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Disturbances Initiating Primary Succession

Primary succession can be triggered by various events, both natural and anthropogenic
(manmade).
Examples of events that can initiate primary succession include volcanic eruptions,
glacier retreats, flooding with severe soil erosion, landslides, nuclear explosions, oil
spills, and the abandonment of manmade structures such as paved parking lots.
These events create conditions where the soil is absent or severely disturbed, allowing
primary succession to occur.
Earth movements, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, expose barren
substrates, setting the stage for primary succession.
Landslides and gradual soil erosion, both natural and human-induced through activities
like overgrazing, contribute to barren substrates suitable for primary succession.
Hurricanes can uproot trees and expose mineral soil, facilitating primary succession.
Hurricanes disrupt vast areas through wind damage, flooding, and erosion.
Examples of Primary Succession
Surtsey is a volcanic island off the coast of Iceland that emerged from the sea in 1963
due to a volcanic eruption. Scientists have closely monitored the colonization of this
new land, observing the establishment of various plant and animal species over the years.
Around 30 different plant species had successfully colonized this newly formed land by
2008.
The retreat of glaciers on Signy Island exposed new land, initiating primary succession.
Lichens were among the pioneer species that colonized the barren area, and over time,
more complex plant and animal communities were established.
The volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused widespread destruction of
vegetation and landscapes. Researchers have studied the primary succession that followed
the eruption, observing the gradual recovery of plant and animal communities.
The eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 devastated the island, creating a barren landscape.
Scientists have studied the subsequent primary succession on Krakatoa, observing the
colonization of new species and the development of ecosystems.
Areas affected by mining activities, where topsoil has been removed, serve as an example
of primary succession. Researchers analyze how vegetation and ecosystems recover in these
disturbed environments.

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