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Cogeneration, Geothermal
Energy, Biomass Energy, PV,
and Hydropower Systems
• Building cogeneration
or CHP systems –
produce electrical power
for local buildings, and
use the heat from that
production to also provide
heat to the buildings
(often through
underground steam or hot
water piping systems).
Geothermal Energy Systems
𝒌𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝑸𝒉𝜼
Where:
Q = discharge in cu. m/sec for metric system
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Power Developed in a Hydrostation
𝑬 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝑽 × 𝒉 × 𝜼
Where:
V = volume in cu. m
h = net head of water in meter
η = over-all efficiency of the hydrostation
Sample Problems
1. A hydroelectic power plant operates under an effective
head of 50 m and a discharge of 94 m^3/s. Determine the
power developed.
Solution:
Output kW = 9.81Qhη
Assume η = 100%
Output kW = 9.81(94)(50)(1)
Output kW = 46,107 kW
Sample Problems
2. A hydroelectric power station is supplied from a reservoir
having an area of 50 km^2 and a head of 50 m. If the
overall efficiency of the plant be 60%, find the rate at
which the water will fall when the station is generating
30,000 kW.
Solution:
A = 50 km^2 = 50 x 10^6 m^2
P = 9.81Qhη kW
Q = P/[9.81hη] = 30,000/[(9.81(50)(0.60)] = 101.94 m^3 per second
E = 9.81 x V x h x η kW-sec
E = 9.81(588 x 10^6)(50)(0.85)(0.80) = 1.96 x 10^11 kW-sec
E = 1.91 x 10^11 kW-sec x 1 hr/3600 sec = 54.44 x 10^6 kWh
𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝑨 × 𝒓 × 𝜼
Where:
R = annual rainwater collected in gallons/year
A = catchment area in sq. ft
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = systeml efficiency
Required Catchment Area
• The minimum required catchment area meet a specific
daily rate of consumption is given by:
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 × 𝑫
𝑨𝒎𝒊𝒏 =
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 × 𝒓 × 𝜼
Where:
Amin = minimum required catchment area
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
D = number of days in period under consideration
r = average rainfall for the period under consideration
η = systeml efficiency
Cistern Size
• The required cistern storage capacity (ST) can be
approximated by
Where:
ST = required cistern capacity
Qtotal = daily consumption rate in liters/day
Ddry spell = longest average dry spell in day
Sample Problem
4. A home in Denver, Colorado, has a catchment area
equivalent to the 2400 sq. ft roof footprint (including the
roof overhangs). The home will have 4 occupants and a
water consumption rate of 55 gal per person per day.
Denver Colorado, receives an average rainfall of 15.40
in/year.
a. Approximate the rainwater collected over a year.
Assume an efficiency of 85%.
b. Approximate the required cistern storage capacity.
Assume the longest average dry spell will be 4 weeks.
c. Approximate the minimum required catchment area.
Solution:
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟔, 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝒈𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒔
(c) For the approximated minimum required catchment area