C4- Building a Sustainable City

MC
HKCEE 1990
27. Which of the following are the BEST ways to reduce the over-concentration of population in the urban areas of
Hong Kong?
(1) family planning
(2) development of new towns
(3) urban renewal
(4) building of high-rise blocks

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (2) and (4) only

28. In Southeast Asia, a lot of people migrate from rural to urban areas. What are their general characteristics?
(1) They are poor farmers.
(2) They look for better employment opportunities.
(3) They are usually female adults.
(4) They settle down in suburbs.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

47. Which of the following recreational facilities has the largest sphere of influence?
A. country parks
B. public swimming pools
C. urban parks
D. cinemas

49. In order to calculate the population growth of an area, data are required on
(1) immigration
(2) emigration
(3) births
(4) deaths

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only

1
Source: IG @geogaholic
 C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

27. C
28. A
47. 1
49. D

HKCEE 1991
29.

The type of housing shown in the photograph is most likely found in district
A. P
B. Q
C. R
D. S

30. Which of the following descriptions of the new towns in Hong Kong are correct? They are
(1) located in the new territories
(2) located along the coast
(3) connected by the mass transit system
(4) self-contained in terms of employment

A. (1) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

2
Source: IG @geogaholic
33. Which of the following measures have helped to improve the communication links between the new towns in the
New Territories and the main urban areas in Hong Kong?
(1) the construction of the Lion Rock Tunnel
(2) the electrification of the Kowloon-Canton-Railway
(3) the building of the Tuen Mun highway
(4) the development of the Light Rail Transit

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

35. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of urban redevelopment?

A. the provision of community facilities and open space
B. the improvement of the road system
C. the increase of population density with taller buildings
D. the separation of residential and industrial land uses

36.

The largest power station in Hong Kong is located at place X. Which of the following best explains its location?
(1) It saves the transmission cost of electricity to the main urban areas.
(2) It reduces air pollution in the urban areas.
(3) It facilities the unloading of fuels.
(4) It reduces damage caused by radioactive leakage.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (3) and (4) only

3
Source: IG @geogaholic
40.

The above figure shoes the farming activities around a town. Which of the following graphs best reflects the farming
activities as shown in the figure?

4
Source: IG @geogaholic
41.

The three-dimensional graph above shows the relationship between X and the distance from the CBD of a city. X best
represents
A. land values
B. age of buildings
C. population density
D. employment opportunities

29. B
30. A
33. A
35. C
36. C
40. B
41. A

HKCEE 1992
28. Suburbanization in Hong Kong is a result of
(1) population increase
(2) industrial development
(3) the shortage of land in the urban areas
(4) the improvement in transportation

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

29. Overpopulation can be solved by

(1) population redistribution

5
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (2) opening up marginal lands
(3) family planning
(4) increasing farming productivity

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

38. Rural-urban migration in Southeast Asia is due to

(1) rural poverty
(2) improvement in transportation
(3) government encouragement
(4) employment opportunities in cities

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

39. Which of the following are impacts of recreational development on the countryside in Hong Kong?
(1) a decrease in the acreage of farmland
(2) an increase in the risk of hill fires
(3) an increase in pollution
(4) damage to wildlife

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

6
Source: IG @geogaholic
46.

The above diagram shows a vertical and horizontal zonation of an area. Which of the following types of urban land
use does it represent?
A. industrial
B. commercial-residential
C. a central busienss district
D. institutional

48. The purposes of building country parks in Hong Kong are

(1) to reserve land for future development
(2) to protect the natural environment
(3) to preserve historical sites
(4) to serve as recreational areas

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

28. D
29. D
38. B
39. D
46. C
48. D

7
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 1993
23.

In the above map which shows four major transport projects completed in Hong Kong, which one is a mass transit
system?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

8
Source: IG @geogaholic
24.

Which of the following best describe the city as shown in the above figure?
(1) Zone A is the CBD.
(2) Zone C is older than zone B.
(3) Zone C is a high-class residential area.
(4) Good water transport has favoured the development of the industrial area.

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

25. Which of the following is NOT a major objective of recreational land-use planning?
A. to resolve land-use conflicts
B. to conserve sites of special recreational value
C. to maximize the economic return from the land
D. to put the land to the most suitable use

9
Source: IG @geogaholic
Questions 31 and 32 refer to the below figure which shows the directions of population migration of a city.

31. Which of the arrows represents the process of suburbanization?

A. R
B. P
C. Q
D. S

32. Which of the following factors can explain the migration represented by arrow P?
(5) increasing population pressure in the rural area
(6) underemployment in the rural area
(7) better employment opportunities in the city
(8) more spacious living conditions in the city

E. (1), (2) and (3) only

F. (1), (2) and (4) only
G. (1), (3) and (4) only
H. (2), (3) and (4) only

23. A
24. B
25. C
31. C
32. A

10
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 1994
34.
The figure shows the distribution of the built-up areas of a city in 1950 and 1990. Which of the following process has
taken place there?
A. urban decay
B. urban renewal
C. urban sprawl
D. rural-urban migration

35. The rapid increase of population in the New Territories is mainly caused by
A. rural-urban migration
B. decentralization of the population from old urban areas
C. natural increase
D. lack of family planning

45. Which of the following best explain the high level of land-use conflicts caused by the location of recreational
activities in urban areas?
(1) Land values are high.
(2) Recreational activities cause pollution.
(3) Space is limited.

11
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (4) Low revenue is received.

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

48. Which of the following statements about new towns in Hong Kong are true?
(1) They are dominated by public housing.
(2) There is provision of community services.
(3) They are self-contained.
(4) Land-use planning is carried out.

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

34. C
35. B
45. C
48. D

HKCEE 1995
18. Which of the following is a pull factor in rural-urban migration?
A. farm mechanization
B. lower cost of living
C. more open space
D. better job opportunities

27. Urban sprawl in Hong Kong is a result of

(1) rapid growth of urban population
(2) lower land value in the surrounding rural areas
(3) improvement in transport facilities
(4) government planning

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

12
Source: IG @geogaholic
30. Which of the following are often associated with urbanization?
(1) an increase in the natural growth rate of population
(2) an increase in the proportion of urban population
(3) an increase in the number of people employed in the tertiary sector
(4) spread of modern way of living to the rural areas

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

44. Which of the following can help solve the problems of urban decay?
A. urban redevelopment
B. urbanization
C. urban growth
D. urban sprawl

49. Which of the following are most likely to be found in new towns?
(1) ageing population
(2) urban decay
(3) land-use zoning
(4) a balance community

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

50. Which of the following is the normal sequence of urban growth in a large city?
(1) formation of conurbations
(2) industrialization
(3) urbanization
(4) suburbanization

A. (1), (2), (3), (4)

B. (1), (3), (2), (4)
C. (2), (1), (3), (4)
D. (2), (3), (4), (1)

18. D

13
Source: IG @geogaholic
27. A
30. C
44. A
49. B
50. D

HKCEE 1996
40.

The above figure shows a generalized transect of a city through the CBD. Which of the following might be
represented by the Y axis?
(1) number of day-time pedestrians
(2) height of buildings
(3) number of high-order services
(4) residential population

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (4) only

14
Source: IG @geogaholic
45.

The above photograph shows a squatter settlement built on vacant land adjacent to the centre of a big city in a
developing country. The occurrence of such a phenomenon is a result of
A. conurbation
B. suburbanization
C. rural-urban migration
D. land-use zonation

46. The following are examples of changes in land uses:

(1) changing rice fields into a gold course
(2) building an urban park in the central business district of a city
(3) allocating an uninhabited hilly area as a country park

Rank them in descending order of the degree of land-use conflicts

A. (1), (3), (2)
B. (2), (1), (3)
C. (3), (1), (2)
D. (3), (2), (1)

15
Source: IG @geogaholic
48.

The above photograph was taken in a certain area in urban Hong Kong. In which of the following areas on the
generalized model below of urban land use in Hong Kong was the photograph taken?
A. (1)
B. (2)
C. (3)
D. (4)

40. C
45. C
46. B
48. B

16
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 1997
35. Why has the area of farmland continued to decrease in Hong Kong?
(1) new town development
(2) harbour reclamation
(3) land-use competition
(4) falling demand on farm produce

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (3) and (4) only

56.

The above diagram shows the phenome of

(1) urban population concentration
(2) suburbanization
(3) urban renewal
(4) conurbation development

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only

17
Source: IG @geogaholic
 C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

57. Which of the following is the major obstacle in redeveloping the old urban areas in Hong Kong?
A. lack of capital investment
B. difficulty in land resumption
C. lack of the government’s support
D. preservation of historical relics

58.

What may Y in the above graph represent?

(1) Land value
(2) Intensity of agricultural activities
(3) Intensity of commercial activities
(4) Volume of traffic

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (3) and (4) only

59. In which of the following districts are roof-top squatters most commonly found
(1) Shamshuipo
(2) Shatin
(3) Tsuen Wan
(4) Wanchai

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only

18
Source: IG @geogaholic
 C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

60. The traffic congestion in Hong Kong is the result of

(1) mixed and unplanned land use
(2) a high incidence of traffic accidents
(3) an increasing number of vehicles
(4) increasing industrial growth

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

35. A
56. B
57. B
58. D
59. C
60. A

HKCEE 1998
36.

Refer to the above map of Hong Kong. It shows the distribution of

A. industrial estates
B. new towns
C. power plants
D. squatter areas

19
Source: IG @geogaholic
39.

What are the favourable factors for the urban development shown in the above photograph?
(1) good infrastructure
(2) availability of flatland
(3) water supply from the nearby river
(4) alluvial soil in the valley

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

40. Which of the following is a push factor for rural-urban migration?

A. more job opportunities
B. farm mechanization
C. higher standard of living
D. more open space

42. When plans are made to develop the countryside into a residential area, which of the following pairs would have
the least conflict?
A. developers – villagers
B. developers – environmentalists
C. government officials – developers
D. government officials – villagers

20
Source: IG @geogaholic
Questions 44 and 45 refer to the below map of Hong Kong.

44. Which of the following explain the decrease in populating in area X in the late 80s and early 90s?
(1) rural-urban migration
(2) land speculation in the area
(3) the development of new towns nearby
(4) reservation of land for the development of a country park

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

45. Which of the following explain the increase in population in area Y in the late 80s and early 90s?
(1) the development of new towns
(2) the improvement in sanitation
(3) a large number of young couples
(4) a large number of in-migrants from mainland China

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

21
Source: IG @geogaholic
47. Some possible measures to solve the problems of traffic congestion in the inner part of large cities are
(1) urban renewal
(2) urban sprawl
(3) new town development
(4) building mass transit systems

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

36. B
39. A
40. B
42. C
44. B
45. B
47. C

HKCEE 1999
43. The maps below show the distribution of a land-use type in Hong Kong in 1971 and 1997. The land-use type is

22
Source: IG @geogaholic
 A. abandoned land
B. badland
C. residential
D. industrial

44. Which of the following can speed up the urbanization process of a developing country?
(1) rural-urban migration
(2) development of intra-urban transportation network
(3) high rate of natural increase in cities
(4) improvement of transportation between cities and villages

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

52. Which of the following are causes of housing problems in Southeast Asian cities?
(1) a high rate of natural increase
(2) a large influx of rural migrants
(3) insufficient public housing
(4) urban sprawl

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1),(2), (3) and (4)

53. In Hong Kong, which of the following objectives of the new town development programmes have been achieved?
(1) to increase the provision of industrial land
(2) to provide land for public housing
(3) to develop self-contained communities
(4) to reduce commuting to and from the urban areas

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (4) only
D. (3) and (4) only

23
Source: IG @geogaholic
57. Which of the following are common features of the blighted zone in the old urban areas of Hong Kong?
(1) narrow streets
(2) sub-standard buildings
(3) lack of recreational facilities
(4) mixed land uses

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

60. Urban sprawl usually takes place

(1) in the central business district
(2) along lines of communication
(3) on the fringe of a city
(4) in new towns

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (3) and (4) only

43. D
44. C
52. D
53. A
57. D
60. C

24
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 2000
52.

Which of the following is/ are best represented by the Y axis in the above figure?
(1) land value
(2) population density
(3) number of factories
(4) area of green belt

A. (1) only
B. (1) and (2) only
C. (1) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

54. Which of the following are consequences of urbanization in the more developed countries?
(1) massive unemployment
(2) environmental pollution
(3) traffic congestion
(4) pressure of urban sprawl

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

58. Urban sprawl usually takes place

(1) in central business districts
(2) at the urban fringe
(3) along the transport links
(4) Near the country parks

25
Source: IG @geogaholic
 A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (3) and (4) only

52. A
54. C
58. C

HKCEE 2001
48. Which of the following are the major factors affecting the degree of urbanization in a country?
(1) size of the urban area
(2) population growth in the urban area
(3) number of million cities
(4) rural-urban migration skyline

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

Questions 59 and 60 refer to the diagram below, which shows the expansion of the CBD on Hong Kong Island.

59. Which of the following two directions of expansion are NOT significant?
(1) Northward
(2) Southward
(3) Eastward

26
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (4) Westward

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (3) and (4) only

60. Which of the following is a correct description of the expansion of the CBD but has not been shown in the
diagram?
A. upward: conversion of old buildings to skyscrapers
B. downward: construction of underground shopping mall
C. seaward: development on the reclaimed land
D. hillward: development of high-class residential buildings

48. D
59. A
60. A

HKCEE 2002
37. Which of the following changes usually take place as one moves from urban centre to urban fringe?
(1) decreasing land value
(2) increasing population density
(3) decreasing building density
(4) increasing open area

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

49. Which of the following are problems hindering urban renewal?

(1) land resumption
(2) resettlement of tenants
(3) rise in property prices
(4) high compensation cost

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

27
Source: IG @geogaholic
54. Which of the following comparisons between more developed countries and less developed countries are correct?
More developed countries Less developed countries
(1) rural-urban migration dominant suburbanization dominant
(2) secondary and tertiary productions dominant primary production dominant
(3) larger urban population larger rural population
(4) city planning practised lack of city planning

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

55.

The above map shows some reclamation projects in Hong Kong. Which of the following is correctly matched?
Area (1) Area (2) Area (3)
A. transportational commercial-residential new town
B. recreational residential industrial
C. recreational commercial-residential industrial
D. new town transportational recreational

60. Urbanization in more developed countries may lead to an increase in

(1) unemployment.
(2) the proportion of tertiary sectors.
(3) the number of squatters.
(4) the extent of urban areas.

28
Source: IG @geogaholic
 A. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

37. C
49. C
54. C
55. C
60. B

HKCEE 2003
47. Which of the following phenomena account for urban decay in Yau Ma Tei?
(1) Buildings are old and in poor condition.
(2) Better-off families move out to other districts.
(3) Flats are occupied by low income families.
(4) Pollution is caused by heavy traffic.

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

48. The level of suburbanization is getting higher in Hong Kong because of the
(1) urban renewal in Kowloon
(2) new town development in the New Territories
(3) government policy to promote commercial development
(4) well-developed transport network

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

52. Which of the following account for the expansion of the central business district on Hong Kong Island towards the
east and north in recent years?
(1) improved accessibility of Wan Chai
(2) southward expansion is restricted by relief
(3) westward expansion is restricted by government policy of preserving historic heritage
(4) more and has been reclaimed in the north

29
Source: IG @geogaholic
 A. (1) and (3) only
B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

55. The following figure shows a simplified urban transect.

X is an area anticipated to be
A. encroached.
B. renewed.
C. converted to a public estate.
D. converted to an industrial estate

56. Which of the following are examples of urban sprawl in Hong Kong?
(1) fish ponds in Yuen Long being converted for industrial use.
(2) cultivated land in Sheung Shui being converted into container storage areas
(3) the vacant land of the former Kai Tak Airport being converted into government offices and car parks
(4) coastal waters at west Kowloon being reclaimed for residential and commercial uses

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

47. C
48. B
52. B
55. B
56. A

30
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 2004
37. Development of new towns in Hong Kong can help
(1) solve the employment problem.
(2) alleviate the housing problem.
(3) redistribute the population
(4) provide a better living environment.

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

38. Urban redevelopment usually takes place in the

(1) CBD.
(2) suburbs.
(3) inner city areas.
(4) oldest parts of the city.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (4) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (3) and (4) only

39.

Suppose the government is going to redevelop the area in the above photograph into a commercial complex. What are
the difficulties that the government may face?

31
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (1) difficulty in resumption
(2) difficulty in resettlement of residents
(3) resistance from town planners
(4) resistance from property owners

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

53. Which of the following may account for the high land value of the CBD?
(1) good accessibility
(2) keen land-use competition
(3) a long history of development
(4) the existence of land for commercial uses

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2),(3) and (4) only

37. C
38. D
39. B
53. B

HKCEE 2005
29.

Refer to the above figure.

Which of the following statements are CORRECT?

32
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (1) Country A has the highest level of urbanization.
(2) The level of urbanization of country B and country D is the same.
(3) Country C has the lowest level of urbanization.
(4) Country D has the largest urban population.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

30. Which of the following are reasons for suburbanization in Hong Kong?
(1) convenient commuting
(2) improvement in communication
(3) an increase in land price in city centre
(4) a desire for a better living environment

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

31.

The above photograph was taken in Ma Shi Chau Special Area, Hong Kong. Which of the following is the most
important reason for protecting this area?
A. the beautiful scenery
B. the presence of geographical features for educational purposes
C. the presence of woodland as a wildlife habitat
D. the high economic return

32. Which of the following can be done by the HKSAR Government to develop Hong Kong as a sustainable city?
(1) development of green towns

33
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (2) the setting up of science parks
(3) the establishment of theme park
(4) the carrying out of urban renewal projects

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

42. Which of the following are the effects of urban encroachment on rural villages?
(1) an increase in abandoned farmland
(2) an increase in community cohesion
(3) an increase in land price
(4) an increase in the elderly population

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

43. Which of the following are the effective measures of checking urban sprawl?
(1) planning green belts
(2) developing new towns
(3) encouraging rural-urban migration
(4) implementing urban renewal

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

29. D
30. D
31. B
32. B
42. C
43. B

34
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 2006
18. Which of the following designs may help reduce air pollution in the future new towns and their surrounding areas?
(1) ring roads constructed at the periphery of the new towns
(2) wider use of solar energy
(3) electric walkways connecting railway stations and residential areas
(4) residential buildings constructed close to the mass transit system

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

19. Which of the following are beneficial effects of urban renewal to the residents?
(1) better land use
(2) more open spaces
(3) higher population density
(4) higher building density

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

20.
Land use 1961 2001
Developed land 5.5% 21.1%
Badland 5.0% 1.2%
Arable land 13.2% 7.1%

Refer to the table above. Which of the following can account for the changes in land use in Hong Kong from 1961 to
2001?
(1) rapid population growth
(2) urban encroachment
(3) rural-urban migration
(4) land speculation

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only

35
Source: IG @geogaholic
 D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

22.

Refer to the above photograph. Which of the following are the advantages of urban rehabilitation of this area?
(1) removal of illegal structures
(2) construction of additional storeys
(3) installation of better fire prevention devices
(4) provision of more open spaces

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

23. Which of the following is NOT a measure in support of sustainable development?

A. a formulation of a policy on biodiversity
B. a complete ban on logging in tropical rainforest
C. preservation of historical relics and cultural heritage
D. enhancement of the use of renewable energy resources

36
Source: IG @geogaholic
24.

The line curve (1) in the diagram above shows the relationship between population density and distance from the
centre of a city. Which line curve correctly shows the change subsequent to suburbanization of the city?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

18. D
19. A
20. D
22. A
23. B
24. B

HKCEE 2007
46. Which of the following aims have been achieved through the development of new towns in Hong Kong in the
past 40 years?
(1) developing completely self-contained communities
(2) providing a better living environment
(3) providing more industrial land
(4) redistributing the urban population

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

37
Source: IG @geogaholic
47. Which of the following are effective measures to check against urban sprawl?
(1) a green belt
(2) new towns
(3) suburbanization
(4) urban rehabilitation

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (4) only
D. (3) and (4) only

48.

Refer to the above photograph. Which of the following statements are CORRECT?
(1) The area is located in a commercial zone.
(2) The area is located at the urban fringe.
(3) The area suffers from urban decay.
(4) Redevelopment has started in this area.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

49.
Year Population Percentage of the elderly Percentage of children
1961 3 168 100 3.2 40.5
2001 6 724 900 11.2 16.4
2033 8 384 100 26.8 10.7

The table above shows the population data of Hong Kong in 1961, 2001 and the population projection for 2033.
With reference to the population trend shown, what can be done to ensure sustainable development of Hong
Kong?

38
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (1) lowering the retirement age of Hong Kong citizens
(2) providing appropriate education and training
(3) addressing the social needs of the elderly
(4) creating a more attractive living environment to attract immigrants

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

50.

The sketch map above shows one of the proposed development plans of Kai Tak.
Which of the following can be found in the plan and are in line with concepts of sustainable development?
(1) New commercial and tourism facilities will be provided.
(2) New social facilities will be provided.
(3) New industrial land will be developed.
(4) The mobility of the local residents will be enhanced.

A. (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

39
Source: IG @geogaholic
46. D
47. A
48. B
49. C
50. B

HKCEE 2008
18. Which of the following are the aims of designing areas as country parks in Hong Kong?
(1) developing new towns
(2) conserving land in the countryside
(3) restricting the development of various kinds of economic activities
(4) reserving land for auction

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

19. Which of the following are the difficulties faced by the government in practicing conservation of historical relics?
(1) high cost of conservation work
(2) lacking a government organization to deal with the conservation of historical relics in Hong Kong
(3) conflicts between conservation of historical relics and development of land
(4) disputes on land rights

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

20. Which of the following are the major functions of urban planning?
(1) to minimize land-use conflicts
(2) to improve the quality of life
(3) to alleviate traffic congestion
(4) to conserve the environment

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

40
Source: IG @geogaholic
21.

Refer to the photograph above. Which of the following descriptions are CORRECT?
(1) mixed land use
(2) lack of open space
(3) inner city location
(4) residents mainly belongings to the low-incoming group

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

22. Which of the following transport policies are in line with sustainable development?
(1) development of mass transit system
(2) construction of more roads
(3) establishment of pedestrian zones
(4) incentives for the use of petrol-electric hybrid vehicles

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

23. Which of the following can control the phenomenon of urban encroachment?
(1) developing new towns
(2) setting up country parks
(3) controlling the population size of cities
(4) strengthening the control of unauthorized conversion of permitted land uses

A. (1) and (3) only

B. (2) and (4) only

41
Source: IG @geogaholic
 C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

18. B
19. B
20. D
21. D
22. B
23. B

HKCEE 2009
44. Which of the following problems and corresponding possible solutions are CORRECTLY matched?
Problem associated with urbanization
Possible solution
in less developed countries
(1) urban decay urban renewal
rural decay stricter control on illegal land utilization in
(2)
villages
(3) environment deterioration establishment of green belts
(4) poverty development of new town

A. (1), (2) and (3) only

B. (1), (2) and (4) only
C. (1), (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

45.

The above photograph shows the buildings of a district in Hong Kong. Which of the following can explain the failure
in complying with the principles of sustainable development?
(1) creating a “wall effect”
(2) obstructing air ventilation

42
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (3) congested living environment
(4) destroying the ridgeline

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

46.

Which of the following urban renewal strategies have been adopted as revealed form the building shown in the above
photograph?
(1) redevelopment
(2) revitalization
(3) rehabilitation
(4) preservation

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

47.

43
Source: IG @geogaholic
Study the above satellite image. What common means has the government taken to increase residential land use in
Districts A and B?
(1) urban renewal
(2) reducing industrial land use
(3) outward expansion
(4) upward expansion

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

48.

Tsuen Wan District A Tsuen Wan District B

Refer to the above two photographs taken in Districts A and B of Tsuen Wan. Which of the following comparisons
between the two districts are CORRECT?
Tsuen Wan District A Tsuen Wan District B
(1) History of development shorter longer
(2) Living environment More spacious More congested
(3) Recreational land use More less
(4) Major land use mixed residential

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

44
Source: IG @geogaholic
Refer to the following graphs for Question 49 and 50.

49. The three graphs above show the relationship between population density and distance form city centre at different
years (X, Y and Z) for a particular city. With reference to the urbanization process, which of the following represents
their CORRECT chronological order?
A. X – Y – Z
B. X – Z – Y
C. Y – X – Z
D. Z – Y – X

50. Which of the following phenomena related to urban development might occur in this city in Year X?
(1) urban decay
(2) development of new towns
(3) decrease in areal extent of its CBD
(4) suburbanization

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

44. A
45. C
47. B
48. C
49. B
50. C

45
Source: IG @geogaholic
HKCEE 2010
27. Which of the following can help to bring about sustainable development in Hong Kong?
(1) Increase in road density
(2) Government’s promotion of electric vehicles
(3) Establishment of geological parks
(4) Education to promote environmental awareness

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

29. Which of the following graphs CORRECTLY shows the relationship between the percentage of total population
living in urban areas and the level of urbanization?

46
Source: IG @geogaholic
32.

Refer to the figures above showing an area before and after urban renewal. Which of the following comparisons are
CORRECT?
Before urban renewal After urban renewal
high building density with a low building density with a wide
(1)
narrow street street
all pre-war buildings all buildings demolished and
(2)
replaced by skyscrapers
mixed commercial-residential mixed commercial-residential
(3)
land uses land uses
narrow pavements for pedestrianized zones
(4)
pedestrians

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (3) and (4) only

27. C
29. D
32. C

DSE Sample Paper

31. What are the advantages of the urban renewal strategy as revealed in the following photographs taken of the same

47
Source: IG @geogaholic
building?

(1) to provide more open space for the residents

(2) to improve the living conditions of the residents
(3) to increase the value of the building
(4) to reduce the chance of fire hazard

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (2) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

32. Which of the following are the effects of ‘counter-urbanization’?

(1) commuting rural and urban areas may increase
(2) property prices in rural areas may rise
(3) the number of shops in rural areas may increase
(4) air pollution in rural areas may increase

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

48
Source: IG @geogaholic
33.

According to the figure above, which shows the four components of sustainable development, what should be done to
ensure sustainable development in Hong Kong?
(1) developing the economy without consideration to the environmental constraints
(2) considering the needs of all species and their rights to enjoy the same quality of life
(3) developing the economy as well as social resources
(4) enhancing co-ordination and co-operation among all government departments

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1), (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

34. Traffic congestion is a common problem in the CBD of Hong Kong because
(1) road capacity in the CBD is far below demand
(2) there is high concentration of commercial activities
(3) there is high concentration of industrial activities
(4) there is a large residential population in the CBD

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

49
Source: IG @geogaholic
35. ‘The inner city area was redeveloped. New shopping centres, houses and related facilities were built. People began
to move back and live there.’ This describes the process of

A. urbanization
B. sub-urbanization
C. counter-urbanization
D. reurbanization

31. C
32. D
33. C
34. A
35. D

DSE Practice Paper

21.

Which of the following are the causes of the problem shown in the above photograph?
(1) shortage of land
(2) out-migration of people
(3) lack of employment opportunities
(4) remote location

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (2), (3) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

22. Which of the following are the advantages of using reclamation as a means to solve the problem of land shortage
in Hong Kong?
(1) land acquisition is not necessary
(2) more land is available for future development

50
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (3) favourable for the expansion of port-related activities
(4) no pollution is created

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

23. Why do many buildings in the inner city areas lack proper maintenance?
(1) the tenants lack money
(2) the owners are not willing to invest money on maintenance
(3) the tenants are not aware of the poor conditions of the buildings
(4) it is the government’s responsibility to carry out the maintenance work

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

24.

Which of the following may affect the air pollution index of the area in the above photograph?
(1) exhaust from transport means
(2) high buildings block the dispersal of pollutants

51
Source: IG @geogaholic
 (3) carbon monoxide from air-conditioning systems of buildings
(4) suspended particles from factories in the area

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (3) and (4) only
C. (1), (2) and (4) only
D. (1), (2), (3) and (4)

25.
1991 2001 2011
Urban population (million) 22 25 36
Total population (million) 84 100 118

The above table shows the population changes of country A from 1991 to 2011. Which of the following CORRECTLY
describe the population changes in country A?
(1) continuous decrease in rural population
(2) continuous increase in urban population
(3) continuous drop in the population growth rate
(4) continuous rise in the level of urbanization

A. (1) and (4) only

B. (2) and (3) only
C. (1), (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (4)

21. C
22. C
23. A
24. A
25. B

DSE 2012
23. Which of the following can be achieved by urban rehabilitation in Hong Kong?
A. lowering the building density
B. improving the living environment
C. increasing urban land resources
D. providing more space for transport, institutional and recreational uses

52
Source: IG @geogaholic
24. The figure below shows the location and landscape of West Kowloon.

Which of the following does NOT apply to the expansion of West Kowloon?
A. land increased by reclamation
B. urban renewal
C. outward expansion
D. upward expansion

25. How would the construction of the third runway of Hong Kong International Airport enhance the sustainable
development in Hong Kong?
A. increase employment opportunities
B. improve air quality
C. preserve habitat of the Chinese white dolphins
D. increase land supply for urban development

DSE 2013
23. Which of the following are the possible changes brought about by reurbanization to the urban area?
(1) Increasing land rent
(2) Decreasing population
(3) Better utilization of land resources

A. (1) and (2) only

53
Source: IG @geogaholic
 B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. Which of the following are the characteristics of a sustainable city?

(1) Dense road network
(2) High proportion of eco-friendly buildings
(3) Abundant green areas

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

25. Refer to the photograph below.

Which of the following are the evidence of urban encroachment in the area shown in the above photograph?
(1) construction site
(2) open storage
(3) abandoned farmland

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

54
Source: IG @geogaholic
26. The photograph below shows an urban renewal project in the old inner city of a southeast Asian city. Which of the
following are the advantages of the project?

(1) Preserving local heritage

(2) Providing more housing
(3) Increasing business opportunities

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. B
24. C
25. B
26. B

DSE 2014
23. Refer to the photographs below which show the changes before and after a development project.

Before After

55
Source: IG @geogaholic
Which of the following strategies have been adopted for the development project shown in the above photographs?
(1) preservation
(2) redevelopment
(3) rehabilitation

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. The sustainable ways to solve solid waste problem in Hong Kong include
(1) recycling wastes
(2) adopting the polluter pays principle
(3) expanding existing landfills

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

25. Refer to the aerial photograph below.

What are land uses X, Y and Z shown respectively?

X Y Z
A. industrial institutional residential
B. transport recreational residential
C. industrial institutional recreational
D. transport residential Institutional

56
Source: IG @geogaholic
26. The table below shows the population figures in country X.

Year 1970 2010

Rural population 1 500 000 1 500 000
Total population 3 000 000 7 000 000

Which of the following has/ have occurred in country X between 1970 and 2010?
(1) Counter-urbanization
(2) Urban growth
(3) Urbanization

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only

23. B
24. A
25. B
26. D

DSE 2015
23. Which of the following are the impacts brought about by urban encroachment?
(1) a reduction in farmland area
(2) damage to wildlife habitats
(3) land use conflicts

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. Which of the following are the purposes of building rehabilitation?

(1) to reduce building density
(2) to improve building quality
(3) to increase building safety

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only

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Source: IG @geogaholic
 D. (1), (2) and (3)

25. Which of the following is / are the causes(s) of suburbanization?

(1) an expansion of the central business district
(2) an improvement in the environmental quality of the inner city
(3) a decrease in commuting costs

A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

26. Which of the following means of increasing urban land supply align with the principles of sustainable
development?
(1) redeveloping vacant factory buildings
(2) moving public facilities into rock caverns
(3) resuming urban parks for development

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

27. Which of the following are the measures taken by the Hong Kong SAR Government to improve roadside air
quality?
(1) encouraging the use of biodiesel
(2) subsidizing the replacement of old diesel commercial vehicles
(3) expanding railway networks

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. D
24. C
25. B
26. A
27. C

58
Source: IG @geogaholic
DSE 2016
22. Refer to the table blow which shows the population statistics of country X in 2000 and 2010.
2000 2010
Percentage of rural population 60 50
Percentage of urban population 40 50
Total population (million) 2.0 2.5

Which of the following processes have taken place in country X?

(1) urbanization
(2) urban growth
(3) rural depopulation

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. Which of the following is the main purpose of urban renewal?

A. raising land value
B. lowering population density
C. improving living environment
D. increasing employment opportunities

24. Which of the following may induce suburbanization?

(1) urban decay
(2) development of mass transit system
(3) new town development

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2 and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

25. What are the possible advantages of modern incinerators over landfills for waste management in Hong Kong?
(1) less land occupied
(2) less land contamination
(3) longer operation period

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only

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Source: IG @geogaholic
 C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

26. Refer to the photograph below.

Which of the following are the possible problems brought about by the land use shown in the above photograph?
(1) noise pollution
(2) traffic congestion
(3) land use conflict

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

22. A
23. C
24. D
25. D
26. D

DSE 2017

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Source: IG @geogaholic
23. Which of the following can be represented by Y in the above figure?
(1) land rent
(2) accessibility
(3) height of buildings

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. Refer to the graph below which shows the population composition of countries X and Y in 2000 and 2010.
Population (million)

Which of the following statements is/ are correct?

(1) Country X experienced urbanization in 2010.
(2) The degree of urbanization in country X was lower than that of country Y in 2010.
(3) Urban growth occurred in country Y from 2000 to 2010.

A. (1) only
B. (3) only
C. (1) and (2) only
D. (2) and (3) only

25. Of the following types of solid waste disposed of in Hong Kong landfills, which made up the largest amount in
2015?
A. special waste
B. domestic waste
C. construction waste
D. industrial and commercial waste

61
Source: IG @geogaholic
26. Refer to the photograph below which shows a measure to improve the road environment.

Which of the following are the merits of the measure shown in the above photograph?
(1) improving traffic congestion
(2) protecting pedestrian safety
(3) reducing air pollution

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

27. Which of the following are considered green living?

(1) taking a bath instead of a shower
(2) purchasing food produced locally
(3) using the mass transit system

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. A

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Source: IG @geogaholic
24. A
25. B
26. C
27. C

DSE 2018
23. Refer to the table below which shows the population composition of country X in 1965 and 2015.
1965 2015
Rural population 3 500 000 5 500 000
Urban population 400 000 500 000

Which of the following processes has (have) taken place in country X?

(1) urbanisation
(2) suburbanisation
(3) urban growth

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

24. Which of the following are the purposes of rehabilitation?

(1) preventing urban decay
(2) improving living environment
(3) changing land uses

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

25. Which of the following are the causes of heat island effect in urban areas?
(1) heavy road traffic
(2) dense and high-rise buildings
(3) lack of green areas

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

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Source: IG @geogaholic
26. Which of the following measures may improve air quality at street level?
(1) promoting electric vehicles
(2) tightening vehicle emissions standards
(3) reducing the number of bus stops

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

23. B
24. A
25. D
26. D

DSE 2019
13. Refer to the figure below which shows the proportion in area of different types of land in Hong Kong in 2017.

Which of the following are the uses of the types of land shaded in the figure?
(1) conserving natural habitats
(2) providing recreational resources
(3) limiting urban encroachment

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

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Source: IG @geogaholic
14. Which of the following are the purposes of developing new towns in Hong Kong?
(1) to decentralize population
(2) to provide a better living environment
(3) to preserve rural culture

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

13. D
14. A

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Source: IG @geogaholic