Semester 2-Biology

Question 6:
i) Name the structure shown and label its parts.
ii) Name the sensory cells present in the part labelled ‘2’ and give their location.
iii) Name the part of the ear responsible for transmitting impulses to the brain.
iv) Name the part labelled above which is responsible for-
a) Static equilibrium b) Dynamic equilibrium c) hearing
v) Name the fluid present in the structure shown.

Question 4:
i) Give one main function of parts labelled 1, 2, 7, 8, 9.
ii) From where does part labelled 4 originate.
iii) Name the fluid present in part labelled 6 and state its function.
iv) Give the location of part labelled 5.
v) Name the sensory cells present in part labelled 3 and mention the pigments in each.
vi) Name the part of the eyeball which can be donated.
vii) Give one point of difference between part labelled 10 & 11.
Question 5:
i) Name the defect shown and explain it briefly.
ii) Mention two possible reasons for the defect shown.
iii) State how the defect can be rectified.
iv) Where is the image formed in the defect shown.
v) Draw a suitable diagram to show the rectified image.
vi) Name the part responsible for maintaining the shape of the eyeball.

Question 2: The given diagram shows a phenomenon pertaining to the nervous system.
Study and answer the questions-
i) Label the parts shown.
ii) Name the phenomenon shown and explain it.
iii) Give the technical term for the point of contact between two nerve cells.
iv) Name the pathway shown by the arrows and define it.
v) Give a logical sequence for the pathway named in (iv).
Question 3:
i) Label the parts given in the figure shown.
ii) Give the functions of parts labelled ‘1’, ‘2’ & ‘3’.
iii) Give the exact location of part labelled 5.
iv) Give the location and one main function of the part labelled 4.
v) Name the protective coverings of the brain and mention the collective term for them.
vi) Name the fluid present in these protective coverings and state its function.

Question 1:
i) Name the structure shown and give its significance.
ii) Label the parts given.
iii) What is the importance of part labelled 1.
iv) Name the phenomenon labelled as 2 and explain it.
v) Name the white insulating layer present in the given structure.
vi) Name the chemicals present in the axon bulbs. Give one example.
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----> Effector (Muscle)

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Question 4:
i) Name the structure shown and label the parts given.
ii) What is the difference between part 1 & 2.
iii) Give the location of part labelled 5.
iv) Give the combined technical term of the part labelled 3 & 4 and draw its diagram.
v) Name the process that occurs in the term mentioned by you in 4.
vi) Name the blood vessel that has highest amount of urea after a protein rich meal – hepatic vein
(as urea is produced in the liver).
vii) A blood vessel having highest amount of urea- renal artery (urea is also produced in muscle
cells).
viii) A blood vessel having least amount of urea- renal vein (renal artery enters kidney as afferent
arteriole and carries maximum urea along with blood into the glomerulus).
ix) Name the blood vessel that has highest amount of glucose – Hepatic portal vein.
x) Name the structure that contains the lowest concentration of blood- Collecting duct
xi) Hormone that regulates urine output – ADH (Anti Diuretic hormone)
(It controls concentration of urine by water reabsorption)
xii) Where is most water reabsorbed? - PCT (Proximal Convoluted tubule)

Question-2: Study the diagram given and answer the questions -

i) Label the parts shown.
ii) Name the structure shown and give its location in the kidney.
iii) Name the process that occurs in parts labelled 3 & 4? Explain the process.
iv) What is the difference between blood vessel 1 & 2?
v) Name the pressure responsible for the process mentioned by you in (iii) above.
vi) Which blood vessel forms part labelled '4' - afferent arteriole

1 – Ureter; 2- Urinary Bladder

Question-3: Given alongside is a diagram showing urinary system
i) Label the parts shown.
ii) Name the structural and functional unit of part labelled '4'.
iii) Name the two main organic/inorganic constituents of the fluid that flows down the part labelled "1'.
iv) Name the 3 major steps involved in the formation of the fluid.
v) Give the function of parts labelled '2' & '3'.

Question 4: Given figure represents the two amin phases of the cardiac cycle.
i) Name the phases shown and give a reason for your answer.
ii) Name the valves that remain closed during each phase.
iii) Name the sound produced during each phase and give a reason for the production of that sound.
iv) Which parts of the heart are contracting in each of this phase and give a reason to support you
answer.
v) What is the term given for the contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.

Question 3: Given diagram represents the T.S. of blood vessels.

Study and answer the following questions-
i) Name the blood vessels shown and label their parts.
ii) Give any two structural differences between them, shown in the given figure.
iii) What is the functional difference between them?
iv) Give the exact location of the blood vessels shown.
v) Which blood vessels have valves and why?

Question 1: The given diagram shows the L.S. of kidney. Study and answer the questions-
i) Label the parts shown.
ii) Why does the cortex of kidney show a dotted appearance? (Presence of Bowman’s capsule and
PCT)
iii) Why does medulla of kidney show a striped appearance? (Presence of renal pyramids, Henly’s
loop and Collecting ducts)
iv) Difference between renal artery and renal vein based on – nature of blood flowing and function.
v) Give the location of the structure shown.
vi) Why is the right kidney located at a slightly lower level than the left kidney?
vii) Define micturition.

Question 1:
i) Label the parts 1-4.
ii) Give the specific function of parts 1, 2 & 3.
iii) Name the cell that provides immunity to the body.
iv) Mention one structural difference between parts labelled 1 & 2.
v) What is the lifespan of part labelled 1?
vi) Name a soluble protein found in part 3 which helps in clotting of blood.
vii) Place of origin and place of destruction of blood cells labelled 1 & 2.

Question 2:
i) Name the two-phenomenon showed in A, B & C.
ii) Explain the phenomenon shown in 2 & 3 and mention its significance.
iii) Name the blood cell that does this activity.

Question-4:
i) Name the gland shown and give its location.
ii) Name the hormone secreted by its posterior lobe, which helps in easy birth of a child.
iii) Why is this gland popularly known as master gland?
iv) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of Growth Hormone in childhood.
v) Give any two points of difference between gigantism and acromegaly.
vi) What is a tropic hormone? Name any two tropic hormones.
vii) Differentiate between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus.
viii) Elaborate the following- (a) T.S.H (b) A.C.T.H (c) A.D.H
Question-3:
i) Name the gland shown.
ii) Give the exact location of the gland shown.
iii) Give one structural feature of this gland.
iv) Name the hormone secreted by this gland and give its function.
v) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone in adults and give one symptom.
vi) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone in children.
and give one symptom.
vii) Why is simple goitre commonly seen in the people living in hilly regions?

Question 1:
i) Name the gland shown and label its parts 1&2.
ii) Give the location of gland shown.
iii) Name the hormone secreted by part labelled ‘2’ and explain why it is called an emergency
hormone.
iv) Give any two functions of the hormone secreted by part labelled ‘2’.
v) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of hormone secreted by part labelled ‘1’and give
its one symptom.
Question 2:
i) Name the gland shown.
ii) Give the exact location of the gland.
iii) Why is this gland called a ‘mixed gland’?
iv) Name the hormone secreting cells present in this gland.
v) Name the hormone secreted by the following cells and give one function of each-
a) Beta cells b) Alpha cells
vi) Name the disease caused due to under secretion of the hormone secreted by the cells mentioned
in (iv) above and give one symptom of each.

FEW EXAMPLES OF GIVE REASONS –

1) Sleeping in non-ventilated rooms with burning furnaces may result in death.
2) If a Rh-negative mother carries a Rh-positive child, it causes problem leading to death of foetus.
3) People have common belief that human heart is located on the left side of the chest.
4) Ventricles have thick and more muscular walls than auricles.
5) Mature mammalian R.B.C’s lacks nucleus and mitochondria.
6) Vitamin K is essential for the process of blood clotting.
7) The right-side kidney is at a slightly lower level than left side kidney.
8) Renal cortex of kidneys shows a dotted appearance.
9) Renal medulla of kidneys shows a striped appearance.
10) We urinate fewer times in summer than in winter and the urine is generally thicker.
11) If we donate one kidney to the needy person it would not cause any harm to us.
12) It is necessary to maintain a normal osmotic concentration of the blood.
13) An alcoholic person when drunk walks clumsily on road.
14) An injury to medulla oblongata causes an immediate death.
15) When a person moves from a brightly lit area to dark room, he experiences some difficulty in
seeing objects for a short while.
16) When a person moves from a dark room to a brightly lit area, he experiences a dazzling effect for
a short period.
17) You cannot make out the red, violet or purple flowers in a garden on a moonlit night.
18) If eustachian tube is blocked, it causes rupturing of tympanum giving a popping or cracking
sound.
19) If tiny ear ossicles are replaced by one big bone, there is loss of hearing.
20) If you spin round and round for a short while and then stop, you feel dizzy.
21) Adrenaline hormone is commonly said to be an emergency hormone. Why?

THINGS TO REMEMBER
LOCATION-
Cerebrospinal fluid -in the space between meninges of brain/spinal cord.
Corpus callosum- sheet of fibers present between the cerebral hemispheres.
Cerebellum - just at the base and under the cerebrum.
Pons varoli - in the center of hind brain below cerebellum.
Spinal cord - extends from medulla of the brain and ends at the second lumbar vertebra.
Yellow spot - lies at the back of the eye almost at the center, on the horizontal axis of eye ball.
Blind spot - lateral to the yellow spot on the nasal side.
Lacrimal glands - at the upper sideward portion of the eye orbit.
Aqueous chamber - in between cornea and eye lens.
Vitreous chamber - behind the eye lens.
Organ of Corti – middle median canal of cochlea in internal ear.
Basilar membrane - between median canal and tympanal canal of cochlea.
Thyroid gland - in front of the neck below larynx.
Adrenal gland-cap like structures on top of each kidney.

Pancreas- behind the stomach, near the opening of duodenum.

Pituitary gland - hangs from the base of mid- brain below hypothalamus.
Tricuspid valve - between right auricle and right Ventricle.
Mitral valve - between Left auricle and Left Ventricle.
Pericardial fluid - in between pericardial layers.
Pulmonary semilunar valve- at the opening of right ventricle into pulmonary artery/ between right
ventricle &pulmonary artery.
Aortic semilunar valve -at the opening of Left ventricle into aorta /between Left ventricle & aorta.
Pacemaker- in the walls of Rt. auricle near the opening of superior vena cava.
Chordae tendinae - from papillary muscles of ventricles.
Malpighian capsule - Renal cortex of kidney.
Proximal convoluted tubule - Renal cortex of kidney.
Distal convoluted tubule - Renal cortex of kidney.
Henle's loop - Renal medulla of kidney.
Medulla oblongata - at the base of the skull/beneath the mid brain and pons.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
• Natural & conditioned reflexes
• Yellow spot & blind spot
• Aqueous chamber & vitreous chamber
• Aqueous humour & vitreous humour
• Light & Dark adaptation
• Myopia & hypermetropia
• Endocrine & exocrine glands
• Hypoglycemia & hyperglycemia
• Diabetes mellitus & diabetes insipidus
• R.B.C & W.B.C
• Agranulocytes & granulocytes
• Artery & Vein
• Pulmonary artery & pulmonary vein
• Renal artery & renal vein
• Hepatic artery & hepatic vein
• Systole & diastole
• Universal donor & universal acceptor
• Pulmonary & systemic circulation
• Afferent & efferent arteriole
• Sensory & motor nerves
• Brain & Spinal cord (parts of neurons)

• Cranial & spinal nerves

• Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system

RELATED TERMS FOR DEFINITION -

Endocrine System-
• Endocrine & exocrine glands
• Hormones
• Addison's disease
• Cushing's syndrome
• Islets of Langerhans
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetes insipidus
• Insulin shock
• Tropic hormones
Circulatory system & Excretory System -
• Lymph & tissue fluid
• Ultrafiltration
• Diapedesis
• Selective Reabsorption
• Phagocytosis
• Osmoregulation
• Systole & diastole
• Micturition
• Pulse
• Blood pressure
• Rh factor
• Serum
• Myocardial infarction
• Angina pectoris
• Pacemaker
Nervous system -
• Synapse & synaptic cleft
• Accommodation of eye Stimulus
• Stereoscopic vision Impulse
• Light & Dark Adaptation
• Receptors & effectors
• Meninges
• Gyri & sulci
• Corpus callosum
• Spinal & cranial nerves
• Voluntary & involuntary actions
• Natural and conditioned reflexes
• Reflex action
• Reflex arc

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
► Brief explanation of double circulation of blood with reference to pulmonary and systemic
circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation - Shorter route (lung circulation).
Right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs →pulmonary vein→ left auricle.
Systemic Circulation - longer route (body circulation).
left ventricle → aorta → body tissues → vena cava → right auricle.
► Concept of Systole (contraction phase) and Diastole (relaxation phase), with reference to the main
phases of cardiac cycle-auricular systole; ventricular systole.
► Concept of heart sounds, with reference to the phase of cardiac cycle.

Auricular systole- atrioventricular valves open/ semilunar valves closed; heart sound-DUP. Ventricular
systole - semi lunar valves open/ atrioventricular valves closed; heart sound-LUBB
► Brief idea of blood pressure and pulse. Normal B.P of an adult to be known. (130/80)
► Concept of vasodilation and vasoconstriction. Hepatic portal system with reference to the
importance of hepatic portal vein.
► Brief idea of portal vein - starts and ends in capillaries.
► Structure of human heart with reference to its valves, blood vessels entering and leaving the heart,
liver, kidney.
► Brief idea of pace maker (SAN) full form - location & function
location - walls of Rt. auricle, near the opening of superior vena cava.
Function- initiates heart beat generates electrical impulses to maintain normal heart beat.
► Examination of a blood smear under the microscope.
► Brief idea of lymphatic organs- spleen and tonsils. (location & function)
Location of spleen-behind the stomach & above left kidney.
Function of spleen-blood reservoir, produces lymphocytes.
Location of tonsils-back of the mouth/pharynx.
Function of tonsils-stop germs from entering body through mouth or nose/ contains WBC's for killing
germs.
► Brief idea of pulse - alternate expansion &elastic recoil of the wall of an artery during ventricular
systole.
► Largest lymphatic organ-spleen
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→Structure of human Ear with reference to

1.External Ear- Pinna, Auditory canal, Tympanum (ear drum)
2.Middle ear- Ear ossicles, oval window, round window, Eustachian tube
3.Inner ear/Membranous Labyrinth- Cochlea, Semi-circular canals, Vestibule (Utriculus &
Sacculus)
→Logical sequence with reference to course of perception of sound in human ear.
→Role of Ear – Hearing and Balancing.