∑ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ° xy˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛
ï˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚y xy˛õï˛l !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!˲°ˆÏ¡∫Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §Ùyl
ˆÜ˛yî §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ~ܲ•z §Ùï˛ˆÏ° xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ¢∑ flõT˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ¢ylyÓ˚ çlƒ Ù)° ¢∑ ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyl
xÓ¢ƒ•z l)lƒï˛Ù 0.1 s •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• ˆ≤ë˛yà,ˆÏ• ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õ%l/˛õ%l ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏ¢Ó˚ fiÌy!Î˚c ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚˛ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ
xl%Ó˚îl åreverberationä ӈϰ–
• ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆ°
Ï y ÎÌy ï˛#«¯˛ï˛yñ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey ~ÓÇ à%î xyl%£!Ï Aàܲ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ myÓ˚y !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚–
• ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey åloudnessä •° ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ܲˆÏî≈Ó˚ ¢Ó˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y–
• ~ܲܲ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲܲ ˆ«˛eÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ¢∑¢!=˛ •° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ åIntensityä–
• Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ §#Ùy •° 20 Hz – 20 kHz –

¢∑ 173
 • ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ §#ÙyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲ¡õyˆÏAܲÓ˚ ¢∑ •° Ú¢ˆÏ∑ï˛Ó˚ ¢∑Û åinfrasonicä ~ÓÇ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚
§#ÙyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ Ü˛¡õyAܲÎ%=˛ ¢∑ •° Ú¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑Û åultrasonicä–
• !ã˛!ܲͧy !ÓòƒyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ Óy xyŒê˛∆y §yí˛zˆÏu˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
• ˆ§ylyÓ˚ åSONARä ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛
xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õy•yí˛¸ñ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yñ í%˛ˆÏÓyçy•yçñ !•Ù˜Ï¢°ñ !lÙ!Iï˛ çy•yˆÏçÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl çyly ÎyÎ˚–

xl%¢#°l#
1. ¢∑ ܲ# ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚⁄
2. í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ âl#˲Ól G ï˛l%˲Ól §,!T˛ •Î˚ ï˛y !ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3. ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y í˛zÂô,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyG ˆÎ ¢∑ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ çí˛¸ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
4. ¢∑ ï˛Ó˚AàˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l xl%˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ï˛Ó˚Aà Ó°y •Î˚⁄
5. ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ xrôܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏ«˛ ӈϧ Ìyܲy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô%Ó˚ ܲt˛fl∫Ó˚ !ã˛lˆÏï˛ §y•y΃
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
6. !Óò%ƒÍ V˛°Ü˛y!l ~ÓÇ ÓLôÁ!l ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– !ܲv V˛°Ü˛y!l ˆòáyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˛õÓ˚
ÓLôÁ!l ˆ¢yly ÎyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
7. ~ܲçl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ◊%!ï˛ˆÏàyã˛Ó˚ §#Ùy 20 Hz ˆÌˆÏܲ 20 kHz– ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ~•z ò%•z ܲ¡õyAܲ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
¢∑ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ ܲï˛⁄ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ o%!ï˛ 344 m s–1 ôˆÏÓ˚ lyG–
8. ò%!ê˛ !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛ xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yÙ òˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ò%≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ xÓ!fiÌï˛– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛ myÓ˚y
ò[˛!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ xyâyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚ ÓyÎ%̊ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ G xƒy°%!Ù!lÎ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà xlƒ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝Ó˚
!¢¢%Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
9. ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ ܲ¡õyAܲ •° 100 Hz – ~ܲ !Ù!lˆÏê˛ ~!ê˛ Ü˛ï˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ ÓyÓ˚ ܲ!¡õï˛ •Î˚⁄
10. xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §)eà%!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢∑G !ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ §)e ˆÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ°⁄ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
11. ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢∑ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!lÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ôˆÏÓ˚yñ ¢∑ í˛zͧ
~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙôƒÓï≈˛# ò)Ó˚c x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– àÓ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ !òˆÏl ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l
¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄
12. ¢∑ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13. 500 m í˛zÑã%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛yGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õyòˆÏòˆÏ¢ xÓ!fiÌï˛ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏ°
ˆÊ˛°y •°– ܲál ê˛yGÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏ° V˛˛õyͲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ¢∑ ˆ¢yly
ÎyˆÏÓ⁄ ˆòGÎ˚y xyˆÏSÈñ g = 10 m s–2 ~ÓÇ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆÓà = 340 m s–1–
14. ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ï˛Ó˚Aà 339 m s–1 ˆÓˆÏà àÙl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~Ó˚ ï˛Ó˚Aà˜Ïòâ≈ƒ 1.5 cm •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛Ó˚ˆÏAàÓ˚
ܲ¡õyAܲ ܲï˛⁄ ~!ê˛˛ !ܲ ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ⁄
174 !ÓK˛yl
 15. xl%Ó˚îl ܲ#⁄ ~!ê˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛ÙyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚⁄
16. ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒÙyey åLoudnessä Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ ܲ# ܲ# !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°⁄
17. Óyò%í˛¸ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
18. ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚⁄
19. ˆ§ylyÓ˚ åSONARä üÈ~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈l#!ï˛ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
20. ~ܲ!ê˛ í%˛ˆÏÓyçy•yˆÏç Ìyܲy ˆ§ylyÓ˚ åSONARä ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ó˚Aà ˆ≤ÃÓî˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ 5 s ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ôÁ!l
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò Ó›!ê˛ í%˛ˆÏÓyçy•yç ˆÌˆÏܲ 3625 m ò)Ó˚ˆÏc xÓ!fiÌï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ çˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
o%!ï˛˛ Ü˛ï˛ ⁄
21. ¢ˆÏ∑y_Ó˚ ¢∑ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ôyï˛Ó ÓœˆÏܲÓ˚ e%!ê˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
22. ÙylÓ Ü˛î≈ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

¢∑ 175
xôƒyÎ˚ 13 xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲyç ––––––––––––––––––– 13.2
= xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z °yï%˛Ó˚ñ Ë)˛çñ ܲyŸ¬#ˆÏÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y Ë)˛!Ùܲ¡õ
xÌÓy ï˛ê˛#Î˚ xM˛° !ÓôÁhflÜÏ ˛yÓ˚# §y•zˆÜÏ ˛œ yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ¢%ˆlÏ !SÈ–
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáyñ ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚G !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ Î!ò
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ âê˛Ïï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ §Ω˛yÓƒ
Ü˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˛õÎ≈hflÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛–
= ÓyhflψÏÓ ~ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ âê˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ ܲï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚
!ܲ⁄
= !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ âê˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Ó˛õÎ≈Î˚ç!lï˛
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ü˛ï˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ⁄˚
= fl∫yfĩ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ ~•z §Ù§ƒyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ
≤ÃÌÙ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï (First Group) ~ÓÇ xÓ!¢T˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
!mï˛#Î˚ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ (Second Group) Ó˚yáy •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ÙylÓ
§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yà á%Ó•z ç!ê˛° ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyñ
ÎyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÓ˚î òyÎ˚#– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛yG
Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎñ Úfl∫yfiÌƒÛ ~ÓÇ ÚˆÓ˚yàÛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ Îy ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ï˛y á%Ó•z ç!ê˛°– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôÈüÈÓƒyÓfiÌy !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ~•z
!ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ flõT˛ ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎ ˆÜ˛y¢•z •° §ç#Ó ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲܲ–
ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ
ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ Óy ˆfl¨• ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G xlƒylƒ Ó›
myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛– ˆÜ˛y¢ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚ fiÌyl ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó§ÙÎ˚
à!ï˛ÙÎ˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ç!ê˛° !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÙÓ˚yÙ!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyç ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z ÌyˆÏܲ– §ÙÎ˚ §ÙÎ˚ lï%˛l
lï%˛l ˆÜ˛y¢ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ܲ°y G xˆÏAà !Ó!˲ߨ
!ӈϢ!£Ïï˛ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ•,Í!˛õ[˛ flõ!®ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈñ
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Ÿªy§Ü˛yÎ≈ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ñ ˛õ!Ó˚flÀyÓˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó,E˛
Ù)e ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏflÒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z §Ó ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Î!ò Ó,E˛
Ù)e ≤Ã›ï˛ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !Ó£Ïy=˛ ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)• xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚
çÙˆÏïÏ ˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ~•z §Ó ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ ܲyç §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
¢!=˛ ~ÓÇ ÜÑ˛yã˛yÙy° í˛z˛Ë˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÜ˛y¢ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°yÓ˚
!ܲÎ˚y¢#°ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
ˆÜ˛y¢ G ܲ°yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ Óyôy≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
§!ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õG !Ó!â¯ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ï˛ÌƒyÓ!°Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Úfl∫yfiÌƒÛ ~ÓÇ ÚˆÓ˚yàÛ
§¡õˆÏÜ˛Û ôyÓ˚îy °y˲ ܲÓ˚Ó–
13.1 fl∫yfĩ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ xÓl!ï˛ (Health & its failure)
13.1.1 fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xyÙÓ˚y Úfl∫yfiÌƒÛ ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲ– xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎÙl
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó°yÓ!° ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆï˛Ù!l xyÓyÓ˚
~ÙlG Ó!° ˆÎ ÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˲yˆÏ°y ly–ÛÛ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢«˛Ü˛ Ù¢y•zÓ˚yG xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎ Ú~!ê˛˛
fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ lÎ˚–ÛÛ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Úfl∫yfiÌƒÛ ¢∑!ê˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲ# Ó%!V˛⁄
Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y fl∫yfĩ ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲y!Óñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y
xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~•z ¢∑!ê˛ §Ó§ÙÎ˚•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y
ÌyܲyˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˲yˆÏ°y Ìyܲy Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ܲÌyˆÏܲ ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ë˛yÜ%˛Ùy
!ò!òÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú˲yˆÏ°y ÌyܲyÓ˚Û °«˛î •° ~•z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚ Óy!í˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏFSÈl– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ~•z
ܲyçà%ˆÏ°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ ly •ˆÏ°•z ï˛yÓ˚y ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚
°«˛î ˲yˆÏÓl– ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛lܲyˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ≈#
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛ çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓˆÏܲ
fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ÓˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ Î!ò ˆ§
xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# •Î˚ G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È çylˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏly˲yÓˆÏܲ xfl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ Ó°y •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ fl∫yfĩ •°
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆ§•z xÓfiÌy ˆÎ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ §%fiÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
13.1.2 Óƒy!=˛àï˛ ~ÓÇ §¡õòyÎ˚àï˛˛ ò%!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚•z fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎˆÏ • ï% ˛ Úfl∫ y fiÌƒÛ Ó°ˆÏ ï ˛ ¢yÓ˚ # !Ó˚ Ü ˛ñ Ùyl!§Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
§yÙy!çܲ˲yˆÏÓ §%fiÌ xÓfiÌyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z fl∫yfĩ ~Ùl
~ܲ xÓfiÌy Îy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ §¡õ)î≈ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– §Ó ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ xÓfiÌy Óy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ G
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ ï˛y•z §y•zˆÏÜœ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫yfĩ !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ùyl%£Ï §yÙy!çܲ ç#Ó– ï˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yfĩÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ xlƒï˛Ù
≤Ã˲yÓܲ– xyÙÓ˚y @˝ÃyÙñ ¢•Ó˚ Óy làˆÏÓ˚ Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
§Ó fiÌyˆÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛Ôï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ myÓ˚yG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚–
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòá Î!ò xyÓç≈ly §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x˛õ§yÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl Ú§ÇfiÌyÛ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄ xyÓyÓ˚
Ó˚yhflÏy ~ÓÇ ˆáy°y çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ç° çÙy ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Î!ò ˆÜ˛í˛z
˛õÎ˚≤Ãîy°# ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ly ˆlÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z Óy ܲ# •ˆÏÓ⁄
ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yáy hfl)Ï˛õ#Ü,˛ï˛ xyÓç≈ly ~ÓÇ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ çˆÏÙ Ìyܲy lò≈ÙyÓ˚ ç°
fl∫yfĩ•y!lÓ˚ §Ω˛ÓlyˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– §yÙ%òy!Î˚ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛y Óƒ!=˛fl∫yfĩ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç ––––––––––––––––––– 13.2
= ˆáÑyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáyñ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚ ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ å˛õM˛yˆÏÎ˚ï˛
‡ ˛õ%Ó˚§Ë˛yä ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ܲ# ܲ# ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
= ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ §Ó çl§yôyÓ˚î !ܲ ~•z §%!Óôy @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ܲyç –––––––––––––––––––13.3
= ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!ë˛l Óçƒ≈ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe fiÌyl#Î˚ ܲï≈,˛˛õ«˛ ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y
á%шÏç ˆòˆÏáy–
= ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly !ܲ ˛õÎ≈yÆ⁄
= Î!ò ï˛y ly •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ~Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ܲ# ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ⁄
= ~ܲ!òˆÏl Óy ~ܲ §ÆyˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!ë˛l ÓˆÏç≈ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl
•…yˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
§%fiÌ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ
ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ܲÙ≈§ÇfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ΈÏÌT˛ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyܲyG òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ §%fiÌ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •y!§ÈüÈá%!¢ Ìyܲy
çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏAà ò%Ó≈ƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ G
~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ ˛õy•z ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ܲál•z §%á# Óy §%fiÌ
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ÏÓ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §yÙy!çܲ §Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ ˆÙ°Órôl
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yfĩÓ˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲyhs˝ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl xlƒ
xˆÏlܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §¡±òyÎ˚àï˛ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ
Óƒ!=˛àï˛ fl∫yfĩ xAàyAà#˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ï˛–
˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ !ܲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
ï˛Ó˚°
çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚y (H)
§%Ó˚!«˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yôl ~ÓÇ
§M˛Î˚ (S)
xyAà%°
áyòƒ ˆï˛Ó˚# ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ •yï˛ ˆôyÎ˚y (H)
Ù° ï˛ƒyˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆôyÎ˚y (S)
Ùy!SÈ
áyòƒoÓƒ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáy (H)
Ùy!SÈ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y (S)
Ù°ÈüÈÙe) ˆ«˛ï˛‡Ùyë˛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ¢yܲ§!∂ G Ê˛° ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ §%fiÌ Ùyl%£Ï
ô)ˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y (H)
ˆáy°y fiÌyˆÏl Ù°ï˛ƒyà ly ܲÓ˚y (S)
Ólƒy
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õÎ˚ı≤Ãîy°# ÓƒÓfiÌy
ç° ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢yôl (S)
(H)
fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô
fl∫yfĩӃÓfiÌy
fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô ~ÓÇ fl∫yfĩӃÓfiÌy G fl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚yà §ÇܲÙî
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô
3.1.3 Úfl∫yfĩÓylÛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yàÙ%=˛ xÓfiÌy ÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
~ï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îy xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ï˛y•z Î!ò fl∫yfĩ •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ˆÓ˚yà ܲ#⁄ •zÇÓ˚y!ç Ú!í˛!ççÛ (disease) ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z xyÙÓ˚y ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õy•zñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yà Ó°ˆÏï˛
xyÙÓ˚y Ó%!V˛ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ fl∫yFSȈϮƒÓ˚ x˲yÓ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚y– Î!òG ~•z
¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ §% ! l!ò≈ T ˛– Îál•z xyÙÓ˚ y xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚
xfl∫yFSȈϮƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ÓÇ §%!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÓ˚î á%шÏç
˛õy•z ï˛ál•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yà Ó!°– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl ~ê˛y lÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yà
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚# §%!l!ò≈T˛ x!hs˝Ù
ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ çylˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áyly •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
ܲyÓ˚î ly ˆçˆÏlG xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~ܲçl Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Î˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙÓ˚y •zòyl#Ç ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ ly •ˆÏÎ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ò%Ó≈° fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚
x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– l#ˆÏÓ˚yà Ìyܲy ÙyˆÏl•z §%fiÌ Ìyܲy lÎ˚–
~ܲçl l,ï˛ƒ!¢“#Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%fl∫yfĩ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ç!ê˛° G
ˆ¢y˲l#Î˚ ˆò•Ë˛!AàÙy ≤Ãò¢≈ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛yˆÏ Ü ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ –
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ܲçl §%Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §%fl∫yfĩ •° ï˛yÓ˚
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ§•z «˛Ùï˛y Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ÓÑy!¢Ó˚ §%Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî §«˛Ù–
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï «˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õ°!Âô ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyܲyG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
177
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙylƒï˛Ù
Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢ ly âê˛ˆÏ°G xyÙÓ˚y ò%Ó≈° fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛
˛õy!Ó˚– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §yÙy!çܲ §Ù%òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyG ˲yÓˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˲y!Ó
≤Ã
ï˛ál xyÙÓ˚y ˙ ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ Óƒy!=˛Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ˆË˛ˆÏÓ Ìy!ܲ–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É §%fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛
í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
2É ˆÓ˚yàÙ%=˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ò%!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
3É í˛z˛õ!Ó˚í˛z=˛ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ~ܲ•z •ˆÏÓ ly !˲ߨ⁄ ܲyÓ˚î
ò¢≈yG–
13.2 ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)• (Disease and its Causes)
13.2.1 ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •Î˚⁄
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yà §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ çy!l– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ˆòˆÏ•
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛Ó– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ÏÓ ˆÎ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§%!Óôy •ˆÏFSÈ !ܲly⁄
xyÙÓ˚y £Ï¤˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• Ó•% ܲ°yÓ˚
§Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛– ~•z §Ü˛° ܲ°y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚ àë˛l
~ÓÇ xAàï˛sf ˜ï !Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° §¡õyòl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xAàï˛sf ܲï˛à%!° !l!ò≈T˛ xAà !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ Îy
!l!ò≈T˛ ܲyÎ≈ §¡õyòˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛– ï˛y•z ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÇ¢
˛õyܲfiÌ°# ~ÓÇ «%˛oysf˝ à,•#ï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
x!fiÌ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!¢Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ˆ˛õ!¢ÈüÈܲAܲy°ï˛sf xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ ~ܲˆÏe ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
lí˛¸yã˛í˛¸yÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yà ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ
ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Ü˛Ù¢ ˆò•ˆÏܲ
x§%fiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛là%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏ• ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛î
G í˛z˛õ§à≈ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛í˛z˛õ§à≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ˆÓyô ܲ!Ó˚– ˆÎÙlñ ÙyÌy
ÓƒyÌyñ §!ò≈ Óy Ü˛Ê˛ñ ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áylyñ ˛õÑ)çÎ%=˛ «˛ï˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò
~•z §Ó•z •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈– ~•z
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈à%ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ •z!Aàï˛Ó•
!ܲv !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ
Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ÙyÌyÓƒÌy í˛z˛õ§à≈!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ã˛y˛õç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî
178
Óy ܲòy!ã˛Í ˆÙ!llçy•z!ê˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xÌÓy xyˆÏÓ˚yG !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó•% ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲçl !ã˛!ܲͧܲ í˛z˛õ§ˆÏà≈Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÎ
ˆÓ˚yàÈüȘÓ!¢T˛ƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl ï˛yˆÏܲ•z ˆÓ˚yàÈüÈ°«˛î ӈϰ–
!ã˛!ܲͧܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ °ƒyÏÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛
!ܲS%È ˛õÓ˚#«˛yG ܲÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
13.2.2 fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yà ˆòˆÏ• á%Ó x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà åAcute diseaseäӈϰ–
ˆÎÙl x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z çy!l §!ò≈çµÓ˚ Ùye
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ xlƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È
ˆÓ˚yà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ~Ùl!ܲ §yÓ˚yç#Ól ôˆÏÓ˚G
ˆòˆÏ• fiÌyÎ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà åChronic
diseaseäӈϰ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆàyò ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚
ܲÌy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îy ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È xLjϢ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y •Ñy˛õy!lG ~ܲ!ê˛ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
ܲyç È––––––––––––––––––– 13.5
= !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ
~°yܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
1– !Óàï˛ !ï˛l ÙyˆÏ§ ܲï˛çl ˆ°yܲ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏà
xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
2– G•z ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ å!ï˛l Ùy§ä ܲï˛çl ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏà
xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
3– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢£Ï !•§yÓ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ál ˛õÎhs˝ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÙyê˛ Ü˛ï˛çl ˆ°yܲ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝–
= ≤ß¿ å1ä ~ÓÇ å2ä ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !ܲ xy°yòy •ˆÏÓ⁄
= ≤ß¿ å2ä ~ÓÇ å3ä ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !ܲ !˲ߨ •ˆÏÓ⁄
= ~•z ˛õyÌ≈ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ܲ#⁄ ~•z
~°yܲyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z
˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õí˛¸ˆÓÏ !ܲ⁄ ÈüüüÈ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛
Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
13.2.3 ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ ò%Ó≈° fl∫yfĩ
fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ
!Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏܲyl ˆÓ˚yà•z ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
!ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ Óƒ•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚
ܲyÓ˚î §%fly∫ ˆÏfĩÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ §Ó xLjϢÓ˚•z §!ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÎ˚y¢#°ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲv fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ•
!ÓK˛yl
fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫“ï˛yÓ˚ òÓ˚%î ï˛y §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ˛
ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓyÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà
ˆòˆÏ• ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ fiÌyÎ˚# •Î˚ ӈϰ ˆò•ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ–˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ §!ò≈ÈüÈܲy!¢Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yˆÏÓyñ ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y
§ÙÎ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyܲyhs˝ ••z– xyܲyhs˝ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲyÇ¢•z ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ
§ÆyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fiÌyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ly– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Î-y ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝
••zñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî xyÙÓ˚y ò#â≈!òl
x§%fiÌ Ìy!ܲ– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Gçl ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó§ÙÎ˚
Üœ˛y!hs˝ ˆÓyô •Î˚–
fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È !òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÜ ˛Ùî xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛ˆÏl
xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ál
«˛Ùï˛yG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
~Ùl ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Îy !ܲly ò#â≈§ÙÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫yfĩˆÏܲ áyÓ˚y˛õ Ó˚yˆÏá– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà fl∫yˆÏfĩÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚y!ò ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
13.2.4 ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ xl%§rôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ~•z §Ó ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ƒ hflÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ã˛ˆÏ°yñ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy
Îyܲ– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢¢%Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áyly •Î˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y xl%Ùyl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇܲÙîç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z
ˆÓ˚yà ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ܲv ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ≤ß¿!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ~•z §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ ~•z §ÇܲÙî !¢¢%!ê˛ˆÏܲ x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ç° ˛õyl
ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– xˆÏlܲ !¢¢%•z x˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ç° ˛õyl
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚•z ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áyly •° ˆÜ˛lñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl Óy!ܲ !¢¢%Ó˚y §%fiÌ xyˆÏSÈ–
~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˲yˆÏ°y lÎ˚–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §ÇܲÙî âê˛yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓƒ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ°•z !¢¢%!ê˛
xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏFSÈ– !ܲv ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ fl∫yfĩÓyl !¢¢%Ó˚y xyܲyhs˝
•ˆÏFSÈly– ~•z !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ˲yˆÏ°y lÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y !¢¢%!ê˛
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ˛õyÎ˚!l ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlÙï˛ áyòƒG ˛õyÎ˚!l–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ •ˆÏ°y §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚
x˲yÓ– ~ál ˲yˆÏÓy !¢¢%!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ˛õyÎ˚!l ˆÜ˛l⁄ •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y
Óy !¢¢%!ê˛ ò!Ó˚o ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §hs˝ylÈ– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ê˛yG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ
~•z xyܲyhs˝ !¢¢%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Óy!ܲ §%fiÌ !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !çlàï˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆ§ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xy§ˆÏï˛•z x!ï˛ §•ˆÏç•z
xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §ÇܲÙî SÈyí˛¸y !çlàï˛ !˲ߨï˛y Óy
§!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áylyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ y– !ܲv ~à%ˆ° Ï y ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# ܲyÓ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
!¢¢%!ê˛ ˆÜ˛l ˛õ!Ó˚flÀ%ï˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ ç° ˆ˛õ° ly⁄ §Ω˛Óï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl
!¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ çlˆÏ§Óy ÓƒÓfiÌy
e%!ê˛˛õ)î–≈ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î!ê˛ •° !¢¢%!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Ó˚oƒ
~ÓÇ e%!ê˛˛õ)î≈ çlˆÏ§Óy ÓƒÓfiÌy–
~ál ~ê˛y flõT˛ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° !ܲSÈ%È ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ~ÓÇ
!ܲS%È §•yÎ˚ܲ ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛yG !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ lÎ˚ ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲyÓ˚î òyÎ˚#–
13.2.5 §ÇܲyÙܲ ~ÓÇ x§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î§Ù)•
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ Îál•z xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !lˆÏÎ˚
˲y!Ó ï˛ál xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ çlfl∫yfĩ G §yÙy!çܲ fl∫yfĩ
!lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲÌyG ÙyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •Î˚– xyÙÓ˚y
~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ã˛ã≈˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚yG ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y ò%!ê˛ fl∫ï˛sf ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î
•° §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Ó myÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛– ~•z ç#Óà%ˆ° Ï y Ù)°ï˛ ç#Óyî%
Óy xî%ç#Ó– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ܲyÓ˚î xî%ç#Ó §ÇܲÙîñ
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà– ç#Ó§¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §,T˛
ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yG ~ˆÏòÓ˚•z ÙyôƒˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy
1– §Ó ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà•z !ܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈
~ˆÏ° SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄
2– ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y ~˲yˆÏÓ SÈí˛¸yÎ˚ ly⁄
3– ˆÎ §Ó ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ°
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚yàà%!°Ó˚ §,!T˛ ˆòˆÏ• •Î˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ⁄
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ~Ùl ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yàG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îy §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° âˆÏê˛ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ˚yà SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆ§ Ó˚ܲÙ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ ~ôÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ •Î˚ ly– ~•z ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆ°
Ï y
Ù)áƒï˛ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#îñ x§ÇܲyÙܲ ܲyÓ˚î myÓ˚y §,T˛–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Óõ)˚ ñ !ܲS%È Ü˛ƒy™yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ !çlàï˛ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲï˛y•z
òyÎ˚#– ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ Gçl xfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆàˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ
ܲ§Ó˚ï˛ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° í˛zFã˛ Ó˚=˛ã˛y˛õç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ï%˛!Ù xyÓ˚G ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!lܲ ܲyÓ˚î §ÇܲÙî lÎ˚–
179
 ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ xy°§yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚
Ó•% ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy•z ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎ ç#Ól˜Ï¢°#Ó˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ •z ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ xy°§yÓ˚ •Î˚– í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ ƒñ ~•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˛õyܲfiÌ°#
G «%˛oyˆÏsfÓ˚ !í˛GˆÏí˛lyˆÏÙ x¡‘ï˛y Ó,!Âôç!lï˛ ÓƒÌy ~ÓÇ
Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚î •Î˚– §Óy•z ~ê˛y•z ˲yÓï˛ ˆÎ ç#ÓlÎy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ã˛y˛õ Ó,!Âôç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ xƒy!§ˆÏí˛Ó˚
Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ «˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛°◊%!ï˛ˆÏï˛•z ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛
xy°§yÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
ï˛ál•z ò%•z xˆÏfiê˛∆!°Î˚ !ÓK˛yl# xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎ
Helicobacter pylori lyÙܲ ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛
xy°§yÓ˚ §,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– xˆÏfiê˛∆!°Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˛õƒyˆÏÌy°!çfiê˛ Robin Warren åçß√-1937ä Ó•% ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ !l¡¨yLjϢ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «%˛o ÓÑyܲyˆÏly ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl– !ï˛!l °«˛ ܲˆÏÓl˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃòyˆÏ•Ó˚ °«˛îà%ˆ° Ï y §Ó≈òy
˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y §Ç°@¿ xM˛ˆÏ° §#ÙyÓÂô– Barry
Marshall åçß√-1951ä xˆÏfiê˛∆!°Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲçl ï˛Ó˚%î
!ã˛!ܲͧܲñ WarrenÈüÈ~Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïîy°kô Ê˛°yÊ˛° myÓ˚y
xl%≤Ãy!îï˛ •l ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z§Ó í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛
ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ê˛° •l–
ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Marshall ~ÓÇ Warren ˆòˆÏá
!SȈ°
Ï l ˆÎ ˛õyܲfiÌ°#ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛°ˆÏ°•z ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ xy°§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ˚yà# §%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖
marshall ~ÓÇ Warren ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Î%àyhs˝Ü˛yÓ˚#
xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ˆ˛õ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ xy°§yÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà ~ál xyÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z Ë%˛àˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà lÎ˚˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç
xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà á%Ó fl∫“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ~•z ˆÓ˚yà!ê˛ˆÏܲ
§y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°y ÎyÎ˚–
~•z Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏcÓ˚ çlƒ•z Marshall ~ÓÇ Warren 2005 §yˆÏ°
å!ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚!Óòƒy G !ã˛!ܲͧy!ÓòƒyÎ˚
ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
180
§yÙy!çܲhflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ ˆÓ˚yà SÈí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !˲ߨ !˲ߨ
•Î˚– ~!ê˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z !l˲≈Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ó˚ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ
≤Ã
ܲyÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y §ÇܲÙîç!lï˛ ly!ܲ §ÇܲÙîç!lï˛ lÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1É ~Ùl !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ í˛zˆÕÏ á‘ Ü˛ˆÏÓy˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù !lˆÏçˆÏܲ
x§%fiÌ ÓˆÏ° ˲yÓSÈ ~ÓÇ !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆlˆÏÓ
ӈϰ ˲yÓSÈ– Î!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õ§à≈G ˆòáy
ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓG !ܲ ï%˛!Ù !ã˛!ܲͧˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ ˆlˆÏÓ⁄
ˆÜ˛l ˆlˆÏÓ xÌÓy ˆÜ˛l ˆlˆÏÓ ly⁄
2É !l¡¨!°!áï˛ xÓfiÌyà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚# «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
=Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ç!u˛§ •Î˚–
=Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛zÜ%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇܲÙî •Î˚–
=Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá Óî ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚–
13.3 §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà§Ù)• (Infectious Diseases)
13.3.1 §ÇܲÙî §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Ó§Ù)•
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈ ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
!Ó˲yˆÏà ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
§yôyÓ˚î ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î!Ólƒy§ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ˆÜÏ ˛ ˆ◊!î!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó˲yˆÏà !ÓhflïÏ, ˛
xM˛° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!ܲS%È Ë˛y•zÓ˚y§ñ !ܲS%È ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ !ܲS%È SÈeyܲñ !ܲS%È ~ܲˆÏܲy¢#
≤Ãyî# Óy ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y å!ã˛eı 13.1ä– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yà Ó•%ˆÜÏ ˛y¢#
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîG âˆÏê˛– ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛!Ù–
˲y•zÓ˚y§â!ê˛ï˛ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà •° §!ò≈ÈüÈܲy!¢ñ
•zlÊœ%˛ˆÏÎ˚Oyñ ˆí˛Aà% çµÓ˚ ~ÓÇ AIDS– ê˛y•zÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ çµÓ˚ñ ܲˆÏ°Ó˚yñ
Î-y ~ÓÇ xƒylÌy: ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yâ!ê˛ï˛–
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ ˆ Ï l Ó˚ SÈ e yܲ cˆÏ Ü ˛Ó˚ §ÇÜ ˛Ùî âê˛yÎ˚ – !ܲS% È
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yÈüÈxî%ç#Ó ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Îy˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛y°y絈ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z «%˛oyˆÏsf˝ Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– ~SÈyí˛¸y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!Ù ˆàyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yàG
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
!ÓK˛yl
!ã˛e 13.1 (A) ı §Çܲ!Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó!•ı≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ !Óò#î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§y
SARS ˲y•zÓy˚ ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛e å!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èä–
!ã˛ˆÏe ˆòáyˆÏly ˆflÒ° °y•zˆlÏ Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ 500 ˆlˆÏly!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ~ܲ Ùy•zˆÏܲy!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ !Ù!°!Ùê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ܲ •yçyÓ˚ ˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲ˲yà •Î˚– ~•z ˆflÒ° °y•zl!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ç#Óà%!° ˆÎ Ü˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
Courtesy : Emerging Infectious Diseases, a journal of CDC, U.S.
!ã˛e 13.1. (D) ı ܲy°y çµÓ˚ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ≤ÈÏÎyˆÏçyÎ˚y LeishmaniaÈüÈÓ˚
!ã˛e– ç#Óà%!° !í˛¡∫yܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛yÓ%ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
àë˛l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛#Ó˚ !ã˛•´ myÓ˚y ˆòáyˆÏly ç#Ó!ê˛ !Ó˲y!çï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ–
!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ í˛yl !òˆÏܲÓ˚ xLjϢ Ó˚ˆÏòáy ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛
xlyÜ ˛Ùƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ !Ó˲yçl¢#° ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ
~ÓÇ ˙ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ˆÜ˛y¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ ≤ÃÓô≈ܲà%!° ç#Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˲«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ˆÜ˛y¢!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒy§
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò¢ å10mmä Ùy•zˆÏܲy!Ùê˛yÓ˚

!ã˛e 13.1 (B) : Ól §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆfiê˛Ê˛y•zˆÏ°yܲE˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛e–

!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓyÙ ÓyˆÏŸª≈ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤Ãò_ ˆflÒ°!ê˛ 5 Ùy•zˆÏܲy!Ùê˛yÓ˚
°¡∫y–

!ã˛e 13.1 (C) : â%Ù ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y Tryparosoma ~Ó˚

!ã˛e– ç#Ó!ê˛ ˆÎ Ü˛ï˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y !í˛Ù xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Copyright : Oregon Health and Science, University, U.S.
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
!ã˛e 13.1 (E) ı «%˛oyˆÏsf˝ ≤ÃyÆ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˆày°Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ åAscaris
lumbricoides) !ã˛e– ç#Ó!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ 4 cmÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆflÒ°
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyÙÓ˚y ç#Ó!ê˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy
ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
181
 !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ˲yÓly ܲÓ˚y
ˆÜ˛l ~ï˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈⁄ ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •° ~•z ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yà !lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y !lî≈ˆÏÎ˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#à%ˆ° Ï y à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ˆÏܲܲ!ê˛
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó•% ç#Óç ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ !Ù°
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛y•zÓ˚y§ñ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y
•zï˛ƒy!ò–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õ §Ó ˲y•zÓy˚ §•z xhs˝ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# xÌ≈yÍ ˆ˛õy£Ïܲ
ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ á%Ó Ü˛Ù Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ •z
xyˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y xhs˝ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# •Î˚– Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ñ
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ ~ÓÇ SÈeyˆÏÜ˛Ó §Çáƒy Ó,!Âô o%ï˛ âˆÏê˛– ˲y•zÓy˚ § ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y à%ˆÏ°y
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ôܲ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ ˛!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
˲yˆÏÓG §!ï˛ƒ– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~•z ˆÎ Ó•% à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˜ç!Óܲ
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y §Ó Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛ !ܲv
~à%ˆÏ°y ˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÓyÓ˚ !˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛– ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í»˛yà ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
~ܲ!ê˛ ˜çÓ!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z í»˛yà!ê˛ ˆ§•z
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ xlƒ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– !ܲv ~ܲ•z í»˛yà xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#Óyî%ˆòÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˛)˚ õñ xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy ôÓ˚y Îyܲ– ~à%ˆ° Ï y
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ à%Óc%˚ ˛õ)î≈ ˜çÓÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ
Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ xˆÏlܲ ÓƒyܲˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚˚
ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ˛õ!l!§!°l xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛!ê˛
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Óô≈l¢#° Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ
ï˛y•z á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÙylÓˆÏòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚
!Ó•#l •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!l!§!°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸
ly– ˆÎ §Ó Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Î˚ ~ܲ•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚
ˆ˛õ!l!§!°l ˆ§•z §Ó Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ
Ó•% xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ í»˛yà ¢%ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒyܲ!Ïê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ôG
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv ˲y•zÓy˚ ˆÏ§ ˆÜ˛y¢≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ àë˛lܲyÓ˚# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!ܲÎ˚y
˛õÌ ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ñ ˲y•zÓy˚ §ÈüȧÇܲÙî ˆÓ˚yˆÏô xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyˆÏç xyˆÏ§ ly– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §!ò≈ÈüÈ絈ÏÓ˚
xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏà ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ Óy !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛y° ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z
182
•…y§ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ §!ò≈ÈüÈ爵 ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î!ò Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ §ÇܲÙîG
âˆÏê˛ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ê˛°òyÎ˚# •Î˚– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛ ¢%ôÙ% ye Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô•z ܲyç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ !ܲv ˲y•zÓ˚y§ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ly–
ܲyç ––––––––––––––––––– 13.5
= §¡±!ï˛ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲï˛çl §•˛õyë˛#
§!ò≈‡Ü˛y!¢‡çµˆÏÓ˚ xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈy ï˛y ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
= ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ܲï˛!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà Ë%˛ˆÏà!SȈϰ⁄
= ï˛ál ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲï˛çl xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚SÈ⁄ åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚SÈ !ܲly ï˛y
ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !˛õï˛yÙyï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆçˆÏl lyG–ä
= ÎyÓ˚y xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ï˛yÓ˚y•z Óy ܲï˛!òl
x§%fiÌ !SÈ°⁄
= ÎyÓ˚y xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎ˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚!l
~•z ò%È•z òˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ °«˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
= Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛l⁄ Î!ò ly •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°•z Óy ˆÜ˛l
lÎ˚⁄
13.3.2 ˆÓ˚yà !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙ
§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ SÈí˛¸yÎ˚⁄ §ÇܲÙî §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Ó•% xî%ç#Ó
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ~ܲçl xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~•z
ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆ° Ï y ~ܲ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ˆòˆÏ• §Çܲ!Ùï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ӈϰ–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xî%ç#Ó ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §Çܲ!Ùï˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ •Ñy!ã˛ Óy ܲy!¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xy§y x!ï˛§%- ç°Ü˛îyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ~•z §Ó ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ á%Ó Ü˛yˆÏSÈ Ìyܲy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛ ~•z
§Ó ç#Óyî%Ó•lܲyÓ˚# ç°#Î˚ ܲîy ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z xî%ç#Óà%ˆ° Ï y lï%˛l˲yˆÏÓ §ÇܲÙî âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§%ˆÎÏ yà ˛õyÎ˚– ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~Ùl ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆ°
Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §!ò≈ÈüÈܲy!¢ñ !lí˛zˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y ~ÓÇ Î-y–
§!ò≈ÈüÈܲy!¢ˆÏï˛ xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ§ xyܲyhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
x!˲K˛ï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– flõT˛ï˛•z ~°yܲy Îï˛
âl çlÓ§!ï˛˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚% Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓlyG ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ–
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG ˆÓ˚yà SÈí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ܲˆÏ°Ó˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xy!sfܲ
!ÓK˛yl
ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ù°Ù)e ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z͈ϧ !وϢ
ˆàˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°yܲçl ˆ§•z ç° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ç°Óy!•ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ç°˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚y
§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî% ~ܲçl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˛!lÓ˚y˛õò˛ ˛õyl#Î˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ly •ˆÏ° ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚–
ò%!ê˛ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ á%Ó Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ xy§yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓlyà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎÔl§Ç§à≈– xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ
•ˆÏ°G ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ÓyhflψÏÓ !ܲS%È xî%ç#ÓÈüȧÇܲ!Ùï˛ ˆÓ˚yà
ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ !§!Ê˛!°§ñ AIDS ˆÎÔl§Ç§ˆÏà≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ §Aà#Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛áˆÏly•z !lSÈܲ
¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎÔl §Çܲ!Ùï˛
ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– !lSÈܲ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ §Çflõ¢≈Ó˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛
ܲÓ˚Ùò≈l Óy xy!°Aàl Óy ÙÕ‘Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ü˛í˛¸y Óy xlƒ
§yÙy!çܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ˆÏܲ flõ¢≈ ܲ!Ó˚
ˆ§à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ˆÎÔl§Ç§à≈ SÈyí˛¸yG AIDS §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
ç#Óyî% åHIVä xyˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÙlÈüÈ §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ Ó˚=˛
xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ~ˆÏ°ñ à˲≈yÓfiÌyÎ˚ xyܲyhs˝ Ùy ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ !¢¢%ˆÏï˛ Óy hflÏlƒòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙG SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ó§Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y
SÈyí˛¸yG xlƒylƒ xyÓ˚G Ó•% ç#Ó Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~ê˛y
x!lÓyÎ≈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È ˆÓ˚yà xlƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚yG §Çܲ!Ùï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~•z §Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ~ܲçl x§%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yà §ÇܲyÙܲ
ç#Óyî% ~ܲçl í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ˆ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÎ˚– xï˛~Ó
~•z §Ó ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ÙôƒfiÌï˛yܲyÓ˚# ç#Ó !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚à!îï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ Óy•Ü˛ Óy ˆË˛QÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚–
≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛
§Çflõ¢≈
ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛
§Çflõ¢≈
xyÜ ˛yhs˝
Óƒ!=˛
áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
Ù¢y‡˛õï˛Aà
ç°yï˛Aܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyÜ ˛yhs˝
≤Ãyî#˝
!ã˛e 13.2 ı ˆÓ˚yà §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)•
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l Ù¢y á%Ó•z §yôyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy•Ü˛– Ù¢yÓ˚ Ó•% ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏï˛
flf# Ù¢y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ !í˛Ù í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛ ˛õ%!T˛à%õߨ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
í˛zͧ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚=˛ ˛õyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ù¢y Ùyl%£Ï§• !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z£÷ψϢy!lï˛
≤Ãyî#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z Ó˚ˆÏ=˛Ó˚ çlƒ !l˲≈Ó˚¢#°– Ó˚=˛ ˛õyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
~Ó˚y ~ܲ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇܲÙî âê˛yˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
13.3.3 xAà!l!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛°y!l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢
ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚⁄ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ÓˆÏí˛¸y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• xˆÏlܲ §Ω˛yÓƒ fiÌylñ
xAà xÌÓy ܲ°y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~Ó˚y ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§Ó ç#Óyî%•z !ܲ ~ܲ•z ܲ°y Óy xˆÏAà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly!ܲ ~Ó˚y
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ܲ°y Óy xˆÏAà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xÇ¢ˆÏܲ Óy§fiÌyl !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛
•Î˚– ~•z fiÌyl !lÓ≈yã˛l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛–
Î!ò ~Ó˚y ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ lyˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y
Ê%˛§Ê%˛ˆÏ§ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ Î-yˆÏÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– Î!ò ~Ó˚y Ù%áà•¥ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y ˛õyܲfiÌ°#Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÓfiÌyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ
ê˛y•zÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚í˛ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y– !ܲS%È ç#Óyî% xyÓyÓ˚ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛G
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlÈüÈ ç!u˛§ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˲y•zÓ˚y§–
!ܲv §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z §ÇܲÙî âê˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y ˲yÓy !ë˛Ü˛
lÎ˚– HIV ˆÎÔlyˆÏAàÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚y
ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ °!§Ü˛y à%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Îy˚ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xî%ç#Ó
Ù¢yÓ˚ ܲyÙˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ÎÜ,˛ˆÏï˛
ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°y!•ï˛ Ó˚=˛ ܲ!îܲyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ çy˛õyl# ~lˆÏܲˆÏÊ˛°y•z!ê˛§‰ xÌÓy Ù!hfl‹Ï Ò ≤Ãòy•
åBrain Fever˚ä §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ˲y•zÓ˚y§ Ù¢yÓ˚ ܲyÙˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò §ÇܲÙî âê˛yÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§à≈ ~ÓÇ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰
ܲ°yÎ˚ Óy xˆÏAà ç#Óyî% §ÇܲÙî âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
§%fiÌ
Óƒ!=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Î!ò Ê%˛§Ê%˛§ xyܲyhs˝ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ °«˛î •ˆÏÓ Ü˛y!¢
~ÓÇ Ÿªy§Ü˛T˛– !°Ë˛yÓ˚ Óy ÎÜ,˛Í xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏ° ˆòáy ˆòˆÏÓ ç!u˛§–
xyÓyÓ˚ Î!ò Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò §ÇܲÙî âˆÏê˛ ï˛ˆÏÓ ÙyÌyÓƒÌyñ Ó!Ù Ó!Ù Ë˛yÓ
~ÓÇ §K˛yˆÏ°y˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò °«˛îà%ˆÏ°y ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ°y Óy xˆÏAà §ÇܲÙî âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y ˆòˆÏ• ܲ# ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚
ܲyˆÏç !lÎ%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ °«˛î G
í˛z˛õ§à≈ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ôyÓ˚îy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
183
~•z ܲ°y!˲!_ܲ °«˛î SÈyí˛¸yG §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î °«˛î ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ~•z §yôyÓ˚î °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÇܲÙî ç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ
ï˛sf ܲï˛ê˛y §!ܲÎ˚ •° ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ܲÎ˚
xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf xyܲyhs˝ ܲ°y§Ù)ˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
xî%ç#ÓˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó•%§ÇáƒÜ˛ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~•z !lÎ%!=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ ≤Ãòy• ӈϰ– ~•z
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ xAà !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyܲyhs˝ fiÌyl Ê%˛ˆÏ° GˆÏë˛ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÌy
xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y §yôyÓ˚î °«˛î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏ• çµÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
!ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲ°yÈüÈ!l!ò≈T˛ °«˛îà%ˆÏ°yñ
xy˛õyï˛ò,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó•z §yôyÓ˚î ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°–
§ÇܲÙîܲyˆÏ° HIV ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ï˛sfˆÜÏ ˛ xyܲÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛y !ÓlT˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó•%
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛yáyˆÏê˛y §ÇܲÙîˆÏܲG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ly– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ˆòˆÏ• HIV-AIDS ~Ó˚ Ó•% °«˛î ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚–
ˆÎÙl ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyÓ˚ ë˛yu˛y °yày ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !lí˛zˆÙÏ y!lÎ˚y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õÔ!T˛Ü˛ly°#Ó˚ x“ !ÓhflÓÏ ˚ §ÇܲÙî ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó˚=˛«˛Ó˚î
§• ÙyÓ˚ydܲ í˛yÎ˚y!Ó˚Îy˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï˛y•z̋ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ HIV-AIDS
xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z§Ó §yôyÓ˚î §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z ÙyÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– ~ê˛yG ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy á%Ó çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!•ı≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
≤ÃyÓ°ƒ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚G !lË≈Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ç#Óî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy á%Ó làîƒ •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛ˆÏîÓ˚
Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢G âˆÏê˛ x!ï˛ §yÙylƒ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓÏ̊yàÈüÈ°«˛î ≤ÃyÎ˚
ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ly Ó°ˆÏ°•z ã˛ˆÏ°– xyÓyÓ˚ Î!ò ç#Óyî% x!ôܲ §ÇáƒyÎ˚
xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃyÓ°ƒ ~ï˛
ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ˚y!àÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•
Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy !lô≈yÓ˚î ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
xyÙÓ˚y ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È çylÓ–
13.3.4 !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)•
ï%˛!Ù x§%fiÌ •ˆÏ°ñ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ §%fiÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
ܲ# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlˆÏÓ Óy ܲ# ܲ# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ ï˛y ܲáˆÏly ˆË˛ˆÏÓSÏ
!ܲ⁄ !ܲS%È«˛î â%!ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù !ܲS%Èê˛y xyÓ˚yÙ ˆÓyô ܲÓ˚
ˆÜ˛l⁄ !ã˛!ܲͧy ã˛°yܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Å£Ïô ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚⁄
xyÙÓ˚y ~ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îy ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚
§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
•° ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ °«˛îˆÏܲ •…y§ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
ç#Óyî%ˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y– ≤ÃÌوϫ˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl !ã˛!ܲͧy
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓy ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yà °«˛î §Ù)• •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
xyܲyhs˝ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃòyˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏl•z §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ˆÓ˚yà°«˛îà%ˆÏ°y
184
≤Ãܲy¢˛õyÎ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈxyÙÓ˚y çµÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏï˛ñ
ÓƒÌy Óy ˛õyï˛°y ˛õyÎ˚áyly §yÓ˚yˆÏï˛ Å£Ïô ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– xyÙÓ˚y
!Ó◊yˆÏÙ ˆÌˆÏܲG xˆÏlܲê˛y ¢!=˛ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Îy ˆÓ˚yà
!lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °«˛î!˲!_ܲ !ã˛!ܲͧyÎ˚ ˆò• xî%ç#ÓÙ%=˛
•Î˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yàG §yˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˆòˆÏ• í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ˆÓ˚yà
§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ál
˲yÓˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ~Ó˚
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •° Å£Ïô ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚y– xyˆÏà
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎñ xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y •° ˲y•zÓ˚y§ñ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ SÈeyܲ ~ÓÇ
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚y– xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl !ܲS%È
xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ Îy ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˙
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ~ÓÇ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ç#ˆÏÓ ˙§Ó
˜ÏçÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •Î˚ ly– ~•z ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y
Ó°ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l Ó›§Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£îÏ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y xÌÓy Ÿª§ˆÏl §Çâ!ê˛ï˛
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–˚
~•z ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• âˆÏê˛ly–
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ˆÎ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l
Ó›Ï §ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l
Ó› §ÇˆÏŸ’!£Ïï˛ •Î˚ ly– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl Å£Ïô áÑ%ˆÏç ˆÓÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ «˛!ï˛§yôl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢%ô%Ùye
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ §ÇˆÏŸ’£ÏîÙ)°Ü˛ !Ó!ܲÎ˚yṏÏܲ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ Å£Ïô!ê˛ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y •°
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛˛ õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ xƒy!rê˛ÓyˆÏÎy˚ !ê˛Ü˛– xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Å£Ïô
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyÓ˚y ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛yˆÏçyÎ˚yˆÏܲ ÙyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛
˛˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# Åôô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# Åôô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛lï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î •°
˲y•zÓ˚y§ÈüȈòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ x“ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ˜çÓ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ñ ˲y•zÓ˚y§ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛y¢#Î˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ã˛y°yÎ˚–~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~•z ˆÎñ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ á%Ó Ü˛Ù xAà•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ë˛y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇܲÙî âê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§•z §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z§Ó §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ìyܲy §ˆÏ_¥G Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È Ë˛y•zÓy˚ §ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô# Å£Ïô ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲS%È
˲y•zÓ˚y§ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# í»˛yà HIV §ÇܲÙî !lÎ˚sfˆÏî §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
13.3.5 ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ l#!ï˛§Ù)•
~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%Èê˛y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ ï˛y •° ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲçl ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛ ˆÓ˚yàÙ%=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛
!ÓK˛yl
§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà !lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ
!ï˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤ÃÌوϫ˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛˛
~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ¢yÓ˚#!Ó˚ܲ !ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õ ~Ùl ˲yˆÏÓ
«˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆ§ xyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ §%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G ˆÎ ò#â≈!òl
¢Îƒy¢yÎ˚# ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛ !lˆÏç•z xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%fïϰyˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆÓ˚yà !lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ ˆ◊Î˚–
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe
ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xlƒ!ê˛
ˆÓ˚yàÈüÈ!l!ò≈T˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §yôyÓ˚î
í˛z˛õyÎ˚àˆ% °
Ï yÈ §ÇܲÙî SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y
§ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚# xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚
˛õí˛¸yˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒÙà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲y!Óñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
á%Ó §•ˆÏç•z ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ÓyÎ˚%Óy!•ï˛ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ çlƒ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù çlÓ§!ï˛˛õ)î≈ fiÌylˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚
ç°Óy!•ï˛ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛xyÙÓ˚y !lÓ˚y˛õò ˛õyl#Î˚
ç° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ç°ˆÏܲ ç#Óyî%Ù=% ˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ 簈Ϣyôl
˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•y΃ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ xÌ≈yÍ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
çˆÏ° ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó– Óy•Ü˛ÈüȧT, ˛ §ÇܲÙî
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ Ù¢yÓ˚ ≤ÃçlˆÏl Óyôy !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° çl §yôyÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y•z §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!Óܲy!벖
§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ §Çܲyhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚
SÈyí˛¸yG xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z§Ó
!lÎ˚Ùl#!ï˛ ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~Ùl !ܲS%È ≤ß¿ çyˆÏà
Îy xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ lçˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§!l– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z
xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xy!§– Î!ò
ˆ◊!îܲˆÏ«˛ §!ò≈ ܲy!¢ˆÏï˛ xyܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !¢«˛yÌ#≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó !¢«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §ÇܲÙî SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲv ÓyhflψÏÓ §Óy•z ˆÓ˚yàܲyhs˝ •Î˚ ly– ˆÜ˛l⁄
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ
ï˛sf ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ÓT˛ ˆÓ˚yà ç#Óyî%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆòˆÏ• ≤Ã!ÓT˛
§ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• !ܲSÈ˛% !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îál•z ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál•z ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆÏ°y §!ܲÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖
Î!ò ~•z ˆÜ˛y¢à%ˆ° Ï y ç#Óyî% ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §Ê˛° •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏà•z xyܲyhs˝ •Ó ly– xlyÜ˛Ùƒ ˆÜ˛y¢§Ù)•ñ ˆòˆÏ•
ç#Óyî% §ÇܲÙî ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ xyˆÏà•z
ç#Óyî%àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– Î!ò §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §Çáƒy
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yàÈüÈ°«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù •Î˚–
xÌ≈yÍ §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •GÎ˚y Óy §Çܲy!Ùï˛ •GÎ˚y
ÙyˆÏl•z ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yl ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ó!•ı≤Ãܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏÓ ~Ùl lÎ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ §ÇܲÙî ï˛yÓ˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒ
ï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ x§Ê˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ•z !lˆÏò¢≈ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
§Ê˛° ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#ï˛y ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˛õÎ≈yÆ áyòƒ
~ÓÇ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏôÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe !mï˛#Î˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ
˛õÎ≈yÆ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy–
ܲyçÈ–––––––––––––––––––13.6
= ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ò¢!ê˛ fl∫FSÈ° ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚
~ÓÇ ò¢!ê˛ á%Ó ò!Ó˚o åˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚#ä ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
§yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰy– ~•z ò%•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ•˚ z ˛õÑyã˛ ÓͧˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚!§ !¢¢% ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §Ó !¢¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ
ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ò%•z ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ çlƒ•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ°á!ã˛e xAܲl ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
= ò%!ê˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
Î!ò •Ñƒy •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛l⁄
= Î!ò ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÓñ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫FSÈ°ï˛y Óy òy!Ó˚oƒ ˆÜ˛yl!ê˛•z ˆÓ˚yà
§ÇܲÙîˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ly⁄
~à%ˆÏ°y •° §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ°
§ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yàÈüȧ%!l!ò≈T˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛ˆÏsÓf ˚ ˆÎ fl∫ï˛sf ˜Ó!¢ˆÏT˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ ~!ê˛ ç#Óyî% §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô °í˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y §ÇÜ ˛Ùî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈T˛
í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl !ӈϟªÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
áÓÓ˚ ˆl•z– !ܲv Ùye ~ܲˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàG à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ
§,T˛ Ù•yÙy!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG !ÓÓ˚° âê˛ly !SÈ° ly– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Ù•yÙy!Ó˚
•ˆÏ° ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝ ˆÓ˚yà#Ó˚
§ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ á%Ó Ë˛Î˚ ˆ˛õï˛–
Î!òG ~ܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~•z à%!ê˛ Ó§hs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !SÈ° ly– ~Ó˚y à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y– ~Ó˚y ˆ§•z§Ó ˆ°yܲ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ ˆÓшÏã˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
«˛ï˛!ã˛•´ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚
185
~ܲÓyÓ˚ à%!ê˛ Ó§hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°ñ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ%̊ˆÂÏ ô ˆòˆÏ•
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •°ñ Îál•z ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚
xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf ˆÜ˛yl §ÇܲyÙܲ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ ï˛ál
ç#Óyî%Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚ˆ% ÂÏ ô ≤Ã!ï˛!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !l!ò≈T˛ àë˛l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl
Ó˚yˆÏá– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙÎ˚ Îál xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !l!ò≈T˛ ç#Óyî% Óy
ï˛yÓ˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yl xî%ç#Ó ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál
xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛sf ≤ÃÌÙÓyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y xyÓ˚G x!ôܲÙyeyÎ˚ §!ܲÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
~ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚ÓyÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ x!ôܲ o%ï˛ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ !lÓ˚§l âˆÏê˛–
~!ê˛ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ã˛lˆÏò¢#Î˚ !ã˛Ó˚yã˛!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛álG ܲálG
§%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ cˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆáy§y §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚
cˆÏܲ âˆÏ£Ï ˆòGÎ˚y •ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !SÈ° ˆÎ ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yl §%fiÌ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚˛ ˆòˆÏ• à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ Ù,ò% §ÇܲÙî â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˙
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô
ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y §Ω˛Ó–
≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%ˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ܲçl
!Óáƒyï˛ •zLjÏÓ˚ç !ã˛!ܲͧܲ
~í˛GÎ˚yí≈˛ ˆçlyÓ˚ ~ê˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ˛õˆÏ Ó ˚ ! SÈˆÏ ° l ˆÎñ ˆÎ§Ó
ˆàyÎ˚y!°!lˆÏòÓ˚~ܲÓyÓ˚ ˆàyÈüÈ
Ó§hs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y Ù•yÙy!Ó˚Ó˚
§ÙÎ˚G à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝ •Î˚
ly– ˆày˛ÈüÈÓ§hs˝ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î
ˆÓ˚yà– ˆçlyÓ˚ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
!Ó!˲ߨ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆàyÈüÈÓ§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ç#Óyî% ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SˆÏÈ°l ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏá!SȈ° Ï l ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y à%!ê˛ Ó§hs˝ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ˆÏô §«˛Ù
•ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z ˆÎ à%!ê˛ Ó§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ˲y•zÓy˚ § ˆàyÈüÈÓ§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚
˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ !lÜ˛ê˛ §¡õ!ܲ≈ï˛ xî%ç#Ó– °ƒy!ê˛l ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Cow Óy
ˆàyÓ˚Ó% ˚ xÌ≈ •° ˲ƒyE˛y åvaccaä ~ÓÇ ˆàyÈüÈ Ó§hs˝åCow Poxä
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆË˛!:!lÎ˚y åvacciniaä ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÚˆË˛!:ˆÏl¢lÛ
åvaccinationä ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ¢%Ó%˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È–
å!ã˛ˆÏe ˆçlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆàyÈüÈÓ§ˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ç#Óyî% ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚yˆÏFSÈl ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä–
xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈñ ˆÎ !l!ò≈T˛ xî%ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î
ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ó˚%˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àë˛l ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
xlyÜ ˛Ùƒï˛sfˆÏܲ ˆÓyܲy Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ ˙ xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÜ ˛Ùî
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ flø,!ï˛ˆÏܲy¢ åmemory cellä àë˛l ܲÓ˚y
186
ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù)°l#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˙ xî%ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇܲÙî ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyhflψÏÓ
!ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ˆòˆÏ• ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly !ܲv ~!ê˛ ˛§ÇܲÙî
§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏî Óyôy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˙
ç#Óyî%â!ê˛ï˛ ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ ly– !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ ÓƒyÆ
§ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x§Çáƒ Ë˛ƒy!:l ~ál
§•ç°Ë˛ƒ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˲ƒy!:là%ˆÏ°y !l!ò≈T˛ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ !ê˛ˆÏê˛ly§ñ !í˛˛õˆÏÌ!Ó˚Î˚yñ
•%!˛õÇܲy!¢ñ •yÙñ ˆ˛õy!°G ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y Ó•% ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô#
˲ƒy!:l Ó˚ ˆ Ï Î ˚ ˆ Ï S È – ~à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ !lˆÏ Î ˚ • z §ÇÜ ˛yÙܲ ˆÓ˚ y à
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ çlfl∫yfĩ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#
˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó !¢¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yfĩ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§Óy ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°•z ~ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ §Ê˛° •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛l ~Ùlê˛y•z •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚⁄
ç!u˛§ ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# !ܲS%È ˆ•˛õyê˛y•z!ê˛§ ˲y•zÓy˚ § çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
SÈí˛¸yÎ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ•˛õyê˛y•z!ê˛§ A ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ô# ˲ƒy!:l ÓyçyˆÏÓ˚
˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÑyã˛ ÓSÈÓ˚
ÓÎ˚!§ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà !¢¢%Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ• •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆ•˛õyê˛y•z!ê˛§ A
~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô xlyÜ˛Ùƒï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏ벖 ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •° ~•z ˆÎñ
ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà !¢¢%•z ç° ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~•z
˲y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
!ܲ ˆ•˛õyê˛y•z!ê˛§ A ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲ƒy!:l ˆlˆÏÓ⁄
ܲyç ıÈ––––––––––––––––––– 13.7
= ˆÓ˚!Ó§ xyܲyhs˝ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ G xlƒ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ܲyÙˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ƒy!Ó§
˲y•zÓy˚ § SÈ!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî# í˛z˲ˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚
çlƒ•z xƒy!rê˛Ó˚ƒy!Ó§ ˲ƒy!:l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~°yܲyÎ˚ Ó˚ƒy!Ó§ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî fiÌyl#Î˚ ≤ây§l ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÓ˚!Ó§ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly•z !ܲ ΈÏÌT˛⁄ Î!ò ï˛y ly •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
≤Ã
~Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ü˛ˆÏ“ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ܲ# ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ⁄
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É x§%fiÌ •ˆÏ° §yôyÓ˚îï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛v Ó!ç≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ §%£ÙÏ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆáˆÏï˛ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
2É §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# !˲ߨ !˲ߨ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄
3É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ •…yˆÏ§
ܲ# ܲ# §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚⁄
4É !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ܲ#⁄
5É ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fl∫yfĩˆÏܲˆÏw
ܲ# ܲ# !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆ° Ï y à%Óï%˚ ˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ•y!lÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#⁄
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= ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ fl∫yfĩ ï˛yÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
= ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ ò#â≈fiÌyÎ˚#
ˆÓ˚yà ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
= ˆÓ˚yà Ù)°ï˛ı §ÇܲÙîç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î xÌÓy x§ÇܲÙîç!lï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚# ç#ÓÓ˚y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚y ~ܲˆÏܲy¢#ñ xyl%Ó#«˛!îܲ Óy
Ó•%ˆÏܲy¢# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%Ó˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆày¤˛#Ë%˛=˛ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !ã˛!ܲͧy ˛õÂô!ï˛
!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–
= §ÇܲÙî §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%Ó˚y ÓyÎ%˚ñ ç°ñ ˜ò!•Ü˛ §Çflõ¢≈ xÌÓy Óy•ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
SÈí˛¸yÎ˚–
= ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ê˛° !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•z ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ
ˆÓ!¢ ˆ◊Î˚–
= çlfl∫yfĩ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyÈüÈÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÓ˚yà§,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ç#Óyî%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ§ÏÓyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyÏôƒˆÏÙG §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
= §ÙyˆÏç §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ˆÏܲ•z
çlfl∫yfĩ!Ó!ô ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
xl%¢#°l#ı
1– !Óàï˛ ~ܲÓSȈÏÓ˚ ï%˛!Ù Ü˛ï˛ÓyÓ˚ x§%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚SÈ⁄ ï%˛!Ù ~•z ~ܲ ÓͧˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# ˆÓ˚yˆÏà
xyܲyhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ⁄
ܲä ~•z ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
x˲ƒy§à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ x˲ƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy ˲yˆÏÓy ˆÎ!ê˛ ï%˛!Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
áä G•z ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óy ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ˆÓ˚yàˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù
ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l!ê˛ xylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚–
2– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xlƒ Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !ã˛!ܲͧܲñ ˆ§!Óܲyñ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ù≈#Ó˚y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢
ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§l– xl%§rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏáy ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÓ˚yà§ÇÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
xyÙÓ˚y x§%fiÌ ••z ˆÜ˛l⁄
187
 3– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ !ï˛l!ê˛
ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢– ~•z ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ Ü˛ÙyˆÏï˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fiÌyl#Î˚
ܲï≈,˛˛õ«˛ ˆÜ˛yÏl‰ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ï%˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲÏÓ˚–
4– ~ܲ!ê˛ !¢¢% ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyÎ˚ܲˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲ# ˛õrÌy
xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !¢¢%!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓy⁄
ܲä !¢¢%!ê˛ x§%fiÌ !ܲly–
áä ï˛yÓ˚ x§%fiÌï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄
5– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ x§%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly §Óã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˆÓ!¢
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲä Îál ˆ§ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆË˛yàyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ–
áä Îál ˆ§ ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆË˛yàyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ §%fiÌ •ˆÏÎ˚ñ ç°Ó§ˆÏhs˝ xyܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢%◊)£Ïy ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
àä ÙƒyˆÏ°!Ó˚Î˚y ˆÓ˚yà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§ˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ ã˛yÓ˚!òl xË%˛=˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îál ˆ§ ç°Ó§ˆÏhs˝
xyܲyhs˝ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ¢%◊%£Ïy ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
6– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yàyܲyhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲä Îál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ–
áä Îál ï%˛!Ù ò%!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ˆê˛∆ˆÏl §Ê˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ÏSÈ–
àä Îál ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Órô% •yÙ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà Ë%˛àˆÏSÈ–

188 !ÓK˛yl
xôƒyÎ˚ 14
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l @˝Ã•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ @˝Ã• Ú˛õ,!ÌÓ#ÛˆÏï˛•z ~ܲÙye
≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc xˆÏlܲ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ÓÜ)˛°È ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ
˛§•l¢#° ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ ç° ~ÓÇ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
ç#ÓÜ)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù)° ã˛y!•òyà%ˆÏ°y ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §¡õò
~ÓÇ §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ˲#£Ïî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
~à%ˆÏ°y •° Ù,!_ܲyñ ç° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚%– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà ˆÎ Ü˛!ë˛l
xyÓÓ˚î ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !¢°yÙ[˛° åLithosphereä ӈϰ– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#
˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ 75%È ç° myÓ˚y xyÓ,ï˛– Ë)˛àˆÏË≈˛G çˆÏ°Ó˚ x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ–
~à%ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚•z ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ Óy!Ó˚Ù[˛° åHydrosphereä– ÓyÎ˚%ñ Îy
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ê˛y•z
•° ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛°– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !ç!l£Ï ˆÎáyˆÏl ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚
x!hflÏc á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~•z
xM˛°à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏï˛ñ !¢°yÙ[˛°ñ Óy!Ó˚Ù[˛° ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ˚Ù% [˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !ÙÌ!fl;Îy˚ Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èñ Îy ç#ÓÙ[˛° åBiosphereä
lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜çÓ í˛z˛õyòyl §ç#Ó Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
ÓyÎ%̊ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Ù,!_ܲy •° ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x˜ÏçÓ Óy !l!ç≈Ó í˛z˛õyòyl–
~ˆÏ§yñ ~•z x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòylà%!°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xôƒÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚ñ
ÎyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ç#ÓÜ)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!hflcÏ Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy §¡õˆÏܲ≈
çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚Ó–
14.1 ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ flõ®l / ÓyÎ˚% åThe Breath of Life:
Airä
≤ÃÌÙ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ%̊Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ°
Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z
ˆçˆÏl!SÈ– ÓyÎ%̊ xˆÏlܲà%ˆÏ°y àƒy§#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊îÈüüüÈ ˆÎÙl
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçlñ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•z x:y•zí˛ ~ÓÇ ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õ–
xyÙÓ˚y xyŸã˛Î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îy•z Îál ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ °«˛ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ~•z
§yÇàë˛!lܲ §ÇÎ%!ï˛•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– ¢%ܲ ~ÓÇ
ÙAà°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ @˝Ã•ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ x!hflÏc á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!lñ
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
NATURAL RESOURCES
ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛z˛õyòyl àƒy§!ê˛ !ܲv ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•z
x:y•zí˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ¢%Ü ˛ ~ÓÇ ÙAà° @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚È
95.97%È Ü˛yÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•z x:y•zí˛ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛–
xyò¢≈ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y£Ï åEukaryotic cells ä ~ÓÇ
xy!ò !lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§Î%=˛ ˆÜ˛y£Ï åProkaryotic cellsä ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏܲ≈
xyÙÓ˚y xôƒyÎ˚ÈüÈ 5 ~ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G §!ܲÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚ å!ܲÎ˚yܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ä
çlƒ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˆË˛ˆÏAà ¢!=˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ñ x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y
•° Úò•lÛÈüüüÈ˛ˆÎáyˆÏ l x!:ˆÏ ç l ÓƒÓ•, ï ˛ •Î˚ ñ §ˆÏ A à
ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ç¥y°yl#
ˆ˛õÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ¢!=˛Ó˚ çlƒñ ¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ §ˆÏAà xyˆÏSÈ òyÓyl°–
ï˛y fl∫ˆÏ_¥G ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ~ܲ ¢ï˛yLjϢÓ˚G ˲@¿yÇ¢ñ ܲyÓ˚î ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ~Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !l!ò≈T˛ åfixedä ÌyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ / åiä §Ó%ç í˛z!qò
§)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y ˜ï˛Ó˚#
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ åiiä Ó•% ç°ã˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# åanimalsä §Ù%ˆoÏ Ó˚ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ °Óî ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆáy°§ åshellä ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚–
14.1.1 ç°ÓyÎ˚% !lÎ˚sfˆÏî ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy åRole of
atmosphere in climate controlä
xyÙÓ˚ y •z ! ï˛ÙˆÏ ô ƒ•z ˆçˆÏ l ˆà!SÈñ ÓyÎ˚ % Ù [˛° xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y çy!l
ÓyÎ˚% ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ü%˛˛õ!Ó˚Óy•#– !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÓ˚y ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
ÓyÎ˚ % Ù [˛°•z ˛õ, ! ÌÓ#Ó˚ àí˛¸ ï˛y˛õÙyeyˆÏ Ü ˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ x!Óã˛!°ï˛
åsteadyä Ó˚yˆÏá– !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ Ó,!Âô
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°y
Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ åouter spaceä ï˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ •yÓ˚
ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓñ §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚ ò)Óc˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#
ˆÌˆÏܲ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ò)Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ùyl– ï˛Ìy!˛õ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°
ˆÜ˛yl ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ô å-1900Cä
ˆÌˆÏܲ å1100Cä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •Î˚–
ܲyç 14.1
• l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ oÓƒà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y /
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ / åiä ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyÓ˚ åiiä Ùy!ê˛‡Óy!°
myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyÓ˚ åiiiä ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ
~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓÂô ˆÓyï˛°– §ÙhflÏ !ܲS%ȈÜÏ ˛ !ï˛l â^˝ê˛y §ÙÎ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛#Ó ˆÓ˚ÔˆÏo Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~ál !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ÓyÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õyeà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y
˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG /
1. ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˆÓ¢# ÈüüüÈ Ü˛yç åiä ly ܲyç åiiä ~Ó˚⁄
2. í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ˆÌˆÏܲ ӈϰyÈüüüÈ fiÌ°Ë˛yà ~ÓÇ
§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ o%ï˛ í˛z_Æ •ˆÏÓ⁄
3. SÈyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ÌyˆÏÙ≈y!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛ !ܲ Óy!° ~ÓÇ çˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ܲ# ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄
ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛l SÈyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ï˛y˛õÙyey ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ܲÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ⁄
4. ÓÂô ÜÑ˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏe‡ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yáy ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey !ܲ
ˆáy°y‡Ù%=˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ §Ùyl⁄ åiä ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !ܲ ÙˆÏl
•Î˚ñ ~Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄ åiiä ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y
!ܲ ܲáˆÏly ~Ùl âê˛lyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈñ Óy!° G ç° §Ù•yˆÏÓ˚
í˛z_Æ •Î˚ ly– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢#ï˛°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy
ܲ#⁄ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yl ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy
˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ !ܲ⁄
14.1.2 ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• / Óyï˛y§ åThe movement of
Air:Windä /
!òˆÏlÓ˚ àÓ˚ˆÙÏ Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏrôƒÓ˚ ¢#ï˛° Ù,ò% •yGÎ˚yˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y fl∫!hflˆÏ ÓÏ yô
ܲ!Ó˚– xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛#Ó àÓ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó,!T˛
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§Ô˲yàƒ§)ã˛Ü˛ •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
!ܲ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Ù,ò% Óyï˛y§ñ V˛ˆÏí˛¸y Óyï˛y§ Óy â)îy≈ Óï≈˛
å§y•zˆÏÜœ˛ylä •ˆÏÓ⁄ ˆÎ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y xô#Ó˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ• xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
ܲ!Ó˚ñ ï˛y !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛z_Æ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ §ÙhflÏ âê˛lyÓ˚
çlƒ ˆ§ê˛y•z òyÎ˚#– ç°y¢Î˚ í˛z_Æ •ˆÏ° Óy §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚
190
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
Ùy!ê˛ Óy ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ !Ó!ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°
xyˆÏ§ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲG ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° í˛z_Æ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_Æ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛°l ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛°l ≤ÃÓy•
åconvection currentä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyç åactivityä!ê˛Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓyÎ˚l ܲ!Ó˚–
ܲyç 14.2
• ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ Óy ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ Ù%ÏáÎ%=˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏáy ~ÓÇ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃIµ°l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲ!ê˛
ô)˛õܲy!ë˛ çµy°yG ~ÓÇ ˆÓyï˛° Óy !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá ôˆÏÓ˚y
å!ã˛eÈü14.1ä–
• ô)˛õܲy!ë˛!ê˛ Î!ò !ÓܲyÓ˚ Óy ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏáÓ˚ ~ܲôyˆÏÓ˚
ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰ !òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• ô)˛õܲy!ë˛!ê˛ Î!ò ˆÙyÙÓy!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• ô)˛õܲy!ë˛!ê˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xM˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y •ˆÏ° ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yl‰
!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!ã˛e 14.1/ x§Ù ï˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §,T˛ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy•
ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ôy!Óï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ ôÓ˚l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z£÷Ï ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛°
ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî í˛z_Æ Ùy!ê˛ Óy ç°
ˆÌˆÏܲ !là≈ï˛ !Ó!ܲÓ˚î myÓ˚y ÓyÎ˚% Îál í˛z_Æ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ÓyÎ˚% í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
!òˆÏܲ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ùy!ê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ o%ï˛ í˛z_Æ •Î˚
ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ o%ï˛
í˛z_Æ •Î˚–
ï˛y•z !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ §Ù%o í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ
°«˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•zñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% o%ï˛
!ÓK˛yl
í˛z_Æ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù¢ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ~•z
í˛zôÁ≈à!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !l¡¨ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §Ù%oçˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚
˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚% ˙ !l¡¨ã˛y˛õ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ xM˛°
ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ~•z à!ï˛ñ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• åÓyï˛y§ä
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ~•z à!ï˛ §Ù%o˛õ,¤˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •Î˚–
Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ fiÌ°Ë˛yà ~ÓÇ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç° í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚•z
¢#ï˛° •ˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ç° fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÙrÌÓ˚
à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ¢#ï˛° •Î˚ñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛y fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏàÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚
ˆòˆÏÓ⁄
1. Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !l¡¨ã˛y˛õ
~ÓÇ |ôÁ≈ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
2. í˛z˛õÜ)˛°Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• ˆÜ˛yl‰
!òˆÏܲ ôy!Óï˛ •ˆÏÓ⁄
~ܲ•z ܲyÓ˚ˆîÏ xM˛°ˆÏ˲ˆÏò ÓyÎ˚Ó% ˚ í˛z£ïÏ÷ ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ˆÜÏ ˛ƒÓ˚ çlƒ•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛ xy°yòy •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~•z
à!ï˛ xlƒylƒ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîG ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎÙl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xyÓï≈˛l
à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyÎ%̊≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˛õÓ≈ï˛Ùy°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ÈüüüÈ ~Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl
ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î– ~à%ˆ° Ï y §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~•z xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ó¢ò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲÓ˚Ó lyñ !ܲv !•Ùy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~°y•yÓyò ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ x!˲Ù%á í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ܲÓ˚Ó–
14.1.3 Ó,!T˛ åRainä /
ˆÙâ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y !ܲS%Èê˛y ˆ˛õSȈÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ Îy•z– xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%!° ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
xyÙÓ˚y ~•z §•ç ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
ܲyç 14.3
• ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° !Ó!ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ áy!° ˆÓyï˛°
lyG– ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ 5-10 !Ù!°!Ùê˛yÓ˚ ç° ˆì˛yܲyˆÏlyÓ˚
˛õÓ˚ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛ ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °yàyG– ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˲yˆÏ°y ܲˆÏÓ˚
VÑ˛yܲyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ 10 !Ù!lê˛ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚% ç°#Î˚Óy‹õ myÓ˚y §Ç˛õ,=˛ •ˆÏÓ–
• ~ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çµ°hs˝ ô)˛õܲy!ë˛ lyG– ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛
á%ˆÏ° ô)˛õܲy!ë˛Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y ˆôÑyÎ˚y ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
òyG ~ÓÇ o%ï˛ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛ xyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùï˛ Órô ܲˆÏÓ˚
òyG– ˆòáˆÏÓ !SÈ!˛õ!ê˛ ˆÎl ¢=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °yàyˆÏly ÌyˆÏܲ–
~Ó˚ ˛ õÓ˚ ò% • z •yˆÏ ï ˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ Î ƒ Îï˛ ˆçyˆÏ Ó ˚ §Ω˛Ó
ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛ˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲy ~ÓÇ ˆÙyã˛Ó˚yˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ– ~˲yˆÏÓ
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆ§ˆÏܲu˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá •yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ ˆSˆÏí˛¸ òyG– ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
Îï˛ê˛y ˆçyˆÏÓ˚ §Ω˛Ó ˆÓyï˛°!ê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
~ÓyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG/
1. ܲál ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏ° ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç° Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ⁄
2. ܲál ~•z Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÓ˚ Ùï˛ Óy‹õ ò)Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ •°⁄
3. ܲál ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ §Ó≈y!ôܲ !SÈ°⁄
4. ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y˛õ Îál ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ° Óy Ü˛Ù !SÈ°ñ
ï˛áˆÏly !ܲ Ü%˛Î˚y¢yÓ˚ Ùï˛ Óy‹õ ˆòáy Îy!FSÈ°⁄
5. ~•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲîy
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •°⁄
6. ô)˛õܲy!ë˛Ó˚ ˆôÑyÎ˚y SÈyí˛¸y ï%˛!Ù ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°ñ ܲ# •ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y⁄ ~ÓyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆòˆÏá
lyG ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ xl%Ùyl §!ë˛Ü˛ !SÈ° !ܲly– ˆôÑyÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲîy
SÈyí˛¸y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ܲ# ܲ# §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •!FSÈ°⁄
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛ á%Ó ˆSÈyR ܲˆÏÓ˚ •ˆÏ°Gñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îy ˆòÎ˚ñ ˆÎ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç°#Î˚Óy‹õ §Ù,Âô ÓyÎ˚%
í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛ xM˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !l¡¨ã˛y˛õÎ%=˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛
•ˆÏ° Óy í˛zˆÏŒê˛y âê˛ly §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ç° í˛z_Æ •ˆÏ° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ç°#Î˚
Óy‹õ Ù%=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˜ç!Óܲ !ܲÎ˚yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ°G ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç°#Î˚Óy‹õ Ù%=˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ°
ÓyÎ˚% í˛z_Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏ벖 ~•z àÓ˚Ù ÓyÎ˚% ç°#Î˚Óy‹õ §•ˆÏÎyˆÏà
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ |ôÁ≈yLjϢ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ÓyÎ˚% Îï˛•z |ôÁ≈àyÙ# •Î˚
ï˛ï˛•z ˆ§!ê˛ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢#ï˛°#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z ¢#ï˛°#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ç°#Î˚Óy‹õ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ «%˛o «%˛o ç°!Ó®%ˆÏï˛
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ÓyÎ%̊ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y§Ùyl ܲîy ˆÜ˛wܲ å!lí˛z!Üœ˛Î˚y§ä !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ âî#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z âê˛ly xyˆÏÓ˚y cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y§Ùyl ô%!°Ü˛îy ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ܲîy ~•z
ܲyçˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ܲÓyÓ˚ «%˛o «%˛o ç°!Ó®% ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
âl#Ë˛ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ó,•Í ç°!Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– Îál
ç°!Ó®%à%ˆÏ°y ΈÏÌT˛ Óí˛¸ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚# •Î˚ñ ï˛ál ˆ§à%!° Ó,!T˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
191
l#ˆÏã˛ ˆlˆÏÙ xyˆÏ§– ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyey ΈÏÌT˛
ܲˆÏÙ ˆàˆÏ° ç°!Ó®%àˆ% ° Ï y âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛£ÏyÓ˚ܲîyÎ˚ñ !¢°yÓ,!T˛ˆÏï˛
Óy !¢ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚là%ˆÏ°y•zñ
ܲ#ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ò!«˛îÈüÈ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù xÌÓy í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÙÔ§%Ù# ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚
çlƒ•z Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚– xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ áÓˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~G ¢%ˆÏl!SÈ
ˆÎñ ÓˆÏAày˛õ§yàˆÏÓ˚ !l¡¨ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !ܲS%È !ܲS%È xM˛ˆÏ° Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛
•Î˚– å !ã˛e 14.2 ä
!ã˛e 14.2 / ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚˲yˆÏà ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ xÓfiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ@˝Ã•ÈüÈ!ã˛e
ܲyç 14.4
• §ÇÓyò˛õe !ܲÇÓy ò)Ó˚ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y §Çܲyhs˝ áÓÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ôÓ˚l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ áÓÓ˚ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲˆÏÓ˚y– Ó,!T˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õܲ Îsf åRain-gaugeä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ÓylyˆÏï˛
•Î˚ ˆçˆÏl lyG ~ÓÇ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z Îsf!ê˛
myÓ˚y §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ# ܲ# x!@˝ÃÙ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y ˆlGÎ˚y
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚⁄ ~ÓyÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG /
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ¢•Ó˚‡làÓ˚‡@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÙyˆÏ§ §Ó≈y!ôܲ Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚⁄
• ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÙyˆÏ§ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ烇ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ¢y!§ï˛ xM˛ˆÏ° §Ó≈y!ôܲ
Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚⁄
• Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ §Ó≈òy•z !ܲ ÓL˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍV˛°Ü˛ ˆòáy
ÎyÎ˚⁄ Î!ò ï˛y ly •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yl‰ }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏAà
§Ó≈y!ôܲ ÓL˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍV˛°Ü˛ ålightningä ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚⁄
ܲyç 14.5
• ˆÙÔ§%Ù# ÓyÎ˚% ~ÓÇ â)!î≈V˛í˛¸ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ °y•zˆÏÓÓ˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
ôÓ˚l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y– §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
çlƒ ˆÙÔ§%Ù# ÓyÎ˚%•z !ܲ ~ܲÙye òyÎ˚#⁄
192
14.1.4 ÓyÎ˚% ò)£Ïî åAir Pollutionä /
xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ¢%lˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ
§y°Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ x:y•zí˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ü˛Ù¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ°yܲçl ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z xyˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!¢¢%ܲy° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ü˛Ù¢ ܲˆÏÙ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ !Ó¢%Âôï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢%Âôï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óy
xlƒylƒ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl# ˆÎÙl ܲÎ˚°y ~ÓÇ á!lç ˆï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ !وϢ
ÌyˆÏ Ü ˛– ~•z çµ y °yl#à% ˆ Ï ° yˆÏ Ü ˛ Îál ˆ˛õyí˛¸ y ˆÏ l y •Î˚ ñ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚G ˆ˛õyˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl G §y°Ê˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ x:y•zí˛ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚–
Ÿªy§ÈüÈ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z ˛àƒy§à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y !Ó˛õIlܲñ
¢%ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ ~•z àƒy§à%ˆÏ°y Ó,!T˛Ó˚ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
x¡‘Ó,!T˛ åAcid rainä §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl#Ó˚ ò•l
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y§Ùyl ܲîyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyÏlG Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˲y§Ùyl
ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ≈l ܲîyñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ò•l •Î˚!l Óy
•y•zˆÏí»˛yܲyÓ≈l lyÙܲ ˛ˆÎÔà– x!ôܲÙyeyÎ˚ ~•z§Ó ò)£Ïܲ
˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ ò,¢ƒÙylï˛y åvisibilityä ܲ!ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Îál ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ç°#Î˚ Óy‹õG âî#Ë)˛ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏܲ•z ˆôÑyÎ˚y¢y å smogä ӈϰ ~ÓÇ Îy
ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛– àˆÏÓ£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚
çyly ˆàˆÏSÈñ Ÿªy§ ≤ߪyˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ ~•z§Ó ˛õòyÌ≈ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~°y!ç≈ñ
ܲƒy™yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •,òˆÏÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y x§%á !òl!òl Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ–
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ~•z§Ó «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ•z
ÓyÎ˚%ò)£Ïî ӈϰ–
!ã˛e 14.3/ °y•zˆÏܲl (Lichen)
!ÓK˛yl
ܲyç 14.6
• ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ °y•zˆÏܲl ålichensä lyÙܲ ç#Ó!ê˛ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚
í˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ÓyÎ˚%ò)£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°–
7.3.3 xLjϢ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ °y•zˆÏܲlˆÏܲ
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ §Ó%çy˲Èüȧyòy ÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ¢=˛ à%Ñ!í˛¸Ó˚
G˛õÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ àySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛
°y•zˆÏܲl xyˆÏSÈ !ܲly ï˛y ˆáÑyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏï˛G ˛õyÓ˚–
• ÓƒhflÏ Ó˚ y hflÏ y Ó˚ ôyˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÓ¢!ܲS% È ê ˛y ò) ˆ Ï Ó ˚ Ó ˚ àyˆÏ S È Ó ˚
°y•zˆÏܲlà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ àySÈà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ñ Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚!òˆÏܲÓ˚ xLjϢ ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛
!òˆÏܲÓ˚ xLjϢÓ˚ °y•zˆÏܲˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%§rôyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛!Ù Ó˚yhflÏyÓ˚ ôyˆÏÓ˚ G ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛#
fiÌyˆÏl ò)£Ïܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲ# xl%Ùyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
≤Ã
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°⁄
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1É xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°ñ ¢%ܲ ~ÓÇ ÙAà° @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy°yòy⁄
2É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛° ܲ¡∫ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
3É ÓyÎ˚%≤ÃÓy• åÓyï˛y§ä ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
4É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙˆÏâÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
5É Ùl%£Ïƒ§,T˛ ~Ó˚)˛õ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ü˛yç !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚yñ
ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ÓyÎ˚% ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
14.2 ç° / ~ܲ!ê˛ xyŸã˛Î≈ ï˛Ó˚° åWater: A Wonder
Liquidä /
˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ÓˆÏí˛¸y xÇ¢•z ç° myÓ˚y x!ôÜ,˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ
Ë) ˛ àˆÏ Ë ≈ ˛ G çˆÏ ° Ó˚ x!hflÏ c xyˆÏ S È– ÓyÎ˚ % Ù [˛ˆÏ ° G
ç°#Î˚Óy‹õÓ˚)ˆÏ˛õ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çˆÏ°Ó˚ x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ–
˛õ, ! ÌÓ#˛õ, ˆ Ï ¤ ˛Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ Ë ˛yà ç°•z •° §yàÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ù•y§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç° ~ÓÇ ~•z ç° °Óîy=˛– ÓÓ˚Ê˛ÈüÈì˛yܲy
ˆÙÓ˚% xM˛ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ï%˛£ÏyÓ˚yÓ,ï˛ ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛ fl∫yò%ç° åFresh
waterä ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ ç° ~ÓÇ lò#Ó˚ ç°ñ
•…ˆÏòÓ˚ ç° ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ç°G xÓ¢ƒ fl∫yò%ç° åFresh
water ä– fiÌylˆÏ˲ˆÏò fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ
ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– ÓyhflψÏÓ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ à#ˆÏ‹ø•z !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ° ç°
§ÇÜ˛ê˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ – ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ @˝ à yÙà% ! °ˆÏ ï ˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏ l ç°
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
§Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ÓƒÓfiÌy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!lÈüȈ§áylܲyÓ˚ x!ôÓy§#Ó˚y
ò)Ó˚Óï≈˛# í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ӈϰ ΈÏÌT˛
§ÙÎ˚ x˛õã˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚–
ܲyç 14.7
• Ó•% ˆ˛õÔÓ˚§Ë˛y ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ç° !Ó¢%ÂôܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• ~•z ≤ÃÎ%!=˛à%ˆÏ°y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆáÑyç lyG ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ~Ó˚y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏÎyàƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛T˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
!ܲvñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ˆÏï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚•z
!ܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%!° ç°#Î˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ Óy §ç#Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ
!Ó!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°y çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ oˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •Î˚–
oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ oÓƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ¢Ó˚#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ
xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ç#ÓÜ)˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî !lÎ˚sfî Ó˚yáy xyÓ¢ƒÜ˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
§ÙhflÏ fiÌ°ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ åTerrestrial life-formsä fl∫yò% çˆÏ°Ó˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚– ˆÜ˛llyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò• °Óîy=˛ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ °Óîà%ˆ° Ï y
x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly Óy °Óîà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ
!là≈ÙîG ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ï˛y•zñ fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏà ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x!hflcÏ
Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧà%!°ˆÏܲ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl–
ܲyç 14.8
• ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÎÙl lò#ñ V˛Ó˚lyñ •…ò Óy ˛õ%Ü% ˛% ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# ò)Óˆ˚ cÏ
~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛° åôÓ˚ÈüÈ1Óà≈!Ùê˛yÓ˚ä !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓy˚ ñ xM˛°!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÎ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò xyˆÏSÈ ï˛y àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ §Çáƒyà%!°G àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–˛
• ~ܲ!ê ¢%‹Òñ ˛õyÌ%ˆÏÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ܲï˛
§ÇáƒÜ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ
G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• í˛z˲Î˚ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ å1 Óà≈!Ùê˛yÓ˚ä
ܲ# ~ܲ•zÓ˚ܲÙ⁄
ܲyç 14.9
• ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ fl%҈ϰÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÌÓy !lܲê˛Óï≈˛# xM˛ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆSÈyR
åôÓ˚ 11 Óà≈!Ùê˛yÓ˚ä xÓƒÓ•,ï˛ xM˛° !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyçÈüÈ14.8 ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˙ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚
§Çáƒy àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
193
 • ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏÓ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
~ܲÓyÓ˚ @˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° Óy ¢%‹Ò xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲÓyÓ˚
Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚–
≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyG /
1. í˛z˲Î˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Çáƒy §Ùyl !SÈ° ܲ#⁄
2. ˆÜ˛yl‰ }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù x!ôܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãyî# ~ÓÇ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
˜Ó!ã˛eƒ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°⁄
3. ˆÜ˛yl‰ }ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ §Ó≈y!ôܲ §ÇáƒyÎ˚
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏ°⁄
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ƒ ~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ÓϧÓy§Ü˛yÓ˚# í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ §Çáƒy G ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl
§¡õÜ≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ í˛z=˛ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î !˲!_ܲ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏáy– Î!ò §¡õÜ≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ӈϰy ÓSȈÏÓ˚È 5 ˆ§!Ù
G 200 ˆ§!Ù Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ •Î˚ ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xy!ôܲƒ G ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ Ùyey ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ⁄ Ùyl!ã˛e
Ó•z G xƒyê˛°y§ åAtlasä ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ Ùyl!ã˛e!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ åôÓ˚lä ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§!ê˛ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ
xl%Ùyl ܲˆÏÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛Ó˚ ç#Ó˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒ §Ó≈y!ôܲ
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚yçƒ!ê˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ⁄ xl%Ùyl §!ë˛Ü˛ !ܲlyñ ï˛y
Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õÂô!ï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ !ܲ⁄ çˆÏ°Ó˚
˛≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ƒ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ° ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy
~ÓÇ ˆÓшÏã˛ Ìyܲy•z !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ç#Ó˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒG
!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãyã%˛Î≈ƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyÓ˚î lÎ˚– í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢ï≈˛à%ˆÏ°yG à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈– ï˛ˆÏÓ ç° ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò Îy fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏà ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflÏc !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
14.2.1 ç° ò)£Ïî åWater Pollutionä /
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y
çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z§Ó ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ ô%ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚– ¢•Ó˚ ~ÓÇ làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xyÓç≈ly ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÓ˚ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈à%!°G lò# Óy •…ˆÏòÓ˚ çˆÏ°•z
ˆÊ˛°y •Î˚– !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È Ü˛yÓ˚áylyÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyˆÏç ¢#ï˛°#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
çlƒ ç° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z àÓ˚Ù ç° ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚
194
!Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– lò#Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛x˛õÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ ˛í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •°ñ ÓÑyô åDamsä ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° !l‹Òy¢l–
ç°yôyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ç°ñ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ë˛yu˛y
•Î˚– ܲyÓ˚î í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° §)Î≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ àÓ˚Ù
•Î˚–
~ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛yÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°y !Ó!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ çˆÏ° Ó§Óy§Ü˛yÓ˚#
ç#ÓˆÏày¤˛#ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó,!Âô cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
•Î˚– ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y ç°ò)£Ïî ¢∑!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚
≤Ã˲yÓà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲG §ÇÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚Ó ÈüüüÈ
1. ç°y¢Î˚àˆ% ° Ï yˆÏï˛ x≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÊ˛°y
•Î˚– ~•z «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ §yÓ˚ Óy ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ xÌÓy xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó£Ïy=˛
˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙl ˛õyÓ˚ò à!ë˛ï˛ °Óîñ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%!° ˆÓ˚yà §ÇܲÙîܲyÓ˚#
ç#Óyî%G •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎÙl ܲˆÏ°Ó˚y ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚#
ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y–
2. ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛#Î˚ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
!là≈Ùl– ç°ç í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ x!:ˆÏçl
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Î!ò ΈÏÌT˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ܲˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ñ
ï˛ˆÏÓ ç°ç ç#ÓÜ)˛° ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃhflÏ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ
˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ ˛õòyÌ≈G ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l/ˆÏ£!Ï ¢ï˛
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
3. í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏ°ñ ç°ç ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°ÈÓ˚ çˆÏ° ˆÓшÏã˛
ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §#ÙyÓ˚
ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ •ë˛yÍ
ˆÜ˛yl ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ á%Ó•z !Ó˛õIlܲ Óy
≤ÃçlˆÏlG ÓyôyÓ˚ §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ !í˛Ù ~ÓÇ ¢)ܲܲ#ê˛à%ˆÏ°y xï˛ƒhs˝
§ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°–
≤Ã
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1. ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
2. ï%˛!Ù ˆÎ ¢•Ó˚‡làÓ˚‡@˝ÃyˆÏÙ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl fl∫yò%
çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ!ê˛ Ü˛#⁄
3. ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yl Ùl%£Ïƒ§,T˛ ܲyÓ˚î ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ çyly xyˆÏSÈ
!ܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͧ!ê˛ ò)!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
!ÓK˛yl
14.3 Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚ á!lç ˲yu˛yÓ˚ åMineral Riches in
the Soilä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §¡õò•z ˙ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ç#Ó˜ÏÓ!ã˛eƒˆÏܲ
!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ÚÙy!ê˛Û !ç!l£Ïê˛y ܲ# ~ÓÇ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ•z Óy ~!ê˛
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚⁄ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó!•/fiÌ hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚ Ë)˛cܲ ~ÓÇ ~•z
hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y•z ç#ÓÜ)˛°ˆÏܲ
!Ó!˲ߨÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˛õ%!T˛ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~•z á!lç ˛õòyÌ≈à%ˆÏ°y Î!ò
!¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî xyÓÂô ÌyˆÏܲñ ç#ÓÜ)˛° ï˛y @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ ly– •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛cܲ ~ÓÇ Ë%˛cˆÏܲÓ˚
!lܲê˛Óï≈˛# fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ !¢°yà%ˆ° Ï y !Ó!˲ߨ ˆË˛Ôï˛ñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ~ÓÇ ˜ç!Óܲ
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ã)˛î≈ÈüÈ!Óã)˛î≈ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ã%˛î≈#ܲÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÆ !Ù!• ܲîyà%ˆ°
Ï y•z
•° Ùy!ê˛– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ¢ˆÏï≈˛ Óy ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z Ùy!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚⁄ È
• §)Î≈ / §)Î≈ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ !¢°yˆÏܲ
í˛z_Æ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢°y ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– Ó˚yˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÓ°yÎ˚ ~•z
!¢°yà%ˆÏ°y ¢#ï˛° •Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚– !¢°yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ
xÇ¢ ~ܲ•z •yˆÏÓ˚ ≤çy!Ó˚ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇÜ%˛!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ lyñ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛yê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ¢Ï ˆÏ£Ï !Ó¢y°
!¢°yá[˛à%ˆ° Ï y ã)˛î≈ÈüÈ!Óã)˛î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ «%˛o «%˛o ܲîyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
• ç° / Ùy!ê˛ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ ç° ò%˲yˆÏÓ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/
§)Î≈!ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ myÓ˚y !¢°yá[˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ x§Ù í˛z_Æ#ܲÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° !¢°yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ê˛yê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ç°
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ~•z ç° ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏÙ
ÓÓ˚Ê˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛y ~•z Ê˛yê˛°à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ≤âhflÏ •ˆÏï˛
§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï%˛!Ù Ü˛# ˲yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈyñ ˆÜ˛l ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù •Î˚⁄
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl ç° myÓ˚y ܲ!ë˛l !¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ò#â≈ܲy°
ôˆÏÓ˚ «˛Î˚≤ÃyÆ •GÎ˚y– ï˛#Ó ç°ˆÏflÀyï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ÓˆÏí˛¸y Óy
ˆSÈyê˛ !¢°yá[˛ˆÏܲ lò#Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ˲y!§ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
~•z !¢°yà%ˆÏ°y ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ â!£Ï≈ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z
â£Ï≈lç!lï˛ «˛Î˚≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !¢°yá[˛ Ü˛Ù¢/ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ܲîyÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ç° ï˛ál ~•z «%˛o
«%˛o ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ˆÏAà !lˆÏÎ˚ Óy!•ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ !l¡¨yM˛ˆÏ°
xô/ˆÏ«˛˛õˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛y•z Ù)°
!¢°yá[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
• Óyï˛y§ / ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z í˛zFã˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ Óyï˛y§
!¢°yá[˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ «˛Î˚ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Óyï˛y§G
Óy!°Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ fiÌyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ fiÌyˆÏl ÓˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
• Ùy!ê˛ §,!T˛ˆÏï˛ §ç#Ó Ó›à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy
Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È– °y•zˆÜÏ ˛l åLichenäñ ÎyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆrÏ ô xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z
˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈñ ~Ó˚yG !¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ åï˛ˆÏ°ä çß√yÎ˚– Îál
~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ál ~Ó˚y !l!ò≈T˛ !ܲS%È ˛õòyÌ≈
ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y !¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛°ˆÏܲ ˛õyí˛zí˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ùï˛ à%шÏí˛¸yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õyï˛°y hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˛õ,¤˛ï˛ˆÏ° Ù§ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xlƒylƒ
«%˛o í˛z!qò ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z
!¢°yá[˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˲y.l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚
!¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ Ù)° ≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛yê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓ!¢ Ó° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ Ê˛yê˛° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ܲyç 14.10
• ~ܲ!ê˛ ç°˛õ)î≈ !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ùy!ê˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •°– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õÑyã˛à%î ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ùy!ê˛ G ç°ˆÏܲ
˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ lyí˛¸yˆÏly •°ñ ~ÓyÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ìï%˛ •ˆÏï˛
ˆòGÎ˚y •°– !ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
• !ÓܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ìï%˛ •GÎ˚y Ùy!ê˛ !ܲ §Ù§_¥ Óy ˆÜ˛yl hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
• Î!ò hflÏÓ˚ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !ܲ⁄
• çˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%È Ë˛y§ˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄
• ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚y !ܲS%È õòyÌ≈ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ï%˛!Ù !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï%˛!Ù ˆòáˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù◊î– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó!˲ߨ
xyÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ «%˛o «%˛o !¢°yá[˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛
ܲîyG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !•í˛zÙy§ Ó°y •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yG Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyî%Ó#«˛!lܲ ç#Óyî%G Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ
≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ܲîyÓ˚ àí˛¸ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ !•í˛zÙy§ G !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xyî%Ó#«˛!lÜ ˛ ç#Óyî%Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ àë˛l !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî
!•í˛zÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ܲyÓ˚î ~!ê˛ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ fl∫!SÈo ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç° G ÓyÎ˚% Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÓÏ ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
!ӈϢ£Ï ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ á!lç ˛õ%!T˛ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛y Ùy!ê˛!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ !¢°yá[˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ–˚
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%!T˛ í˛z˛õyòylñ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy !•í˛zÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˙ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!qò ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
hflÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ܲîyà%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸yG !•í˛zÙy§ñ §ç#Ó Ó› Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ
195
Ë)˛cܲ åtop soilä ӈϰ– ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ
!lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏî Ë)˛cܲ åtop soilä ~Ó˚ à%îàï˛Ùyl ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈
Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyô%!lܲ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õyòyl ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛lܲyÓ˚# xyl%Ó#«˛!îܲ ç#Óyî%ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛y ÎyÓ˚y !•í˛zÙy§ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Óí˛¸ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆlÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G
~Ó˚y ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°– Î!ò §%!fiÌï˛ å!fiÌ!ï˛¢#°ä ÓƒÓfiÌy @˝Ã•î
ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ ç!Ù xl%Ó≈Ó˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝Ó˚
•ˆÏÓ– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !l‹Òy¢l ~ÓÇ xlƒ
í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚)˛õ
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛e ôÁǧ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ•z
Ùy!ê˛ ò)£Ïî ӈϰ–
ˆÎ Ùy!ê˛ ~ál xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚
ôˆÏÓ˚ §,!T˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy ˆ•yܲñ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ Ùy!ê˛ §,!T˛ •Î˚ xÌÓy xlƒ çyÎ˚àyÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ ˆ§ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚
fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ í˛z˲Î˚•z Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
§)«¯˛ òylyà%ˆÏ°y ≤ÃÓ•Ùyl ç° Óy Óyï˛y§ myÓ˚y fiÌylyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
•Î˚– Î!ò §Ó Ùy!ê˛ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢°yá[˛à%ˆÏ°y
í˛zß√%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒÓyl §¡õò •yÓ˚yÓñ
ܲyÓ˚î ï˛ál ˆ§•z !¢°yáˆÏ[˛ á%Ó §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî•z í˛z!qò
çß√yÎ˚–
ܲyç 14.11
• ò%!ê˛ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆê˛∆ lyG G Ùy!ê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓy˚ –
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆê˛∆ˆïÏ ˛ §!Ó˚£yÏ Óy §Ó%ç ˆSÈy°y Óy ôyl ˆÓ˚y˛õî ܲˆÏÓy˚
~ÓÇ Îï˛!òl ly ≤ÃÌÙ ˆê˛∆!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ã˛yÓ˚yà%ˆ° Ï y Óí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚
Ùy!ê˛ ˆì˛ˆÏܲ ly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ï˛!òl ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˆê˛∆ˆïÏ ˛ ç° òyG– ~ál
ò%!ê˛ ˆê˛∆ˆÜÏ ˛•z ܲyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆáÏ òyG– ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˆê˛∆ˆÜÏ ˛•z
!ë˛Ü˛ ~ܲ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ܲyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏáy– ~ál á%Ó §yÓôyˆÏl
ò%ˆêÏ ˛y ˆê˛∆ˆïÏ ˛•z ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ì˛yˆÏ°y ˆÎl
ç° ˆê˛∆ÈÛÓ˚ ày ˆÓˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚ å !ã˛e 14.4ä
• ˆòˆÏáy ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆê˛∆ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùy!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°–
ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z §Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùy!ê˛ §Ó˚° !ܲ⁄
• ~ál ~ܲê%˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆê˛∆ˆÏï˛ §Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ç° ì˛yˆÏ°y– xyˆÏà ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° ˆì˛ˆÏ° !SȈϰ ~ÓyÓ˚
196
ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛l ã˛yÓ˚à%î ˆÓ!¢ ç° ì˛yˆÏ°y–
• ˆòˆÏáy ˆê˛∆ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùy!ê˛ §Ó˚°– ò%ˆÏê˛y
ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ùy!ê˛ §Ó˚° !ܲ⁄
• ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ÓyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
ˆÓ!¢ ly Ü˛Ù ly §Ùyl⁄
!ã˛e 14.41/ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ç° ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ «˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏô í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎ !Ó¢y° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî Ól ôÁǧ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛y ¢%ô%Ùye
˜çÓ ˜Ó!ã˛eˆÏܲ•z ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È lyñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚G «˛Î˚ §yôl ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ È– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yl àySÈ˛õy°y ˆl•zñ ˆ§•z hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùy!ê˛
ï˛yí˛¸yï˛y!í˛¸ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ í˛zãÑ ˛% G ˛õy•yí˛¸#
xM˛ˆÏ° cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ •Î˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚y Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚%ÂôyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y á%Ó Ü˛!ë˛l– Ë)˛cˆÏܲ çß√yˆÏly àySÈ˛õy°yÓ˚ xyhflÏÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚à%!°ˆÏï˛ ç°
≤Ã
xl%≤ÈÏӈϢÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°
iä Ùy!ê˛ !ܲ ˲yˆÏÓ §,!T˛ •Î˚⁄
iiä Ë)˛!Ù«˛Î˚ ܲ#⁄
iiiä Ë)˛!Ù«˛Î˚ ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y Óy ܲÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
í˛z˛õyÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y ܲ#˛ ܲ#⁄
14.4. ˜çÓÈ ü È Ë ) È ü È Ó ˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ˛ ã˛Ü ˛˛ å Biogeochemical
Cyclesä
ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜çÓ G x˜ÏçÓ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ à!ï˛¢#°
xÌã˛È §%!fiÌï˛ xyòyl ≤Ãòyl •Î˚– ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòylà%ˆ° Ï yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ¢!=˛Ó˚ xyòyl ≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
xÓfiÌyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– ã˛ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚
ÎyÓ˚y ~•z §Ùï˛y!ê˛ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Î%=˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓK˛yl
14.4.1 ç° ã˛Ü˛˛ åThe Water Cycleä
ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈy ˆÎñ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ ç° âî#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,!T˛ •Î˚– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y
§Ù%oñ Ù•y§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ ç°ˆÏܲ ¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆò!á ly– ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~•z
ç°y¢Î˚à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ç° myÓ˚y ˛õ)î≈ •Î˚– çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y
~ÓÇ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yñ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ~•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ lò#˛õÌ
•ˆÏÎ˚ §Ù%ˆÏo !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ç°ã˛Ü˛ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛–
Îï˛ê˛y §•ˆÏç ܲÌyà%ˆÏ°y Ó°y •ˆÏ°yñ §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y!ê˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y §Ó˚°
~ÓÇ §•ç lÎ˚– Ó,!T˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎ ç° Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ï˛yÓ˚ §Óê˛y•z §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ §Ù%ˆÏo !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ ly– ~•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ Ùy!ê˛ ã%Ñ˛•zˆÏÎ˚
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ fl∫yò% ç° Ë˛yu˛yˆÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ •Î˚–
~•z Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ ≤ÃflÀÓl Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ Ë)˛cˆÏܲ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
l°Ü)˛˛õ Óy Ü)˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˜òl!®l ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ~•z
ç°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ë)˛cˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏ_y°l ܲ!Ó˚– fiÌ°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ
≤Ãyî#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒG ç° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
å!ã˛e üÈ14.5ä
Óy‹õˆÏÙyã˛l
Ÿª§l
Ó,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ÓÓ˚Ê˛
Óy‹õ#˲Ól
˚ ç°
°Ï Ó
z˚ í õ!Ó
˛
ï˚ ˛ˆ
ê˛Ó
Ùy!
Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ ç°
!ã˛e 14.5/ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ç°ã˛Ü˛
ã˛ˆÏ°y xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏá !l•z ç°ã˛Ü˛ ã˛°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyÓ˚ ܲ# ܲ# âˆÏê˛– ï%˛!Ù çyl ˆÎñ ç° xˆÏlܲ
˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ç° !¢°yáˆÏ[˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚
≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ !¢°yáˆÏ[˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ á!lç ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚– lò#Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z
oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ á!lçà%ˆÏ°y §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ çˆÏ° ˆÙˆÏ¢ ~ÓÇ ~à%ˆÏ°y
§yÙ%!oܲ ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%!T˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚–
14.4.2 ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛˛˛ åThe Nitrogen Cycleä
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛° 78% ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ç#Ól
àë˛lܲyÓ˚# !ܲS%È xï˛ƒyÓ¢ƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòylñ ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛
xƒy!§í˛ åDNAÈ ~ÓÇ RNAÈä ~ÓÇ !ܲS%È !˲ê˛y!ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG
ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yçl ÌyˆÏܲ– í˛z˛õ«˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ •zí˛z!Ó˚Îy˚ Ó˚ Ùï˛ !ܲS%È ˜ç!Óܲ
à%Óc%̊ ˛õ)î≈ ˆÎÔˆÏàG ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛y•z ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÙhflÏ
ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚•z ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ%!T˛ í˛z˛õyòyl– Î!ò §ÙhflÏ ç#Ó
ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlÏ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛y
ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ §•ç •ˆÏï˛y– !ܲS%È
ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y G §ç#Ó Ó› ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ !l!‹;˛Î˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
xî%ˆÜÏ ˛ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛ Óy ly•zê˛∆y•zˆêÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚
xî% àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ !ܲv §Ü˛° §ç#Ó
Ó› ï˛y ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~•z ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Îy˚ à%!°
~ܲܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎÙl ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l !mÓ#ç˛õe# !ܲS%È
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !وϰ!وϢG ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
§ÇÓÂôܲyÓ˚# ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Îy˚ §Óã˛ˆÏˆÎÏ ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
¢#Ù çyï˛#Î˚ í˛z!qò å§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ í˛y° í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl
í˛z ! qòä ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏ ¢ £Ï Ë ˛yˆÏ Ó à% ! ê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ Ù) ˆ Ï ° – ~•z
ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚yà%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye ˆË˛Ôï˛ å≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ä
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ÎyˆÏï˛ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%àˆ% °
Ï y ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛ ~ÓÇ
ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏà Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚– !Óò%ƒÍ ã˛ÙܲyˆÏ° ÓyÎ%̊ˆÏï˛ í˛zFã˛
ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ í˛zFã˛ã˛y˛õ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ~ˆÏï˛ ÓyÎ%̊Ó˚ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlñ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ x:y•zˆÏí˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z x:y•zí˛à%!°
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ly•z!ê˛∆ܲ ~ÓÇ ly•zê˛∆y§
xƒy!§í˛ í˛zͲõߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó,!T˛Ó˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–
ï˛ál ~•z§Ó ˆÎÔà !Ó!˲ߨ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚
@˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlÎ%=˛ xî%ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •Î˚⁄ í˛z!qò ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛ ~ÓÇ ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛
@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xƒy!ÙˆÏly xƒy!§ˆÏí˛ Ó˚˛) õyhs˝Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy
ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– xlƒylƒ ç!ê˛° ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
â!ê˛ï˛ ˆÎÔà !Ó!˲ߨ ˜çÓÓ˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚–
197
 ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚
åly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçlä
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl !ÓÙ%=˛Ü˛Ó˚î ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
§ÇÓÂôܲÓ˚î

ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆ê˛
åˆÎÔàä
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ
å§Ó%ç í˛z!qòä
ˆ≤ÃyˆÏê˛y≤’yçÙ
å≤Ãyî#ä

ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ˆÎÔà

xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

xƒyˆÏÙy!lÎ˚y
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl §ÇÎ%!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î

!ã˛e lÇÈüÈ 14.6 ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛

~•z ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l ~ÓÇ ç!ê˛° ˆÎÔàà%ˆÏ°y ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚y
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ãyî# Óy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛
í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ !ܲS%È ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•yӈϢ£ÏˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚
ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ G ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚y ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ G ly•zê˛∆y•zê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlˆÏܲ
Ù%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl ˆÙÔ°à%ˆÏ°y ç° ~ÓÇ
Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §Ó˚° xî%àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z §Ü˛° xî%à%ˆÏ°y ˜çÓ
Ó›ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ç!ê˛° xî% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~à%!° §Ó˚°
ly•zˆêÏ ˛∆yˆÏçl xl% àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
14.4.3 ܲyÓ≈l ã˛Ü˛˛ å The Carbon Cycleä
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈lˆÏܲ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– •#Ó˚ܲ ~ÓÇ
@˝ÃyÊ˛y•zê˛ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆÙÔ° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õñ !Ó!˲ߨ á!lˆÏç ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ ~ÓÇ
198
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ °Óî Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~!ê˛ §ÇÎ%=˛ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÎÔà
Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÌyˆÏܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ ç#Ól•z ܲyÓ≈l à!ë˛ï˛ xî%
ˆÎÙl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ ܲyÓ≈•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ñ
!˲ê˛y!Ùl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚
xhs˝ G Ó!•/ ܲAܲy°G !Ó!˲ߨ ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ °Óî !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚#–
ˆÎ §Ü˛° ç#ÓˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÜœ˛yˆÏÓ˚y!Ê˛° Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y §¡õyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚
~•z Ù)° ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈lí˛y•z x:y•zí˛ Óy çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z x:y•zí˛ @’%ˆÏܲyç xl%ˆÏï˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– ~•z
@’%ˆÏܲyç xî%à%ˆÏ°y •Î˚ xlƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Óy
˜ç!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ xlƒylƒ xî%à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ
¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ å!ã˛eÈü 14.7ä–
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Óy x!:ˆÏçl SÈyí˛¸y
§ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ Ÿª§l ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ @’%ˆÏܲyçˆÏܲ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zˆÏí˛ Ó˚)˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ¢!=˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒG
!ÓK˛yl
 ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ C02
˜çÓ xl%§Ù)•
å≤Ãyî#ä
x˜ÏçÓ Ü˛yÓ≈ˆÏlê˛
§Ù)• åˆáy°§ä
á!lç ˜ï˛°
!ã˛e lÇÈüÈ 14.7 ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛˛ ܲyÓ≈l ã˛Ü˛
@’%ˆÏܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zͲõߨ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚yߨy ܲÓ˚yñ ï˛y˛õ í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚Ó•îñ G !Ó!˲ߨ !¢“ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢!=˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÎ§Ü˛° çµ y °yl# ˆ˛õyí˛¸ y ˆÏ l y •Î˚ ñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ ° G
ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° Î%=˛ •Î˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛˛õˆÏ«˛ !¢“
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%£Ï ç#ÓyŸ¬ çµy°yl#à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓ!¢
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ¢%Ó%̊ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ%̊Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÓ≈l í˛y•z
x:y•zí˛ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !mà%î •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ G ˜çÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
ܲyÓ≈lG !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ã˛Ü˛yܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
14.4.3 (i) @˝Ã#l•yí˛zç≤Ã˲yÓ˛˛å The Greenhouse
Effectä
˛Ü˛yç 14.1 ~Ó˚ ˲yà åiiiä ~˛ Ê˛°yÊ˛°à%ˆÏ°y !ܲ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰ
ï%˛!Ù ï˛y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòá– ï˛y˛õ ÜÑ˛yã˛ myÓ˚y xyÓÂô •Î˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ÜÑ˛yˆÏã˛Ó˚ ˆÓyï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ ï˛y í˛z£÷Ïï˛yÓ˚
≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò
˜çÓ xl%§Ù)•
åí˛z!qòä
çˆÏ° oÓ#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ §Ù)•
ܲÎ˚°y
ã%˛ly˛õyÌÓ˚
ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •Î˚– ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ë˛yu˛y xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÎ˚
@˝Ã#‹øܲy°#l í˛z!qòˆÏܲ í˛z£÷Ï Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
•ˆÏ Î ˚ ! SÈ ° – ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy!ê˛ˆÏ Ü ˛ @˝ à #l•yí˛z ç ÓˆÏ ° – ˆÜ˛yl
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛°#Î˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ @˝Ã#l•yí˛zçà%ˆÏ°y
lyÙy!AÜ˛ï˛ •Î˚– !ܲS%È àƒy§ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ Ù%=˛ •ˆÏï˛
Óyôy ˆòÎ˚– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~§Ó àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó,!Âô•z
§yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ àí˛¸ í˛z£÷Ïï˛y Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ•z ӈϰ
@˝Ã#l•yí˛zç ≤Ã˲yÓ– ܲyÓ≈lÈ í˛y•zÈx:y•zí˛ •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛
@˝Ã#l•yí˛zç àƒy§– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° x!ôܲ ï˛y˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
!ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚î •ˆÏFSÈ–
ܲyç 14.12
• !ÓŸª í˛z£÷ÏyÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲ# ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !°ˆÏáy–
• xyˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ @˝Ã#l•yí˛zç àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ lyÙG á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
199
14.4.4 x!:ˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛˛˛åThe Oxygen Cycleä
˛xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° ˆÙÔ° Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî È21%üÈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎÔà !•§yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ ÓyÎ˚%[˛ˆÏ° ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zí˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ~ÓÇ
Ë)˛˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ~ˆÏܲ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ë)˛ÈüÈ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà
ôyï%˛ G !§!°Ü˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x:y•zí˛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ G ܲyÓ≈ˆÏlê˛ñ §y°ˆÏÊ˛ê˛ñ
ly•zˆÏê˛∆ê˛ G xlƒylƒ á!lç !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ~ˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ܲyÓ≈l•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ åˆŸªï˛§yÓ˚äñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ !lí˛z!Üœ˛Ü˛ xƒy!§í˛ ~ÓÇ
ˆfl¨•çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õòyÌ≈ å!°!˛õí˛ä ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˜çÓ xî%Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
x!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyl •° x!:ˆÏçl–
!ܲv xyÙÓ˚y Îál x!:ˆÏçl ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó!° ï˛ál
ˆÎ ã˛Ü ˛ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá ˆ§
ã˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ•z Ó%!V˛– ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ x!:ˆÏçl Ù)°ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§à%!° •° ÈüüüÈ ò•lñ Ÿª§l ~ÓÇ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚
x:y•zí˛ àë˛l– ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùye Óí˛¸ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!:ˆÏçl
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •° §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!:ˆÏçl ã˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ó¢y° §#ÙyˆÏÓ˚áy ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– å!ã˛e 14.8ä
ÓyÎ˚%[˛°#Î˚ x!:ˆÏçl
˜çÓ xî% §Ù)•
§yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï x!:ˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛ Ÿª§l
CO2
H2 O
!ã˛e lÇÈüÈ 14.8 / ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ x!:ˆÏçl ã˛Ü˛
Î!òG xÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
Ÿª§ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ x!:ˆÏçl çÓ˚%!Ó˚ñ ï˛Ó%G ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
~ê˛y ˆçˆÏl xyl® ˛õyˆÏÓ ˆÎñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
200
!ܲS%È ç#Ó x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y !Ó£Ïy=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛
x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓƒyˆÏQ!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl
§ÇÓÂôlG •Î˚ ly–
14.5 GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚˛˛˛åOzone Layerä
˛x!:ˆÏçl ˆÙÔ°ˆÏܲ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !m˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ xî%
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Îy ˆ•yܲñ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚
!ï˛l!ê˛ x!:ˆÏçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% !lˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xî% ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ •° ÈO3È– ~ˆÏܲ GˆÏçyl ӈϰ–
~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î !m˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ xl% x!:ˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y lÎ˚ñ
~!ê˛ !Ó£Ïy=˛ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ˲yàƒÓyl ˆÎñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛Ó˚
ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ~!ê˛ §%!fiÌï˛ •Î˚ ly– ~!ê˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚
ˆ§áyˆÏl ˆ§!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ §)ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚
«˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ !Ó!ܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆ§§Ó «˛!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚
!Ó!ܲÓ˚îà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛
ˆ˛õÑÔSȈϰ xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ç#Ól lT˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
§¡±!ï˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ GçlhflÏÓ˚ ˆË˛ˆÏAà
ÎyˆÏFSÈ– xˆÏlܲ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùl%£Ïƒ §,T˛ ˆÎÔà ˆÎÙl ÈCFCÈ å~ܲ!ê˛
§%!fiÌï˛ Ü˛yÓ≈l ˆÎÔà ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l G ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
ˆÎ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜çÓ ≤Ã!Ü ˛Î˚yÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃•z ôÁǧ •Î˚ lyä
ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ° í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚y GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSÈyˆÏ°ñ
GˆÏçyl xî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ó!ܲÎ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚ •…y§
˛õyÎ˚– §¡±!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl#Ó˚y xƒyrê˛y!ê≈˛Ü˛yÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚
àï≈˛ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Î!ò GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ç#ÓˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÓ
ï˛y ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚y á%Ó•z ܲ!ë˛l– !ܲv xˆÏlܲ ˆ°yܲ ˲yÓˆÏSÈl ~
âê˛ly âê˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y•z ˲y°– GˆÏçyl hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ
xyÓ˚G «˛!ï˛§yôl •GÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~Ó˚y ܲyç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl–
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚
1980 1985 1990
!ã˛e ÈüÈ 14.9 / í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ SÈ!Ó Îy xƒyrê˛y!ê≈˛Ü˛yÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
GˆÏçylhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ àï≈˛ å ÙƒyˆÏçrê˛y Ó˚Çä ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓK˛yl
.
ܲyç
•

•
14.13
xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xî% GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
GˆÏçyl hflψÏÓ˚ àï≈˛ •GÎ˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ áÓÓ˚
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
á%шÏç ˆòˆÏáy ~•z àï≈˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
•ˆÏFSÈ !ܲly ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ç#ÓÜ%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ !ܲ
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°
1ä ç°ã˛ˆÏܲ ç°ˆÏܲ ܲ# ܲ# xÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄
2ä ˜ç!Óܲ à%Óc%̊ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È ~Ùl ò%!ê˛ ˆÎÔˆÏàÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ°ˆÏáy
ÎyÓ˚y x!:ˆÏçl G ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛–
3ä ~Ùl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl !ï˛l!ê˛ Ùl%£ÏƒÈüȧ,T˛ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛y
ˆ°ˆÏáy ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Óyï˛yˆÏ§ ܲyÓ≈lÈüÈí˛y•zÈüÈx:y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ–
4ä @˝Ã#l•yí˛zç ≤Ã˲yÓ !ܲ⁄
!ܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ åSÈ!ÓÈüÈ14.9ä 5ä ÓyÎ˚Ù% [˛ˆÏ° x!:ˆÏçlˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ò%!ê˛ Ó˚ˆ) ˛Ï õ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°˛
˛• ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ç#Ól ôyÓ˚y Ùy!ê˛ñ ç°ñ ÓyÎ˚% •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛
¢!=˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
˛• fiÌ°Ë˛yà G ç°Ë˛yˆÏàÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ x§Ù í˛z_yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z Óyï˛y§ §,!T˛ •Î˚–
˛• ç°y¢Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° Óy‹õ#Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚•z Ó,!T˛ •Î˚–
˛• ˆÜ˛yl xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyÎ˚% ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ lÙ%ly ˙ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ lÙ%lyˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛• ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ ˛õòyÌ≈àˆ% °
Ï y ã˛Ü˛yܲyÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° ç#ÓÙ[˛ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
˛• ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Ù,!_ܲy ò)£Ïî ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ Ùyl !lÎ˚sfî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ç#Ó ˜Ó!ã˛ˆÏeƒÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚–
˛• ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õòà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!Ùï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–

xl%¢#°l#
1. ˛ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyÎ˚%Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
2. ˛ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. ˛ §ç#Ó Ó› Ù,!_ܲyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°⁄ §ç#Ó Ó› ÎyÓ˚y çˆÏ° Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
!ܲ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚ çlƒ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° lÎ˚⁄
4. ˛ ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y ò)Ó˚ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe xyÓ•yGÎ˚y §Çܲyhs˝ !ÓK˛!Æ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈy– xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚
˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ Óyî# !òˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ÓˆÏ° ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚⁄

≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õò 201

 5. xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° G Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚
Ùyey ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ï%˛!Ù !ܲ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ G §#ÙyÓÂô xM˛ˆÏ° ~•z§Ó
ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Órô ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ò)£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ Ùyey •…y§ ˛õyˆÏÓ⁄
6. ˛xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyÎ˚%ñ Ùy!ê˛ñ ç° •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ£Ï≈ Ó,!Âô ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÓlË)˛!ÙÓ˚ ܲ#
Ë)˛!Ùܲy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ê˛#ܲy !°ˆÏáy–

202
!ÓK˛yl
xôƒyÎ˚ 15 áyòƒ§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛ßz !¨ ï˛§yôl
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
xyÙÓ˚y çy!l ˆÎñ §Ó §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚•z áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– áyòƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÓ≈y•y•zˆÏí»˛ê˛ñ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ Ê˛ƒyê˛ñ !˲ê˛y!Ùl ~ÓÇ
á!lç °Óî ˛õy•z ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆò•àë˛lñ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ
fl∫yfĩ Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– í˛z!qò ~ÓÇ ≤Ãyî# í˛z˲Î˚•z
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl í˛zͧ– x!ôܲyÇ¢ áyòƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y Ü,˛!£Ï
~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%˛õy°l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy•z–
§ÇÓyò˛õˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ìy!ܲ ˆÎñ Ü,˛!£Ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%˛õy°l
ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ §Ó §ÙÎ˚•z Óƒy˛õܲ ≤ÈÏã˛T˛y
ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛T˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÜ˛l⁄ Óï≈˛Ùyl í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
•yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ˆÜ˛l⁄
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ôܲ çlÓ•%° ˆò¢– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
çl§Çáƒy ~ܲ !Ó!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚G x!ôܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛y Ü˛Ù¢ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸•z
ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Óô≈l¢#° çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ áyòƒ §ÇÜ%˛°yˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ
á%Ó ¢#â•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ~ܲ !Ó!°Î˚l ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ
üÈã˛ï%˛Ì≈yÇ¢ áyòƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏÓ– ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!ÙÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó ç!ÙˆÏܲ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚
xyly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y£ÏÓy§ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!ÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ÓˆÏí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y
§%ˆÏÎyà ˆl•z– ï˛y•z ¢§ƒ G ˛õy!°ï˛ ˛õ¢% í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z í˛zͲõyòl
ò«˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚
≤ÈÏã˛T˛y ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ܲS%Èê˛y §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó%ç
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ åGreen Revolutionä Ê˛ˆÏ° áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆŸªï˛˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ åWhite Revolutionä Ê˛ˆÏ°
~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ò%ˆÏ?ôÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
ˆï˛Ù!l ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚G Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y
ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ áyòƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~•z§Ó !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xÌ≈•z
•° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ~Ó˚
Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚)˛õñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃfiÌ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ΈÏÌT˛ §Ω˛yÓly Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚
˲yÓ˚§yÙƒG §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ~ê˛y
á%Ó•z à%Ó˚c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ˆÎñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
í˛z˛õyòyl§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ !ÓlT˛ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl
Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z Ü,˛!£Ï ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl
˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÎyˆÏï˛ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛
§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye à%òyÙçyï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ x˛õ%!T˛ ~ÓÇ «%˛ôy !lÓ,!_ç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §Ùyôyl
§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ܲÎ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ÇfiÌyl ÌyܲyG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛y ~ÓÇ
áyòƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ «˛Ùï˛y í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛y !l˲≈Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çl§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól
ôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°Ï– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ «%˛ôy
!lÓ,!_ç!lï˛ §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛
Óƒ!=˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚G Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– Ü,˛!£Ïç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲ
Ê˛§° í˛z Í ˛õyòl ܲÓ˚ ˆ Ï ï ˛ xyÙyˆÏ ò Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– §%fiÌyÎ˚# ç#!Óܲy !lÓ≈yˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ
!Ù◊ ã˛y£Ïñ •zrê˛yÓ˚ܲ!˛õÇ ~ÓÇ §%§Ç•ï˛ ã˛y£Ï •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õÂô!ï˛
@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õñ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
!Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ¢%˛õy°l Óy Ù%Ó˚!à˛õy°l Óy Ùͧã˛y£Ï Óy
ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~ál ≤ß¿ •° ~•z ˆÎñ xyÙÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ áyòƒ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ
˛õ¢%§¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄
15.1 Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòˆÏl í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl (Improvement in Crop Yields)
àÙñ ôylñ Ë%˛Ryñ ÓyçÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò áyòƒ¢§ƒ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ¢!=˛Ó˚ ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ¢Ü≈˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl
ˆòÎ˚– ˆSÈy°yñ Ùê˛Ó˚ñ !Óí˛z!°ñ Ù%àñ xí˛¸•Ó˚ñ Ù%§%Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛y°
çyï˛#Î˚ ¢§ƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚–
˜ï˛°Ó#ç ˆÎÙl §Î˚y!Ólñ ÓyòyÙñ !ï˛°ñ ˆÓ˚!í˛¸ñ §!Ó˚£Ïyñ !ï˛!§
~ÓÇ §)Î≈Ù)á# xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ• ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ã˛!Ó≈È çyï˛#Î˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Óî˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ å!ã˛eı 15.1ä– ¢yÜ˛È§Ó!çñ Ù¢°yñ Ê˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ
á%Ó x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lñ ܲyˆÏÓy≈ •y•zˆíÏ ˛» ê˛ G Ê˛ƒyê˛ SÈyí˛¸yG xyÙÓ˚y

!ã˛e 15.1ı !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢§ƒ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!ï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ !˲ê˛y!Ùl G á!lç°Óî
˛õy•z– ~•z§Ó áyòƒ¢§ƒ SÈyí˛¸yG ˛õy!°ï˛ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
ˆÎyàyl ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ¢%áyòƒ §,!T˛Ü˛yÓ˚# ¢§ƒ ˆÎÙl ÓyÓ˚!¢Ù
å~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !¢¡∫ˆÏàye#Î˚ í˛z!qòäñ Gê˛§‰ñ §%òyl ây§ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚
≤Ã
ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ÿ¿ı
1É òyly¢§ƒñ í˛y°ñ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ §Ó!ç ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
ܲ# ܲ# ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ Ìy!ܲ⁄
!Ó!˲ߨ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ç#Ólã˛Ü˛ §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !˲ߨ
!˲ߨ ç°ÓyÎ˚%ñ ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yܲ Óƒy!ÆܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
•Î˚– xyˆÏ°yܲ Óƒy!Æܲy° §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ !fiÌ!ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– í˛z!qˆÏÏòÓ˚ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õyÂàÙ §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!l˲≈Ó˚¢#°– xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z çy!l ˆÎñ í˛z!qò §)Î≈yˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚
í˛z˛õ!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yˆÏ°yܲ§ÇˆÏŸ’£Ï ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ áyòƒ !lˆÏç ˜ï˛!Ó˚
204
ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È áyòƒ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï Ó£Ï≈yܲyˆÏ° ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
áy!Ó˚Ê˛ ¢§ƒ ӈϰ– ç%l ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ ˛õÎhs˝ ~•z ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï
•Î˚– xyÓyÓ˚ !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ¢#ï˛Ü˛yˆÏ° ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!≤ð ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚!Ó ¢§ƒ ӈϰ–
ôylñ §Î˚y!Ólñ xí˛¸•Ó˚ñ Ë)˛Ryñ ï%˛°yñ Ù%àñ !Óí˛z!° •° áy!Ó˚Ê˛ ¢§ƒ–
x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ àÙñ Ùê˛Ó˚ñ §!Ó˚£Ïyñ !ï˛!§ •° Ó˚!Ó ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ 1952 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2010 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ã˛y£ÏˆÏÎyàƒ ç!ÙÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye 25% Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ã˛yÓ˚
à%î Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ~•z í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô âê˛yˆÏly §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õܲ≈Î%=˛ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚
˲yӈϰ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÎ ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲=˛
ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ •° ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ Ó#ç !lÓ≈yã˛l–
!mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ •° ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ܲÓ˚y– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •° Óô≈l¢#°
¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ Ùyë˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ §Çà,•#ï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ ˆÓ˚yô ܲÓ˚y– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl í˛zߨ!ï§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤Ãôyl
!ܲÎ˚yܲ°y˛õà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl–
• ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß!¨ ï˛§yôl
• Ê˛§° §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly
15.1.1 ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãçll
â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ Óy ˆfiê˛∆•zl !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y •° ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô«˛Ù •GÎ˚yñ
§yÓ˚ @˝Ã•ˆÏî §«˛Ù •GÎ˚yñ Ê˛§° à%îÙyl§¡õߨ •GÎ˚y ~ÓÇ x!ôܲ
í˛z Í ˛õyòl¢#° •GÎ˚ y – ¢ˆÏ § ƒÓ˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚ y •z ! ê˛ˆÏ ï ˛ ܲy!Cï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒyÓ!°Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚ âê˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ •ˆÏFSÈ §ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î–
§ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î Ó°ˆÏï˛ !çlàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !˲ߨ ò%!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
≤Ãçll âê˛yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚– ~•z §ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
xyhs˝ ı ˲ƒyÓ˚ y •z ê ˛y° åò% ! ê˛ !˲ߨ ˲ƒyÓ˚ y •z ! ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏ ô ƒä Óy
xyhs˝ı≤Ãçy!ï˛ å~ܲ•z àˆÏîÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒä
xÌÓy xyhs˝ıàl#Î˚ å!˲ߨ àˆÏlÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒä– Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚
í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ •°ñ í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ܲy!«˛ï˛
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ §«˛Ù !çˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇfiÌy˛õl– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
!çlàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ¢§ƒ í˛z!qò §,!T˛ •Î˚–
ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚˚ l%ï˛l ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ê˛y ˆòáy çÓ˚%!Ó˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛!ê˛ !Ó!˲ߨ xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ x!ôܲ Ê˛°l !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ ly– Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚
˙ !l!ò≈T˛ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛à%îÙyl §¡õߨ Ó#ç §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– xÌ≈yÍ ~•z Ó#çà%ˆÏ°y ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ •Î˚
!ÓK˛yl
~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ xAÜ%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ã˛y£ÏyÓyò ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl xyÓ•yGÎ˚yñ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
à%îàï˛ Ùyl G çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
áÓ˚y G Ólƒy ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏrô
xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚lyñ ï˛y•z !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ç°ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ çß√yˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y•z ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# •Î˚–
~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù,!_ܲyÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ °Óîy=˛ï˛y §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl
˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ
˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ
• í˛zFã˛Ê˛°l¢#°ï˛y ı ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲÓ˚ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y–
• à%îàï˛Ùyl í˛zߨÎ˚lı áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ à%îàï˛
!òܲ ¢§ƒ ˆË˛ˆÏò !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– àˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ!ܲÇ
~Ó˚ à%îÙylñ í˛yˆÏ° ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ à%îÙylñ ˜Ïï˛°Ó#ˆÏç
ˆï˛ˆÏ ° Ó˚ à% î Ùyl ~ÓÇ Ê˛° G §Ó!çÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏ e
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ à%îÙyl à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
• ç#Óç ~ÓÇ xç#Óç ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒı
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ç#Óç åˆÓ˚yàñ ˛õï˛Aà ~ÓÇ
!lÙyˆÏ ê ˛yí˛ä ~ÓÇ xç#Óç åáÓ˚ y ñ °Óîy=˛ï˛yñ
ç°ÓÂôï˛yñ í˛z£÷Ïï˛yñ ¢#ï˛°ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï%˛£ÏyÓ˚˛õyï˛ä
õ#í˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl •…y§ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
~•z§Ó ˛õ#í˛¸l ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ¢§ƒ
í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!Âô ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛ • õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈lı Ó#ç Ó˛õl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ¢§ƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §ÙÎ˚ Îï˛
Ü˛Ù °yˆÏà xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢
°y˲çlܲ •Î˚– ~•zÓ˚)˛õ Ü˛Ù §ÙÎ˚ܲy° Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ
ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲÓyÓ˚ Ê˛§° Ê˛°yˆÏï˛
˛§y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚
ܲy° Ü˛Ù •GÎ˚yÎ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòlÈüÈÙ° ) ƒG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ~ܲ•z •ˆÏ° Ê˛§° §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛ §•ç •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛§° §Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yˆÏ°
Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
• !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyçl «˛Ùï˛y ı !Óhfl,Ïï˛
˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §«˛Ù ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòlˆÏܲ !fiÌ!ï˛¢#°
Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ál !Ó!˲ߨ fiÌyˆÏl !Ó!˲ߨ
ç°ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛•z ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
• Ü,˛!£ÏÈüȧÇܲyhs˝ ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ§Ù)•ı ˛õ¢%áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ
áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl
ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ •° í˛z!qò!ê˛Ó˚
x!ôܲ ˜òâ≈ƒ!Ó!¢T˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ¢yáy ≤âyáy Î%=˛
•GÎ˚y– áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ˜òâ≈ƒ áÓ≈ •GÎ˚y
ÓyM˛l#Î˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢§ƒà%ˆÏ°y ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ù
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˆ¢y£Ïl ܲˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ Ü,˛!£ÏÈüȧÇܲyhs˝
ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ x!ôܲ
≤Ã
Ê˛°ˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ •Î˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ç#Óç ~ÓÇ xç#Óç ≤Ã˲yÓܲà% ˆ Ï ° y Ê˛§°
í˛zͲõyòl Óy Ê˛°lˆÏܲ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚⁄
2É ¢ˆÏ § ƒÓ˚ í˛z ß ¨ ! ï˛ §yôˆÏ l Ó˚ çlƒ ܲy!Cï˛
Ü,˛!£ÏÈüȧ¡∫!rôÎ˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
15.1.2 ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl §¡∫rô#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyı
xlƒylƒ Ü,˛!£Ï ≤Ãôyl ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó˚Ï≈ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyÎ≈G
ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆáï˛ áyÙyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•_Ó˚ áyÙyÓ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Óhfl,Ïï˛– ï˛y•z !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ë)˛!Ùñ xÌ≈
~ÓÇ ï˛Ìƒ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛Ó˚ §•yÎ˚ï˛y °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ §%ˆÏÎyà Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲçl Ü,˛£Ïܲ !Ó!˲ߨ ã˛y£ÏyÓyò ˛õÂô!ï˛
~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ï §Çܲyhs˝ ≤ÃÎ%!=˛ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏÓ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ
Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛Î%=˛– ã˛y£ÏyÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÂô!ï˛
Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲÎ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_
ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ !fiÌÓ˚ •Î˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ
í˛zͲõyòl ˛õÂô!ï˛ §Ù)• !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !láÓ˚ã˛yÎ˚
í˛zͲõyòlñ fl∫“ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ x!ôܲ áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ í˛zͲõyòl
~Ó˚ xhs˝Ë≈)˛=˛–
15.1.2 (i) ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ı
Ó,!Âôñ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ §%fiÌ ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÙl áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆï˛Ù!l í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒG ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– í˛z!qò ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚ çlƒ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ Ó•% ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛z!qò ÓyÎ˚% ˆÌˆÏܲ x!:ˆÏçl G ܲyÓ≈lñ ç° ˆÌˆÏܲ
•y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçl ~ÓÇ Ùy!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ 13!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ç@˝Ã•
ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÙyeyÎ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ó°y •Î˚–
xlƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qò á%Ó fl∫“ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ó°y •Î˚ å§yÓ˚!î
15.1ä–
205

§yÓ˚!î 15.1ı ÓyÎ˚%ñ ç° ~ÓÇ Ù,!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ ˛
õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ§Ù)•
í˛zͧ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ù)•
ÓyÎ˚% ܲyÓ≈lñ x!:ˆÏçl
ç° •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ x!:ˆÏçl
Ùy!ê˛ i) x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲı
ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ñ ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙñ
ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙñ ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙñ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚
ii) fl∫“Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲı
xyÎ˚ Ó ˚ l ñ ÙƒyAày!lçñ ˆÓyÓ˚ l ñ
Ù!°ÓˆÏí˛lyÙñ ˆÜœ˛y!Ó˚l–
~•z §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÏÓ˚ âyê˛!ï˛ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yÓ˚#Ó˚Ó,_#Î˚
≤Ã!ܲÎ˚y ˆÎÙl çllñ Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛y
•zï˛ƒy!òˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚
í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ~•z§ÓÏ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ G Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
≤Ã
§yÓ˚ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ# ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
~Ó˚)˛õ Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
2É Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ ˛í˛z!qò õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ˛õyÎ˚⁄
˜çÓ§yÓ˚
˜çÓ§yˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛G xyˆÏ§– ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ Ù° Ù)ey!ò
G í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚– ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎyˆÏà Ùy!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ G ˜çÓ Ó›ˆÏï˛ §Ù,Âô
•Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ˜çÓ§yˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ x!ôܲ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ àë˛lˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˜çÓ§yÓ˚
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ ˆÏà ˆÓˆÏ°Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ç°ôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ܲyòy Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛
x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ ç° !l‹Òy¢ˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ç° çˆÏÙ ÎyGÎ˚y ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ç#Óç
Óç≈ƒ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!Óôy •° ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˛õyÎ˚– ç#Óç ÓˆÏçƒ≈ Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ ÓˆÏçƒ≈ Ó˚
˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌ– ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ ç#Óç
206
Ó›Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ !l¡¨Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ
ˆ◊!î!Ó˲=˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
(i) ܲˆÏ¡õyfiê˛˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y!Ù≈ܲˆÏ¡õyfiê˛ ı ˆÎ ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yÎ˚
áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ í˛zͲõߨ Óç≈ƒ ˛õòyÌ≈ ˆÎÙlı ˛õy!°ï˛ ˛õ¢%Ó˚
Ù°Ù)e åˆàyÓÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!òäñ ¢yܲ§Ó!çÓ˚ Óçƒ≈ñ
≤Ãyî#ç Óçƒ≈ñ à,•fiÌy!°Ó˚ Óçƒ≈ñ lò≈ÙyÓ˚ Óçƒ≈ñ áí˛¸
ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõy!ê˛ï˛ xyàySÈy •zï˛ƒy!ò àˆÏï≈˛ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl âê˛yˆÏly •Î˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏ¡õy!fiê˛Ç
ӈϰ– ܲˆÏ¡õyfiê˛ ˜çÓ ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲ
§Ù,Âô– ܲˆÏ¡õyfiê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yÓ˚G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚
ÌyˆÏܲ Îy í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# ÓˆÏçƒ≈Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÎy˚ çl ≤Ã!ܲÎ˚yˆÏܲ
cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜÑ˛ˆÏã˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ˜çÓ
§yÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˲y!Ù≈ܲˆÏ¡õyfiê˛ ÓˆÏ°–
(ii) §Ó%ç §yÓ˚ ı Ó#ç Ó˛õˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È
í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl xï˛§# Óy V˛yí˛¸!¢Ù å!¢¡∫ ˆàye#Î˚
í˛z!qòä •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲ£Ï≈î
myÓ˚y §Ó%ç í˛z!qò à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!¢ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~•z §Ó%ç í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°y §Ó%ç
§yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ Îy Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçl G
Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚
Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ §yÓ˚ •° Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˲yˆÏ Ó ≤Ã›ï˛ í˛z ! qòÈ ü È
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ– Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ly•zˆÏê˛∆yˆÏçlñ Ê˛§Ê˛Ó˚y§
˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ Îy í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛
xAàç å˛õyï˛yñ ¢yáy ≤âyáyñ Ê%˛°ä Ó,!ÂôˆÏܲ §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z í˛z!qò!ê˛˛ §%fiÌ G §Ó° •Î˚– ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈ x!ôܲ xÌ≈ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛zFã˛
Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ Ê˛° ˆ˛õˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ° ~•z §yÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ xyˆÏà G ˛õˆÏÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ §yÓôylï˛y xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚)˛õ
ܲáˆÏlyÈüÈܲáˆÏly xï˛ƒ!ôܲ 簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚
ç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ô%ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ•
§¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˆ¢y!£Ïï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ly– ~•z x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§yÓ˚ ï˛ál ç° ò)£î âê˛yÎ˚–
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ˆÎ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙyàï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y •…y§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ Ù,!_ܲy!fiÌï˛ xî%ç#Óà%ˆÏ°y
!ÓK˛yl
«˛!ï˛@˝ÃfiÌ •Î˚ñ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù,!_ܲyÓ˚ ˜çÓ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ âyê˛!ï˛ ˛õ)Ó˚î
•Î˚ ly– ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÏÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ç!ÙÓ˚
í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫“fiÌyÎ˚#
í˛z õ ˆÏ Î y!àï˛y ~ÓÇ ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏ Ó ˚ Ó ˚ ò#â≈ fi ÌyÎ˚ #
≤Ã
í˛z˛õˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
Ÿ¿ı
1É ç!ÙÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
˜çÓ ã˛y£Ï (Organic farmingä •° ˆ§•z ã˛y£ÏÓy§ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§yÓ˚ñ xyàySÈyly¢Ü˛ñ ܲ#ê˛ly¢Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ á%Ó•z x“ÙyeyÎ˚ •Î˚ Óy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ•˚ z •Î˚ly– ~•z ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ñ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï˛#≈ï˛ áyÙyÓ˚ Óçƒ≈ åáí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ˛õ¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚
Ù°Ù)eä ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y ~•z ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚
çlƒ l#°y˲ §Ó%ç ˜¢ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ç#Ó Ó›Ó˚ ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ñ ¢§ƒ
§ÇÓ˚«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˜çÓ Ü˛#ê˛ ly¢Ü˛ !•§yˆÏÓ !lÙ˛õyï˛y Óy •°%ò ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ¢§ƒã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛G å!Ù◊ã˛y£ñÏ
•zrê˛yÓ˚ܲ!˛õÇ ¢§ƒyÓï≈˛l ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y 15.1.2 (iii) ˆï˛ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z ¢§ƒã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆÎÙl ¢§ƒ
í˛z!qòˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl ˆòÎ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ˛õï˛Aàñ ˆ˛õfiê˛ ~ÓÇ
xyàySÈy !lÎ˚sfˆÏîG í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.1.2 (ii) 簈ϧã˛ı
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢ Ü,˛!£Ï Ó,!T˛ÈüÈ!lË≈˛Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà xM˛ˆÏ°
¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÙÔ§%Ù# ÓyÎ˚%Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚
xyàÙl ~ÓÇ ¢§ƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã Ó,!Âôܲy° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õÎ≈yÆ
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ï˛y•z ò%Ó≈° ˆÙÔ§%!Ù ÓyÎ˚% ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ê˛°l
•…yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î •Î˚– ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôܲyˆÏ° í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ 簈ϧã˛
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ Ê˛°l °y˲ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z x!ôܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲï˛Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙˆÏܲ ˆ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
á%Ó Ü˛Ù Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ xÌÓy §Ó≈e §Ù˲yˆÏÓ Ó,!T˛˛õyï˛ ly •ˆÏ°
áÓ˚y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚– Ó,!T˛ÈüÈ!l˲≈Ó˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó xM˛ˆÏ°
˚ ˆçˆÏl lyG
¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà
˛õyÎ˚ly ~ÓÇ ¢%ô% Ó,!T˛˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§áyˆÏl
áÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ •%Ù!ܲ fl∫Ó˚)˛õ– •y°Ü˛y V%˛Ó˚V%˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ç°ôyÓ˚î
«˛Ùï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ Ü˛Ù– ˆ§çlƒ ˆÎ§Ó xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùy!ê˛ •y°Ü˛y
xyÏÓG
V%˛Ó˚V%˛ˆÏÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚ ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòl áÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙyÓ˚ydܲ
˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •Î˚– ˜ÓK˛y!lܲÓ˚y ~Ùl !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛
˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎà%ˆÏ°y áÓ˚y ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ç° §¡õò ~ÓÇ xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜Ó!ã˛eƒ˛õ)î≈
ç°ÓyÎ˚% Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ç° §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï%˛°ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙˆÏï˛ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ – ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü%%˛ˆÏÎ˚y
Óy Ü)˛˛õñ áy°ñ lò#ñ ç°yôyÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
• Ü%%˛ˆÏÎ˚y ıÈ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚y Óy Ü)˛˛õ ò%•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ áll Ü)˛˛õ G l°
Ü)˛˛õ– Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ ç°hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° állÜ)˛ˆÏ˛õ çÙy •Î˚–
l°Ü˛)˛õ Ë)˛!l¡¨fiÌ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ x!ôܲ à˲#Ó˚ ç°hflÓÏ ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ç° ï%˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏl– ~•z§Ó Ü)˛˛õ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ç° ï%˛ˆÏ° xyly •Î˚–
• áy° ı ~!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~ÓÇ
Óƒy˛õܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛– ~•z ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ áy°à%ˆÏ°y ~ܲ
Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ç°yôyÓ˚ Óy lò#Ó˚ çˆÏ° ˛õ%T˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤Ãôyl
áy°!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáy áyˆÏ° !Ó˲=˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢yáy áy° xyÓyÓ˚ ܲï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y áyˆÏ°
!Ó˲=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚–
• lò# ˆÌˆÏܲ ç° í˛zˆÏ_y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛ı ç°yôyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ç° SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî
ˆÎ §Ó xM˛ˆÏ° áy° !òˆÏÎ˚ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓy• x˛õÎ≈yÆ Óy
x!lÎ˚!Ùï˛ •Î˚ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ç° í˛zˆÏ_y°l ˛õÂô!ï˛ ålift
systemä x!ôܲ Î%!=˛§Çàï˛– lò# ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚
ç° ï%˛ˆÏ° !lˆÏÎ˚ lò# §Ç°@¿ Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙˆÏï˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y• ܲˆÏÓ˚
簈ϧˆÏã˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
• ç°yôyÓ˚ ı ~à%ˆÏ°y ç° §M˛Î˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyôyÓ˚
ˆÎà%ˆ° Ï y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ç°yË)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚ xy§y ç°
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚ çÙy ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá–
Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ç° §Ó˚ÓÓ˚yˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ Ó,!T˛Ó˚
ç° §ÇÓ˚«˛î ~ÓÇ ç°yôyÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È
lï%˛l ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y ÓÑyô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ë)˛àË≈˛fiÌ ç°hflˆÏ ÓÏ Ó˚ ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚– ~•z ÓÑyôà%ˆ°
Ï y
Ó,!T˛Ó˚ ç°ˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓy!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆòÎ˚ly ~ÓÇ
Ë)˛!Ù«˛Î˚G ˆÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚–
15.1.2(iii) ¢§ƒã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôÓ˚l
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §%!Óôy °yˆÏ˲Ó˚ çlƒ ¢§ƒ Ê˛°yˆÏlyÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Ù◊ ã˛yˆÏ£Ï ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢§ƒ ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ
ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎÙl Èüüü àÙˆSÈy°y xÌÓy àÙ§!Ó˚£Ïy Óy
ÓyòyÙ§)Î≈Ù%á#– ~!ê˛ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛!ï˛ç!lï˛ VÑ%˛!ܲ •…y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl «˛!ï˛@˝ÃfiÌ •ˆÏ°G
Ü,˛£Ïܲ ˆ§•z «˛!ï˛ Ü˛y!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
207
 •zrê˛yÓ˚Èܲ!˛õÇ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛
ôÓ˚l ˆÙˆÏl˛ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢§ƒ Ê˛°yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ å!ã˛e 15.2
ˆòˆÏáyä– ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §y!Ó˚ ~ܲyhsÓ˚˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚)˛õ ÈüüüÈ
§Î˚y!ÓlË)˛Ry Óy ÓyçÓ˚yÓÓ˚Ó!ê˛– ~ ¢§ƒí˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~•z í˛z!qòà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy
!˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ~!ê˛ §Ó˚ÓÓ˚y•Ü,˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ §Ó≈y!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ
ˆÎÙl §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l ¢§ƒˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ §ÇܲÙîG ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ
í˛z˲Î˚ ¢§ƒí˛z!qò•z x!ôܲ Ê˛°l ˆòÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛£Ïܲ x!ôܲ Ù%lyÊ˛y °y˲
ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ã˛e 15.2ı •zrê˛yÓ˚Èܲ!˛õÇ
õ)Ó≈˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˛˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ
ã˛y£ÏˆÏܲ ¢§ƒ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ Ó°y •Î˚– ¢§ƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓlܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ ¢§ƒ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ¢§ƒ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~ܲÓyÓ˚
Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
xyo≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ~ÓÇ ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
Î!ò ¢§ƒ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ò%•z Óy
ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛°l ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
15.1.3 ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly
Ü, ˛ !£Ï ç !ÙˆÏ ï ˛ ¢§ƒ Ó•% §ÇáƒÜ˛ xyàySÈ y ñ ܲ#ê˛˛õï˛Aà ~ÓÇ
ˆÓ˚yàÈüÈç#Óyî% myÓ˚y xyܲyhs˝ •Î˚– Î!ò xyàySÈy ~ÓÇ Ü˛#ê˛˛õï˛AàˆÏܲ
§!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ~Ó˚y ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ~Ùl
«˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà ¢§ƒ•z lT˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
xyàySÈy •° Ü,˛!£Ïç!ÙˆÏï˛ çß√yˆÏly xl!˲ˆÏ≤Ãï˛ Ü˛ï˛à%ˆÏ°y
í˛z!qò ˆÎÙl ÈüüüÈ ˆç!rÌÎ˚yÙ åXanthiumäñ ˛õyˆÏÌ≈!lÎ˚yÙ
åPartheniumäñ §y•zˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚ly§ ˆÓ˚yê˛yu˛y§ åCyperinus
rotundusä– ~Ó˚y áyòƒñ Óy§fiÌyl ~ÓÇ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲÓ˚ çlƒ ¢§ƒ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ xÇ¢ ˆlÎ˚– xyàySÈyà%ˆ° Ï y ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ
208
ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÎ˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ó,!Âô Óƒ•ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ˲yˆÏ°y Ê˛°ˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfiÌyÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïç!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàySÈy
ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
§yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛#ê˛ ˛õï˛Aà !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ¢§ƒˆÏܲ xyܲÙî ܲˆÏÓı˚
åiä ~Ó˚y ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚˚ Ù)°ñ ܲy[˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õyï˛y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆòÎ˚– (ii) ~Ó˚y ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ xAà ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚§ ˆ¢y£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚– (iii) ~Ó˚y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
ܲy[˛ G Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyˆÏe !SÈo ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛#ê˛ÈüÈ˛õï˛AàÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚˚
«˛!ï˛§yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚–
Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ SÈeyܲ ~ÓÇ Ë˛y•zÓ˚yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õƒyˆÏÌyˆÏçl
í˛z!qòˆÏòˆÏ• ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ˛õƒyˆÏÌyˆÏçlà%ˆÏ°y Ùy!ê˛ñ ç° G
ÓyÎ˚%ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ•z ˆÓ˚yà SÈí˛¸yÎ˚–
xyàySÈyñ ˛õï˛Aà ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛
!lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ÓƒÓ•,ï˛
˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ˆ˛õ!fiê˛§y•zˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ~•z
ˆ˛õ!fiê˛§y•zí˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xyàySÈyly¢Ü˛ñ ܲ#ê˛ÈüÈ˛õï˛Aàly¢Ü˛
~ÓÇ SÈeyܲly¢Ü˛– ~•z Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˆ˛õ!fiê˛§y•zí˛à%ˆ° Ï yˆÏܲ ¢§ƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ xÌÓy Ùy!ê˛ Óy Ó#çˆÏܲ ç#Óyî%Ù%=˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lˆÏܲÓ˚ xï˛ƒ!ôܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ §Ù§ƒy §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ~Ó˚y
!Ó!˲ߨ í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî# ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˛«˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~Ó˚y
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò)£ÏîG âê˛yÎ˚–
Îy!sfܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛G xyàySÈy ò)Ó˚#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎÌyÎÌ
Ó#çï˛°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ §!ë˛Ü˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó#çÓ˛õlñ •zrê˛yÓ˚È Ü˛!˛õÇ ~ÓÇ ¢§ƒ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓy˚ ôܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃G xyàySÈy !lÎ˚sîf ܲÓ˚y
ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ˆ˛õfiê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ˛õÂô!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ˛õfiê˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô«˛Ù ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#‹øܲy°#l Ë)˛!Ù Ü˛£Ï≈î–
@˝Ã#‹øܲyˆÏ° à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ Ü,˛!£Ïç!Ù Ü˛£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° !Ó!˲ߨ xyàySÈy G
≤Ã
ˆ˛õfiê˛ ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É !lˆÏ¡¨y=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰à%ˆÏ°y §Ó≈y!ôܲ
°y˲çlܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛Ïl⁄
ܲä Ü,˛£ÏܲÓ˚y í˛zFã˛È à%îÙyl§¡õߨ Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓñ˚ !ܲv
ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ç°ˆÏ§ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆl•z ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ
§yÓ˚G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ly–
áä Ü,˛£Ïܲ §yôyÓ˚î ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ç!ÙˆÏï˛
簈ϧˆÏã˛ÈÓ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àä Ü,˛£Ïܲ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ Ó#ç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ç!ÙˆÏï˛
簈ϧˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy xyˆÏSÈñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢§ƒ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy
xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ÓK˛yl
 §yÓ˚!î 15.2 ı ˛≤Ãyî#ç ˛õˆÏîƒÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛ÈüÈÙ)°ƒ
≤Ãyî#ç ˛õîƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢ï˛Ü˛Ó˚y å%ä •yÓ˚
ˆfl¨•˛õòyÌ≈ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
ò%?ôåˆàyÓ˚%ä 3.60 4.00
!í˛Ù 12.00 13.00
Ùyǧ 3.60 21.10
ÙySÈ 2.50 19.00
* x!ï˛ x“ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛
ܲyç ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈ 15.1
= ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ !lܲê˛Óï˛#≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óyàyl ‡ Ü,˛!£Ïˆ« Ï ˛e ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓy˚
~ÓÇ ˆ§áyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ xyàySÈyñ Ê%˛° ‡ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲ#ê˛ï˛Aà Ê%˛°‡¢§ƒˆÏܲ
xyܲÙî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–
áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ùç%ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îı
Ùç%ï˛Ë˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢
•ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ òyÎ˚# ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ åÜ˛ä §ç#Ó ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ÈüüüÈ ˛õï˛Aàñ •zÑò%Ó˚ñ SÈeyܲñ
Ùy•zê˛ ~ÓÇ Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y– åáä çí˛¸ ≤Ã˲yÓܲÈüüüÈ Ùç%ï˛ Ë˛y[˛yˆÏÓ˚
ÎÌyÎÌ xyo≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ x˲yÓ– ~•z §ÓÏ ≤Ã˲yÓܲ à%ˆ°
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ à%îàï˛ Ùylñ Gçlñ xAÜ%˛ˆÏÓ˚yÂàˆÏÙÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y •…y§
˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢§ƒ !ÓÓî≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §,!T˛ •Î˚– áyòƒ¢§ƒ §M˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒ
˜ï˛!Ó˚ à%òyÙâˆÏÓ˚ §%§ÇÓÂô ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈yÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z §Ó ≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ áyòƒ¢§ƒà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §M˛Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z
≤Ã˲yÓܲà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ~ÓÇ
!lÎ˚sfî ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈÙç%ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ê˛§°ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
ˆÓ˚yˆÏò ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ SÈyÎ˚yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
Ó˚ y §yÎ˚ ! lܲ ˆôÑ y Î˚ y !òˆÏ Î ˚ Ê˛§ˆÏ ° í˛z ˛ õ!fiÌï˛ «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ Ü ˛
≤Ã
ˆ˛õyܲyÈüÈÙyÜ˛í˛¸àˆ% °Ï yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §%Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôܲ ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ
˜çÓÈüÈ!lÎ˚sfî ˛õÂô!ï˛§Ù)• @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛Í ˆÜ˛l⁄
2É Ùç%ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆîÏ Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ áyòƒ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛Ó˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#
≤Ã˲yÓܲà%!° ܲ# ܲ# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄
áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl
¢Ü≈˛Ó˚y á!lç ç° !˲ê˛y!Ùl
4.50 0.70 87.20 B1, B2, B12, D, E
* 1.00 74.00 B2, D
* 1.10 74.20 B2, B12
* 1.30 77.20 Niacin, D, A
ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈü15.2
= !ܲS%È §ÇáƒÜ˛ òyly¢§ƒñ í˛y°çyï˛#Î˚ ¢§ƒ ~ÓÇ ˜ï˛°Ó#ç
çyï˛#Î˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ òyly‡Ó#ç §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ˆÎ
}ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó#ç Ó˛õl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ G Ê˛§° ˆï˛y°y •Î˚
ˆ§•z ˆ§•z }ï%˛ §¡∫rô#Î˚ ï˛Ìƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15.2 ˛õ¢%˛õy°l !Óòƒy (Animal Husbandry)
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÎ˚ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!°ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly•z •° ˛õ¢%˛õy°l !Óòƒy– ~•z ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚
xhs˝à≈ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚
ˆÎyàyl ˆòGÎ˚yñ ≤Ãçll ܲÓ˚yˆÏly ~ÓÇ ˆÓ˚yà !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y–
Ï yÓ˚ ≤Ãyî#!˲!_ܲ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ àÓy!ò˛õ¢%ñ SÈyà°ñ ˆË˛í˛¸yñ
Ù%Ó˚à# ~ÓÇ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï– çl§Çáƒy Ó,!Âô ~ÓÇ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚
ÙyˆÏlyߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ò%ôñ !í˛Ù G ÙyLjϧÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyG
í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚y_Ó˚ Ó,!Âô ˛õyˆÏFSÈ– ˛õy!°ï˛ ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ùyl!Óܲ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y Ó,!Âô ˛õyGÎ˚yÎ˚ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏl lï%˛l §#ÙyÓÂôï˛y ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z áyÙyˆÏÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°ï˛ ≤Ãyî#ˆÏ ò Ó˚ í˛z Í ˛õyòˆÏ l Ó˚ í˛z ß ¨ ! ï˛ §yôˆÏ l Ó˚ G
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
15.2.1 àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ã˛y£Ï
ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ àÓy!ò˛õ¢%Ó˚ ˛ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
çlƒ ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲ£Ï≈îñ ç°ˆÏ§ã˛ ~ÓÇ ˆàyÓ˚%Ó˚
ày!í˛¸ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ◊Ù!˲!_ܲ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
àÓy!ò ˛õ¢% ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ë%˛=˛ •Î˚– ~Ó˚y •° ˆàyÓ˚% åBos indicusä
~ÓÇ ˆÙy£Ï åBos bubalisä– ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# flf# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏܲ
ò%?ô≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ≤Ãyî# åMilch animalsä ӈϰ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y
Ü,˛!£ÏáyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ◊Ùòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚Óy•# ≤Ãyî# åDraught
animalä ӈϰ–
209

!ã˛e ı 15.3 ò%?ô ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ˆò¢#Î˚ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ !Óí˛
ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl !ܲS%Èê˛y •ˆÏ°G flf# ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ò%?ô«˛Ó˚î ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ åxÌ≈yÍñ ÓyS%ȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ flf#
ˆòˆÏ• ò%?ô í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ä
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ò%?ô«˛Ó˚îܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚§#Ùy Ó,!Âô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl
Óyí˛¸yˆÏly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ò%?ô«˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
!ÓˆÏò¢# !Óí˛à%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ åˆÎÙl ı çy!§≈ñ Óyí˛zl §%•z§ä !lÓ≈yã˛l
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ fiÌyl#Î˚ !Óí˛à%ˆÏ°y åˆÎÙlÈüÈ ˆÓ˚í˛ !§!rôñ
¢y•#GÎ˚y°ä ˆÓ˚yà≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô x§yôyÓ˚î «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ •Î˚–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ !î≈ï˛ ò%!ê˛ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚
ܲy!Cï˛ à%î §¡õߨ ≤Ãyî# §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
≤à Ÿ¿ı
1É àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÜ˛yl‰
˛õÂô!ï˛!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l⁄
ܲyç ÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ 15.3
= ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ¢% áyÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l¡¨!°!áï˛
!Ó£ÏÎ˚à%ˆÏ°y !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy–
1– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ §Çáƒy ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ §Çáƒy
2– !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˜ò!lܲ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî–
Ùyl!Óܲ ò,!T˛Ë˛Aà# !lˆÏÎ˚ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
fl∫yfĩ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ¢%Âô ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÎÌyÎÌ
˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ §%ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y
≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ õ¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ ô%ˆ° Ï yÓy!°
~ÓÇ xy°ày ˛õ¢Ùà%ˆ° Ï y ˆV˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%ˆòÏ Ó˚ˆÜÏ ˛
210
ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ÓyÎ˚ã% ˛°yã˛° •Î˚ ~Ùl SÈyòÎ%=˛ âˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy í˛z!ã˛Í ÎyˆÏï˛
~Ó˚y ˆÓ˚yòñ Ó,!T˛ ~ÓÇ ë˛yu˛yÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ˛õyÎ˚– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚
çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ âˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆÙˆÏV˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y ì˛y°% •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÙˆÏV˛
¢%‹Ò ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ §•ˆÏç ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ò%?ô≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ò%•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
1– ˆò• Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏî §•yÎ˚ܲ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÈüüüÈ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
áyòƒ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ §%fiÌ ç#Ól Îy˛õˆÏl §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
2– ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòˆÏl §•yÎ˚ܲ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyÈüüüÈ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚
ò%?ô«˛Ó˚îܲyˆÏ° ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°y SÈyí˛¸y
˛õ¢%áyòƒ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ܲä !SÈÓí˛¸yÎ%=˛ áyÓyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ áyòƒ ≤Ãôylï˛ xÑy¢Î%=˛ Óy
ï˛v ≤Ãôyl •Î˚–
áä ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ àyì˛¸ áyÓyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ~ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ áyòƒ
x“ xÑy¢Î%=˛ ~ÓÇ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyl ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ù,Âô
•Î˚– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ çlƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ §%£ÏÙ xy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚–
~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%!T˛Ü˛Ó˚ áyòƒ SÈyí˛¸yG fl∫“Ùy!eܲ í˛z˛õyòyl §Ù!ß∫ï˛
!ܲS%È x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ò%?ô ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏfiÌyߨ!ï˛
âê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
àÓy!ò ˛õ¢% xˆÏlܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yˆÏà ˆË˛yˆÏà– ~•z ˆÓ˚yàyÜ˛ÙˆÏîÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° Ù,ï˛% ƒ SÈyí˛¸yG ˛õ¢%Ó˚ ò%?ô í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛yG •…y§ ˛õyÎ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛
§%fiÌ ˛õ¢% ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !lÎ˚!Ùï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ áyòƒ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚y
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°yˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°
˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#Ó˚y Ó!•ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# G xhs˝ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó# í˛z˲Î˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
Ó!•ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#Ó˚y ˛õ¢%Ó˚ cˆÏܲ Óy§y ÓÑyˆÏô ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôylï˛ı ã˛Ù≈ˆÏÓ˚yà
§,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ü,˛!ÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xhs˝ı˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#Ó˚y ˛õyܲfiÌ°# G xˆÏsf
§ÇܲÙî âê˛yÎ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Êœ%˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ü,˛!Ù ÎÜ,˛ÍˆÏܲ «˛!ï˛@˝ÃfiÌ
ܲˆÏÓ˚– àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%Ó˚ˆÏòˆÏ• Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛y•zÓ˚y§G §ÇܲyÙܲ
ˆÓ˚yà §,!T˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˲y•zÓ˚y§ G Óƒyܲ!ê˛!Ó˚Î˚y â!ê˛ï˛ Ó•% ÙyÓ˚ydܲ
ˆÓ˚yà ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôÓ˚ çlƒ àÓy!ò ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
15.2.2 ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï
Ùyǧ G !í˛Ù í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!°ï˛ Ù%Ó˚!àÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ,!ÂôÓ˚
°ˆÏ«˛ƒ•z ˆ˛õy!Œê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ¢%Ó˚% ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y•z !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆ°Î˚yÓ˚ ålayersä G ÙyLjϧÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ åbroilerä Ù%Ó˚!à
í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆ˛õy!Œê˛∆ !Óí˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ– ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚
åí˛zòy•Ó˚î xƒy!§°ä ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢# åÓ!•Ó˚yàï˛ñ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ˆ°à•l≈ä
Ù%Ó˚!àÓ˚ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z
ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛Ó˚ Ù)° °«˛ƒ •° !lˆÏ¡¨ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛y!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ
Ù%Ó˚!àÓ˚ lï%˛l ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ §,!T˛ ܲÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ
!ÓK˛yl
 (i) §Çáƒyàï˛ G à%îàï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zߨï˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚
Ù%Ó!˚ àSÈyly–
(ii) Óy!î!çƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ù%Ó!˚ àSÈyly í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ áÓ≈yܲyÓ˚
˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ ç!lï,˛ ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ Ù%Ó˚!à–
(iii) @˝Ã#‹øܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ˆÏ¢ x!˲ˆÏÎy!çï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ‡
í˛zFã˛ï˛y˛õÙyey §•ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨ Ù%Ó˚!à–
(iv) Ü˛Ù Ó˚«˛îyˆÏÓ«˛î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚ ~Ùl Ù%Ó˚!à–
(v) Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ Óç≈ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ x!ôܲ xÑy¢Î%=˛ §hflÏy
áyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õyˆÏܲ §«˛Ù ~Ùl !í˛Ù≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ˆSÈyˆÏê˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ù%Ó˚!à–
≤Ã
xƒy!§° ˆ°à•l≈
!ã˛eı 15.4
Ÿ¿ı
1É !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ó=˛ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚yı
ÚÚÙçyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •° ~•zñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ y •z fl∫ “ xÑ y ¢Î% = ˛ áyÓyÓ˚ ˆ Ï Ü ˛
åÙyl% ˆ Ï £ Ï Ó ˚ áyGÎ˚ y Ó˚ xl% ˛ õÎ% = ˛ä x!ôܲ
˛õ%!T˛à%õߨ ≤Ãyî#ç ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏl Ó˚)˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
!í˛Ù ~ÓÇ ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
Ó Î˚°yÓ˚ Ù%Ó˚à#ˆÏòÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ •yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ áyòƒ@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ «˛Ùï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~ˆÏòÓ˚
!˲ê˛y!Ùl §Ù,Âô áyÓyÓ˚G áyGÎ˚yˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z Ù%Ó˚!àˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚
•yÓ˚ ܲÙyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õy°Ü˛ G ÙyLjϧÓ˚ à%îÙyl ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Îb ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ Ù%Ó˚à#
í˛zͲõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyLjϧÓ˚ çlƒ ÓyçyÓ˚çyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zߨï˛
ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õly §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈–
~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîñ fl∫yfiÌƒÜ˛Ó˚ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆
áyòƒ ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆÓ˚yà ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õˆÏfiê˛Ó˚
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô G !lÎ˚sfî–
ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓy§fiÌ°ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl
ã˛y!•òy !í˛Ù ≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y !˲ߨï˛Ó˚ •Î˚–
ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ å˜ò!lܲ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ã˛y!•òyä ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l
§Ù,Âô áyÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÎ≈yÆ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ˆfl¨•Î%=˛ áyÓyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ áyÓyˆÏÓ˚ !˲ê˛y!Ùl A ~ÓÇ K x!ôܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ–
ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚y ˲y•zÓ˚y§ñ Óƒyܲ!Ïê˛!Ó˚Î˚yñ SÈeyܲ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚ç#Ó#
myÓ˚y lyly ˆÓ˚yˆÏà xyܲyhs˝ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ~Ó˚y ˛õ%!T˛Ó˚
x˲yÓç!lï˛ ˆÓ˚yˆÏàG ˆË˛yˆÏà– ~à%ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏô ÎÌyÎÌ
˛õ!Ó˚FSÈߨï˛yñ §!ë˛Ü˛ ç°!lܲy¢# ÓƒÓfiÌy ~ÓÇ !l!ò≈T˛ §ÙÎ˚
xhs˝Ó˚ ç#Óyî%ly¢Ü˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÎÌyÎÌ !ê˛Ü˛yܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~•z §ÇܲyÙܲ ˆÓ˚yàà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚
≤Ãyò%Ë≈˛yÓ Ü˛ÙyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÓ˚yà
≤Ã
ˆòáy !òˆÏ° ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ «˛Î˚«˛!ï˛ Ü˛ÙyˆÏly §Ω˛Ó–
Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É ˆÜ˛yl‰ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyà% ˆ Ï ° y àÓy!ò˛õ¢% ~ÓÇ
•Ñy§ÈüÈÙ%Ó˚!à í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ⁄
2É Ùyǧ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ !í˛Ù í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# Ù%Ó!˚ à
~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï §Çܲyhs˝ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#
ܲ# ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ⁄
ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ 15.4
= ~ܲ!ê˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ áyÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆ§áylܲyÓ˚
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°y ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
áyòƒï˛y!°Ü˛yñ Óy§fiÌyl G xyˆÏ°yÓyï˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲ# ÓƒÓfiÌy
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y !°!˛õÓÂô ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óô≈l¢#°ñ !í˛Ù
≤ÃòylܲyÓ˚# ~ÓÇ Ùyǧ í˛zͲõyòlܲyÓ˚# ˛õy!áˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚y–
15.2.3 Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ áyˆÏòƒ ≤Ãyî#ç ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §•ç°Ë˛ƒ í˛zͧ •ˆÏFSÈ
ÙySÈ– Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏl xyò¢≈ ˛õyályÎ%=˛ Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆáy°§Î%=˛ ç°ç≤Ãyî# åShell fishä ˆÎÙl !ã˛Ç!í˛¸ G !Ó!˲ߨ
¢yÙ%ܲçyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ò%!ê˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y
ÙySÈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ •° ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙySÈ
ôÓ˚yñ ÎyˆÏܲ ӈϰ ܲƒy˛õã˛yÓ˚ !Ê˛!§Ç åCapture fishingä–
xyˆÏÓ˚ܲ!ê˛ •° ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ÙySÈ ã˛y£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙySÈ˛§Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yñ ~ˆÏܲ
ӈϰ ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ !Ê˛§y!Ó˚ åculture fisheryä
ÙySÈ §Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ °Óîy=˛ çˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ü%˛Ó˚ Óy lò#Ó˚ fl∫yò% çˆÏ°
ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z °Óîy=˛ ç° ~ÓÇ fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ Óy›ï˛ˆÏsf ÙySÈ
ôÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ÙySÈ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÙySÈ §Ç@˝Ã•Ï ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
211
15.2.3 (i) §yÙ%!oܲ Ùͧ ã˛y£Ïı ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §yÙ%!oܲ
Ùͧ˲y[˛yÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ 7500 km Óƒy˛õ# í˛z˛õÜ)˛°#Î˚ ï˛ê˛ˆÏÓ˚áy ~ÓÇ
~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ §Ù%o ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ §yÙ%!oܲ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚
˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛à%ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈ˛õÙˆÏÊ˛ê˛ åPomphretäñ ÙƒyˆÏܲˆÏÓ˚°
åMackereläñ ê%˛ly åTunaäñ §yí≈˛l åSardinesä G
ˆÓyˆÏ¡∫ í˛yܲ åBombay duckä– ÙySÈ ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆlÔܲyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çy° ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yÙ%!oܲ ÙySÈ ôÓ˚y •Î˚– Ü,˛!eÙ
í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• G •zˆÏܲy§yí˛zu˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˆáy°y §Ù%ˆÏo ÓˆÏí˛¸y ÓˆÏí˛¸y
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ VÑ˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ §rôyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ù%o ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•!Ó˚ï˛ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî
Ó,!Âô ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
x!ôܲ xÌ≈ܲÓ˚# Ù)°ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl !ܲS%È §yÙ%!oܲ ÙySÈG
§Ù%ˆÏoÓ˚ çˆÏ° ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˛õyályÎ%=˛
Macrobrachium rosenberjii Peneaus monalon
åfl∫yò%ç°ä åˆlylyç°˛ä
!ã˛e 15.5 fl∫yò% ç°Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ˆlyly çˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛Ç!í˛¸
Ù%ˆ°Ï ê˛ñ ˆË˛ê˛!ܲñ ˛õy°≈flõê˛ñ ˆ˚ áy°Ü˛!Ó!¢T˛ ç°ç ≤Ãyî# ˆÎÙl !ã˛Ç!í˛¸ñ
!Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !V˛l%ܲ– ~Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ §yÙ%!oܲ xyàySÈyÓ˚G ã˛y£Ï
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ù%=˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl Ù%=˛y !V˛l%ˆÏܲÓ˚G ã˛y£Ï
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl §yÙ%!oܲ Ùͧƒ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xyÓ˚G
•…y§ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚
ã˛y!•òy ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙ!Ó˚ܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ ӈϰ–
15.2.3 (ii) xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï
fl∫yò%çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ áy°ñ ˛õ%ܲ% Ó˚ñ ç°yôyÓ˚ G lò#ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
áy!í˛¸ G í˛z˛õ•…ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y {z£ÏÍ ˆlyly ç°Èüȧ¡õò åBrackish
water resourcesä ~ܲ!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ Ùͧƒ ˲y[˛yÓ˚– {z£ÏÍ
ˆlyly ç°Èüȧ¡õò •° ˆ§•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ç° ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ù%ˆoÏ Ó˚
ˆlyly ç° G fl∫yò%ç° ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ !وϢ ÎyÎ˚– Î!òG ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xhs˝ˆòÏ ¢≈ #Î˚ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ ÙySÈ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ !ܲv ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ ÙySÈ xy•Ó˚î
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~•z ç°y¢Î˚àˆ% ° Ï y ˆÌˆÏܲ x!ôܲyÇ¢ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl
xƒyˆÏܲyÎ˚y ܲy°ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚–
ÙyˆÏV˛ ÙyˆÏV˛ ôyl çyï˛#Î˚ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ !Ù!°ï˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ôy!l ç!ÙˆÏï˛ çˆÏÙ Ìyܲy çˆÏ° ÙySÈ
212
ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !l!Óí˛¸ Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚
xyÓ˚G Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùͧƒ
ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ fiÌyl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ í˛z˲Î˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚
≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ãçy!ï˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛l
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ áyòƒy˲ƒy§ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ •Î˚– ~•z
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y •Î˚ly–
~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó xLjϢ í˛z˛õ!fiÌï˛ áyòƒ•z ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ •Î˚˚–
ˆÎÙl ܲyï˛°y ÙySÈ ~ÓÇ Ó˚%•z ÙySÈ ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!Ó˚hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
~ÓÇ ÙôƒhflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ áyòܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ Ù,ˆÏà° ÙySÈ G §yôyÓ˚î ܲy˛õ≈
˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !l¡¨hflÏÓ˚ˆÏ̈Ïܲ áyòƒ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓ˚– @˝Ãy§ ܲy˛õ≈ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
(a)
(b)
(c) (d)
(e)
(f)
!ã˛e 15.6 ı (a) ܲyï˛°y (b) !§°Ë˛yÓ˚ ܲy˛õ≈ (c) Ó˚%•z (d) @˝Ãy§Ü˛y˛õ≈
(e) Ù,ˆÏà° (f) §yôyÓ˚î ܲy˛õ≈–
xyàySÈy ˲«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ùͧƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˛Ó,!Âô ˛õyÎ˚–
~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù◊ Ùͧƒã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒy •°
ˆÎ ~•z ÙySÈà%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z Ó£Ï≈yܲyˆÏ° ≤Ãçll ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ
Î!òG ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !í˛Ù à%ˆÏ°y §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚
ï˛y•ˆÏ°G ~•z !í˛Ùà%ˆÏ°y xlƒ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
!وϢ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓˆÏí˛¸y §Ù§ƒy •°
ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ !í˛Ù §•ç°Ë˛ƒ •GÎ˚y– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl
~•z §Ù§ƒy ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õ%Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙySÈà%ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ •Ó˚ˆÏÙyl
myÓ˚y í˛z!j!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãçll ܲÓ˚yˆÏly •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ܲy!Cï˛ à%îÙyl §¡õߨ !Ó¢%Âô ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓK˛yl
≤à Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
1É !Ó!˲ߨ í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙySÈ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄
2É !Ù◊ Ùͧã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
ܲyçÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈÈüüüÈ 15.5
= ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ≤Ãçll}ï%˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ˆÜ˛w ˛õ!Ó˚ò¢≈l
ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ï˛Ìƒ !°ˆÏá Ó˚yˆÏáy–
ܲä Ùͧƒ ã˛y£Ï ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ùl Ùͧƒ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚
(a) (b)
!ã˛e 15.7 a) ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ˛õy°l ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ˆÙÔã˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ §Iy !Óߨy§
§Çáƒy– b) Ùò% §Ç@˝Ãy•Ü˛ Îsf
áä ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛ò–
àä ÓƒÓ•,ï˛ Ùͧƒ áyòƒ
melliferaä lyˆÏÙ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •zï˛y°#Î˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ˆÏܲG Ùô%Ó˚
âä Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl «˛Ùï˛y–
Î!ò ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~°yܲyÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ Ùͧƒ áyÙyÓ˚ ly ÌyˆÏܲ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈ–
ï˛ˆÏÓ •zrê˛yÓ˚ˆÏlê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãy§!Aàܲ Ó•z˛õe xÌÓy Ùͧƒ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ ~•z ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ùô%
áyÙyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%=˛ Óƒ!=˛Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓy˚ =˛ ï˛Ìƒà%ˆ° Ï y í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z •zï˛y°#Î˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚
§Ç@˝Ã• ܲˆÏÓy˚ – ˆÙÔÙy!SȈòÏ Ó˚ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ÙܲÓ˚® §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ È–
15.2.4 ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lı ~Ó˚y §yôyÓ˚îï˛ Ü˛Ù ÙyeyÎ˚ •)° ˆÊ˛yê˛yÎ˚– ~•z ˆÙÔÙy!SȈÏòÓ˚ çlƒ
Ùô%Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî Ùô% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ !l!ò≈T˛ ÓyˆÏ: ~Ó˚y ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ
≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!£Ï í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ≤Ãçll ܲˆÏÓ˚– Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ùô% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ
≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏl á%Ó fl∫“ !Ó!lˆÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •GÎ˚yÎ˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ˛õy°l ˆÜ˛w Óy Apiary fiÌy˛õl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùô%Ó˚ Ù)°ƒ ~ÓÇ
~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ í˛zͧ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ùô% à%îÙyl ˆÙÔÙy!SȈÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛Ó˚îË)˛!Ù xÌÓy ÙܲÓ˚® ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚yàˆÏÓ˚î%

≤Ã
SÈyí˛¸yG ˆÙÔã˛yܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙÔÈüȈÙyÙG ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÎyÈ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ çlƒ Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §•ç°Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
Å£Ïô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ÿ¿yÓ!°ı
ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ ˆÎ fiÌyl#Î˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óy!î!çƒÜ˛ ˲yˆÏÓ 1É Ùô% í˛z Í ˛õyòˆÏ l Ó˚ çlƒ í˛z ˛ õˆÏ Î yà# ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ Ó ˚
Ùô% í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ~!˛õ§ !§ˆÏÓ˚ly •z!u˛Ü˛y åApis ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ
cerana indicaä– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– – Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛⁄
~SÈyí˛¸y ˆÙÔÙy!SÈÓ˚ ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÉÈí˛Ó˚§yê˛y Óy Ó˚ܲ !Ó 2É ã˛yÓ˚îË)˛!Ù Ü˛# ~ÓÇ Ùô% í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏAà ~!ê˛
åA. dorsataä ~ÓÇ ~É ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚ Óy !°ê‰˛° !Ó åA. floraeä–
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛⁄
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õ!¢ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~É ˆÙ!°ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚y åA.

ˆï˛yÙÓ˚y
Îy
!¢áˆÏ°ı
= ¢§ƒ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ Ó•% ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ
í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl •Î˚ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó°y •Î˚ x!ï˛Ùy!eܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆ˛Ï õy£Ïܲ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ
Óy!ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲà%ˆÏ°y í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ á%Ó §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •Î˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ Ùy!eܲ
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ ӈϰ–

áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl 213

 = ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ˛õy£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ò%!ê˛ í˛zͧ •° ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚–
= ˜çÓ ã˛y£Ï •° ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÓ˚ñ xyàySÈy ly¢Ü˛ñ ˆ˛õfiê˛ !lÎ˚sfܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈ á%Ó x“ ÙyeyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xÌÓy ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ly– ~•z ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏï˛ x!ôܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˜çÓ§yÓ˚ñ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ áyÙyÓ˚ÈüÈÓç≈ƒ ~ÓÇ
§ç#Ó §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛z˛õÎ%=˛ ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ˆÏܲ˛ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
= !Ù◊ ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ •° ˆ§•z ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈T˛ áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà à,•˛õy!°ï˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ¢%˛õy!á •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°lG ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
= !Ù◊ ¢§ƒ ã˛y£Ï •° ˆ§•z ã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z §ÙÎ˚ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏAà ò%•z
Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
= !l!ò≈T˛ §y!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !l!ò≈T˛ §IyÓ˚#!ï˛ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò%•z Óy ï˛ˆÏï˛y!ôܲ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ã˛y£ÏˆÏܲ
•zrê˛yÓ˚ ܲ!˛õÇ ÓˆÏ°– ~ܲá[˛ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ˛˛õ)Ó≈˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly xl%%ÎyÎ˚# !Ó!˲ߨ Ê˛§ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ܲ!Ùܲ
ã˛y£ÏˆÏܲ ¢§ƒyÓï≈˛l ӈϰ–
= í˛zFã˛ Ê˛°l¢#°ñ ˲yˆÏ°y à%îÙyl §¡õߨñ ç#Óç G xç#Óç ≤Ã˲yÓܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô«˛Ùñ ܲÙ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §¡õߨñ !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyçˆÏl §«˛Ù ~ÓÇ Ü,˛!£Ï
§Çܲyhs˝ ܲy!Cï˛ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ §¡õߨ ¢§ƒ ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ¢§ƒ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl ܲÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
= áyÙyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!°ï˛ ˛õ¢%ˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î≈y ~ÓÇ Óy§fiÌylñ áyÙyÓ˚ñ ≤Ãçll G ˆÓ˚yà
!lÎ˚sfî •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy˛õlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS–È
= ˛õy!°ï˛ Ù%Ó˚!àÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚
í˛zͲõyòl Ó°ˆÏï˛ !í˛Ù í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ ÙyLjϧÓ˚ çlƒ ÓÎ˚°yÓ˚ Ù%Ó˚!àÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚–
= ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆ ˛õy!áÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲ƒyÓ˚y•z!ê˛Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ §yôˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ G Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ !ÓˆÏí˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇܲÓ˚yÎ˚î âê˛yˆÏly •Î˚–
= §yÙ%!oܲ G xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ Ùͧƒ ˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙySÈ §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ §Ù%ˆÏo˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ ç°y¢ˆÏÎ˚ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
= í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ~ÓÇ •zˆÏܲy§yí˛zu˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çyˆÏ°Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ù%o ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÙySÈ ôÓ˚y •Î˚–
= Ùͧƒ ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çlƒ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ !Ù◊ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ˛õÂô!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–
= Ùô% ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔÈüȈÙyÙ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚–

xl%¢#°l#ı
1. ¢§ƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÂô!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!ôܲ Ê˛§° í˛zͲõyòl
§%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó–
2. Ü,˛!£Ï ç!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ §yÓ˚ G ˜çÓ §yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄
3. •zrê˛yÓ˚ܲ!˛õÇ ~ÓÇ ¢§ƒyÓï≈˛l Óy ¢§ƒ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄

214 !ÓK˛yl
 4. !çlàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §yôl Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyV˛⁄ ~ˆÏܲ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏÎ≈ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏly
ÎyÎ˚⁄
5. à%òyÙçyï˛ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ «˛!ï˛ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ âˆÏê˛⁄
6. ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ¢%˛õy°l ˛õÂô!ï˛ myÓ˚y í˛z˛õÜ,˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄
7. àÓy!ò ˛õ¢% ã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §%!Óôyà%ˆÏ°y ܲ# ܲ#⁄
8. í˛zͲõyòl Ó,!ÂôÓ˚ çlƒ ˆ˛õy°!ê˛∆˛ õy!áÓ˚ ã˛y£Ïñ Ùͧƒã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔÙy!SÈ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ܲ# ܲ# §yôyÓ˚î ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚⁄
9. ÙySÈôÓ˚y åCapture fishingäñ §yÙ%!oܲ Ùͧã˛y£Ï ~ÓÇ xƒyˆÏܲyÎ˚y ܲy°ã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ !lÓ˚)˛õî ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄

áyòƒ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl 215

 í˛z_Ó˚Ùy°y åAnswersä
xôƒyÎ˚ 3
4. (a) MgCl2
(b) CaO
(c) Cu (NO3)2
(d) AlCl3
(e) CaCO3
5. (a) ܲƒy°!§Î˚yÙñ x!:ˆÏçl
(b) •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ ˆÓy!Ùl
(c) ˆ§y!í˛Î˚yÙñ •y•zˆÏí»˛yˆÏçlñ ܲyÓ≈l ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl
(d) ˛õê˛y!¢Î˚yÙñ §y°Ê˛yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ x!:ˆÏçl
6. (a) 26 @˝ÃyÙ
(b) 256 @˝ÃyÙ
(c) 124 @˝ÃyÙ
(d) 36.5 @˝ÃyÙ
(e) 63 @˝ÃyÙ
7. (a) 14 @˝ÃyÙ
(b) 108 @˝ÃyÙ
(c) 1260 @˝ÃyÙ
8. (a) 0.375 ˆÙy°
(b) 1.11 ˆÙy°
(c) 0.5 ˆÙy°
9. (a) 3.2 @˝ÃyÙ
(b) 9.0 @˝ÃyÙ
10. 3.76 X 1022 !ê˛ xî%
11. 6.022 X 1020 !ê˛ xyÎ˚l
xôƒyÎ˚ 4
10. 80.006
11.
12. ˆÎyçƒï˛y = 1, ˆÙÔ°!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ •° !°!ÌÎ˚yÙ
13. ˲Ó˚§Çáƒy •° ÎÌyܲˆÏÙ X=12, Y = 14 ~ÓÇ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ •° xy•zˆÏ§yˆÏê˛y˛õ
14. (a) !Ù̃y (b) !Ù̃y (c) §ï˛ƒ (d) !Ù̃y
15. (a) ü (b) X (c) X (d) X
16. (a) X (b) X (c) ü (d) X
216 !ÓK˛yl
17. (a) X (b) ü (c) X (d) X
18. (a) X (b) X (c) X (d) ü
19.
˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ ˲Ó˚ !lí˛zê˛∆l ˆ≤Ãyê˛l •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛∆l ˛õyÓ˚Ùyî!Óܲ
§Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy §Çáƒy ˛õòyÌ≈§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚
lyÙ
9 19 10 9 9 ˆÊœ˛y!Ó˚l
16 32 16 16 16 §y°Ê˛yÓ˚
12 24 12 12 12 ÙƒyàˆÏl!§Î˚yÙ
01 2 01 1 01 !í˛í˛zˆÏê˛!Ó˚Î˚yÙ
01 1 0 1 0 ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛Î˚yÙ

xôƒyÎ˚ 8
1. (a) ò)Ó˚c ˛= 2200 m; §Ó˚î = 200 m
2. (a) àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ ˛= àí˛¸ ˆÓà = 2.00 m s-1
(b) àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ = 1.90 m s-1; àí˛¸ ˆÓà ˛= 0.952 m s-1
3. àí˛¸ o%!ï˛ ˛= 24 km h-1
4. x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c = 96 m
7. ˆÓà = 20 m s-1 ; §ÙÎ˚ ˛= 2 s
10. o%!ï˛ = 3.07 km s-1

xôƒyÎ˚ 9
4. c
5. 14000 N
6. -4N
7. (a) 35000 N
(b) 3.5 ms-2
(c) 28000 N
8. 2550 N ; ày!í˛¸Ó˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá !ܲÎ˚y¢#°–
9. d
10. 200 N
11. 0 m s-1
13. 3 kg m s-1
14. 2.25 m ; 50 N
15. 10 kg m s-1 ; 10 kg m s-1 ; 5/3 m s-1
16. 500 kg m s-1 ; 800 kg m s-1 ; 50 N
18. 40 kg m s-1
A2. 240 N
A3. 2500 N
A4. 5 m s-2 ; 2400 kg m s-1 ; 6000 N

í˛z_Ó˚Ùy°y 217
xôƒyÎ˚ 10
3. 9.8 N
12. ˛õ,!ÌÓ#˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ Gçl 98 N ~ÓÇ ã˛w˛õ,ˆÏ¤˛ •° 16.3 N
13. §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛y •° 122.5 m ~ÓÇ ˆÙyê˛ §ÙÎ˚ •° 5 s + 5 s = 10 s
14. 19.6 m/s
15. §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛y = 80 mñ ˆÙyê˛ §Ó˚î ˛= 0ñ ˆÙyê˛ x!ï˛Ü˛yhs˝ ò)Ó˚c = 160 m
16. Ù•yܲ£Ï≈#Î˚ Ó° = 3.56 x 1022 N
17. 4 s, ¢#£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ 80 m
18. ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˆÓà = 29.4 ms-1 ñ í˛zFã˛ï˛y = 44.1 m. 4s ˛õÓ˚ Ó°!ê˛ ¢#£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ 4.9 m Óy Ë)˛!Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ 39.2 m
ò)Ó˚ˆÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
21. Ó›!ê˛ í%˛ÓˆÏÓ–
22. ˛õƒyˆÏܲê˛!ê˛ í%˛ÓˆÏÓñ ˛õƒyˆÏÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ x˛õ§y!Ó˚ï˛ çˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ 350 g–

xôƒyÎ˚ 11
2. ˛¢)lƒ
4. 210 J
5. ˛¢)lƒ
9. 9x108 J
10. 2000 J, 1000 J
11. ˛¢)lƒ
14. 15 kWh ( Unit)
17. 208333.3 J
18. (i) ˛¢)lƒ
(ii) ôlydܲ
(iii) ˛}îydܲ
20. 20 kWh
xôƒyÎ˚ 12
7. ˛17.2m, 0.0172 m
8. 18.55
9. 6000
13. 11.47 s
14. 22,600 Hz
20. 1450 m s-1

218 !ÓK˛yl