M05 Scaffolding and Formwork

FINISHING CONSTRUCTION
WORKS
LEVEL-I
Based On March 2022, Curriculum Version I
Module Title: - Erecting and dismantling scaffolding

and formwork
Module code: EIS FCW1 M05 08 22
Nominal duration: 80Hour
Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skills

August, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Page 1 of 110 Ministry of Labor and Skills Erecting and Dismantling Scaffolding and Version -1
Author/Copyright Formwork August, 2022
Table of Content
Acknoledgment
Introduction to the Module ..............................................................................................................6
Unit one: Plan and prepare… ..........................................................................................................7
1.1. Work instructions. ........................................................................................................8
1.2. OHS plans and policies. .............................................................................................11
1.5. Calculating the Scaffolding Area ..............................................................................26
1.6. Preparing materials ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.7. Identifying Environmental protection .......................................................................31
Self check-1 .......................................................................................................................33
List of Reference Materials...............................................................................................34
Unit Two: Whip, tie, splice and inspect ropes ............................................................................35
2.1. Inspecting whippy cord and fiber rope. ...................................................................36
2.2. Whipping rope end .....................................................................................................37
2.3. Splice rope end ...........................................................................................................39
2.4. Appling bends and hitches .........................................................................................42
Self check-2 .......................................................................................................................44
Unit Three: Erect formwork and scaffolding ...............................................................................45
3.1. Prepare work area .......................................................................................................46
3.2 Setting out and erecting ..............................................................................................57
3.3. Assembling formwork ..............................................................................................62
3.4. Placing a brace of formwork and scaffolding...........................................................64
3.5. Erecting support system ............................................................................................69
3.6. Constructing formwork shutters and edge boxing ..................................................71
3.7. Installing block outs and cast ....................................................................................74
3.8. Removing waste materials .........................................................................................76
3.9. Applying oiled or greased on formwork ...................................................................79
Self-Check - 3 ....................................................................................................................81
Operation Sheet 3 ..............................................................................................................82
Lap Test;3 ..........................................................................................................................83
Unit Four: Inspect, repair and alter erected scaffolding .............................................................84
4.1. Inspecting components ..............................................................................................85
4.2. Checking current scaffolding against to design. ......................................................86
4.3. Inspecting scaffold .....................................................................................................88
4.4. Repairing scaffolding .................................................................................................90
4. 5. Inspection log and handover .....................................................................................91
Self-Check -4 .....................................................................................................................92
Unit Five: Dismantle scaffolding and strip formwork ................................................................93
5.1. Dismantling formwork and Scaffolding safely . ......................................................94
5.2. Dismantling work based on weather conditions .....................................................96
5.3. Cleaning and store safely timber components .........................................................96
5.4. Cleaning, oiled and store steel components..............................................................99
5.5. Discarding damaged formwork .............................................................................. 102
Self check-5 .................................................................................................................... 107
=Reference ...................................................................................................................... 108
Acknowledgment
Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many
representatives of TVET instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and
expertise to the development of this Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).
Acronym
OHS - Organizational Health Safety
WHS - Work health and safety
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Introduction to the Module
The Trainees who successfully completed the Program will be qualified to work as a finishing
Worker with unit Plan and prepare ,Whip, tie, splice and inspect ropes ,Erect formwork and
scaffolding ,Inspect, repair and alter erected scaffolding ,Dismantle scaffolding and strip
formwork that trainees acquire the set of occupational competences (skills, knowledge and
attitude) required at the Finishing Construction Works
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the irrigation and drainage
occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Erecting and dismantling
scaffolding and formwork
This module covers the units :
 Plan and prepare
 Whip, tie, splice and inspect ropes
 Erect formwork and scaffolding
 Inspect, repair and alter erected scaffolding
 Dismantle scaffolding and strip formwork
Learning Objective of the Module
 Plan and prepare
 Whip, tie, splice and inspect ropes
 Erect formwork and scaffolding
 Inspect, repair and alter erected scaffolding
 Dismantle scaffolding and strip formwork

Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the ―LAP test‖ giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise
Unit one: Plan and prepare
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Work Instructions.
 OHS Plans and Policies.
 Implementing Signage.
 Tools and Equipment
 Material Quantity.
 Prepare Materials
 Environmental protection
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the unit cover page.
. Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality requirements and operational
details are obtained, confirmed and applied
 OH &S requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies.
 Signage/barricade requirements are identified and implemented.
 Plant, tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the
requirements of the job, checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or
reported prior to commencement.
 Material quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans and/or
specifications.
 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely
handled and located ready for use.
 Environmental protection requirements are identified for the project in accordance with
environmental plans and regulatory obligations and applied.
Work instructions
1.1.1. Planning and preparing Work instructions
Careful planning and preparation is the first essential step in ensuring that work is done
safely. Planning and preparation should involve consultation with all those engaged in the
work and include the identification of hazards using the risk assessment and control process.
The primary role or function of working drawings is to convert design data into construction
information and to clearly communicate that information to building industry, code officials,
product manufacturers, suppliers and fabricators. When preparing for the commencement of
work the principal contractor and the contractor doing the work should ensure that the
workplace is safe, based on the health and safety management plan.
They should also check to ensure, so far as reasonable practicable, that all risk control
measures identified by the risk assessment have been put in place and that no new hazards
exist.
 Preparation should also include at least the following:

 Assessment of climatic/environmental conditions including lighting levels.
 Access to and from the workplace.
 Personal protective equipment on site (e.g. safety helmets, eye protection, fall arrest
or fall restraint equipment etc.)
 specific instructions for employees
 provision of formwork drawings is certified by the formwork engineer or competent
person with the appropriate qualifications
 Equipment required for lifting materials is available and suitable g) residual current
devices (safety switches) protecting the user of portable electric powered tools.
 Emergency and rescue procedures in the event of an accident, injury or other
emergency (including the means of rescuing persons from safety harnesses following
arrested falls).
Scaffolding is used in the construction industry in many different ways by a wide range of
trades. It is platforms at different levels, to enable the construction worker to work at different
heights of a building. A construction worker standing on ground can work up to a height of
about 1.2m -1.5m. When construction is to be done more than this height, builder and labor
required a temporarily platform. This a temporarily plat form provided with necessary supports
close to the work to provide a limited space for the workers building materials, tolls, etc. is
termed as scaffolding.
Formwork is a mould or open box, like container into which fresh concrete is pour and compact.
When the concrete is set, the form work is removed and a solid mass is produce in
the shape of the inner face of the formwork.
Figure 1.2 Scaffolding is used

Figure1.1. Scaffolding
1.1.2. Rules, Regulations and requirements
Every job on a construction site requires a strong understanding of the rules, Regulations and
requirements. Failure to follow these can lead to serious consequences for employers and/or
workers. Scaffolding work can present many hazards, not only with erecting and working on the
scaffold itself, but also from the site or area where the scaffold is located.
Before you pick up your first piece of scaffold, you need to be familiar with:-
The world standards for scaffolding. Work health and safety (WHS) Regulations Codes of
practice Environmental requirements Company policies and procedures Manufacturers‘
instructions
Figure 1.3. Planning &instructing
All these can change over time, and new rules can be created; so you‘ll need to make sure you
keep up-to-date. These Standards provide guidance on different aspects of scaffolding, including
their design and manufacture, and how scaffolding installations should be designed, erected,
managed and used. Many other scaffolding guidelines, such as manufacturers‘ instructions, are
based on or refer to these Standards. While you don‘t need to know them by heart, it‘s important
that you know they exist and consult them when you need them.
1.1.3. Scaffolding codes of practice
Codes of practice are created by states, territories and industry bodies. They set out industry
standards of conduct and give detailed practical guidance on how to comply with the
requirements of legislation, including things like the preferred method or course of action to be
taken to manage hazards. They are not law, but should be followed. Safe Work Canada or
Australia a Commonwealth Government agency responsible for the development of national
policy to improve WHS across Canada /Australia is developing a code of practice for
scaffolding and scaffolding work, which will have a specific focus on the WHS Regulations
relating to scaffolding.
1.1.4. Information, instruction and training for workers using scaffolds

 Where work is performed from a scaffold, you must ensure that the relevant workers
understand:-
1. What loads the scaffold can safely take.
2. Not to make any unauthorized alterations to the scaffold (such as removing guard rails,
planks, ties, toe boards and braces)
3. The working platforms need to be kept clear of debris and obstructions along their
length,
4. The incomplete or defective scaffolds must never be accessed. Where work is performed
using mobile scaffolds, workers should be trained to ensure the scaffold:
5. Using internal ladders for accessed.
6. Codes of practice and Ethiopian Standards for Scaffolding
7. Manufacturers‘ instructions
8. Work health and safety (WHS) Regulations
9. Site-specific rules and requirements.
OHS Plans and Policies
1.2.1 Following Safety (OHS) Requirements

Safety (OHS) is to be in accordance with state or territory legislation, regulations, codes of
practice, organizational safety policies and procedures, and project safety plan and may include:
emergency procedures, including extinguishing fires, organizational first aid requirements and
evacuation. This may include:
 Handling Of Materials
 Hazard Control
 Hazardous Materials And Substances
 Safe Operating Procedures, Including The
 Conduct of Operational Risk Assessment And
 Treatments associated with
1.2.2 Planning for Safety

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations, ACI Wood forms have less
usage potential than aluminum or steel forms.
Complicated shapes of concrete are more expensive because of labor cost and reuse of forms.
Formwork operations are risky, and workers are typically exposed to unsafe working conditions.
Partial or total failure of concrete formwork is a major contributor to deaths, injuries, and
property damages within the construction industry.
Forms must be built with sufficient strength and factors of safety so they are capable of
supporting all dead and live loads without collapse or danger to workers and to the
concrete structure. Contractors are generally responsible for stability and safety of
concrete formwork. Also they are guided by several federal, state, and local codes and
regulations that regulate formwork safety. Most of these documents provide general
guidelines for safety but provide no guarantee against Failure.
Contractors typically are trying to achieve fast removal of formwork elements without
compromising the safety and integrity of structures. A floor formwork system filled with
wet concrete has its weight at the top and is not inherently stable. As a result, one of the
most frequent causes of failure is from effects that induced.
Working place or area is whole building/construction/ site including equipment,
machines, storerooms, etc.
Within the general working place there is a personal working area /space/, where someone is
building up a wall or other related activities. Working space is essentially required for all
construction workers, to accommodate materials and equipment‘s for the process; therefore, it is
a crucial and necessary to keep them all in proper manner.
A neat and tidy site safes time, eases the work and avoids accidents. If things like tools, battens,
boards, stones, cables, steel bars etc. are not used or kept improperly they are obstacles for the
construction process and can be the cause for accident.
Working on scaffolding is one of the most dangerous building activities. Building workers can
accidentally fall off a plate form or parts of scaffolding can drop and injure someone underneath.
The workers on scaffolding must always place stay alert
and check that they can place their feet and hands safely.
Self-employed persons also have duties under the law in
relation to their own Health and Safety and ensure that their
work does not put others at risk.
1.2.1 Work health and safety Regulations
Scaffolding can be very effective protection in
preventing falls; however, there are specific
requirements that apply under the OHS Regulations. Figure 2.2 West Management
A person with management or control of a scaffold must not allow the use of a scaffold from
which a person or object could fall more than four meters unless a competent person provides
written confirmation that the scaffold has been completed.
1.2.2 Environmental requirements
Construction projects often have an impact on the environment – from the clearing of land
through to the materials that are used and the waste created. There are rules and Regulations
covering environmental requirements. Some of these are laws; others are local government or
council requirements. You have a responsibility to minimize the impact you make on the
environment as you go about your work tasks.
Although erecting and using scaffolding does not consume materials, scaffolding can affect the
environment by damaging the area where it is set up, Example- ground and plants, through dust
and debris generated by work done on the scaffold, and through waste left by workers using the
scaffold. The scaffolding you erect is your responsibility,
so make sure you check the area around the scaffold for
damage and waste on a regular basis.
1.2.3 Site-specific rules and requirements
Different worksites have their own rules and requirements
and these vary depending on things like the location, size
and type of project, and company/employer policies. For
example, a project on a small residential site in a busy inner
Figure 2.2 Site Signe
city area is likely to have to manage site traffic and deliveries very carefully and this could have
significant impact on
Scaffolding management, Waste management, noise rules and signage are examples of other
requirements that will vary from site to site. There will
Often also be work practices the way things are done, which isn‘t necessarily a specific policy or
procedure, but expected ways of working.
1.2.4 Site-specific environmental requirements
Some projects may have an environmental plan that you‘ll need
to follow when designing and erecting scaffolding. This could
include things like protection of the site, including the flora and
fauna within it, as well as noise, dust and water monitoring and
management. You‘ll generally be expected to inspect your work
and storage areas daily to ensure that they comply with site
Figure2.3 Personal
environmental requirements; you may have to record this in a log.
protectionequipment
1.2.5 Work health and safety
It‘s the responsibility of every worker to take every possible measure to keep them and their
fellow workers safe in the workplace. There are a range of rules to be followed and actions to be
taken to support this.
Hazards and risks there are hazards and risks in any workplace, but construction sites are among
the most dangerous. Knowing some of the things to watch out for,
ways to minimise risk and what to do if something goes wrong are important things to learn as
soon as you can, if you want a long, successful and accident-free career. If you have an accident,
a near-miss or see any potential hazards on site, you should let your employer or supervisor
know immediately
1.2.6 The hierarchy of hazard control Figure 2.6 type of control
The hierarchy of hazard control is a systematic approach to managing safety and is standard
practice in many workplaces. It provides a structure to help workers select the most effective
ways to eliminate or reduce the risk of hazards. The most effective measure elimination, i.e.
removal of the hazard completely is at the top of the hierarchy. The least effective measure is at
the bottom. The idea is you choose a measure from as close to the top as possible to control the
hazard you‘re dealing with. Take a look at the following diagram, which shows the hierarchy of
hazard control.
1.2.7 Site Hazard Assessment
You need to assess a site for hazards before the erection of scaffolding, as well as continuously
monitor the area while the scaffold is in use to ensure that nothing has changed to make the site
unsafe. When you conduct an initial site assessment, you should look for the following:
Surfaces that may be affected by weather Example, asphalt may become soft in hot weather;
ground may become boggy in wet weather Soft or uneven ground surfaces
The possibility of scaffolds / trades people falling or dropping equipment on others below.
The proximity of power lines to the intended scaffold location.
The movement of vehicles, forklifts, cranes and other plant or equipment; open trenches or areas
that have been trenched and backfilled.
Areas likely to be excavated while the scaffold is still in place.
The minimum distance required between scaffolding and power lines is three metres for a power
line less than 33 kv; six metres for over 33 kv and eight metres for over 133 kv. These
requirements differ across Australia.
 Personal protective equipment
You must wear PPE at all times when you‘re erecting and dismantling scaffold. This includes:
 Steel cap boots
 Hard hat
 safety glasses
 Gloves.
As scaffolding is predominantly an outside job, it‘s also a good idea to wear a long-sleeved,
collared shirt and sunscreen. On noisy worksites, remember to use hearing protection. If site
conditions are dusty, wear a dust mask.
Figure 2.7.Personal protective
1.2.8 First aid equipment
First-aid kits and boxes should contain simple and clear

instruction strobe followed , bake tender the charge fare
possible person qualified to render first aid and be regularly
inspected and kept properly stocked. First-aid kits and
boxes should contains impel and clearings tractions to be
followed,bekeptunder the charge of are possible person
qualified to render first aid and be regularly inspected and
kept properly stocked The employer should be responsible
for ensuring that first aid ,including the provision of trained
personnel, is available.
Figure 2.8. Fire Aid
Arrangement should be made for ensuring the removal form
Kite
edictal attention of workers who have suffered an accident or sudden illness. Thiemann in which
first-aid facilities and personnel are to be provided should be prescribed by national laws or
regulations, and drawn up after consulting the competent health authority and the most
representative organizations of employers and worker concerned. If minimum number of
workers as prescribed is employed in any shift, atleastonesuitablyequippedfirst-
aidroomorstationunderthechargeofqualified first-aid personnel or nurse should be provided at
readily accessible place for treatment of minor injuries and a rest place for seriously sick or
injured in scaffolding workers.
 Fire prevention and firefighting
Fire-extinguishing equipment should be properly maintained and inspected at suitable intervals

by a competent person. Access to fire-extinguishing equipment such as hydrants, portable
extinguishers and connections for hoses should be kept clear at all times. All supervisors and a
sufficient number of workers should be trained in the use of fire-extinguishing equipment, so
that adequate trained personnel are readily available during all working periods, where
appropriate, suitable visual signs should be provided to indicate clearly the direction of escape in
case of fire.
 All appropriate measures should be taken by the employer to:-
 Avoid the risk of fire.
 Control quickly and efficient lying outbreak of fire.
 Bring about a quick and safe evacuation of persons.
. Identifying Implementing Signs

Safety signs are displayed in the working environment to inform workers of the rules and
regulations especially relevant to inform and give warning of possible danger and must be
obeyed.
1.3.1 There are four types of safety signs:
 Warning signs
 Advisory signs
 Mandatory signs
 Prohibition signs particular section of the workplace
1. Warning Signs (these give safety information)
These are triangular yellow signs with a black border and symbol as shown in
Fig. .1.3.1. Warning Signs
2. Advisory Signs (these also give safety information)
Advisory or safe condition signs are square or rectangular green signs with a white symbol as
shown in
Fig.1.3.2 They give information about safety provision
3. Mandatory Signs (these are ‘MUST DO’ signs)
These are circular blue signs with a white symbol as shown in
Fig.1.3.3:- They give instructions which must be obeyed.
4. Prohibition Signs (these are ‘MUST NOT DO’ signs)
These are circular white signs with a red border and Red Cross bar as shown in
Fig. 1.3.4:- They indicate an activity which must not be carried out.
Signs and barricades should be used on or near scaffolding to help keep everyone in the vicinity
safe.
They provide warning of any potential danger, give direction as to what to do and direct both
pedestrians and vehicles safely around scaffolding work areas. Signs should be positioned at eye
level so they‘re easily seen.
When you‘re planning to erect scaffolding, you need to determine which signs to use and
whether barricades will be required – both during erection of the scaffold and while it‘s in use.
You can get this information from a site inspection, by looking at the project plans (particularly
site and location plans) and talking with supervisors. If you‘re erecting scaffolding near roads or
any other area where vehicles are moving close by, you may need a spotter or flagman to control
the traffic and keep people in the area safe during the erection process.
1. A spotter‘s job is to be the eyes and ears of the workers. They will direct them,
Example:-to stop or wait if a vehicle‘s approaching.
2. A flagman directs traffic, Example:-tostops traffic so that scaffolding can be carried safely
across a road. Spotters and flagmen may use mobile phones, two-way radios and hand signals
to communicate with workers.
1.3.2 Scaffold Signs & Tagging Systems
Clear user information regarding the intended use, duty, status and residual hazards relating to
the scaffolding must be provided. A scaffold tagging system shall be used on all scaffolding
structures. The ‗red‘ do not use sign should be displayed as soon as possible during construction,
in addition to any other scaffold incomplete signs required. The tag holders should be positioned
at each access point
Following the commissioning inspection a tag insert must be completed with the relevant data
and inserted in the holder.
If, during use or through the course of an inspection, a defect or hazard is identified then the
scaffold tag insert should be removed to display the prohibition ‗do not use‘ sign. The person
responsible for the scaffold concerned must be notified directly and the insert returned to them.
Note that the holder showing the red prohibition sign can only be used as an interim arrangement
until suitable physical measures to restrict access can be taken. Scaffolding loading bays/towers
and lifting frames must display a sign clearly stating the Maximum Load Rating and any other
loading information (e.g. uniformly distributed load, rigging point for lifting equipment etc.).
All signs and tags must be written in easy untreatable language
Figure 1.3.5: Deferent types of Danger tags and Warning signs
Selecting plant, tools and equipment
Tools used to erect scaffolding need to be small, light and able to be carried easily. They can be
kept in a special safflower‘s belt to keep them handy when moving around and working above
the ground. As with all tools, the tools used for scaffolding need to be well maintained and
checked for damage before and after use. The following provides some information about the
basic tools used for erecting scaffolding. There are a range of tools and maintenance equipment
you can use for the various different tasks need to construct scaffolding or cantilevered hoist.
1.4.1 Tools for tightening and loosening fastening (e.g. Nuts and Bolts):-
Referred to as a shifter or an adjustable spanner, you use a wrench to loosen and tighten the nuts
of couplers. The head of the wrench is adjustable to suit different size nuts.
Spanners Box Spanners Adjustable spanner (Wrenches)
Figure 1.4.1 Tools for tightening and loosening
1.4.2 Tools used for Cutting Wire And other Equipment
Wire nips Cutters Bow saw
Figure 1.4.2: tools used for cutting
1.4.3 Impact tools: -You use a claw hammer to hammer down joining pins to make sure
they‘re fixed securely.
Hammers , Sledge Hammers Hammer Drills
Figure 1.4.3 tools used for impact
1.4.4 Tools For Moving Materials:-
Shovels Wheel barrows
Figure 1.4.4: tools used for Moving Martial‘s
1.4.5 Measures instrument: -
You use a tape measure to measure distances when you‘re setting up the base and constructing
the scaffold.
Figure 1.4.5: tools used for Measures
1.4.6 Spirit level: -

You use the spirit level during scaffold erection to check that the frames and standards are level
and plumb (vertically straight). A small (300 mm) level that fits into the scaffolder‘s tool belt is
the easiest size to use when you‘re climbing about on scaffolding.
Figure 1.4.6: tools used for level
4.1.8 Scaffolding tool belts: -
This is a scaffolder‘s belt worn around the waist to keep tools in order and at hand while the
scaffolder‘s climbing and building the scaffold at height. Frogs are the leather pouches the tools
sit in.
Figure 1.4.7: Scaffolding tool belts
Figure 1.4.8: Scaffolding podgier tools from Priory.
All tools and equipment used for the erection, modification and dismantling of scaffolding must
be:-
 Used in accordance with the manufacturer‘s specifications, organisational policies and

procedures and safety work practices.
 Read the operator`s manual before using any equipment for the first time. do not exceed
the limitations of the equipment. It could be extremely dangerous and could damage the
equipment.
 Used for the purpose it was designed for never use tools or equipment for any purpose or
job other than the one it was intended to do.
 Inspect all tools and equipment before using them. If you find any defects or faults
during the inspection do not use the equipment.
 Faulty tools and equipment must be tagged out according to procedures.
 Cleaning after use, storing neatly, slightly greasing if necessary and regular maintenance.
Visually checked for faults before use, If using electrical powered equipment a residual Current
Device (RCD) connection should be used or equipment should be 220 volt or battery operated
Ensure tools are used correctly and as intended by the manufacture, don‘t get involved in
horseplay.
Calculate quantity Material.
Calculation on the quantity of scaffolding materials are depending on the intended used, how
many locations as per drawings are in need to build temporary platforms? What are their length,
width height and load to be imposed. You should include in the calculations the provision of
ties, emergency exit route/ rescue and loading platform.
Work platforms and scaffolds will be capable of carrying the design load under varying
circumstances depending upon the conditions of use.
The design load of all scaffolds will be calculated on the basis -
 Light - Designed and constructed to carry a working load permitting up to 120kg /square.
 Medium - Designed and constructed to carry a working load permitting up to 240kg /
 square Heavy - Designed and constructed to carry a working load of 75 pounds per
square foot.
An estimate is probable cost of a building before construction. This estimate should not be far
away from the actual cost of the building after completion of the project. it is done by
mathematical calculation based on working trainings. First of all the quantity of the work is
calculated based on standard unit of measurement for each work. This unit of measurement can
be pieces (No), meter linear, meter square and meter cube.
For this case the unit of measurement for formwork is meter square (m 2) .
Fig 5.1: Parts of formworks for Beam and Slab
From the above footing plan and elevation, it can be seen that formwork area required will
be
2 x (2 + 3) x 0.6 = 6 m2
 Unit of Measurement
Square Foot Contact Area (SFCA)
 Measure just contact area, not area of formwork
Contact Area
= 2h (L+B)
1.5.1 Calculating the Scaffolding Area
Scaffold area in square meters. Length (m) x average height* (m) = Area (m2)
Example: - A scaffold is 10 m high to the top working platform at one end and 5 m high to
the top working platform at the other end. The scaffold is 24 m long Length: 24 m
Average height: 10 m + 5 m = 15 m / 2 = 7.5 m area of scaffold: 24 m x 7.5 m = 180 m2
Multiply the horizontal length of a scaffold by the average height of the
scaffold to give the
24.0m
10.0m
5.0m
Figure:-1.5Examplecalculationfortheareaofascaffold
In order to calculate the height of the scaffolding you have to divide the height of the single
scaffolding section and divide it by the height of single scaffolding.
Calculation of the number of rows required in scaffolding, In the end you have to multiply the
number of rows with the number of columns and you get the number of scaffolding that the total
project will require.
Example:-
 How do you calculate scaffolding material?
Divide the total height measurement by the height of a single scaffolding section.
This will determine the total number of rows of scaffolding the project will require. Multiply the
number of rows by the number of columns to find the total number of scaffold sections
necessary for the project.
 What is the minimum weight scaffolding planking must be able to support?
Platform Construction & Safety
The space must not exceed 9 inches (22.86cm) when side brackets or odd-shaped structures
result in a wider opening between the platform and the uprights. Scaffold planking must be able
to support its own weight and at least four times the intended load.
 At what height must a scaffold be supported to help prevent tipping?
Guardrails, a personal fall arrest system, or both must protect each employee more than 10 feet
(3.1 meters) above a lower level from falling. A competent person must inspect ropes for defects
prior to each work shift and after every occurrence that could affect a rope's integrity.
 How far must the planking on the working floor of a scaffold overlap?
Tiebacks when used shall be installed at right angles to the face of the building and securely
fastened to a chimney. (1) Carpenters' bracket scaffolds. (4) The platform shall consist of not
less than two 2- by 9-inch nominal size planks extending not more than 18 inches or less than 6
inches beyond each end support.
 How do you calculate scaffolding rates?
Ask the price of the rental rate per scaffold unit. A majority of the scaffold units are 8 feet long
and 6 feet high. Divide the entire length of the working area you measured by the actual length
of the scaffolding units. This calculation will give you the total number of units needed to cover
the span of the project.
 How much weight should a scaffold support?
Multiply 3.25 M2 by 11.34kg per square Meter and the scaffolding can be loaded with no more
than 396.9kg. Three persons (estimated at 113.4 kg each) and 56.7kg pounds of tools, materials,
and equipment can be applied to the scaffold
.Preparing materials
 Handling scaffolds are platforms suspended by tubes, bolts, fixed-rope slings, or other
methods and not intended for raising or lowering while in use. Any suspension point,
member or attachment must be specially designed and formed in such a way that it
cannot become dislodged or displaced by movement of the handling scaffold.
The designer must be satisfied that the suspension points are strong enough to support
the load and have a factor of safety.
 If the hangers are scaffold tubes, they must be assembled using right-angle couplers,
doubled up at the suspension points. Sleeve couplers or joint pins must not be used for
vertical axial joints.
 What precautions should workers take when moving materials manually?

When moving materials manually, workers should attach handles or holders to loads. In
addition, workers should always wear appropriate personal protective equipment and use proper
lifting techniques. To prevent injury from oversize loads, workers should seek help in the
following:
 When a load is so bulky that employees cannot properly grasp or lift it,
 When employees cannot see around or over a load, or
 When employees cannot safely handle a load.
 Some of the hazards associated with formwork include:
 Fall hazards due to working at heights ladders and platforms.

 Slip and trips hazards due to poor housekeeping, unstable and uneven ground,
poor lighting etc.
 Falling objects & ejected material such as dropped / dislodged tools and
materials, collapsing formwork etc.
 Mobile plant strike
 Exposure to the sun/heat/cold.
 Manual handling hazards due to handling material and equipment.
 Electric shock and noise from plant and equipment used in the project.
1.6.2. What safeguards must workers follow when stacking materials?
Stacking materials can be dangerous if workers do not follow safety guidelines. Falling materials
and collapsing loads can crush or pin workers, causing injuries or death. To help prevent injuries
when stacking materials, workers must do the following:
 Stack lumber no more than 16 feet high if it is handled manually, and no more than 20
feet if using a forklift;
 Remove all nails from used lumber before stacking;
 Stack and level lumber on solidly supported bracing;
 Ensure that stacks are stable and self-supporting;
 Do not store pipes and bars in racks that face main aisles to avoid creating a hazard to
passersby when removing supplies;
 Stack bags and bundles in interlocking rows to keep them secure; and
 Stack bagged material by stepping back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least
every ten layers (to remove bags from the stack, start from the top row first).
 Manual handling hazards due to handling material and equipment.
 Electric shock and noise from plant and equipment used in the project.
Figure: 1.6.1 Proper handling of Steel and Aluminum scaffolding tubes
Figure: 1.6.2 Proper handling of Bamboo Scaffolding

1.7 Identifying Environmental protection
1.7.1 Appling environmental requirements for the project
Logistic Prior to the arrival of the material from the disembarking point to the project work site;
a Stock Yard is to be properly allocated and set up for the unloading of the formwork material
and accessories. This Stock Yard should preferably be located at close proximity or within the
compound of the project work site, properly fenced up and security
Effective management of work activities and competent site supervision are essential in
maintaining healthy and safe conditions. It should be made clear to supervisors exactly what it is
they are expected to do and how they are expected to do it. The greater the risk, the greater the
degree of control and supervision required.
Ensure the level of site supervision provided is adequate. Site managers and supervisors should
be trained to help them discharge their health and safety responsibilities. On larger sites, site
managers may require the support of assistant site managers. On smaller sites, if the supervisor
or manager is sometimes not present, they (or a deputy) should be contactable by phone and a
responsible person should be left in charge of the site.
 Site will be provided with a set of formwork drawings which entailed the followings:
 Shell Plan Layout
 Formwork layout drawings,
 Wall panel Layout,
 Slab Panel Layout,
 Starter Block Layout,
 Corner Layouts,
 Beam Panel Layout,
 Soffit Layout,
 Staircase Layout, etc,
 Before work starts:
 consider if there are any hazards you can avoid altogether (eg the need to paint
Page 31 of 110 Ministry of Labor and Erecting and dismantling scaffolding Version -1
Skills and formwork August, 2022
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 at height can be eliminated if materials are brought to site ready-finished); decide
which risks need to be controlled;
 consider the best ways of controlling them; and then
 having decided what needs to be done, make sure it happens
 Check that:
 everyone is properly trained and competent;
 they have the equipment they need; and
 agreed work methods are put into practice
 Statutory and regulatory authority obligations
Both statutory requirements and regulatory requirements are those requirements
ISO 9001 requires an organization to identify and control the statutory and regulatory
requirements applicable to its products and services. It is up to the organization to
determine what is required within its QMS.
The organization should demonstrate that the statutory and regulatory requirements
applicable to its products and services have been properly identified, are available and
easily retrievable.
Auditors need to be aware of the general and specific statutory and regulatory
requirements applicable to the products and services included within the scope of the
QMS. During the audit preparation phase, auditors should obtain relevant information
from internal or external sources with respect to these statutory and regulatory
requirements. This will allow them to make a judgment on the suitability of the QMS to
address such requirements. These requirements need to be identified and integrated in the
resource management and product realization, or service provision, activities of the
organization.
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Self check-1
Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

1, It is platforms at different levels, to enable the construction worker to work at different
heights of a building
A, Scaffolding B) Formwork C)Timber D) All
2, What types PPE wear at all times when erecting and dismantling scaffold?
A) Steel cap boots B) Hard hat C)Gloves d) All
3, These are triangular yellow signs with a black border and symbol
A) Warning Signs B) Mandatory Signs C) Prohibition Signs D) All
4, ______used to erect scaffolding need to be small, light and able to be carried easily
A) Tools B) Equipment C)A and B D) None
5, Designed and constructed to carry a working load permitting up to 120kg /square.

A) 120kg /square. B) 220kg /square. C) 420kg /square. D) All
6, On it standards prescribe scaffolding made of _______________

A) Timber & bamboo B) Steel & aluminum tubes
C) Prefabricated frames D) All
7. Which country use bamboo for scaffolding work?
A) In Asia B) In Africa c) In Europe D) All
8. What is advantage of properly store all scaffolding Martial’s?
A) Protected environment B) To be organized the site
C) To save money and time D) All
9. What is the environmental management processes frame for scaffolding work?
A) Disposal of site waste materials and rubbish B) Recycling waste materials
C) Re- use of waste materials D) All
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List of Reference Materials
REFERENCES
The following is a listing of the legislation, regulations and standards that apply to
scaffolding.
1, Safe use scaffolding program/ Department of Facilities Management Occupational
Health and Safety
2, Instructional Scaffolding /to Improve Learning Northern Illinois University, Faculty
Development and Instructional Design Center
3,Safety and health in construction/Copyright © International Labour Organization 1992
First published 1992
4,Scaffolding General Requirements /This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was
prepared by Joint Technical Committee BD-036, Scaffolding. It was approved on behalf
of the Council of Standards Australia on 2 October 2009 and on behalf of the Council of
Standards New Zealand on 5 March 2010. This Standard was published on 19 March
2010.
5,Training Requirements in OSHA Standards/Occupational Safety and Health
Administration U.S. Department of Labor
6,Part 12 Scaffolds and Scaffold Platforms by Miosha education and training
servicesJuly 10, 2017
7, Estimation and Planning Methodology for Industrial Construction Scaffolding By
Chandan Kumar © Chandan Kumar Fall 2013 Edmonton, Alberta
7, CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ACCESS AND WORKING SCAFFOLD
8,Health and Safety /Advice for Scaffolder CITB-Construction Skills NI Nutts Corner
Training Centre 17 Dun rod Road Crumlin Co. Antrim BT 29 4SR
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Unit Two: Whip, tie, splice and inspect ropes
This unit to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage
and topics:
 Inspecting whippy cord and fiber rope.
 Whipping rope ends.
 Splice rope ends.
 Appling bends and hitches.
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the unit Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Whipping cord and fiber rope is inspected for damage and or wear.
 Designated rope ends are whipped in accordance with regulations and project
specifications.
 Designated rope ends are spliced in accordance with regulations and project
specifications.
 Bends and hitches are applied and inspected in accordance with project
specifications.
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2.1 Inspecting whippy cord and fiber rope.
Fiber rope is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted or braided String
(structure) made of multiple strands twisted together or thin rope Cord ,together into a
cord:-larger and stronger form. Ropes have tensile strength.
Rope access systems are fundamental principles for working at height.
All rope access work must be planned and carried out in accordance with the
International Rope Access Trade Association (IRATA).
The team leader shall prepare an access permit before beginning rope access work.
The access document shall include, but not be limited to, the following safety objectives:
 list the rope access methods to be used for the proposed work,
 List the members of the work team by name and identify their duties. (Note:
the Rope Access
 Supervisor shall assess the individual team member’s suitability for the work
to be performed.)
 list the rope access equipment to be used for the work to be performed,
 list the hazards associated with the work to be performed,
 list appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to be used,
 list provisions for providing security to the anchor,
 List the rescue service and the means to summon the rescue service.
 Before adopting rope access techniques for a particular job, the asset holder, the
contractor shall do a risk assessment.
 All persons involved in the Rope Access shall be provided with and shall use
personal protective equipment, in accordance with the requirements Personal
Protective Equipment. It is recommended that only equipment that has a current
certificate of the safe working load or minimum breaking strength, or other
certification as to reliability should be used.
 Technician shall establish and monitor a procedure to ensure all items of equipment
are inspected before each use.
 You should follow the manufacturer’s instructions and be trained by a competent
person. Safe practices for ropes and support devices:
 Know how to use the equipment.
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 Inspect the equipment daily.
 Rig suspension ropes and support devices properly.
 Use an independently anchored personal fall-arrest system.
 Ensure that primary support ropes and lifelines will support at least 5,000
pounds.
 Don’t use primary support ropes and lifelines that are worn or damaged.
 Protect primary support ropes and lifelines that contact surface edges.
 Protect primary support ropes and lifelines from extreme temperatures and
corrosive chemicals.
 Don’t use descent-control devices in strong winds.
 Use the "rag-and-visual" method to check for external damage.
Grab the rope lightly and with a rag or cotton cloth, move the rag slowly along the wire. .
Measure the rope diameter. Visually check for abrasions, corrosion, pitting, and
lubrication inside the rope. Technician shall demonstrate that all equipment is used,
inspected and maintained in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Technician
shall ensure that equipment is
Figure 2.1 Damage rope Figure 2.2 Using rope
2.2 Whipping rope end
A whipping knot or whipping is a binding of marline twine or whipcord around the end of
a rope to prevent its natural tendency to fray.
The whipping can be made neat and permanent by tying it off or sewing the ends of the
twine through the rope. The purpose of a whipping is to prevent the end of a rope from
fraying...A whipping should be, in width, about equal to the diameter of the rope on
which it is put, (Two sail maker's whippings) a short distance apart, are put in the ends
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of every reef point, where the constant "whipping" against the sail makes the wear
excessive; this is said to be the source of the name whipping. The other type of
stopping knot is a seizing knot.
Whipping is suitable for synthetic and natural stranded and braided ropes, lines and
cables, including 3-strand rope, 4-strand cable and 8-strand multi plait as well as
concentric and braided constructions.
Figure 2.3 Common whipping knots

The common whipping should not be used for rope ends that will be handled.
This whipping knot is also called 'wolf' whipping in some parts of the whipping knot
or whipping is a binding of marline twine or whipcord around the end of a rope to
prevent its natural tendency to fray.
2.2.1 How to tie the Common Whipping Knot: -
The Common Whipping is a knot tied at the end of a rope to keep the end from
unraveling. The benefit of the Common Whipping knot is that it is quite easy to tie and
no tools are required. However, the knot is more appropriate for temporary use or on
decorative ropes as it is known to slip off the rope easily. It is best used on a natural
fiber rope and tied with natural twine, both of which afford the maximum friction for the
knot to hold its position at the end of the rope. When dealing with synthetic ropes, it is
best to wrap with tape and then heat the ends to melting point to fuse the strands.
figure 2.3 French Whipping.
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2.2.2 Common Whipping Knot Tying Instructions
Lay the twine along the rope and make a bight back along the rope. Note that the rope
should be whipped a short distance (one and a half times the diameter) from its end.
1, Begin wrapping the twine around the rope and bight of twine securely. Wrap until the
whipping is one and a half times wider than the rope is thick.
2, Run the working end of the twine through the bight. Carefully pull on the standing end
of the twine until the bight and working end are pulled under the whipping (Note: It is
normally necessary to maintain tension on the working end to prevent the bight from
being dragged completely through otherwise the whipping will fall apart.) Cut the twine
flush with the edges of the whipping to give the rope end a finished.
2.3 Splice rope end
Rope splicing in rope work is the forming of a semi-permanent joint between

two ropes or two parts of the same rope by partly untwisting and then interweaving their
strands. Splices can be used to form a stopper at the end of a line, to form a loop or an
eye in a rope, or for joining two ropes together. Splices are preferred to knotted rope,
since while a knot typically reduces the strength by 20–40%,a splice is capable of
attaining a rope's full strength. However, splicing usually results in a thickening of the
line and, if subsequently removed, leaves a distortion of the rope. Most types of splices
are used on 3-strand rope, but some can be done on 12-strand or greater single-
braided rope, as well as most double braids. While a spliced 3-strand rope's strands are
interwoven to create the splice, a braided rope's splice is constructed by simply pulling
the rope into its jacket.
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Figure 3.1 Stages in splicing the end of a rope
Figure 3.2
2.3.1 Types of splices

1, Back splice (also called an end splice):-A splice where the strands of the end of
the rope are spliced directly back into the end without forming a loop. It is used to finish
off the end of the rope to keep it from fraying. The end of the rope with the splice is
about twice the thickness of the rest of the rope. With nylon and other plastic materials,
the back splice is often no longer used; the rope strands are simply fused together with
heat to prevent fraying.
2, Cut splice (originally called cunt splice) – A splice similar to the eye splice. It is
typically used for light lines (e.g., the log-line) where a single splice would tend to come
undone, the rope being frequently wet. It makes a very strong knot. A cut splice is a join
between two ropes, made by side splicing the ends slightly apart, to make an eye in the
joined rope which lies shut when the rope is taut.
 Eye splice – A splice where the working end is spliced into the working part forming a
loop.
 Ring splice – Attached the working end of a rope to a ring or clew.
 Chain splice – Attached the working end of a rope to a chain.
 Figure-eight "splice" knot- A splice-like bend knot used for joining two ropes.
 Horseshoe splice – A cut splice where the two sides of the loop are of unequal length.
 Long splice – A splice used to join two rope ends forming one rope the length of the
total of the two ropes. The long splice, unlike most splice types, results in a splice that is
only very slightly thicker than the rope without the splice, but sacrifices some of the
strength of the short splice. It does this by replacing two of the strands of each rope end
with those from the other, and cutting off some of the extra strands that result. The long
splice allows the spliced rope to still fit through the same pulleys, which is necessary in
some applications.
 Short splice – Also a splice used to join the ends of two ropes, but the short splice is
more similar to the technique used in other splices and results in the spliced part being
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about twice as thick as the non-spliced part, and has greater strength than the long
splice. The short splice retains more of the rope strength than any knots that join rope
ends.
Splices are often tapered to make the thicker splice blend into the rest of the line. There are two
main types of tapering, the standard and the "West Coast Taper".
 Standard tapers progressively remove a portion of each remaining strand—one-third at
a time is typical, resulting in a taper of two additional tucks beyond the splice—thus
Making each successive tuck produce a narrower splice. This is only practical with laid-
lines, i.e…., those made up of numerous strands laid side by side.
3, West Coast taper (also known as a Fisherman's Taper) is effected by extra-tucks of
entire strands, such that the second strand is interweaved one more time than the first
and the third is interweaved an additional time after the second.
Unfinished cut splice
Line eye-splice to a snap shackle.
Short splice, with ends whipped

2.3.2 Splicing tools
 A fid is a hand tool made from wood, plastic, or bone and is used in the process of
working with rope. A variety of fid diameters are available depending on the size of rope
being used. Styles of fid designs include:
 Swedish fid is conical instrument with a somewhat long taper.
 Tubular fid aid in splicing double-braided rope.
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 Uni-fid needed to splice braid with a parallel core.
 A Marlinspike is a tool, usually made of steel and often part of a sailor's pocketknife,
which is used to separate strands of rope from one another. They can range in size
anywhere from 3 inches to 5 feet long, with a round or flattened point.
 A pulling fid is often used for smaller diameters of braided ropes. Also a Soft fid is a
great tool when dealing with tightly braided ropes.
2.4. Appling bends and hitches
Just like when you learnt to tie your shoelaces when you were young, knot tying is a
skill that requires considerable practice in varying conditions and application.
Learning to tie bends and hitches for your scaffold license takes time and practice but
once you have learnt these skills, they will be useful in many more areas than just
scaffolding, like: boating, camping, caving, outdoors, rigging, rock climbing, sailing,
scouting …..etc.
Below you learn the technical how to tie bends and hitches for scaffold works.
Clove Hitch
The clove hitch is a simple hitch that is widely used in
domestic, commercial and recreational activities. The clove
hitch is often used to secure the end of a line to a rail or beam
in many applications. A clove hitch is quick to tie and very
easy to adjust.
Rolling Hitch
The rolling hitch is similar to a clove hitch with an extra loop
or turn. The extra turn adds additional friction to help the hitch
resist sideways movement in a certain direction
Bowline
The bowline it one of the best knots out there and it used a lot
by sailors because it is so easy to tie and untie. The bowline
loop is the workhorse of knots,it never slips, comes loose, or
jams under strain
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Timber Hitch
A good knot for securing the end of a rope to a tree, pole, or
log. It does not jam or slip, no matter how heavy the load and
is easy to tie and untie.
Sheet Bend
A sheet bend is ideal for joining two ropes of unequal
diameter or a rope to an object such as a tarp or plastic
sheeting. The sheet bend is one of the easiest ways To
connect two pieces of rope or cord together. It is one of the
basic knots used for survival and offers a quick way to join
cordage.
Crown Knot and Back Splice

The Back Splice provides a secure method of preventing the
end of a rope from fraying.
Side Eye Splice

Is used to place a permanent loop at the end of a rope.
Common Whipping
Use to prevent natural fiber rope ends from fraying
or unraveling
Short Splice
A short splice can be used in place of a knot to join
two ropes, or the ends of the same rope together
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http://youtube.com/watch?v=UolH2L9vmOo
Self check-2
1. ________ is a group of yarns, plies, fibers or strands that are twisted

A) Fiber rope B) Lifelines C) Surface edges D) None
2.What is the benefit of Common Whipping knot ________is that and

A) It is quite easy to tie B)No tools are required
B) A and B.D) None
3._________ is the forming of a semi-permanent joint between two ropes.
A) Rope splicing in rope work B)Prevent the end of a rope from fraying
C) Protect primary support ropes D)None
4.________is one of the best knots out there and it used a lot by sailors because it is so easy to
tie and untie
A) The bowline B)The clove hitch B) Side Eye Splice D)Short splice
5.In what percent reduces the strength knotted rope ______
A) By 10–20% B)By 30–50% B) By 20–40%D) None
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Unit Three: Erect formwork and scaffolding
This learning guide is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the
following content coverage and topics:
 Preparing work area
 Setting out and erecting
 Assembling formwork
 Placing a brace of formwork and scaffolding
 Erecting support system
 Constructing formwork shutters and edge boxing
 Installing block outs and cast
 Removing waste materials
 Applying oiled or greased on formwork
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the above unite.
Specifically, upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Work area is cleared and surface prepared for safe erection of scaffolding and
formwork (for safe work conditions or to support the formwork for lintels, beams,
posts, shutters, piers, suspended slab etc.)
 Formwork and Scaffolding are set out to requirements of plans/ specifications
 Formwork is assembled to plans/specifications/class of finish with support system
set to correct height level and line
 Bracing of formwork and scaffolding is placed according to support
plans/specifications to maintain rigidity and stability
 Formwork and Scaffolding support system is sequentially erected according to
initial set out to job specifications
 Formwork shutters and/or edge boxing is constructed to designed form
requirements and specified dimensions
 Block outs and cast in-services are installed to specified locations
 Debris, sawdust and other waste materials are removed from completed
formwork in accordance with waste management policy for the site.
 Formwork is oiled or greased not to allow the concrete to stick on the form.
Release agent is applied to formwork face to manufacturers’ specifications where
specified.
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3.1 Plan and Prepare work area
 Careful planning and preparation is the first essential step in ensuring that work is
done safely. Planning and preparation should involve consultation with all those
engaged in the work and include the identification of hazards using the risk assessment
and control process.
 The primary role or function of working drawings is to convert design data into
construction information and to clearly communicate that information to building
industry, code officials, product manufacturers, suppliers and fabricators. When
preparing for the commencement of work the principal contractor and the contractor
doing the work should ensure that the workplace is safe, based on the health and safety
management plan.
They should also check to ensure, so far as reasonable practicable, that all risk control
measures identified by the risk assessment have been put in place and that no new hazards
exist.
 Preparation should also include at least the following:

 Assessment of climatic/environmental conditions including lighting levels.
 Access to and from the workplace.
 Personal protective equipment on site (e.g. safety helmets, eye protection, fall arrest
or fall restraint equipment etc.)
 specific instructions for employees
 provision of formwork drawings is certified by the formwork engineer or competent
person with the appropriate qualifications
 Equipment required for lifting materials is available and suitable g) residual current
devices (safety switches) protecting the user of portable electric powered tools.
 Emergency and rescue procedures in the event of an accident, injury or other
emergency (including the means of rescuing persons from safety harnesses following
arrested falls).
 Beam Design
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A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points.
Beams are structural elements that resists loads applied laterally to their axis. They typically
transfer loads imposed along their length to their end points where the loads are transferred to
walls, columns, foundations, and so on.
 Formwork For beam
- Grade beam
- Tie beam
A beam formwork consists of a three-sided box which is supported by cross members called
head trees which are propped to the underside of the soffit board. In the case of framed buildings,
the beam box is provided by the column form. The soffit board should be thicker than the beam
sides since this member will carry the dead load until the beam has gained sufficient strength to
be self-supporting. Soffit boards should be fixed inside the beam sides so that the latter can be
removed at an early date, this will enable a flow of air to pass around the new concrete to speed
up the hardening process and also releasing the form work for reuse at the earliest possible time.
Generally the beam form is also used to support the slab form work and the two structural
members are then cast together.
Fig 1.1.Beam Formwork
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 Beams may be:
 Simply supported: that is, they are supported at both ends but are free to rotate.
 Fixed: Supported at both ends and fixed to resist rotation.
 Overhanging: overhanging their supports at one or both ends.
 Continuous: extending over more than two supports.
 Slab Formwork
Floors require a large area of formwork to be provided usually from beam to beam. Timber
floor formwork consists of timber boards or plywood sheets supported on a framework and
resting on a series of timber joists. Again timber and metal props can be used for vertical
supports. Metal panels can be used and bolted or clipped together and held in place by a system
of metal beams or a tabular scaffold system. Adjustable props need for leveling purposes
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Fig 1.4.Wood formwork
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 Slab Beam
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A slab is one way slab when a slab is supported on two edges and bends in only one direction. Of
such slabs run parallel to the span. For the transverse direction, a minimum amount of shrinkage
reinforcement is provided.
Fig 1.8. . Slab Beam
 Types of formwork
Formwork can be mainly made of
 Timber,
 Plywood,
 Steel,
 Precast concrete or fiberglass,
used separately or in combination. The type of material to be used for formwork depends upon
the nature of construction as well as the availability and cost of material.
 Timber Formwork
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Timber used for the formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
 It should be well seasoned.

 It should be light in weight.
 It should be easily workable with nails without splitting, and
 It should be free from knots
Timber used for shuttering exposed concrete work should have smooth and even surface on all
faces, which are to come in contact with concrete. In situations where concrete surfaces are not
exposed as in the case of foundations, undressed timber can be used.
Use of plywood instead of timber planks is getting popular these days. In this case resin bonded
plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of required sizes. The panels
thus formed can easily be assembled by bolting in the form of shuttering. This types of shuttering
ensures quality surface finish and is especially recommended in works where large exposed areas
of the concrete are to be constructed such as floor slab, faces of retaining walls, etc. Generally,
the number of reuses of plywood formwork is more as compared with timber shuttering.
Timber for form-work should be neither too dry nor too wet. If the timber is too dry, it will
absorb water from the wet concrete and swell and may be distorted or decayed. On the other
hand, if it is too wet, shrinkage may result especially moisture content of timber. The normal
moisture content of timber used for form-work should be 20 percent.
 Advantages of Timber Formwork

 It is relatively cheap.
 It is more economical than steel where work is non-repetitive.
 It can be found locally.
 Disadvantages of Timber Formwork

 It is susceptible to insect and fungal attack.
 It warps, especially when it is not well seasoned.
 It is not good for repetitive work.
 Steel Formwork
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This consists of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened along the edges by small steel
angles. The panels can be fabricated in large numbers in any desired modular shape or size.
Although steel shuttering costs more initially, it may work out to be economical in the long run
due to its large number of re-uses of the same shuttering. Steel formworks are available in the
market on rental basis.
 Advantages of Steel Formwork

 It is durable and can be used as many times as necessary.
 It gives smooth finish.
 It is not liable to warp.
 It is more economical than timber where repetitive work is necessary.
 Disadvantages of Steel Formwork

 The initial outlay of money is great.
 It is easily dented.
 It rusts under humid conditions.
 Formwork materials can be generally classified as
 Timber
 Metals
 Plastics
Fig 1.9 Timber formwork
 Plywood
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The use of plywood in concrete forming for form facing has improved the quality of finished
concrete.
•The relatively large sheets of plywood have reduced the cost of building and at the same time
have provided smooth surfaces that reduces cost of finishing of concrete surfaces.
Plywood is a manufactured wood product consisting a number of veneer sheets, or plies . Type
of plywood can be grouped as exterior and interior. For formwork the exterior plywood is used.
Adhesive used to bond the piles in manufacturing of exterior plywood is watertight and gives
maximum number of reuses.
Fig 1.10 Plywood formwork
 Metals
The initial cost of metal formwork is more than timber formwork but the lumber of reuses of
metal formwork is higher than that of timber. In long run metal formwork can be economical. İn
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heavy construction works metal formwork may require a lifting mechanism to handle the
formwork panels or props.
 Steel sheet formwork has the problem of rusting also. To avoid rusting, in every use the
surfaces should be oiled with an appropriate releasing agent. In metal formwork usage, the
metal sheets are prepared as panels of standard sizes. This brings the difficulties of erecting
irregular dimensions of formwork.
• Steel or aluminum or magnesium is the most widely used metals.
Fig 1.12. Metal formwork
 Plastics
They have impervious surfaces that usually create a smooth fınish to the concrete. • Plastic
formwork could be reinforced or unreinforced. Plastic is reinforced by glass fibers.
Reinforced plastics are specially produced for a specific formwork type. Un-reinforced plastics
are produced in sheet form with smooth or textured surfaces. • Plastic formwork is lighter but
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less durable than metal formwork.
Fig 1.13 Plastic Formwork
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3.2 Setting out and erecting
 Formwork is a temporary structure that supports part or the whole of a permanent structure
until it is self-supporting. Individual components of formwork, for example frames, are
plant. Once assembled the components form the temporary structure. Some formwork
systems are designed to remain with the permanent structure.
 Generally work carried out to design, construct, erect, alter, maintain, dismantle or remove
formwork will be defined as construction work.
 Formwork means the surface used to contain and shape wet concrete until it is self-
supporting. This includes the forms on or within which the concrete is poured and the
frames and bracing which provide stability. Although commonly referred to as part of the
formwork assembly, the joists, bearers, bracing, foundations and footings are technically
referred to as false work. For the purpose of this code, the term ‗formwork‘ will be used to
describe both formwork and false work.
 Building designers, including engineers and architects, must consider the ‗build
ability‘ of a structure or building with the objective of producing a design that
minimizes the risk of injury during construction.
 The design of the final concrete structure may have a major effect on the ease of
formwork construction and consequently, on the safety of people during construction.
Generally, a more basic and simple final concrete structure is safer to erect.
A formwork designer should be consulted during the design of any building to provide
input on ways to minimize the risk of injury arising from formwork activities.
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3.2.1 Erecting procedure
Now it’s time to erect the scaffold. Remember to follow your plan, as well as the rules
and Regulations that apply in your location. Pay particular attention to the hazard
prevention and safety elements of all these documents throughout the entire erection
process, and always check with your supervisor if there’s anything you’re not sure of.
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Erecting framed scaffold let’s look at this process step-by-step.
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Figure 3.1 Erecting framed scaffold
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3.3 Assembling formwork
Static line is a horizontal or substantially horizontal line to which a lanyard may be

attached and which is designed to arrest a free fall. Total fall distance is the total
distance a person is likely to fall during both the free and restrained parts of a fall
and includes the maximum dynamic extension of all supporting components.
When planning the site layout and sequence of construction for installing a static
safety line system, the safety considerations include
The martial‘s must be:-
 All components of a fall-arrest system must be compatible
 All equipment shall be regularly inspected and tested to ensure it complies with Accepted
International Standard.
 Equipment must be given a careful visual inspection by a trained personnel every time it
is used
 Always ensure that the equipment is being used in conformity with the manufacturer‘s
instructions.
 The rigging of static lines, anchorage lines and restraints is a skilled operation that shall
be carried out by trained personnel.
 People using such equipment must be trained or supervised to ensure that all belts or
harnesses are correctly fitted, with lines properly anchored and adjusted.
 Do not ‗mix and match‘ systems with different components made by different
manufacturers.
 Check with the manufacturer and/or supplier to ensure compatibility of components.

Techniques for static and Anchorage line: -
A static line is a horizontal line that is anchored at both ends and rigged so that a fall-arrest
device or lanyard can run along its length. The force on the anchorage points of the static line
will be considerable greater than those on an anchor line. This is because the anchor line is in
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direct tension along its length while the static line is under tension at right angles between the
anchorages. Special shock-absorbing units that attach to the static line are available to reduce this
force to an acceptable level. These are not the same units as used in a lanyard.
Figure 3.1 Specialist advice

and training is needed in the
rigging of static lines.
Figure 3.2 Static Line and

Anchorage
The static line must have a minimum breaking strength of 44 kN unless it is an engineered
design.
When planning the site layout and sequence of construction for installing a static safety line
system, consideration should be given to the most appropriate fall-arrest system and method of
installation.
The correct tensioning of the static line can be achieved by a framed turnbuckle or a removable
ratchet and pawl. The static line must be correctly tensioned. Where a slack static line is
suddenly pulled by a person slipping, this could jerk others off balance, causing harm. An over-
tensioned line will exert too much force on the anchorage points, and reduce the amount
available to arrest the fall. Care must be taken to ensure that loose objects between the anchorage
and the worker cannot be dislodged by movement of the lines. Do not use guardrails as an
anchor: they are not designed to take the forces involved in arresting a fall.
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3.4 Placing a brace of formwork and scaffolding
Braces should be attached to the frames as soon as practicable and designated access ways
should be indicated by using bunting or by other means.
If side bracing or other edge protection is installed progressively on formwork frames other
control measures to prevent a fall occurring may not be required.
Many conventional formwork frames consist of diagonal braces that cross in the middle. While
these braces are not considered to be suitable edge protection for a completed formwork deck,
they may provide reasonable fall protection during frame erection. This is only the case where
braces are installed in a progressive manner as soon as the frames are installed.
As the height of formwork frames increase there is a greater need to provide lateral stability to
the frames. Ensure framing, including bracing, is carried out in accordance with on-site design
documentation and manufacturers‘ instructions. People erecting formwork must be trained to
erect formwork using safe methods.
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4. 1, Terms used in formwork
Braces:- these are diagonal or cross pieces fixed on the standards to

provide False work, in relation to a form or structure, means the
structural supports and bracing used to support all or part of the form
or structure until the concrete is poured and is strong enough to support
loads.
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 Bracing
Flying formwork: Is a designed floor formwork system that can be hoisted between levels as
a unit. Forms are the molds into which concrete or another material is poured. Formwork is a
system of forms connected together.
Gang forms: are large panels designed to be hoisted as a unit, and to be erected, stripped, and
re-used.
Knock-down Forms: are traditional formwork supported by falsework and shoring,
assembled from bulk materials, used once, and then dismantled.
Panels: are sections of form intended to be connected together.
Sheathing: is the material directly supported by wales, and against which concrete is to be
placed.
Specialty formwork: is designed specifically for a particular structure or placing technique.
Strut: are vertical members of shoring that directly resist pressure from wales.
Wales: are horizontal members of shoring that are placed against sheathing to directly resist
pressure from the sheathing.
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Causes of Formwork Failure
Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur during concrete
construction which usually happen when fresh concrete is being placed. Generally some
unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others become overloaded or misaligned and
the entire formwork structure collapses. Formwork collapse causes injuries, loss of life, property
damage, and Construction delays
The main causes of formwork failures are:
 Improper stripping and shore removal

 Inadequate bracing
 Vibration
 Unstable soil under mudsills*,
 shoring not plumb
 Inadequate control of concrete placement
 Lack of attention to formwork details
 Improper Stripping and Shore Removal
Premature stripping of forms, premature removal of shores, and careless practices in restoring
can produce catastrophic results
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 Inadequate bracing
The more frequent causes of formwork failure, however, are other effects that induce lateral
force components or induce displacement of supporting members.
Inadequate cross bracing and horizontal bracing of shores is one of the factors most frequently
involved in formwork accidents.
Investigations prove that many accidents causing thousands of dollars of damage could have
been prevented only if a few hundred dollars had been spent on diagonal bracing for the
formwork support.
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3.5. Erecting support system
Designer‘s safety report for construction work Most erecting and dismantling of a scaffold is
construction work as it involves the construction of a structure or is undertaken at a construction
workplace. A designer must prepare a safety report for a specific or unusual scaffold designs but
not for common scaffold designs where the risks are already known. For example, a design
specifying an unusual base structure that has to be erected to support the scaffold may introduce
unique hazards and risk controls.
The person commissioning the construction work must consult with the designer of the whole or
any part of the structure about eliminating and controlling risks. The general duty to provide
information under the WHS Act may be met through the designer‘s safety report prepared under
A designer‘s written safety report may include proprietary documentation setting out how to use
the scaffolding or scaffolding system to safely erect a scaffold. Where there is a principal
contractor for a construction project, the person who commissioned the scaffold design must give
a copy of the relevant designer‘s safety report to the principal contractor. Further information on
designer‘s safety reports is in the Code of Practice: Construction work
Static line is a horizontal or substantially horizontal line to which a lanyard may be attached and
which is designed to arrest a free fall. Total fall distance is the total distance a person is likely to
fall during both the free and restrained parts of a fall and includes the maximum dynamic
extension of all supporting components. When planning the site layout and sequence
of construction for installing a static safety line system, the safety considerations include
The martial‘s must be:-
 All components of a fall-arrest system must be compatible
 All equipment shall be regularly inspected and tested to ensure it complies with Accepted
International Standard.
 Equipment must be given a careful visual inspection by a trained personnel every time it
is used
 Always ensure that the equipment is being used in conformity with the manufacturer‘s
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instructions.
 The rigging of static lines, anchorage lines and restraints is a skilled operation that shall
be carried out by trained personnel.
 People using such equipment must be trained or supervised to ensure that all belts or
harnesses are correctly fitted, with lines properly anchored and adjusted.
 Do not ‗mix and match‘ systems with different components made by different
manufacturers.
 Check with the manufacturer and/or supplier to ensure compatibility of components.
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3.6 Constructing formwork shutters and edge boxing
Removal of formwork is also important as erecting it before formwork can be removed the
concrete must have sufficient Strength to support itself Surface hardness to resist, ama.ge Curing.
3.6.1. Method of Removing Formwork
Formwork should be planned and constructed in such a manner that it is possible to remove the
different components in the following order of sequence:
Shuttering forming vertical faces of walls, of beams and columns sides, which bear no load but
are used only to retain the concrete, should be removed first.
Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next, and

Shuttering forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.
 Factors Affecting Formwork Striking

 Ambient Temperature
 Layout of concrete viz. horizontal, vertical or inclined
 Type of cement used. Grade of concrete, Use of retarders, plasticizers,
etc.
 Feasibility of removal with props left under
 Feasibility with re-propping , Standards of finish required Structural
configuration e.g. simply supported or cantilever Curing procedures
adopted
 Propping and Centering:
The props used for centering may be of steel or timber posts. In case wooden posts are used as
props, they should rest squarely on wooden sole plates laid either on the ground or on brick
masonry pillars. The wooden plate should have an area of at least O.1m 2 and 40mm thickness.
Double wedges are essentially provided between the sole plates and the timber props with a view
to permit accurate adjustment of the shuttering prior to concreting operation and to allow easy
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removal of shuttering afterwards. In case brick masonry pillars are used at props, the wooden sole
plates are provided at the top of the pillars, and the double wedges are inserted between the sole
plates and the bottom of the shuttering.
 Shuttering: As described earlier the shuttering can be made up of timber planks, or it

may be in the form of panel units made either by fixing plywood to timber frames or by welding
steel plates to angle framing. The shuttering joints should be tight against leakage of cement
grout.
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3.7 Installing block outs and cast
Block-outs and piping anything to be located in the wall, such as door bucks, window box outs
and piping, should be placed before erecting the formwork on the opposing side. The ties, which
are already in place, can be secured or connected at the same time as the forms.
We often need sleeves on walls and suspended slabs, but sleeves can increase the risk of cuts
during certain phases of forming. They are often installed before reinforcing steel. This is when
the hazard is greatest because the sleeve protrudes out from an otherwise smooth surface of
formwork. This can lead to workers walking into or tripping over a sleeve. Workers can be
injured either from bumping into the sleeve or from a fall by tripping over it. A way to prevent
this is to make the sleeve a different color than the formwork it is attached to. This makes it more
obvious and visible. Once the slab is cast, the void created by this sleeve is used to pass services
from floor to floor.
Fig 7.1 box-out sleeve on top of the slab form
Once the form is in place, it can be difficult or impossible to see the location of bulkheads or
block-outs from the outside. Take care around bulkheads, because breaking a bulkhead could
lead to concrete entering a section of the form that may not be suitably braced, tied, or anchored,
or a section that is unfinished. Once this happens, there is an increased risk of formwork
failure—including total collapse.
To reduce this risk, clearly mark and identify the location of bulkheads and block -outs on the
outside of the formwork. As well, crews placing the concrete must be trained in the proper
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placing techniques round bulkheads and block-outs. Workers must understand that concrete
should be allowed to run up to a bulkhead, not be poured directly onto it, and that the concrete
vibrator must not be held against the bulkhead. This will reduce the likelihood of damage to the
bulkhead and failure of the form.
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3.8 Removing waste materials
Proper disposal is important to ensure these materials don't end up polluting the air we
Commercial hazardous waste and 45 gallon drums are not accepted.
Having a recycle bin for workers to toss materials will help you reduce the number of items you
toss in your dumpster and reduce the waste your team creates. Items being replaced on a project,
like sinks, baths and counter tops, can be placed in the recycle bin.
The following items can also be recycled mall quantity generators (SQG) can only keep their
waste on–site for 180 days or 270 days if their treatment, storage, and disposal facility is more
than 270 miles away. Large quantity generators (LQG) can only store their waste for 90 days
without obtaining a permit as a storage facility.
This can include natural lumber, clay plaster, straw bales and mortar. Natural materials do not
contain glues, coatings or processing chemicals that can release toxic gases, such as
formaldehyde. Be careful of green claims – Sometimes building materials that are called ―green‖
may not be non-toxic. Mortar are the composed of cement ,sand lime and water ingredient‘s.
Sealing of edges and holes
At the production plant, coated plywood is protected with a

coat of varnish along all four edges to protect it against
moisture. You should restore this protection again after
sawing or drilling.
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Before using the formwork Use sharp, suitable tools when working on the formwork
panels.
Seal unprotected edges and drill holes at least once with

edge protect
Lubricate before use
Treat the formwork panels regularly with a suitable release

agent. Apply a thin and even film of release agent and
smoothen it. Excess amount has to be removed with a cloth
or a wiping mop. You can achieve the best results with
high-quality concrete release agents such as PERI Clean,
PERI Plasto Clean or PERI Bio Clean
Clean after usage
Clean the formwork panels directly after striking.
Use only suitable cleaning tools to avoid damage (no high-

pressure water cleaning).
Repair scratches or holes with PERI repair discs.
After using the formwork Filling is not recommended as the spackle will not
permanently remain in the formwork panel.
After using the formwork, proper storing until the next use
has to be:
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 Protect against weather influence
 Protect the formwork panels against contact with
water and direct exposure to sunlight.
 Ensure good ventilation and cleanliness of the
formwork panels.
 Store the panels on even ground to avoid deflection.
 Storing of other building materials, such as e.g.
Storage and transportation concrete steel, on the formwork panels is to be
avoided.
 Stacks of panels must only be transported while
secured with strapping band
Fig 8.1 Timber formwork storage
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Fig 8. 2 De-nailed formwork
3.9 Applying oiled or greased on formwork
This is a water-based mould releasing agent which gives clean and stain free high-quality
concrete. It is available in a spray able form and ready to use as a direct application on required
places. It should be applied in light film either by brush or mould oil sprayer. If it is over applied,
excess oil should be drained before it dries. Pools of DSO cannot be allowed to dry as it causes
surface retardation of concrete. Advantages of De-Shuttering Oil are as follows:
Application of shuttering oil prevents sticking of formwork to the concrete surface thereby
permitting easy stripping of formwork after the concrete has hardened.
Shuttering oil protects the formwork and hence the formwork can be reused several times.
Shuttering oil helps provide good finishing surface of the concrete with minimum defects.
In the case of wooden formwork, shuttering oil prevents water absorption from concrete by the
wooden formwork.
Shuttering oil reduces leakage of water during the curing process.
Shuttering oil prevents steel formwork from corrosion.
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The performance of shuttering oil is largely dependent on the type of formwork that is being
used. For wooden formwork, straight refined, pale, paraffin-based mineral oil and oil-phase
emulsion have been successfully used. The oil that is chosen should be capable of penetrating the
wood to some extent while leaving the surface slightly greasy to touch. There should not be any
free oil on the wood surface. The form release agents that are good for wooden formwork are not
always suitable for steel formwork. And hence the shuttering oil or form release agents should be
chosen based on the type of formwork that is to be used for construction. The shuttering oil for
steel formwork should be free of water and should contain rust inhibitor. Also Read:
Advantages of De-Shuttering Oil are as follows:
1,DSO is economical to use.
It is non-toxic and non-hazardous.
It can be used for all types of concrete formworks.
It helps reduce the cleaning efforts before reusing of the formwork.
DSO provides a damp proof interface that protects the formwork and ensures even texture and
color of concrete.
2. De-Shuttering Oil Emulsion (DSOE)
This oil does not require any dilution and can be used instantly.
3. De-Shuttering Oil Concentrate (DSOC)
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Self-Check - 3 Written Test

1. The lowest section of a scaffolding structure, i.e. the part in contact with the ground,
is called the_________?
A) FootingB)Toe boardsC) Protect primary support D) None
2. ________are attached to the standards timber?
A) kick boardsB) Toe boards
B) A and BD) None
3. ________are a prefabricated component, most often an aluminum board with a non-
slip covers?
A) PlatformsB) kick boards B) FootingD) None
Note: Satisfactory rating –3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 and 4 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
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Setting out, erection
Operation Sheet 3
Procedures for Erecting framed scaffolding

Steps 1- Checking all the parts and equipment as per your scaffolding plan.
Step 2 -.put the first sole board no more than200 mm away from the working surface
Step 3 - Place a screw jack on the center of each sole board.
Step 4 - Screw jacks attached.
Step 5 - Measure the distance between the screw jacks.
Step 6 - Place the frames on the screw jacks.
Step 7- Attach braces to both frames, making sure that they lock over the pins correctly.
Step 8-Check that the base is square by measuring the diagonals.
Step 9 -.Level the frames.
Step 10 - Place and level the first boards.
Step 11 - Add the remaining boards the maximum gap between the boards is 10 mm.
Step 12 - Fit edge protection
Step 13 - a gate panel will be needed at the ladder.
Step 14 - Attach tubes to the frame at the top and the bottom for the ladder to be tied.
Step 15 - Securely lash the ladder to the tubes.
Step 16 - Erect the second bay
Step 17 - Continue the same process for the remaining bays.
Step 18 - Carry out a full inspection of the scaffold
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How to Set out and erection framed scaffolding?
Lap Test;3
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to
perform the following tasks within 6 hour.
Task 1.Setting out for framed scaffolding
Task 2. Erecting framed scaffolding
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Unit Four: Inspect, repair and alter erected scaffolding
 Inspecting erected scaffolding
 Checking current scaffolding against to design.
 Confirming scaffolding stability.
 Carrying out specify alteration or repair.

 Inspecting complete scaffolding log and handover sign
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
 Erected modular scaffolding is inspected for damage, corrosion, wear and compatibility.
 Current use of scaffolding is checked against original design and is in accordance with
regulations and specifications.
 Formwork and Scaffolding stability inspected and confirmed.
 Alteration or repair carried out where specified.
 Inspection log and handover is completed and dated, ready for signing by a certificated
scaffold.
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4.1. Inspecting components
Scaffolding components and tools need to be in good working order or they won‘t operate the
way they should and could be dangerous, so you need to inspect each component carefully
before you use it. If anything appears to be in poor condition, stop using it immediately. Defects
or damage to look for include:
• Rust or cracking around weld areas of frames
• Dented tubes • bent standards or frames
• Bent or twisted ladders
• Split or warped planks or sole boards
• Seized couplers
• Broken toggles
• Loose parts, eg heads of hammers
4.1.2 Out‑of‑service tags

You need to tag then report tools or components that are damaged or in any way not fit or safe
for use, so that other workers know not to use them. This is often called ‗tagging out‘.
This process involves the following steps:
1. Identifying items that have faults or are damaged
2. Completing an out‑of‑service tag, including a
description of what‘s wrong with the item, the date and
a signature
3. Removing the item from service
4. Reporting the item to your supervisor or the person in
charge of maintenance.
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4.2 Checking current scaffolding against to design.
Once scaffolding has been erected and is in use, there are still important procedures to follow to
ensure it remains in a safe condition and is used correctly. The inspection of scaffolding on site is
particularly important when the scaffold is in place for a prolonged period of time. Erected
scaffolding must:
 be checked for compliant use
 be inspected regularly (at least every 30 days)
 have any scheduled changes made according to the scaffolding plan
 have all repairs carried out safely.
There will also be repairs and alterations required during the life of the scaffold on the worksite.
4.2.2 Manufacturers’ instructions
There‘s a huge variety of scaffolding equipment available from a

range of manufacturers. This can result in differences in areas such
as how the scaffolding is put together or the load that it can support,
so it‘s important that you‘re familiar with the manufacturer‘s
instructions for the particular scaffolding you‘re erecting, especially
if you‘ve not used it before. Manufacturers‘ instructions can be
found on the company‘s website or may be delivered to site with
the scaffold. These instructions will cover aspects such as
identifying the parts, planning and preparation, and the scaffold construction sequence. They also
cover the safe use of the scaffold. All manufacturers‘ instructions are based on ETHIOPIAN
Standards®.
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4.2.3 Compliant use of scaffold
When the scaffolding was originally designed, it was to suit
particular purposes or work tasks. It‘s important to check that
this is still how the scaffold is being used,
as non‑compliant use could prove dangerous. If the use has
changed, it‘s up to the person responsible for the scaffold
(this will usually be the job or site supervisor) to check that
it‘s suitable for the new use. Reasons for changes of use
could be that additional work has to be carried out or different
materials or additional workers are needed to complete the
scheduled task. If the scaffold is no longer suitable for the
new use, a plan needs to be drawn up detailing the alterations
required to suit the new use.
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4.3 Inspecting and confirm scaffolding stability
4.3.1 Inspecting scaffold
When scaffolding is in use, it‘s essential to inspect it

regularly to make sure that nothing has changed since it was
erected that could make it unsafe.
The frequency of inspections may vary depending on:
 Weather and site conditions
 The type and size of the scaffold
 The risks associated with scaffold collapse.
The person inspecting the scaffold must be capable of
determining areas that have been incorrectly altered and identifying faults in the scaffolding.
There are many issues or events that can affect the integrity and safety of scaffolding. The main
ones are listed here.
• Knocked – Although the scaffold should have been designed and erected in such a way that the
day-to-day knocks it will receive on a construction site won‘t affect it, damage can still occur.
Knocks are a particular issue if the scaffold‘s located close to vehicle access points or loading
bays where it gets knocked and bumped regularly. To avoid knocks, try to erect the scaffold in
areas where this can‘t happen, or manage the risk by using barricades and signs to restrict traffic.
• Damaged – Although scaffolding is pretty tough, heavy equipment, materials and vehicles on
construction sites can damage it.
• Wear – Scaffold components can corrode over time and some parts wear away faster than
others. Particular areas to examine for corrosion and wear include all connections and areas
where water or debris collects. This is even more important for scaffold that has been in place for
long periods.
• Worked loose – Over time and use, connections can work loose and the scaffold will become
unstable. It‘s important to check all connections regularly.
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• Out of level – If the ground conditions have changed, eg
there‘s been heavy rain and the ground‘s turned to mud, the
scaffold may become out of level and therefore unsafe. It‘s
important to check regularly for level, and adjust the
footings if required.
• Removed/changed by users – Sometimes a tradesperson
might decide to remove part of the scaffold to make their
task easier, eg to remove a frame so that a large item can get
through.
While it might seem to make sense at the time, the scaffold
is designed and constructed with safety in mind first and
foremost, and each component works with the others to keep
the structure of the scaffold safe, so it‘s important that it
remains complete and intact.
If the inspection reveals any safety issues with the scaffolding, these should be rectified before
the scaffolding is used. If the issues can‘t be rectified, an ‗out‑of‑service‘ tag should be attached,
so that other workers know not to use it. You would then report the scaffolding to your
supervisor.
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4.4 Repairing scaffolding
Carrying out specify alteration or repair.

Sometimes the scaffold will need to be repaired. In most cases, you‘ll need to safely remove the
damaged part and either fix or replace it.
If this requires the scaffold to be partially dismantled, follow safe dismantling procedures which
are covered in the next section of this guide. If you have to leave the scaffold area to repair a
component or find a replacement, hang an ‗out‑of‑service‘ or ‗scaffolding incomplete‘ tag so that
no one uses the scaffold until it‘s been repaired.
Figuren4.1 Repairing
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4. 5 Inspection log and handover
The worker who builds the scaffold will do what‘s called a ‗handover‘ to the work or site
supervisor once it‘s complete. In simple terms, this means advising the supervisor that the
scaffold‘s ready for use. Sometimes a scaffolding inspection log needs to be completed as part of
the handover. This log is a record showing:
 Who built the scaffold?

 Any changes made to the scaffold
 When the scaffold was last inspected
 Who carried out the inspection(s).
The log is usually filled in and signed by the person who
builds the scaffold; it‘s sometimes also signed by a second
worker, such as a supervisor.
A scaffolding log is more likely to be found on larger,

commercial sites than small residential projects. A log is a
requirement for scaffolding above four meters high. This is
not covered by this unit. There isn‘t a standard document
used for an inspection log; your supervisor will provide you
with one if you‘re required to complete one. Figure
5.1Inspection
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Self-Check -4 Written Test

1. The lowest section of a scaffolding structure, i.e. the part in contact with the ground,
is called the_________?
A) Footing B)Toe boards C) Protect primary support D) None
2. ________are attached to the standards timber
A) kick boards B) Toe board B) A and BD) None
3. ________are a prefabricated component, most often an aluminum board with a non-
slip covers
A) Platforms B) kick boards B) Footing D) None
4. ________are attached to the standards timber

A) kick boards B) Toe boards B) A and BD) None
Note: Satisfactory rating –3 points Unsatisfactory - below 3 and 4 points
You can ask you teacher for the copy of the correct answers.
Name: _________________________ Date: _______________
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Unit Five: Dismantle scaffolding and strip formwork
 Dismantling formwork and Scaffolding safely .
 Dismantling work based on weather conditions
 Cleaning and store safely timber components
 Cleaning, oiled and store steel components

 Discarding damaged formwork
This guide will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the cover page.
 Dismantling formwork and Scaffolding safely .
 Dismantling work based on weather conditions
 Cleaning and store safely timber components
 Cleaning, oiled and store steel components

 Discarding damaged formwork
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5.1 Dismantling formwork and Scaffolding safely .
 Signs and barricades should be used on or near scaffolding to help keep everyone in the
vicinity safe. They provide warning of any
potential danger, give direction as to what to do
and direct both pedestrians and vehicles safely
around scaffolding work areas. Signs should be
positioned at eye level so they‘re easily seen.
 When you‘re planning to erect and dismantling
scaffolding, you need to determine which signs to
use and whether barricades will be required – both during erectionand dismantling of the
scaffold and while it‘s in use.
 You can get this information from a site inspection,
by looking at the project plans (particularly site and
location plans) and talking with supervisors.
 If you‘re erecting and dismantling scaffolding near
roads or any other area where vehicles are moving
close by, you may need a spotter or flagman to
control the traffic and keep people in the area safe
during the erection process.
• A spotter‘s job is to be the eyes and ears of the workers.
They will direct them,
Example: - to stop or wait if a vehicle‘s approaching.
• A flagman directs traffic, Example: - stops traffic so that
scaffolding can be carried safely across a road.
Spotters and flagmen may use mobile phones, two-way
radios and hand signals to communicate with workers.
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5.1.1 Dismantling a scaffold safely
The following safe work practices should be used when dismantling a scaffold: -„
Edge protection and a way to enter the scaffold can be removed as the scaffold is dismantled,
provided it is removed at the last possible stage. „
Where possible a platform of at least 450 mm wide at the level the dismantling has reached
should be in place. „
Ensure when dismantling the scaffold the platform immediately below the level the worker is
standing on has a full set of planks across its width and is no lower than 2 meters . „
A section of the scaffold may be left open to allow the lowering of planks or other scaffolding
between levels. „
Scaffolding should never be dropped in an uncontrolled way when dismantling the scaffold
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5.2 Dismantling work based on weather conditions
5.3 Cleaning and store safely timber components
Sealing of edges and holes
At the production plant, coated plywood is protected with a

coat of varnish along all four edges to protect it against
moisture. You should restore this protection again after
Before using the formwork
sawing or drilling.
Use sharp, suitable tools when working on the formwork

panels.
Seal unprotected edges and drill holes at least once with

edge protect
Lubricate before use
Treat the formwork panels regularly with a suitable release

agent. Apply a thin and even film of release agent and
smoothen it. Excess amount has to be removed with a cloth
or a wiping mop. You can achieve the best results with
high-quality concrete release agents such as PERI Clean,
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PERI Plasto Clean or PERI Bio Clean
Clean after usage
Clean the formwork panels directly after striking.
Use only suitable cleaning tools to avoid damage (no high-

pressure water cleaning).
After using the formwork Repair scratches or holes with PERI repair discs.
Filling is not recommended as the spackle will not

permanently remain in the formwork panel.
After using the formwork, proper storing until the next use
has to be:
 Protect against weather influence

 Protect the formwork panels against contact with
water and direct exposure to sunlight.
 Ensure good ventilation and cleanliness of the
formwork panels.
 Store the panels on even ground to avoid deflection.
 Storing of other building materials, such as e.g.
concrete steel, on the formwork panels is to be
avoided.
Storage and transportation  Stacks of panels must only be transported while

secured with strapping band
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Fig.1 Timber formwork storage
Fig 2 De-nailed formwork
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5.4 Cleaning, oiled and store steel components
Generally, a form-release coating (form oil) is applied when construction of the form is
complete, and before placing reinforcing steel. Applying form oil immediately after stripping
increases the likelihood of contaminating the workers handling and re-locating the form, and also
makes the pieces more difficult to handle. Applying form oil after the bar is placed can lead to
contamination of the bar. This does not pose an immediate hazard to the worker, but it can lead
to the failure of the structure due to an insufficient bond between the bar and the concrete
encasing it. In general terms, the more porous a surface is, the less slippery it will be. This is
because the surface will absorb the form oil instead of the oil staying on the surface. So, if form
oil is applied at the same rate to both plywood and metal formwork, the plywood may be less
slippery because some of the oil will soak in, while with metal, the oil will lie on the surface.
Some form oils are flammable. Refer to the product label and the material safety data sheet
(MSDS) to determine the flammability of the product you are using. If it‘s flammable, then you
must comply with the Construction Regulation‘s requirement that at least one fire extinguisher
be provided where flammable liquids or combustible materials are stored, handled, or used.
Every worker who may have to use the fire extinguisher is required to be trained. All the time,
review and understand the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for any hazardous product used,
and follow all instructions including those regarding health hazards and required protection, as
well as environmental issues.
 Oil for Steel Forms

Oil the wall and steel column forms before erecting them. You can oil all other steel forms when
convenient, but they should be oiled before the reinforcing steel is placed. Use
specially compounded petroleum oils, not oils intended for wood forms. Synthetic castor oil
and some marine engine oils are examples of compound oils that give good results on steel
forms.
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 Applying Oil: - The successful use of form oil depends on how you apply it and the
condition of the forms. They should be clean and have smooth surfaces. Because of this, you
should not clean forms with wire brushes, which can mar their surfaces and cause concrete to
stick. Apply the oil or coating with a brush, spray, or swab. Cover the form surfaces evenly, but
do not allow the oil or coating to contact construction joint surfaces or any reinforcing steel in the
formwork. Remove all excess oil.
Fig 4.1 Oiling formwork
Fig 4.2 Cleaning and Storage
 Choosing a safe storage system

Choose the storage system (or combination of storage systems) which best fits business needs
and offers an appropriate level of safety. Consider the following:
 the physical characteristics of the stock (and any ancillary items) to be stored or handled, for
example size, mass, shape, surface finish, center of gravity, or stability; the associated
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lifting and handling system(s) to be used which are appropriate for the particular stock
range and storage system;
 maximum tonnages and volumes to be stored and their accessibility, with consideration for
any foreseeable changes in the future;
 product turnover rate;

 location and space available;
 extent of banding (bundling) of supplied material and typical delivery quantities;
 stacking pattern, any likely stack failure modes, and foreseeable effects of banding failure
on stack stability;
 use of battens, and the effect of batten failure on stack stability;
 environmental conditions (for example flooring; drainage; whether the storage system is in
or out of doors; wind loading; and the likely weather conditions);
 impact loadings which the system needs to be able to withstand (for example from contact
with vehicles, suspended loads and subsequent material collapses
Fig 4.3 Steel formwork storage
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5.5 Discarding damaged formwork
As with formwork erection, the stripping operation should be carried out in an orderly,
systematic and progressive manner, considering the risks of falls, falling objects and manual task
hazards in the now enclosed space.
Concrete becomes increasingly harder as time passes and it continues to cure. According to the
Construction Regulation, formwork and falsework shall not be removed unless:-
 The concrete is strong enough to support its self-weight and any loads that may be
applied to the structure, or
 The concrete and the structure are adequately re-shored.
The strength of the concrete is the most critical factor relating to the stripping and removal of
formwork and subsequent re-shoring. It must be cured sufficiently to maintain its shape once the
formwork is removed.
The type and placement of re-shoring is determined by the concrete strength at time of stripping.
Commonly, sample cylinders of concrete are cast at various stages of each pour to be used for
testing.
The concrete mix is designed to reach certain strength after a specific time. Compression tests
are performed on the cylinders to verify that this strength has been reached. Once this has been
confirmed through testing, the stripping process can begin.
Stripping forms before verifying cylinder strength is a dangerous & extremely risky practice so
that don‘t do it. Under cured, ―green‖ concrete has unpredictable characteristics, and cannot be
trusted to stand unsupported. The strength of the concrete affects not only stripping and re-
shoring, but it also affects the placement of guardrails. You must take great care to ensure that
the concrete is cured enough to support the attachment of guardrail posts especially any posts
that must be fastened into the concrete.
While formwork is being removed, workers must check the structure for loose concrete. Any
rubble, debris, spelling, or over-pour must not be left on columns, walls, or other structures since
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it may fall unexpectedly and injure workers below. Remove such material when the forms are
being stripped.
You need personal protective equipment during the stripping stage, especially gloves and eye
protection. Concrete can chip easily, and there are countless places where pinches, cuts, scrapes,
abrasions, and other injuries can occur. Wear eye protection, gloves, and long sleeves at all times
when stripping formwork.
Formworks whether knock-down forms, fly forms or gang forms must be braced sufficiently to
prevent it from falling, while allowing it to be broken free of the concrete. Falling formwork can
hit workers and damage equipment.
Housekeeping is important at all stages of construction. It becomes critical when stripping forms
because of the fast rate at which material and debris can accumulate in the work area. During
stripping, the construction site becomes a demolition project, with material being dismantled and
removed rather than installed. Depending on the nature of the formwork, much of the material
can have sharp, broken, or uneven edges, and have nails protruding. The material is often taken
from the forms and put on the ground. It is then cleaned from the ground after the forms are
dismantled.
Therefore, workers must not be allowed to throw material to the ground from a work platform.
Stripped material must be placed securely on the platform and then lowered by a controlled
means to the ground.
 When assessing the risks from stripping formwork consider:

 the number of people in the stripping crew
 the sequence of stripping activities – this should detail how the frames and other
supports should be removed i.e. how far U-heads are to be lowered
 whether the support system will be completely removed in a zone before removing
the formwork deck or whether the supports will be lowered slightly but remain under
the formply while it is being removed
 removing nails and sharp fixings before stacking the components
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 minimizing damage to the components
 stacking the formwork components do not obstruct access ways or work areas
 formwork components are not dropped or thrown from a building or structure
 flatheads are not supporting the ends of bearers
 when back-propping is required or only part of the support system is to be removed,
how the structural members will remain in place and the type and layout of members
that will replace the formwork system
 other special requirements involved in the stripping and or building process e.g.
checking of back-propping after post-tensioning
 providing lighting for the work area and surroundings, and
 Maintaining housekeeping, removing nails and rejected materials, stacking stripped
formwork and removing tripping hazards e.g. concrete nails and brace anchor inserts
from the floor.
Fig 5.1 Stripped formwork components
 Bond reduction
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Stripping formwork is easier when the strength of the bond between the form material and the
concrete is reduced. The bond will be dependent on the material characteristics and the
smoothness of the form material. A liquid bond breaker can be used on wall and column forms to
reduce the strength of the bond but use on floor forms is not encouraged because it can cause a
slip hazard.
 Drop stripping
Drop stripping‘ describes the method used when all of the formwork support system is removed
and the formply is then allowed to drop to the level below either by its own weight or by people
levering it off.
Drop stripping should not be used. It can be very hazardous because the formply is likely to fall
uncontrolled and can hit people in the vicinity of the work.
Formwork frames should be erected progressively to ensure the installers‘ safety and the stability
of the overall structure
 Methods of removing/striping Formwork
Formwork should be planned and constructed in such a manner that it is possible to remove the
different components in the following order of sequence:
i. Shuttering forming vertical faces of walls, beams and columns sides, which bear
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no load but are used only to retain the concrete, should be removed first.
ii. Shuttering forming soffit of slabs should be removed next, and c) shuttering
forming soffit of beams, girders or other heavily loaded shuttering should be
removed in the end.
Duration of time up to which the formwork should be kept in place depends upon many factors
such as types of cement used, shape and position of the member, loads to be carried by the
members and the temperature of the air. According to EBCS-2, the minimum formwork stripping
periods for different elements of buildings are summarized as follows:
N.B. Activity Minimum

duration
1 for non-load bearing parts of formwork (e.g. vertical formwork of beams; 18 hours
formwork for columns and walls)
2 for soffit formwork to slabs 7 days
3 for props to slabs 14 days
4 for soffit formwork to beams 14 days
5 for props to beams 21 days
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Self check-5
Directions: Select the correct answer and encircle the letter of your choice
1. Removing/striping formwork for soffit formwork to beams is

A. 21 days B. 15 days C. 7 day D. 14 days
2. Formwork and false work shall not be removed unless
A. The concrete is strong enough to support its self-weight
B. The concrete and the structure are adequately re-shored
C. None of the above
D. All of the above
3. When assessing the risks from stripping formwork consider one of the following.
A. the number of people in the stripping crew
B. removing nails and sharp fixings before stacking the components
C. minimizing damage to the components
D. All are correct.
4 Which one of the following activities preserve the formwork?

A. Sealing of edges and holes
B. Lubricate before use
C. Clean after usage
D. All of the above
5. Which one is not safe storage of materials?
A. Protect against weather influence
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B. Protect the formwork panels against contact with water and direct exposure to sunlight.
C. Ensure good ventilation and cleanliness
D. None of the above
6. One is advantages or function of sealing.
A. Protect the form against moisture
B. Seal unprotected edges and drill holes at least once with edge protect
C. All are correct
Reference
 Different Websites(Google)
 Internet
 Formwork Code of Practice
 formwork-cop-2022
 CIVL 392 - unit 7 – Formwork
 LCC_DOCS-11314877-v1-HS-PRO-028_Barricading_and_Safety_Signage_Procedure
 Construction sequence of a typical floor
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Participants of this TTLM (training material) preparation
No Name Qualification Field of Study Organization/ Mobile E-mail
(Level) Institution number
1 Yohannes Tadesse BSC Construction Sebeta Poly 0913328144 yohannestadesse44@gmail.com
Technology Technic
College
2 Fikadu Girma BSC Construction Ethio Italy 0975284843 Fike girma13@Gmail.com
Technology Technic
College
3 Abdulmenan Muhaba MSC Urban Planning and General wingat 0921779179 abmuha1@gmail.com
Development poly technic
college
4 Lakew Girma BSC Construction A/M poly 0916852674 Lakewgir68@gmail.com
management tecnic college
5 Jamel Abdulahi BSC Construction Harar poly 0921228986 jemalabdulahi@gmail.com
technology college

M05 Scaffolding and Formwork

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FINISHING CONSTRUCTION

Module Title: - Erecting and dismantling scaffolding

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skills

 Dismantle scaffolding and strip formwork

1.1.1. Planning and preparing Work instructions

 Preparation should also include at least the following:

Figure 1.2 Scaffolding is used

1.1.2. Rules, Regulations and requirements

1.1.3. Scaffolding codes of practice

1.1.4. Information, instruction and training for workers using scaffolds

1. What loads the scaffold can safely take.

OHS Plans and Policies

1.2.1 Following Safety (OHS) Requirements

 Hazardous Materials And Substances

 Safe Operating Procedures, Including The

 Conduct of Operational Risk Assessment And

 Treatments associated with

1.2.2 Planning for Safety

Figure 2.7.Personal protective

1.2.8 First aid equipment

First-aid kits and boxes should contain simple and clear

Fire-extinguishing equipment should be properly maintained and inspected at suitable intervals

. Identifying Implementing Signs

Fig. .1.3.1. Warning Signs

2. Advisory Signs (these also give safety information)

Fig.1.3.2 They give information about safety provision

These are circular blue signs with a white symbol as shown in

Fig.1.3.3:- They give instructions which must be obeyed.

4. Prohibition Signs (these are ‘MUST NOT DO’ signs)

Example:-to stop or wait if a vehicle‘s approaching.

1.3.2 Scaffold Signs & Tagging Systems

Figure 1.3.5: Deferent types of Danger tags and Warning signs

Spanners Box Spanners Adjustable spanner (Wrenches)

Figure 1.4.1 Tools for tightening and loosening

1.4.2 Tools used for Cutting Wire And other Equipment

Wire nips Cutters Bow saw

Figure 1.4.2: tools used for cutting

Hammers , Sledge Hammers Hammer Drills

Figure 1.4.3 tools used for impact

1.4.4 Tools For Moving Materials:-

Shovels Wheel barrows

Figure 1.4.4: tools used for Moving Martial‘s

1.4.5 Measures instrument: -

Figure 1.4.5: tools used for Measures

1.4.6 Spirit level: -

Figure 1.4.6: tools used for level

4.1.8 Scaffolding tool belts: -

Figure 1.4.7: Scaffolding tool belts

Figure 1.4.8: Scaffolding podgier tools from Priory.

 Used in accordance with the manufacturer‘s specifications, organisational policies and

 How do you calculate scaffolding material?

Platform Construction & Safety

 At what height must a scaffold be supported to help prevent tipping?

 How do you calculate scaffolding rates?

 How much weight should a scaffold support?

 What precautions should workers take when moving materials manually?

 Some of the hazards associated with formwork include:

 Fall hazards due to working at heights ladders and platforms.

Figure: 1.6.2 Proper handling of Bamboo Scaffolding

1.7.1 Appling environmental requirements for the project

 Statutory and regulatory authority obligations

Both statutory requirements and regulatory requirements are those requirements

Directions: Answer all the questions listed below.

5, Designed and constructed to carry a working load permitting up to 120kg /square.