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ICMEAS 2017 Feasibility Study of Implementing Renewable Energy on an

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1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
22-23 February 2017
ICMEAS 2017
Feasibility Study of Implementing Renewable Energy on an institutional
Campus in Bangladesh – A case study
*
M. S. Islam , Najmul Hoque and MRA Beg
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204, Bangladesh
Abstract
Energy is one of the key elements for the development of a
particular country. Most of the generated energy in Bangladesh
comes from natural gas and other fossil fuel resources and use of
these fuels causes excessive CO2 emission and has a detrimental
impact on the environment. So, it is necessary to ensure energy
availability as well as the energy security by utilizing available
renewable energy sources. In this study, a theoretical approach
towards green campus has been attempted at Rajshahi University
of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Bangladesh campus
through the implementation of renewable energy sources. It has
been revealed from the analysis that about 62690 solar panels of
50 Wp capacity can be installed on the rooftop of 54 buildings
having a total area of around 30670 m2. It will cost BDT 150
million to install these solar panels which will produce 11766
kWh energy per day. If solar panels can be implemented
successfully, the relevant cost will be recovered only within 7.6
years where the net present value (NPV) is BDT 66791560 and
the internal return rate (IRR) is 12% and will reduce 1812 ton of
CO2 per year. Also, the generated biogas from human manure
collected from eight residence halls of RUET can be used for
cooking purposes of 380 students per day. Two biogas plants
were considered in this study, which would cost BDT 6,30,000 to
install and the payback period for digester is 11.3 years.
Bangladesh government & RUET administration could
implement this idea for making the campus as a role model of
“Green Campus”.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Institutional campus, Solar
energy, Biogas, Bangladesh
Introduction
The energy crisis is one of the alarming issues around the world.
The increasing price of fuel and rapid depletion of conventional
energy sources are the main barricade for the sustainable energy
development. In order to utilize available renewable energy
sources and to relief from the present energy crisis, many
educational institutions have already focused on the
implementation of renewable energy in their campus. There are
many substantial benefits of renewable energy, including
reliability, availability, environment friendly, etc. In 2012, the
whole Polito Campus in Italy counted for a total surface area of
870,700 m2; 33,600 consumers including students and staff, and a
yearly primary energy consumption of 225,475 kWh/m2. To
achieve sustainability in their campus a new photovoltaic (PV)
plant of 400 kWp has been installed. Now 100% of the electric
energy consumed at the campus comes from renewables, and a
regular proportion of the thermal energy comes from district
heating [1].Shenyang University in china has already taken a
series of step to become a green campus. The various attempts
include recycling of water, installation of ground source heat
pump, management of solid wastes, green education, and
*Corresponding Author
Lecturer
Department of Mechanical Engineering, RUET
Cell Phone: 01670063586
Email: sohag09me@gmail.com
enhanced research activities on environmental protection [2]. A
Green Campus Plan for University of Cape Town has been
initiated to reduce its total carbon footprint through energy
savings, reducing carbon emissions, recycling of waste, water
conservation [3]. Kansas University installed a solar based
energy system project having a wind turbine, 36 solar panels, and
an electric vehicle charging station. They claimed to produce 7.4
kWh energy output from solar panels and 400 kW from wind
turbine per month. Feasibility study shows that this project can
reduce energy cost as well as greenhouse gas emissions [4].St.
Joseph’s Collegiate Institute installed a 25 kW solar array
consisting of 108 solar panels. These panels are able to generate
an average of 26,448 kWh per year, which causes a saving of
$3,000 per year. They decrease their CO2 emissions by 18.2 tons
every year [5]. Kalinga Institute of Social Science, India with
25000 students uses renewable energy technologies to run a mega
kitchen. Solar collectors generate 10000 liter steam, which is
used for cooking purposes and the institute built a 1000 kg
capacity biogas plant to convert this food waste into energy.
Also, 850 kWp solar panel provide electricity to the campus [6].
Carleton College in America uses an utility grade wind turbine
that produces 40% of campus total energy needs and supporting
1,764 undergraduates. It reduces 4,318.1 tons carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere [7]. A portable, easy to maintain and
economical biogas unit is installed and fabricated with 1000L
fermentation tank and 750L gas holder at Jaypee University of
Information Technology (JUIT) [8]. St. Olaf College is
constructing a 1.6 MW wind turbine to power its campus, which
cost $1.9 million, but $1.5 million was funded by Xcel Energy. It
can generate 6 million kWh annually and supply one third of
campus energy requirements [9]. The University of Vermont has
installed a small-scale 10 kilowatt wind turbine, which generates
3000-5000 kWh of electricity annually [10]. The Massachusetts
Maritime Academy installed a 660 kW turbine in 2006 which
produces over 1 million kWh per year that saves $160,000
annually. 690 tons of CO2 were avoided in the fifteen months of
operation [11]. The University of South Carolina launch a $19
million high-tech biomass energy plant which will annually
consume an estimated 57,000 tons of tree waste and save $2
million a year in energy costs [12]. California State University in
2007 completed a large-scale solar parking project at the
university that will supply 20% of the university’s annual power
needs. Ten structures provide shaded parking and a location for
3,872 photovoltaic panels that generate 1.1 MW [13]. At present,
Bangladesh is facing a severe electricity crisis due to growth of
almost each and every sector. RUET is also facing an electricity
crisis due to growth of departments, laboratories, quarters, halls
and other energy related facilities. According to UGC (University
Grants Commission) report, RUET consumes more electric
power than all other universities in Bangladesh. In RUET
campus, there is no natural gas supply facility. So, large amount
of wood fuel is used for the cooking purpose in seven residential
1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
22-23 February 2017
student halls which causes CO2 emission and in residential Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
quarter’s electric heater is used that consume more electricity. To waste, animal manure, municipal waste (MW), plant material,
overcome this vital problem, renewable energy can be sewage, green waste or food waste [17]. About 42,800 biogas
implemented. Among the various sources of renewable energy plant produces biogas across our country. Animal manure and
only two sources are possible to implement at RUET campus. MW are used at large extent to generate biogas in Bangladesh
Solar energy and biogas based cooking are these available since she offer a suitable climatic condition for biogas
sources. The utilization of solar energy and biogas is of great production. The ideal temperature for biogas is around 35 0C. The
importance to RUET since it lies in a subtropical climate region temperature in Bangladesh usually varies from 60C to 400C, but
of the Bangladesh where sunlight is abundant all over the year. the internal temperature of a biogas digester in Bangladesh
usually remains at 220C to 300C, which is very near to the
2. Demographic profile of RUET optimum requirement [18]. In RUET campus, human manure
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology (RUET) is the could be used as a biomass to produce biogas for both electricity
2nd oldest prestigious public university of Bangladesh offers generation and cooking purposes. The generation system is cost
quality education and research in the field of engineering and effective and also environment friendly. Moreover, biogas
technology. The university was established in 1964 as Rajshahi reduces carbon emissions, which lead RUET to become a green
Engineering College. RUET is situated in the northern part of campus.
Bangladesh and acquire 152 acres (0.62 km2) of land. Its
geographical coordinates are 24° 22' 0" North, 88° 36' 0" East. Table 2: Potential of different raw materials to produce biogas [17]
The distinguishable seasons in Bangladesh are summer and
winter. In summer season (May-October) temperature of Cattle Dung
Rajshahi is hot and typically 25-400C and sometimes humid. In 1 kg of dung yields = 0.037 m3 gas
winter season (November-April) temperature is moderate Each cow yields = 10 kg dung/day
typically 8-200C. The university is financed by the Government Poultry Liter
through the university Grants Commission of Bangladesh. 1 kg litter yields = 0.074 m3 gas
Each bird yields = 0.1 kg litter /day
3. Materials and Methods Human Excreta
3.1 Solar energy 1 kg excreta yield = 0.074 m3 gas
RUET is lying on a semi-tropical region in north-eastern part of Excreta per person = 0.4 kg / day
Bangladesh gets abundant sunlight year around. The average
bright sunshine duration in Rajshahi in the dry season is about
7.6 hours a day, and that during the monsoon season is about 4.7 4. Technical and cost analysis
hours. The highest sunlight hours received in this region with 4.1 Energy consumption scenario of RUET campus
readings ranging from 2.86 to 9.04 hours. Thus, the weather Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology is one of the
condition is excellent for utilizing solar panel to produce oldest universities for engineering education in Bangladesh. At
electricity. Moreover, the decreasing trends in the cost of solar present, it offers undergraduate degree under 14 departments. For
panel along with good cloud coverage and sunshine rate in this reason, it consumes large amounts of energy due to the
Rajshahi make this system reliable and convenient. The daily growth of departments, laboratories and other energy related
average solar radiation varies from 4 to 6.5 kWh/m2. The roof top facilities. Along with various academic facilities, RUET need to
areas of various buildings are now unused and un-utilized in provide electricity in 7 residential student halls and 22 residential
RUET campus. These rooftop areas can be used for solar panel quarters. About 3300 students are currently pursuing their
installation. The electricity produced from the solar panel not education where about 2200 students get the residential facility.
only minimizes the bill of electricity, but also reduce significant Since this institution is flourished with different academic and
amount of CO2 emission. The climatic conditions of Rajshahi research facilities, it consumes more electricity from the national
city in different months of the year are shown in table 1. grid. Along there are no gas supply facilities in RUET and
cooking in the residential quarter, largely depends on an electric
Table 1: Climatic condition of Rajshahi heater. These are the main reasons behind this high consumption
of electricity. According to UGC report 2014, RUET is one of the
Month Soalr Average Cloud No of most electricity consuming universities in Bangladesh. Total
radiation Sunshine coverage Sunny electricity consumption and the corresponding electricity cost
(kWh/m2/day) hour (okta) days from July 2015 to June 2016 are shown in table 3.
[14] [15] [15] [16]
January 3.96 5.99 1.38 25 Table 3: Total electricity consumption scenario of RUET campus in 2016
February 4.47 8.25 1.04 20 [19]
March 5.88 8.24 0.9 21 Month Electricity Cost (BDT)
April 6.24 8.06 2.47 12 Consumption
May 6.17 7.29 4.31 6 (kWh/month)
January 82400 643150.00
June 5.25 4.62 6.02 5
February 92400 715564.00
July 4.79 5.91 5.41 0
March 92400 724084.00
August 5.16 5.56 5.33 1
April 78000 688445.00
September 4.96 5.79 4.8 3
May 103200 892740.00
October 4.88 6.89 3.44 15
June 98400 840664.00
November 4.42 7.42 1.33 22
July 81600 681057.00
December 3.83 6.22 1.41 25 August 109200 957779.00
Average 5.00 6.68 3.15 - September 88800 815634.00
October 94800 539590.00
3.2 Biogas November 85200 646542.00
Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced
December 87600 710214.00
by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
22-23 February 2017
library
It has shown in table 3 that during the summer season (May to 23 Foundry shop 184 376 71 902400
August) RUET consumes maximum electricity. Due to campus 24 Hamid hall 743 1519 285 3645600
vacation, in the month of July, the electricity consumption was 25 Gymnasium 750 1533 287 3679200
less. Normally during winter season (November to January) 26 Fitting shop 199 407 77 976800
electricity consumption is less. There is a disparity in the 27 Tinshed hall 480 981 184 2354400
electricity bill in BDT due to the nature of peak - off peak tariff 28 Shahidul hall 743 1519 285 3645600
charge. Bongobondhu
29 480 981 184 2354400
hall
4.2 Implementing Solar System
30 Canteen 258 528 99 1267200
In RUET, the daily average solar radiation is 4.5 kWh/m2/day
31 Guest room 229 468 88 1123200
with good sunshine rate, and good cloud coverage. Moreover,
32 VC’s quarter 289 591 111 1418400
huge amount of roof top area is available. There are 54 buildings
and the rooftop areas of these buildings are about 30660 m2. 33 Professor’s 303 620 117 1488000
Technical analysis shows that about 62000 solar panels of rated 34 Selim hall 1470 3004 563 7209600
power 50 Wp can be installed on the roof top of RUET campus. Medical
35 344 703 132 1687200
Assuming, =10% center
36 Mosque 743 1519 285 3645600
For 50 Wp solar panel,
Solar panel area = 0.669m × 0.656m [20] Teacher’s
37 359 734 138 1761600
= 0.416 m2 club
Teacher’s
= = 38 447 914 172 2193600
quarter (1)
Teacher’s
Daily average solar radiation = 4.5 kWh/m2/day [14] 39 447 914 172 2193600
quarter (2)
Monthly average solar radiation = 135 kWh/m2/month Teacher’s
Output/panel = 0.10×0.416×4.5 = 0.187 kWh/day 40 447 914 172 2193600
quarter (3)
=187 Wh/day Sheikh Hasina
Sample Calculation (Administrative Building) 41 978 1999 375 4797600
Hall
Roof top area = 1868 m2
Agroni school
Solar panel area = 0.416 m2 42 1692 3458 648 8299200
& college
Number of installed panels = = 3816 Teacher’s
43 447 914 172 2193600
Expected energy outcome = (3816 × 0.187) quarter (4)
= 715 kWh/day Teacher’s
44 447 914 172 2193600
Cost of panel = (3816 × 2400) = BDT 91,60,800.00 quarter (5)
Teacher’s
Table 4:Summary of solar panel installation 45 447 914 172 2193600
quarter (6)
Staff’s
Roof 46 345 705 132 1692000
No Energy Quarter (1)
Sl Building top Staff’s
of (kWh/ Cost (BDT) 47 264 540 102 1296000
No name area Quarter (2)
panel day)
(m2) Staff’s
Admin 48 264 540 102 1296000
1 1868 3816 715 9160800 Quarter (3)
Building Staff’s
Metrology 49 139 285 54 684000
2 290 593 112 1423200 Quarter (4)
Lab Staff’s
3 Civil 956 1954 366 4689600 50 264 540 102 1296000
Quarter (5)
4 Fluid lab 398 814 153 1953600 Staff’s
5 CSE 2025 4138 775 9931200 51 264 540 102 1296000
Quarter (6)
6 URP 267 546 103 1310400 Staff’s
7 EEE 452 924 173 2217600 52 139 285 54 684000
Quarter (7)
8 Transport Lab 269 550 103 1320000 Staff’s
9 Machine Lab 290 593 112 1423200 53 139 285 54 684000
Quarter (8)
10 Boiler Lab 290 593 112 1423200 Staff’s
11 GCE 1373 2806 526 6734400 54 264 540 102 1296000
Quarter (9)
12 Auditorium 891 1821 341 4370400
13 Cafeteria 439 897 168 2152800 4.3 Cost Analysis for solar panel
14 Heat engine 467 955 179 2292000
Operational and financial mechanisms, cost, simple payback
Measurement
15 477 975 183 2340000 period, NPV and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of SHS systems
lab
have been analysed. All the cost and benefit are converted to
16 Wood shop 284 581 109 1394400
monetary values. The benefits like environmental impacts in
Electronics terms of CO2 emission reduction, benefits relating to children
17 474 969 182 2325600
lab education due to having good quality of light at home has been
18 Zia hall 2570 5252 984 12604800 excluded for financial analysis.
19 Machine shop 255 522 98 1252800 To calculate the financial analysis Eq. (1), (2) and (3) were used
20 Garage 112 229 43 549600 as follows [21]:
21 Guard room 112 229 43 549600 Payback period= Investment/ (Return-Expense)
22 Central 1099 2246 421 5390400 NPV= CO+ PV (1)
1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
22-23 February 2017
Present value= ƩCn/(1+r)n (2) accessories. The cost of the slurry pit that is almost 50% of the
IRR= i1-NPV1 * ((i2 - i1) / (NPV2-NPV1)) (3) total digester cost, piping system is about 24% of the cost of
Where, CO is the initial investment at period 0 which is a digester. For maintaining the total system about 12% of the total
negative figure, Cn is the total cash flow, r is the discounte rate, cost of the digester is required. From field survey, prize of per B
NPV1and NPV2 are two different net present values for the grade brick BDT 8 (Alimvata, Rajshahi), prize of per bag Holcim
interest rates i1 and i2 where NPV1 is positive and NPV2 is cement BDT 500 (50 kg per bag), prize of per CFT sand BDT 10.
negative. From table 4, it has shown that:
Total number of panel = 62688 Table 5.7 Set up cost of Biogas plant
Expected energy obtained from solar panel = 11766 kWh/day
Total cost of panel = BDT 150451200 SI Capital Cost Item Price (BDT)
This study was carried out using 50 Wp systems, which are No
mainly used by most of the users in Bangladesh. The following Digester 1,36,180
assumptions were considered during the study: Hydraulic Chamber + inlet 43,200
1. Project life was assumed to be 20 years [22] Slurry pit 68,090

Plant 1
2. Maintenance + Technician cost = 5642000 BDT/ year Water supply system 10,122
3. Per unit electricity cost 9.8 BDT, Flat rate for commercial & Pipe line & others 32,683
office (according to BPDB) Pump 28,000
4. Annual income = 11766×220×9.8 =25367496 BDT
5. 6% interest on investment is assumed for NPV [14] Total investment 3,18,275
Net annual cash inflow = 25367496 – 5642000
Digester 1,33,672
= BDT 19725496
Hydraulic Chamber + inlet 41,530
Payback period = investment required/Net annual cash flow
Slurry pit 66,836

= (150451200/19725496) ≅ 7.6 years
After the analysis it is found that total investment is BDT 150
million and in the initial year thenet income is zero. The payback
period is about 7.6 years where the net present value (NPV) is
BDT 66791560 and the internal return rate (IRR) is 12%.
Emission analysis
Total expected energy outcome from solar panel is about 11766
kWh/day. For Bangladesh, per kWh electricity generation emits
0.70 kg CO2 to the atmosphere [23]. Therefore, implementing
this system will reduce 1812 ton of CO2 per year.
4.4 Implementing Biogas System
Two biogas plants are considered where human manure is used
as a biomass to produce biogas for both electricity generation and
for cooking purpose. The weather condition of Rajshahi is pretty
good for biogas generation.
Plant 1:For Selim, Bonggobondhu&Seikh hasina hall
Number of students = 1075
Excreta per person = 0.4 kg/day
Excreta for plant 1= (0.4×1075) = 430 kg/day
1 kg excreta yield = 0.074 m3 Biogas
Biogas produce in plant 1 = (430×0.074) =31.82 m3/day
1 m3 biogas = 1.4 kWh electricity generation [24].
Electricity gets from digester plant 1 = (1.4× 31.82)
= 44.548 kWh/day
Digester size(m3) = Daily feed in (m3/day) ×Retention time
Daily feed in m3/day = Volume of waste + volume of water
= (m/ρ)waste + (m/ρ)water (4)
And Volume of Digester = πr2l (5)
Plant 2: For Zia, Hamid, Shahidul&Tinshed hall
Number of students = 1055
Biogas produce in plant 2 = (422×0.074) =31.228 m3/day
Electricity gets from digester plant 2 = (1.4× 31.228)
= 43.72 kWh/day
Since 2 m3 biogas is needed for 12 persons cooking per day [24],
plant 1 and 2 will be able to meet up the cooking of 380 students
per day.
4.5 Cost Analysis of Biogas plant
After designing the biogas plant and according to the dimension
the different raw materials such as the amount of bricks, sand and
cement for building the plant are estimated. Cost of these
materials are collected from local market survey. The labour cost
and accessories cost are also considered to find out the total
investment cost. For biogas based electricity plant slurry pit,
piping system, biogas generator desulphurizing unit are used as
Plant 2
Water supply system 10,000
Pipe line & others 32,000
Pump 28,000
Total investment 3,11,641
Maintenance cost = BDT 12,000/year/plant
The price of meter-based gas use in households in Bangladesh is
BDT 7 per m3 [25]. As the retention time of the digester is
considered as 30 days, it is possible to get biogas for six month
per year. The total amounts of biogas obtained from both the
plants are about 63 m3/day. The total yearly income from the
biogas is around BDT 79,400. Payback period, NPV, IRR are
calculated for financial evaluation of both the plant together. Life
time of project and interest on investment are assumed as 20
years and 6% respectively.
Net annual cash inflow = 79400 – 24000
= BDT 55400
Payback period = investment required/Net annual cash flow
= (629916/55400) ≅ 11.3 years
The payback period is approximately 11.3 years and the net
present value (NPV) is BDT 22551890 with an internal return
rate (IRR) of 6%.
CO2 Reduction by Biogas plant
Natural gas required for 1kWh electricity generation =1000 CFT
[26]. Biogas plant generates 88.3 kWh electricity/day. Thus,
saves in natural gas is around 88300 CFT. On the other hand, 1
kWh electricity causes natural gas to emit 0.891 g CO2 emission
[27] and reduces 78.70 kg CO2 emission per day
5. Conclusion
Energy starved Bangladesh needs to promote renewable energy
as the traditional energy sources are failing to meet the increasing
demand. The use of renewable energy can also help the nation
attain a sustainable and environment-friendly growth. Renewable
energy is now used in the form of biomass for running traditional
cook stoves and boiling rice mostly in the rural areas. Using these
technologies in an educational campus is a new idea for
Bangladesh. Two Digester plant can save wood which in turn
saves a large number of trees from being cut down. Again, these
saved green trees will reduce GHG effects on the environment in
a substantial way and assist with greenhouse gas balance.So,
Bangladesh government & RUET campus authority should
implement this idea for making the campus as a role model of
“Green Campus”.
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1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Applied Science
Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
22-23 February 2017
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