Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) people centuries earlier,
Information and Ideas – Inferences level 4.
1. Researchers recently found that disruptions to an
enjoyable experience, like a short series of
advertisements during a television show, often
increase viewersʼ reported enjoyment. Suspecting
that disruptions to an unpleasant experience would
have the opposite effect, the researchers had
participants listen to construction noise for 30
minutes and anticipated that those whose listening
experience was frequently interrupted with short
breaks of silence would thus ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. find the disruptions more irritating as time went
on.
B. rate the listening experience as more negative
than those whose listening experience was
uninterrupted.
C. rate the experience of listening to construction
noise as lasting for less time than it actually lasted.
D. perceive the volume of the construction noise as
growing softer over time.
2. Many of William Shakespeareʼs tragedies
address broad themes that still appeal to todayʼs
audiences. For instance, Romeo and Juliet, which is
set in the Italy of Shakespeareʼs time, tackles the
themes of parents versus children and love versus
hate, and the play continues to be read and
produced widely around the world. But
understanding Shakespeareʼs so-called history
plays can require a knowledge of several centuries
of English history. Consequently, ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. many theatergoers and readers today are likely
to find Shakespeareʼs history plays less engaging
than the tragedies.
B. some of Shakespeareʼs tragedies are more
relevant to todayʼs audiences than twentieth-
century plays.
C. Romeo and Juliet is the most thematically
accessible of all Shakespeareʼs tragedies.
D. experts in English history tend to prefer
Shakespeareʼs history plays to his other works.
3. In the early nineteenth century, some Euro-
American farmers in the northeastern United States
used agricultural techniques developed by the
but it seems that few of those farmers had actually
seen Haudenosaunee farms firsthand. Barring the
possibility of several farmers of the same era
independently developing techniques that the
Haudenosaunee people had already invented, these
facts most strongly suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. those farmers learned the techniques from other
people who were more directly influenced by
Haudenosaunee practices.
B. the crops typically cultivated by Euro-American
farmers in the northeastern United States were not
well suited to Haudenosaunee farming techniques.
C. Haudenosaunee farming techniques were widely
used in regions outside the northeastern United
States.
D. Euro-American farmers only began to recognize
the benefits of Haudenosaunee farming techniques
late in the nineteenth century.
4. The domestic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
descends from a wild plant native to South
America. It also populates the Polynesian Islands,
where evidence confirms that Native Hawaiians
and other Indigenous peoples were cultivating the
plant centuries before seafaring first occurred over
the thousands of miles of ocean separating them
from South America. To explain how the sweet
potato was first introduced in Polynesia, botanist
Pablo Muñoz Rodríguez and colleagues analyzed
the DNA of numerous varieties of the plant,
concluding that Polynesian varieties diverged from
South American ones over 100,000 years ago.
Given that Polynesia was peopled only in the last
three thousand years, the team concluded that
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the cultivation of the sweet potato in Polynesia
likely predates its cultivation in South America.
B. Polynesian peoples likely acquired the sweet
potato from South American peoples only within
the last three thousand years.
C. human activity likely played no role in the
introduction of the sweet potato in Polynesia.
D. Polynesian sweet potato varieties likely descend
from a single South American variety that was
domesticated, not wild.
5. One theory behind human bipedalism speculates
that it originated in a mostly ground-based ancestor
that practiced four-legged “knuckle-walking,” like
chimpanzees and gorillas do today, and eventually
evolved into moving upright on two legs. But
recently, researchers observed orangutans, another
relative of humans, standing on two legs on tree
branches and using their arms for balance while
they reached for fruits. These observations may
suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. bipedalism evolved because it was advantageous
to a tree-dwelling ancestor of humans.
B. bipedalism must have evolved simultaneously
with knuckle-walking and tree-climbing.
C. moving between the ground and the trees would
have been difficult without bipedalism.
D. a knuckle-walking human ancestor could have
easily moved bipedally in trees.
6. One challenge when researching whether
holding elected office changes a personʼs behavior
is the problem of ensuring that the experiment has
an appropriate control group. To reveal the effect
of holding office, researchers must compare people
who hold elected office with people who do not
hold office but who are otherwise similar to the
office-holders. Since researchers are unable to
control which politicians win elections, they
therefore ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. struggle to find valid data about the behavior of
politicians who do not currently hold office.
B. can only conduct valid studies with people who
have previously held office rather than people who
presently hold office.
C. should select a control group of people who
differ from office holders in several significant ways.
D. will find it difficult to identify a group of people
who can function as an appropriate control group
for their studies.
7. German theater practitioner Bertolt Brecht
(1898–1956) believed that theater should elicit an
intellectual rather than an emotional response from
audiences, provoking them to consider social and
political realities that extend beyond the characters
and events depicted onstage. Brechtʼs influence can
be seen in English playwright Caryl Churchillʼs
1979 play Cloud 9: although the play sometimes
invites empathetic reactions, it primarily works to
engage audiences in an interrogation of patriarchy
and colonialism, which it does by placing
audiences at a distance, thereby encouraging them
to ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. focus on the charactersʼ beliefs about social and
political issues as revealed by the charactersʼ
actions.
B. reflect on social and political phenomena not
directly related to patriarchy and colonialism.
C. recognize pertinent social and political parallels
between Germany during Brechtʼs time and
England at the time when Churchill was writing
Cloud 9.
D. be dispassionate as they think critically about
the social and political questions raised by the play.
8. Archaeologists and historians used to believe
that the Maya civilization during its Classic period
(roughly 250–900) lacked agricultural
marketplaces. One reason for this belief was that
these scholars misunderstood the ecology of the
regions the Maya inhabited. Marketplaces typically
emerge because different individuals or groups
want to trade resources they control for resources
they donʼt control. Scholars seriously
underestimated the ecological diversity of the Maya
landscape and thus assumed that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. marketplaces likely would not have attracted
many traders from outside the regions controlled by
the Maya.
B. farming practices would have been largely the
same throughout Maya lands even if the crops
people produced varied significantly.
C. marketplaces would not have enabled Maya
people to acquire many products different from
those they already produced.
D. farmers would trade agricultural products only if
they had already produced enough to meet their
own needs.
9. Scientists studying Mars long thought the history
of its crust was relatively simple. One reason for
this is that geologic and climate data collected by a
spacecraft showed that the crust was largely
composed of basalt, likely as a result of intense
volcanic activity that brought about a magma
ocean, which then cooled to form the planetʼs
surface. A study led by Valerie Payré focused on
additional information—further analysis of data
collected by the spacecraft and infrared
wavelengths detected from Marsʼs surface—that
revealed the presence of surprisingly high
concentrations of silica in certain regions on Mars.
Since a planetary surface that formed in a mostly
basaltic environment would be unlikely to contain
large amounts of silica, Payré concluded that
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the information about silica concentrations
collected by the spacecraft is likely more reliable
than the silica information gleaned from infrared
wavelengths detected from Marsʼs surface.
B. high silica concentrations on Mars likely formed
from a different process than that which formed the
crusts of other planets.
C. having a clearer understanding of the
composition of Marsʼs crust and the processes by
which it formed will provide more insight into how
Earthʼs crust formed.
D. Marsʼs crust likely formed as a result of other
major geological events in addition to the cooling
of a magma ocean.
10. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is
projected to maintain operation until at least 2030,
but it has already revolutionized high-resolution
imaging of solar-system bodies in visible and
ultraviolet (UV) light wavelengths, notwithstanding
that only about 6% of the bodies imaged by the
HST are within the solar system. NASA researcher
Cindy L. Young and colleagues assert that a new
space telescope dedicated exclusively to solar-
system observations would permit an extensive
survey of minor solar-system bodies and long-term
UV observation to discern how solar-system bodies
change over time. Young and colleaguesʼ
recommendation therefore implies that the HST
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. will likely continue to be used primarily to
observe objects outside the solar system.
B. will no longer be used to observe solar system
objects if the telescope recommended by Young
and colleagues is deployed.
C. can be modified to observe the features of solar
system objects that are of interest to Young and
colleagues.
D. lacks the sensors to observe the wavelengths of
light needed to discern how solar system bodies
change over time.
11. Geoglyphs are large-scale designs of lines or
shapes created in a natural landscape. The Nazca
Lines were created in the Nazca Desert in Peru by
several Indigenous civilizations over a period of
many centuries. Peruvian archaeologist Johny Isla
specializes in these geoglyphs. At a German exhibit
about the Nazca Lines, he saw an old photograph of
a large geoglyph of a whalelike figure and was
surprised that he didnʼt recognize it. Isla returned to
Peru and used a drone to search a wide area,
looking for the figure from the air. This approach
suggests that Isla thought that if he hadnʼt already
seen it, the whalelike geoglyph ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. must represent a species of whale that went
extinct before there were any people in Peru.
B. is actually located in Germany, not Peru, and
isnʼt part of the Nazca Lines at all.
C. is probably in a location Isla hadnʼt ever come
across while on the ground.
D. was almost certainly created a long time after
the other Nazca Lines geoglyphs were created.
12. Some Astyanax mexicanus, a river-dwelling
fish found in northeast Mexico, have colonized
caves in the region. Although there is little genetic
difference between river and cave A. mexicanus
and all members of the species can emit the same
sounds, biologist Carole Hyacinthe and colleagues
found that the context and significance of those
sounds vary by location—e.g., the click that river-
dwelling A. mexicanus use to signal aggression is
used by cave dwellers when foraging—and the
acoustic properties of cave fish sounds show some
cave-specific variations as well. Hyacinthe and
colleagues note that differences in sonic
communication could accumulate to the point of
inhibiting interbreeding among fish from different
locations, suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. although A. mexicanus living in rivers are
genetically similar to those living in caves, river
fish rely on sonic communication less than cave
fish do.
B. although A. mexicanus is a single species at
present, it could be in the process of splitting into
distinct populations with different characteristics.
C. although all A. mexicanus emit sounds, the fish
living in rivers produce some sounds that the fish
living in caves do not, and vice versa.
D. although A. mexicanus from different locations
can interbreed currently, river fish and cave fish are
sufficiently genetically distinct that they can be
considered separate species.
13. If some artifacts recovered from excavations of
the settlement of Kuulo Kataa, in modern Ghana,
date from the thirteenth century CE, that may lend
credence to claims that the settlement was founded
before or around that time. There is other evidence,
however, strongly supporting a fourteenth century
CE founding date for Kuulo Kataa. If both the
artifact dates and the fourteenth century CE
founding date are correct, that would imply that
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. artifacts from the fourteenth century CE are
more commonly recovered than are artifacts from
the thirteenth century CE.
B. the artifacts originated elsewhere and eventually
reached Kuulo Kataa through trade or migration.
C. Kuulo Kataa was founded by people from a
different region than had previously been assumed.
D. excavations at Kuulo Kataa may have
inadvertently damaged some artifacts dating to the
fourteenth century CE.
14. Indigenous cultures possess unique knowledge
of the medicinal uses of plants. According to a
2021 study, 73 percent of the medicinal uses of
plants native to North America are reflected in the
vocabulary of a single Indigenous language.
However, as more and more Indigenous people
exclusively speak a globally dominant language,
such as English, their ancestral languages fade from
daily use. These facts lend added importance to
tribal nationsʼ efforts to preserve their languages.
By ensuring the continued use of Cherokee,
Ojibwe, and the hundreds of other Indigenous
languages in what is now the United States, tribal
nations are also ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. increasing the number of medicinal plants
represented in the vocabularies of Indigenous
languages.
B. transmitting terms for medicinal plants from
Indigenous languages to globally dominant
languages.
C. preserving knowledge about the medicinal value
of plants native to the tribal nationsʼ lands.
D. ensuring that citizens of tribal nations have
physical access to medicinal plants.
15. Ratified by more than 90 countries, the Nagoya
Protocol is an international agreement ensuring that
Indigenous communities are compensated when
their agricultural resources and knowledge of wild
plants and animals are utilized by agricultural
corporations. However, the protocol has
shortcomings. For example, it allows corporations
to insist that their agreements with communities to
conduct research on the commercial uses of the
communitiesʼ resources and knowledge remain
confidential. Therefore, some Indigenous advocates
express concern that the protocol may have the
unintended effect of ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. diminishing the monetary reward that
corporations might derive from their agreements
with Indigenous communities.
B. limiting the research that corporations conduct
on the resources of the Indigenous communities
with which they have signed agreements.
C. preventing independent observers from
determining whether the agreements guarantee
equitable compensation for Indigenous
communities.
D. discouraging Indigenous communities from
learning new methods for harvesting plants and
animals from their corporate partners.
16. Laura Mulvey has theorized that in narrative
film, shots issuing from a protagonistʼs point of
view compel viewers to identify with the character.
Such identification is heightened by “invisible
editing,” or editing so inconspicuous that it renders
cuts between shots almost unnoticeable.
Conversely, Mulvey proposes that conspicuous
editing or an absence of point-of-view shots would
induce a more critical stance toward a protagonist.
Consider, for example, the attic scene in Alfred
Hitchcockʼs The Birds, a conspicuously edited
sequence of tens of shots, few of which correspond
to the protagonistʼs point of view. According to
Mulveyʼs logic, this scene should affect viewers by
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. obscuring their awareness of the high degree of
artifice involved in constructing the montage.
B. lessening their identification with the
protagonist, if not alienating them from the
character altogether.
C. compelling them to identify with the filmʼs
director, whose proxy is the camera, and not with
the protagonist.
D. diverting their attention away from the filmʼs
content and toward its stylistic attributes.
17. The increased integration of digital
technologies throughout the process of book
creation in the late 20th and early 21st centuries
lowered the costs of book production, but those
decreased costs have been most significant in the
manufacturing and distribution process, which
occurs after the authoring, editing, and design of
the book are complete. This suggests that in the late
20th and early 21st centuries, ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. digital technologies made it easier than it had
been previously for authors to write very long
works and get them published.
B. customers generally expected the cost of books
to decline relative to the cost of other consumer
goods.
C. publishers increased the variety of their
offerings by printing more unique titles but also
printed fewer copies of each title.
D. the costs of writing, editing, and designing a
book were less affected by the technologies used
than were the costs of manufacturing and
distributing a book.
18. Researchers Suchithra Rajendran and
Maximilian Popfinger modeled varying levels of
passenger redistribution from short-haul flights
(flights of 50 to 210 minutes, from takeoff to
landing) to high-speed rail trips. Planes travel faster
than trains, but air travel typically requires 3 hours
of lead time for security, baggage handling, and
boarding that rail travel doesnʼt, so short-haul
routes take similar amounts of time by air and by
rail. However, the model suggests that as rail
passenger volumes approach current capacity
limits, long lead times emerge. Therefore, for rail
to remain a viable alternative to short-haul flights,
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. rail systems should offer fewer long-haul routes
and airlines should offer more long-haul routes.
B. rail systems may need to schedule additional
trains for these routes.
C. security, baggage handling, and boarding
procedures used by airlines may need to be
implemented for rail systems.
D. passengers who travel by rail for these routes
will need to accept that lead times will be similar to
those for air travel.
19. Henry Ossawa Tannerʼs 1893 painting The
Banjo Lesson, which depicts an elderly man
teaching a boy to play the banjo, is regarded as a
landmark in the history of works by Black artists in
the United States. Scholars should be cautious
when ascribing political or ideological values to the
painting, however: beliefs and assumptions that are
commonly held now may have been unfamiliar to
Tanner and his contemporaries, and vice versa.
Scholars who forget this fact when discussing The
Banjo Lesson therefore ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. risk judging Tannerʼs painting by standards that
may not be historically appropriate.
B. tend to conflate Tannerʼs political views with
those of his contemporaries.
C. forgo analyzing Tannerʼs painting in favor of
analyzing his political activity.
D. wrongly assume that Tannerʼs painting was
intended as a critique of his fellow artists.
20. In a study of the cognitive abilities of white-
faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus imitator),
researchers neglected to control for the physical
difficulty of the tasks they used to evaluate the
monkeys. The cognitive abilities of monkeys given
problems requiring little dexterity, such as sliding a
panel to retrieve food, were judged by the same
criteria as were those of monkeys given physically
demanding problems, such as unscrewing a bottle
and inserting a straw. The results of the study,
therefore, ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. could suggest that there are differences in
cognitive ability among the monkeys even though
such differences may not actually exist.
B. are useful for identifying tasks that the monkeys
lack the cognitive capacity to perform but not for
identifying tasks that the monkeys can perform.
C. should not be taken as indicative of the cognitive
abilities of any monkey species other than C.
imitator.
D. reveal more about the monkeysʼ cognitive
abilities when solving artificial problems than when
solving problems encountered in the wild.
21. A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung,
Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin
investigated the mechanism that allows
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants to
accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They
replaced the protein ELF3 in the plants with a
similar protein found in another species (stiff
brome) that, unlike A. thaliana, displays no
acceleration in flowering with increased
temperature. A comparison of unmodified A.
thaliana plants with the altered plants showed no
difference in flowering at 22° Celsius, but at 27°
Celsius, the unmodified plants exhibited
accelerated flowering while the altered ones did
not, which suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. temperature-sensitive accelerated flowering is
unique to A. thaliana.
B. A. thaliana increases ELF3 production as
temperatures rise.
C. ELF3 enables A. thaliana to respond to
increased temperatures.
D. temperatures of at least 22° Celsius are required
for A. thaliana to flower.
22. A heliograph is a semaphore device used for
sending optical communications—usually in the
form of Morse code—by reflecting flashes of
sunlight off a mirror. Heliographs were used for
rapid communication across expansive distances
for military, surveying, and forestry purposes
during the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, but they were largely effective only
during the daytime, and the range of the device
depended on factors such as the opacity of the air
and line of sight. Therefore, heliographs were
eventually replaced by technology that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. worked on similar principles but was easier to
produce and maintain.
B. was not so constrained by environmental
circumstances.
C. could be used for more than military, surveying,
or forestry purposes.
D. enabled communication that didnʼt require
knowledge of Morse code.
23. Ancestral Puebloans, the civilization from
which present-day Pueblo tribes descended,
emerged as early as 1500 B.C.E. in an area of what
is now the southwestern United States and
dispersed suddenly in the late 1200s C.E.,
abandoning established villages with systems for
farming crops and turkeys. Recent analysis
comparing turkey remains at Mesa Verde, one such
village in southern Colorado, to samples from
modern turkey populations in the Rio Grande
Valley of north central New Mexico determined
that the latter birds descended in part from turkeys
cultivated at Mesa Verde, with shared genetic
markers appearing only after 1280. Thus,
researchers concluded that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. conditions of the terrains in the Rio Grande
Valley and Mesa Verde had greater similarities in
the past than they do today.
B. some Ancestral Puebloans migrated to the Rio
Grande Valley in the late 1200s and carried
farming practices with them.
C. Indigenous peoples living in the Rio Grande
Valley primarily planted crops and did not cultivate
turkeys before 1280.
D. the Ancestral Puebloans of Mesa Verde likely
adopted the farming practices of Indigenous
peoples living in other regions.
24. Birds of many species ingest foods containing
carotenoids, pigmented molecules that are
converted into feather coloration. Coloration tends
to be especially saturated in male birdsʼ feathers,
and because carotenoids also confer health benefits,
the deeply saturated colors generally serve to
communicate what is known as an honest signal of
a birdʼs overall fitness to potential mates. However,
ornithologist Allison J. Shultz and others have
found that males in several species of the tanager
genus Ramphocelus use microstructures in their
feathers to manipulate light, creating the
appearance of deeper saturation without the birds
necessarily having to maintain a carotenoid-rich
diet. These findings suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. individual male tanagers can engage in honest
signaling without relying on carotenoid
consumption.
B. feather microstructures may be less effective
than deeply saturated feathers for signaling overall
fitness.
C. scientists have yet to determine why tanagers
have a preference for mates with colorful
appearances.
D. a male tanagerʼs appearance may function as a
dishonest signal of the individualʼs overall fitness.
25. Among social animals that care for their young,
such as chickens, macaque monkeys, and humans,
newborns appear to show an innate attraction to
faces and face-like stimuli. Elisabetta Versace and
her colleagues used an image of three black dots
arranged in the shape of eyes and a nose or mouth
to test whether this trait also occurs in Testudo
tortoises, which live alone and do not engage in
parental care. They found that tortoise hatchlings
showed a significant preference for the image,
suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. face-like stimuli are likely perceived as harmless
by newborns of social species that practice parental
care but as threatening by newborns of solitary
species without parental care.
B. researchers should not assume that an innate
attraction to face-like stimuli is necessarily an
adaptation related to social interaction or parental
care.
C. researchers can assume that the attraction to
face-like stimuli that is seen in social species that
practice parental care is learned rather than innate.
D. newly hatched Testudo tortoises show a stronger
preference for face-like stimuli than adult Testudo
tortoises do.
26. Aerogels are highly porous foams consisting
mainly of tiny air pockets within a solidified gel.
These lightweight materials are often applied to
spacecraft and other equipment required to
withstand extreme conditions, as they provide
excellent insulation despite typically being brittle
and eventually fracturing due to degradation from
repeated exposure to high heat. Now, Xiangfeng
Duan of the University of California, Los Angeles,
and colleagues have developed an aerogel with
uniquely flexible properties. Unlike earlier
aerogels, Duanʼs teamʼs material contracts rather
than expands when heated and fully recovers after
compressing to just 5% of its original volume,
suggesting that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the aerogelʼs remarkable flexibility results from
its higher proportion of air pockets to solidified gel
as compared to other aerogels.
B. the aerogelʼs overall strength is greater than that
of other insulators but its ability to withstand
exposure to intense heat is lower.
C. the aerogel will be more effective as an insulator
for uses that involve gradual temperature shifts
than for those that involve rapid heat increases.
D. the aerogel will be less prone to the structural
weakness that ultimately causes most other
aerogels to break down with use.
27. Volunteering, or giving time for a community
service for free, is a valuable form of civic
engagement because helping in a community is
also good for society as a whole. In a survey of
youths in the United States, most young people said
that they believe volunteering is a way to help
people on an individual level. Meanwhile, only 6%
of the youths said that they think volunteering is a
way to help fix problems in society overall. These
replies suggest that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. many young people think they can volunteer
only within their own communities.
B. volunteering may be even more helpful than
many young people think it is.
C. volunteering can help society overall more than
it can help individual people.
D. many young people may not know how to find
ways to volunteer their time.
28. Compiled in the late 1500s largely through the
efforts of Indigenous scribes, Cantares Mexicanos
is the most important collection of poetry in
Classical Nahuatl, the principal language of the
Aztec Empire. The poems portray Aztec society
before the occupation of the empire by the army of
Spain, and marginal notes in Cantares Mexicanos
indicate that much of the collectionʼs content
predates the initial invasion. Nonetheless, some of
the poems contain inarguable references to beliefs
and customs common in Spain during this era.
Thus, some scholars have concluded that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. while its content largely predates the invasion,
Cantares Mexicanos also contains additions made
after the invasion.
B. although those who compiled Cantares
Mexicanos were fluent in Nahuatl, they had limited
knowledge of the Spanish language.
C. before the invasion by Spain, the poets of the
Aztec Empire borrowed from the literary traditions
of other societies.
D. the references to beliefs and customs in Spain
should be attributed to a coincidental resemblance
between the societies of Spain and the Aztec
Empire.
29. During the Bourbon Restoration in France
(1814–1830), the right to vote required in part that
a person paid at least 300 francs in direct taxes to
the government. The four most common taxes (the
quatre vieilles) were levied on real estate (both land
and buildings); the doors and windows in taxpayer
homes; the rental values of homes; and the
businesses of artisans and merchants. (Foreign
investments were either exempt from taxation or
taxed lightly.) Although relatively few people paid
the tax on real estate, it was the main means of
voter qualification and accounted for over two-
thirds of government receipts during this period,
suggesting that during the Bourbon Restoration
______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. those people who had the right to vote most
likely had substantial holdings of French real
estate.
B. the voting habits of French artisans and
merchants were effective in reducing tax burdens
on businesses.
C. the number of doors and windows in French
residences was kept to a minimum but increased
after 1830.
D. French people with significant foreign
investments were unlikely to have the right to vote.
30. To better understand the burrowing habits of
Alpheus bellulus (the tiger pistol shrimp), some
studies have used resin casting to obtain precise
measurements of the shrimpsʼ burrows. Resin
casting involves completely filling an empty
burrow with a liquid plastic that hardens to create a
three-dimensional model; however, recovering the
model inevitably requires destroying the burrow. In
their 2022 study, Miyu Umehara and colleagues
discovered that an x-ray computed tomography
(CT) scanner can accurately record a burrowʼs
measurements both at a moment in time and
throughout the entire burrow-building process,
something thatʼs impossible with resin casting
because ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. it can only be used on burrows below a certain
size.
B. it does not allow for multiple castings of the
same burrow over time.
C. the casting process takes more time than A.
bellulus takes to construct a burrow.
D. the process of recovering the model distorts the
resinʼs shape.