Polarization Methods in Directional Protection (67):

The Polarization method helps to operate

the directional protection function effectively. For
example, consider a fault occurring in a system
this will cause the terminal voltage to decrease,
which is the main reference for the directional
characteristics. If the polarizing voltage
decreases, the directional function may fail or
lose its sensitivity.

For avoiding this type of issues, we are going to the methods of Polarization,
those Polarization’s are,

Self - Polarization
Cross – Polarization

Self – Polarization:

The Self-Polarization method is most commonly used in all relays. In this

method, if a fault occurs in a particular phase (e.g., RY),
Forward Direction
it will take the reference voltage of that same phase (RY) for the directional operation.

Reverse Direction

Similarly, for other fault conditions, it will take the reference voltage as the
respective faulted phase voltages and perform the directional characteristics. This also
applies to earth fault functions.

Cross – Polarization:

The Cross Polarization, which is different from self-Polarization, in this if any

fault occurs, even though the voltage decreases at the faulted phase, it will take the
other two Phase Voltage as the reference and will ensure sensitive operation.
Forward Direction in Cross Polarization:

In this Forward Direction

settings, assume if R-Phase gets
faulted, then by taking the reference
of VYB, need to draw a line with the
help of RCA Angle, that line refers to
Maximum Torque Line (MTL). With
this MTL, need to draw the Min/Max
Forward Angle (eg.90°). That line
refers to an Zero Torque Line (ZTL).
And the region consisting of MTL is
operating region and the other is said
to be non-operating one.

Reverse Direction in Cross Polarization:

In this Reverse Direction settings, assume if R-Phase gets faulted, then by taking
the reference of VBY, need to draw a
line with the help of RCA Angle, that
line refers to Maximum Torque Line
(MTL). With this MTL, need to draw
the Min/Max Reverse Angle (eg.90°).
That line refers to an Zero Torque
Line (ZTL). And the region consisting
of MTL is operating region and the
other is said to be non-operating
one.