MODULE 2

1. Leon Trotsky, a key figure in the Russian Revolution, developed a political theory
called that extended Marxist principles. This theory argued for the necessity of con-
tinuous revolution to create a global communist society and urged workers around the
world to support it.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) permanent revolution
B) endless rebellion
C) continuous conflict
D) infinite struggle

2. Ralph Ellison’s ’Invisible Man’ is considered a seminal work in American literature.

The novel explores the theme of invisibility, which is not only about being physically
unseen but also about being in a society that refuses to acknowledge one’s existence.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) socially ignored
B) magnified
C) omnipresent
D) silently observed

3. The following excerpt is adapted from Around the World in Eighty days by Jules
Verne.
Phileas Fogg, having shut the door of his house at half-past eleven, and having put his
right foot before his left five hundred and seventy-five times, and his left foot before his
right five hundred and seventy-six times reached the Reform club. He repaired at once
to the dining room and took his place at the habitual table, cover of which had already
been laid for him.
The word "repaired" most nearly means
A. Fixed
B. Returned
C. Stormed
D. Proceeded
4. Although many hours of previous study and preparation had taken me to do.a
Teodora's kitchen, I was initially unsure of my place. Was I really an insider or were the
experiences that had made the lives of my interviewees such that, although I could
speak Spanish and am Mexicana, I was still an outsider?

In the passage , "place" most nearly means

A. home
B. duty
C. role
D. appropriate moment

5. She had not written down her thoughts; but the ideas, recollections, and images
evoked by her lively oral expression were jewels for anyone who wanted to know about
the life of Mexicanas* in booming mining towns on both sides of the Mexico-United
States border in the early twentieth century. She never kept a diary. The thought of
writing a memoir would have been put aside as presumptuous.

As used in the passage, the word "booming" most nearly means

A. explosive
B. startling
C. loud
D. thriving

6. Scrapbooks of saved fabric pieces were commonly kept by women in the nineteenth-
century United States, but few are as meticulously detailed as Hannah Ditzler
Alspaugh’s work. Alongside each piece of fabric, Alspaugh recorded intimate memories,
such as dressmaking with her sister. Additionally, she listed the prices and how she
used the fabric. Historians note that by representing fifty years of changing textures,
patterns, and dress styles, the scrapbook is a record of nineteenth-century textiles and
dressmaking as well as Alspaugh’s life.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A.Fabric scrapbooks were a popular hobby for many women in the nineteenth-century
United States.
B.Alspaugh’s scrapbook provides a detailed account of her life and historical record of
fashion trends in the nineteenth-century United States.
C.Historians rely on fabric scrapbooks to understand how fashions changed throughout
the nineteenth century United States.
D.Alspaugh inspired other women to save pieces of fabric in scrapbooks and provide
historical records of nineteenth-century fashions in the United States.
7.
In high concentrations, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is typically toxic to many
plants. Frederick D. Dooley and colleagues wanted to understand what effects
low doses of H2S might have on plant growth. They treated bean, corn,
wheat, and pea seeds with various concentrations (measured in micromoles
per liter) of H2S and tracked the germination of those seeds along with the
germination of untreated seeds. Treatment with particular concentrations of
H2S was associated with accelerated germination: for example, ______
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the
statement?
A.at 168 hours, more than 90% of seeds treated with H2S at concentrations of
10 or 500 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas less than 70% of
untreated seeds had germinated.

B.at 48 hours, approximately 50% of seeds treated with H2S at a

concentration of 10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only
approximately 30% of untreated seeds had germinated.

C.at 24 hours, less than 10% of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of
10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas more than 90% of those
seeds had germinated at 168 hours.

D.at 48 hours, more than 70% of seeds treated with H2S at a concentration of
10 micromoles per liter had germinated, whereas only approximately 50% of
untreated seeds had germinated.

8. Songbirds learn to respond to and imitate their species’ songs from an early
age. With each generation, small differences are introduced that result in
distinct variations—called dialects—among geographically isolated
populations of the same species. A research study examined whether twelve-
day-old Ficedula hypoleuca (pied flycatcher) nestlings prefer local dialects over
the unfamiliar dialects of nonlocal F. hypoleuca populations: the more begging
calls the nestlings made in response to a song, the stronger their preference.
The researchers found that nestlings produced more begging calls in
response to their own dialect than to nonlocal dialects. Since song preference
plays a role in songbird mate selection, the finding suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A.F. hypoleuca nestlings show a preference for both local F. hypoleuca dialects
and the songs of other local songbirds over the songs of nonlocal birds of any
species.
B.F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely drives them
when they mature to reproduce with other F. hypoleuca from local rather than
nonlocal populations.
C.F. hypoleuca nestlings who show an early preference for their own dialect
are likely to receive more food from their caretakers than nestlings who show
no preferences among any F. hypoleuca dialects..
D.F. hypoleuca nestlings’ preference for their own dialect likely disappears as
they mature to promote socialization between different F.
hypoleuca populations.
9. In addition to her technical skill and daring feats, American stunt pilot
Bessie Coleman was also known for dazzling the crowds that came to watch
her air shows in the 1920s with her exuberant personality. During her career,
she was careful and purposeful about how she crafted her public persona. An
aviation researcher has claimed that Coleman intentionally defied social
norms of the time by how she chose to present herself to the public.
Which quotation from an article about Coleman would most directly support
the aviation researcher’s claim?
A.“While Coleman was beloved by spectators for her charisma, she had a
more complicated relationship with her managers and staff, who at times
found her behavior too impulsive and demanding.”
B.“Coleman once considered leaving her career as a stunt pilot to focus her
efforts on giving speeches, which she felt would better support her public
image.”
C.“For her air shows, Coleman frequently used the Curtiss JN-4, or ‘Jenny,’
which at that time was one of the most well-known types of planes.”
D.“Although female pilots were typically expected to wear traditional but
impractical attire that included dresses or skirts, photographs of Coleman
show her wearing pants and leather jackets.”

10. To protect themselves when being attacked, hagfish—jawless marine

animals that resemble eels—will release large quantities of slimy, mucus-like
threads. Because these threads are unusually strong and elastic, scientist
Atsuko Negishi and her colleagues have been trying to recreate them in a lab
as an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based fibers that are often used in
fabrics. The researchers want to reproduce the threads in the lab because
farming hagfish for their slime would be expensive and potentially harmful to
the hagfish.
Which choice best states the text’s main idea?
A.Hagfish are not well suited to being raised in captivity.
B.The ability of hagfish to slime their attackers compensates for their being
jawless.
C.Hagfish have inspired researchers to develop a new petroleum-based
fabric.
D.The slimy threads that hagfish release might help researchers create a new
kind of fabric.

11. Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century

Chinese American community in San Jose, California, provided the first
evidence that Asian food products were imported to the United States in the
1800s: bones from a freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia.*
Jinshanzhuang* —Hong Kong–based import/export firms—likely coordinated
the fish’s transport from Chinese-operated fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia
to North American markets. This route reveals the (often overlooked)
multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese diaspora
communities.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the
text as a whole?
A.It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery’s
significance that is presented in the following sentence.
B.It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items
mentioned in the previous sentence remain inconclusive.
C.It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following
sentence casts some doubt on.
D.It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are
described in the previous sentence.

12.
Text 1 What factors influence the abundance of species in a given
ecological community? Some theorists have argued that historical diversity
is a major driver of how diverse an ecological community eventually
becomes: differences in community diversity across otherwise similar
habitats, in this view, are strongly affected by the number of species living
in those habitats at earlier times.

Text 2 In 2010, a group of researchers including biologist Carla Cáceres

created artificial pools in a New York forest. They stocked some pools with
a diverse mix of zooplankton species and others with a single zooplankton
species and allowed the pool communities to develop naturally thereafter.
Over the course of four years, Cáceres and colleagues periodically
measured the species diversity of the pools, finding—contrary to their
expectations—that by the end of the study there was little to no difference
in the pools’ species diversity.
Based on the texts, how would Cáceres and colleagues (Text 2) most likely
describe the view of the theorists presented in Text 1?
A.It is largely correct, but it requires a minor refinement in light of the
research team’s results.
B.It is not compelling as a theory regardless of any experimental data
collected by the research team.
C.It may seem plausible, but it is not supported by the research team’s
findings.
D.It probably holds true only in conditions like those in the research team’s
study.

13. The ice melted on a Norwegian mountain during a particularly warm

summer in 2019, revealing a 1,700-year-old sandal to a mountaineer looking
for artifacts. The sandal would normally have degraded quickly, but it was
instead well preserved for centuries by the surrounding ice. According to
archaeologist Espen Finstad and his team, the sandal, like those worn by
imperial Romans, wouldn’t have offered any protection from the cold in the
mountains, so some kind of insulation, like fabric or animal skin, would have
needed to be worn on the feet with the sandal.
What does the text indicate about the discovery of the sandal?
A.The discovery revealed that the Roman Empire had more influence on
Norway than archaeologists previously assumed.
B.The sandal would have degraded if it hadn’t been removed from the ice.
C.Temperatures contributed to both protecting and revealing the sandal.
D.Archaeologists would have found the sandal eventually without help from
the general public.

14. Using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Mercedes
López-Morales and colleagues measured the wavelengths of light traveling
through the atmosphere of WASP-39b, an exoplanet, or planet outside our
solar system. Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of light, and
the wavelength measurements showed the presence of carbon dioxide (CO₂)
in WASP-39b’s atmosphere. This finding not only offers the first decisive
evidence of CO₂ in the atmosphere of an exoplanet but also illustrates the
potential for future scientific breakthroughs held by the JWST.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A.It outlines the steps taken in a scientific study, then presents a hypothesis
based on that study.
B.It discusses a method used by some researchers, then states why an
alternative method is superior to it.
C.It examines how a group of scientists reached a conclusion, then shows
how other scientists have challenged that conclusion.
D.It describes how researchers made a scientific discovery, then explains the
importance of that discovery.

15. In her 2021 article “Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of

Ephemera,” scholar Anne Garner discusses John Johnson (1882–1956), a
devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus tickets and
campaign pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly institutions considered
his expansive collection of ephemera to be worthless—indeed, it wasn’t until
1968, after Johnson’s death, that Oxford University’s Bodleian Library acquired
the collection, having grasped the items’ potential value to historians and other
researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson serves to ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A.represent the challenge of incorporating examples of ephemera into the
collections of libraries and other scholarly institutions.
B.illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once
held and the later recognition of ephemera’s possible utility.
C.lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who continue to
assert that ephemera holds no value for scholars.
D.demonstrate the difficulties faced by contemporary historians in conducting
research at the Bodleian Library without access to ephemera.

16. Alexander Lawrence Posey (1873–1908) varied his focus and tone
depending on the genre in which he was writing. In his poetry, he used
heartfelt language to evoke the beauty and peacefulness of his natural
surroundings; in his journalism, ______ he employed humor and satire to
comment on political issues affecting his Muskogee Creek community.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.by contrast,
B.granted,
C.that is,
D.similarly,
17. Establishing Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is no easy task. Each
month, readings of a single second from atomic clocks around the world are
taken and sent to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)in
France. ______ BIPM metrologists perform the meticulous work of
assembling these minutely disparate readings into a globally shared time
standard.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.In particular,
B.For example,
C.Conversely,
D.There,

18. The Iron Curtain, a term coined by Winston Churchill, was a metaphorical barrier
dividing Europe into two parts: the democratic Western Europe and the communist
Eastern Europe. The formation of the Iron Curtain with the end of World War II and
the beginning of the Cold War.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) coincided
B) have coincided
C) coinciding
D) to coincide

19. Cadillac Ranch is an art installation in Amarillo, Texas that was created in
1974 by a group of artists called Ant Farm. It consists of ten half-buried
Cadillac cars that have been placed nose-down in the ground, all lined up in a
row. The installation, visible from Route 66 and the newer and busier ______
has become a popular tourist attraction and an iconic symbol of Americana.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.Interstate 40;
B.Interstate 40,
C.Interstate 40
D.Interstate 40—

20. “Wishcycling”—putting nonrecyclable items into recycling bins under the

mistaken belief that those items can be recycled—ultimately does more harm
than good. Nonrecyclable items, such as greasy pizza boxes, can
contaminate recyclable materials, rendering entire batches unusable. ______
nonrecyclable products can damage recycling plants’ machinery.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.Moreover,
B.Fittingly,
C.Nevertheless,
D.On the contrary,

21. The human brain is primed to recognize faces—so much so that, due to a
perceptual tendency called pareidolia, ______ will even find faces in clouds,
wooden doors, pieces of fruit, and other faceless inanimate objects.
Researcher Susan Magsamen has focused her work on better understanding
this everyday phenomenon.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.she
B.they
C.those
D.it

22. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three pioneers in the
field of click chemistry: two- time Nobel Laureate Barry Sharpless, who coined
the term “click chemistry” in 1998; Carolyn Bertozzi, founder of The Bertozzi
Group at ______ and Morten Meldal, a professor at the University of
Copenhagen in Denmark.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of
Standard English?
A.Stanford;
B.Stanford,
C.Stanford
D.Stanford:

23. The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide not only gives fish their fishy smell
but also protects them from crushing hydrostatic pressure in deep waters.
Trimethylamine N-oxide strengthens the bonds between water molecules in a
fish’s body. ______ these water molecules maintain their linked structure at
extreme depths, thus preventing pressure-related damage.
 Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A.However,
B.As a result,
C.For instance,
D.Nevertheless,

24. According to ___ the variation among the sites would increase over time, as
random chance caused different species to go extinct in some areas but not others.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A) Clark the neutral model would predict that:

B) Clark, the neutral model would predict that
C) Clark, the neutral model would predict: that
D) Clark the neutral model would predict, that

25. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

● Vanillin is the primary flavor component of vanilla extract.

● It is naturally found in the vanilla bean.
● Vanillin can also be produced synthetically.
● Most synthetic vanillin comes from the oxidation of wood-tar chemicals like guaiacol.
● The synthetic form of vanillin is around ten times cheaper to produce than natural
vanillin.
● Today, around 99% of the vanillin used in food products is synthetic.

The student wants to explain why synthetic vanillin is so widely used. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish
this goal?
A.Vanilla extract gets its flavor from vanillin, a compound that is found
naturally in vanilla beans.
B.Since synthetic vanillin is around ten times cheaper to produce than natural
vanillin, around 99% of vanillin used in food products is synthetic.
C.Nearly all of the vanillin used in food products today is produced
synthetically through the oxidation of wood-tar chemicals.
D.Vanillin, the primary flavor component of vanilla extract, can be extracted
from vanilla beans or produced synthetically by oxidizing certain wood-tar
chemicals like guaiacol.

26. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• Maya Angelou was a famous civil rights activist, poet, and author, though she held
many other roles throughout her life.

• I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) is one of her most acclaimed books; it
publicly reveals details about her private life up to the age of 17.

• She was asked to read the poem “On the Pulse of Morning” at President Bill Clinton’s
inaugural ceremony in 1993.

• She directed her first movie, Down the Delta, in 1996, though she had previously
participated in acting and production of other movies.

• Published in 2013 when she was 85 years old, Mom & Me & Mom recounts her
complex relationship with her own mother.

• At her death in 2014, she was working on a new book about her experiences with
different world leaders.

The student wants to emphasize an underlying theme in some of Maya Angelou’s

books. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A) Maya Angelou wrote a wide variety of works in her later years, including Down the
Delta and Mom & Me & Mom.

B) Many of Maya Angelou’s works, such as I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Mom
& Me & Mom, are autobiographical.

C) Maya Angelou had close contact with many world leaders, as shown by reading “On
the Pulse of Morning” at President Bill Clinton’s 1993 inaugural ceremony and writing a
book on the subject prior to her death.

D) While some of her books received great critical acclaim, such as I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings, others were not popular, such as Mom & Me & Mom.

27. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

• In 1803, Luke Howard first defined the different categories of clouds.

• Cirro–form clouds are high and wispy, like curls of hair. They usually appear before a
change in weather.
• Cumulo–form clouds are tall, reaching from low to high in the sky because they are
formed by rising humid air. They have a flat base and distinct shapes, like fluffy cotton
balls.

• Strato–form clouds are low, wide, and flat. They often cover the whole sky in a gray or
white layer and do not have clear edges.

• Nimbo–form clouds are the type that bring rain or snow. They are actually a
combination of the other three cloud forms, so can be similar in shape to any of the
others.

The student wants to emphasize how nimbo–form clouds differentiate from the other
three types. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A) Unlike other types of clouds, nimbo–form clouds produce precipitation.

B) Nimbo–form clouds are much larger than other types of clouds.
C) Different from other cloud types, nimbo– forms do not have any shape.
D) While other clouds are low in the sky, nimbo– form clouds are high.