Week 11

KINETICS (FORCE & ACCELERATION)

- CIRCULAR MOTION
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
P
P>F
F = μkN
F
N=W
μk = coef of
kinetic friction
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
P
ƩF = ma
ƩF = REF
F P – F = ma
N=W
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Force and Acceleration

W
a
In motion
REF ƩF
ƩF = ma
ƩF = REF
P – F = ma
N=W Dynamic
Equilibrium
20. PROBLEM
A 28.0 kg block is connected to an empty 1.35 kg bucket by a cord running
over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction between the table
and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
table and the block is 0.320. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until
the system just begins to move. Calculate the mass of sand added to the
bucket.
28.0 kg

μs = 0.45
μk = 0.32
1.35 kg
empty
20. PROBLEM
A 28.0 kg block is connected to an empty 1.35 kg bucket by a cord running
over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction between the table
and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
table and the block is 0.320. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until
the system just begins to move. Calculate the mass of sand added to the
bucket.
Solution:
m1 = 28 kg
m2 = mass of bucket and sand
20. PROBLEM
A 28.0 kg block is connected to an empty 1.35 kg bucket by a cord running
over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction between the table
and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
table and the block is 0.320. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until
the system just begins to move. Calculate the mass of sand added to the
bucket.
Solution:
m1 = 28 kg
m2 = mass of bucket and sand

At the point where motion is

about to begin, a = 0
m2
W-T=0
m2 (9.81) - T = 0

T = m2 (9.81)
20. PROBLEM
A 28.0 kg block is connected to an empty 1.35 kg bucket by a cord running
over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction between the table
and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
table and the block is 0.320. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until
the system just begins to move. Calculate the mass of sand added to the
bucket.
Solution:
m1 = 28 kg
m2 = mass of bucket and sand
T = m2 (9.81)
T-F=0
F = μs N = μs m 1 g m1 m2
F = 0.45(28)(9.81)
F = 123.61 N
F
T = 123.61 N
20. PROBLEM
A 28.0 kg block is connected to an empty 1.35 kg bucket by a cord running
over a frictionless pulley. The coefficient of static friction between the table
and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
table and the block is 0.320. Sand is gradually added to the bucket until
the system just begins to move. Calculate the mass of sand added to the
bucket.
Solution:
m1 = 28 kg
m2 = mass of bucket and sand T
T = m2 (9.81)
T = 123.61 N
m2 (9.81) = 123.61 N
m2 = 12.6 kg
m2 = mass of bucket + mass of sand
12.6 = 1.35 + mass of sand
mass of sand = 11.25 kg
21. PROBLEM
Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction between A and the plane
is μk = 0.15 and A and B have equal masses of 2.7 kg. Neglecting
masses of frictionless pulley and the cord, determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of A and B if θ = 34°.
21. PROBLEM
Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction between A and the plane
is μk = 0.15 and A and B have equal masses of 2.7 kg. Neglecting
masses of frictionless pulley and the cord, determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of A and B if θ = 34°.
Solution:

Block B
T + ma = 2.7(9.8)
T = 26.46 - 2.7a (1)
21. PROBLEM
Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction between A and the plane
is μk = 0.15 and A and B have equal masses of 2.7 kg. Neglecting
masses of frictionless pulley and the cord, determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of A and B if θ = 34°.
Solution:

T = 26.46 - 2.7a (1)

Block A
N = 2.7(9.8) Cos 34° = 21.94
F = μk N
F = 0.15(21.94) = 3.29 N
T - 2.7(9.8) Sin 34° - 3.29 = ma
T - 18.09 = 2.7a

T = 2.7 + 18.09 (2)

21. PROBLEM
Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction between A and the plane
is μk = 0.15 and A and B have equal masses of 2.7 kg. Neglecting
masses of frictionless pulley and the cord, determine the
magnitude of the acceleration of A and B if θ = 34°.
Solution:

T = 26.46 - 2.7a (1)

T = 2.7 + 18.09 (2)

2.7a + 18.09 = 26.46 – 2.7a

5.4a = 8.37

a = 1.55 m/s2
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Curvilinear Motion
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Circular Motion: Normal and Tangential

Components of Acceleration
v
at
an Velocity v is
always
a tangent to
the curve
r

O
KINETICS OF PARTICLES

Circular Motion: Normal and Tangential

Components of Acceleration
Normal Component
v
2
v
an 
r
Tangential Component

dv
at 
dt
Resultant Acceleration
When v is constant,
2 2
at = 0 and a = an a  a t  an
22. PROBLEM
Determine the acceleration at the instant shown.

Solution:
= at

an 2 2
a v 2
an    4 m/s 2

r 1
2 2
a  a t  an

a  5 m/s 2
23. PROBLEM
A race car C travels around the horizontal circular track that has a
radius of 300 ft. If the car increases its speed at a constant rate of 7
ft/s2, starting from rest, determine the time needed for it to reach an
acceleration of 8 ft/s2. What is its speed at this instant?
23. PROBLEM
A race car C travels around the horizontal circular track that has a
radius of 300 ft. If the car increases its speed at a constant rate of 7
ft/s2, starting from rest, determine the time needed for it to reach an
acceleration of 8 ft/s2. What is its speed at this instant?
Solution:
at = 7 ft/s2 2 2
a = 8 ft/s2 a  a t  a n

v = vo + (at)t
v = 0 + 7t

8  72  (0.163 t 2 )2
t  4.87 s
an = 0.163t2 ft/s2 v = 7(4.87) = 34.1 ft/s
CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Centripetal force is defined as,

"the force that is necessary to
keep an object moving in a
curved path and that is directed
inward toward the center of
rotation," while centrifugal
force is defined as "the apparent
force that is felt by an object
moving in a curved path that
acts outwardly away from the
center of rotation.

"Centripetal force and centrifugal force

are really the exact same force, just in
opposite directions because they're
experienced from different frames of
reference."
24. PROBLEM
A 4.00 kg box is placed on the floor at the edge of a merry-go-
round of radius 3.00 m. The coefficient of static friction between
the box and the floor is 0.200. The merry-go-round accelerates
from rest and eventually the box slides off the edge. Determine
the speed at which this occurs.
24. PROBLEM
A 4.00 kg box is placed on the floor at the edge of a merry-go-
round of radius 3.00 m. The coefficient of static friction between
the box and the floor is 0.200. The merry-go-round accelerates
from rest and eventually the box slides off the edge. Determine
the speed at which this occurs.

ω
24. PROBLEM
A 4.00 kg box is placed on the floor at the edge of a merry-go-
round of radius 3.00 m. The coefficient of static friction between
the box and the floor is 0.200. The merry-go-round accelerates
from rest and eventually the box slides off the edge. Determine
the speed at which this occurs.
Solution: an
REF = F
W
man = μN REF
ω
man = μmg
v2
 g
r F
v2 N 3.00 m
 0.2(9.81)
3
v = 2.42 m/ s
25. PROBLEM
A car travels over the crest of a hill at 10.0 m/s. The radius of curvature
at the crest is 12.0 m. Determine the force exerted by the car seat on a
60.0 kg passenger. Determine the minimum speed required for the
passenger to feel momentarily “weightless”.

F REF = man
at

constant v
W
an

R = 12 m
25. PROBLEM
A car travels over the crest of a hill at 10.0 m/s. The radius of curvature
at the crest is 12.0 m. Determine the force exerted by the car seat on a
60.0 kg passenger. Determine the minimum speed required for the
passenger to feel momentarily “weightless”.
Solution:
1. Force exerted by car seat REF
R + REF = W
R = W – REF W
R = W – ma v
v2
a  an 
r 2 a = an
10
R  60(9.81)  60
12 R
R = 88.6 N
88.6/9.81 = 9 kg!
25. PROBLEM
A car travels over the crest of a hill at 10.0 m/s. The radius of curvature
at the crest is 12.0 m. Determine the force exerted by the car seat on a
60.0 kg passenger. Determine the minimum speed required for the
passenger to feel momentarily “weightless”.
Solution:
2. Minimum speed to feel
REF
weightless
R=0
REF = W W
v
man = mg

v2
g v  9.81(12) a = an
r
v  gr v  10.85 m/s R
= 39 kph
26. PROBLEM
A student whirls a bucket of water in a vertical circle of radius 0.800 m.
Determine the minimum speed and frequency of rotation required for
the bucket to completely negotiate the top of the loop without water
spilling out of the bucket.
26. PROBLEM
A student whirls a bucket of water in a vertical circle of radius 0.800 m.
Determine the minimum speed and frequency of rotation required for
the bucket to completely negotiate the top of the loop without water
spilling out of the bucket.
Solution: REF = man
1. Minimum speed v  gr
P = REF – W (REF > W)
when P = 0
W = REF = man W v
an
r = 0.8

P
27. PROBLEM
How many revolutions per minute would a 15 m
diameter Ferris wheel need to make for the
passengers to feel “weightless” at the topmost point?

When the cab is at

an
v
the bottom

W P = REF + W

P is always positive
REF = man
27. PROBLEM
How many revolutions per minute would a 15 m
diameter Ferris wheel need to make for the
passengers to feel “weightless” at the topmost point?

When the cab is on top

an
v
P = W – REF
W
When W = REF, the
passenger will feel
REF = man weightless
27. PROBLEM
How many revolutions per minute would a 15 m
diameter Ferris wheel need to make for the
passengers to feel “weightless” at the topmost point?

v  gr P

weightless
(Frequency) an
v
W

REF = man
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path.

a) 4.19 N, 12.44 N
b) 3.73 N, 9.61 N
c) 5.81 N, 10.75 N
d) 2.66 N, 8.08 N 72.0 cm
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path. 4.00 m/s

a) 4.19 N, 12.44 N
b) 3.73 N, 9.61 N
c) 5.81 N, 10.75 N T1
d) 2.66 N, 8.08 N
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path.

a) 4.19 N, 12.44 N
b) 3.73 N, 9.61 N
c) 5.81 N, 10.75 N
d) 2.66 N, 8.08 N

T2

4.00 m/s
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path.
Solution:
REF
1. Ball at the top
W
T1 = REF – W
v
T1 = man – mg
T1 = 0.3(42/0.72) – 0.3(9.81)
a
T1 = 3.72 N T1
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path.
Solution: T1 = 3.72 N

2. Ball at the bottom

T2
W
T2 = REF + W
v
T2 = man + mg
T2 = 0.3(42/0.72) + 0.3(9.81)
a REF
T2 = 9.61 N
28. PROBLEM
A ball on the end of string is revolved at a uniform rate in a vertical
circle of radius 72.0 cm. If its speed is 4.00 m/s and its mass is
0.300 kg, calculate the tension in the string when the ball is at top
of its path and at the bottom of its path.

a) 4.19 N, 12.44 N
b) 3.73 N, 9.61 N T2
c) 5.81 N, 10.75 N
W
d) 2.66 N, 8.08 N v
Solution:
a REF
T1 = 3.72 N
T2 = 9.61 N
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

where:
F = force of attraction between
the two particles/bodies
G = universal constant of
gravitation; G = 66.73(10-12)
m3/(kg ∙s2)
m1, m2 = mass of each of the
two particles
r = distance between the centers
of the two particles Earth and Satellite
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

m2

F
m1

m1 = mearth
m2 = mmoon
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction

F = W = mg
28. PROBLEM
Calculate the speed of a satellite moving in a stable circular orbit about the
Earth at a height of 3600 km. Mass of Earth = 5.97 x 1024, Radius of Earth =
6380 km

a) 6.32 x 103 m/s

b) 5.74 x 103 m/s
c) 8.05 x 103 m/s
d) 7.63 x 103 m/s
SPEED OF SATELLITE

v
m
mmE F
FG 2
r
r
mmE mE
FG
(R  h) 2
R  earth radius
h  satellite altitude
SPEED OF SATELLITE

For the satellite to stay in its orbit:

REF
F = REF (dynamic equilibrium) v
mmE
FG
(R  h) 2

REF  ma
v2 v2
REF  m  m a
r Rh
2 GmE
v mmE v
m G F Rh
Rh (R  h) 2
SPEED OF SATELLITE

REF
Tangential velocities at altitude v
Low Earth orbit
Altitude: 200-2000km
V = 24,840–28,080 km/h

Molniya orbit
Altitude: 500–39,900 km
a
V = 5,400–36,000 km/h
GmE
v
F Rh
28. PROBLEM
Calculate the speed of a satellite moving in a stable circular orbit about the
Earth at a height of 3600 km. Mass of Earth = 5.97 x 1024, Radius of Earth =
6380 km

a) 6.32 x 103 m/s

b) 5.74 x 103 m/s
c) 8.05 x 103 m/s
d) 7.63 x 103 m/s Solution:

GmE -12 24
66.73(10 ) 5.97(10 )
v 
Rh 6380000  3600000
 6318 m/s
29. PROBLEM
On December 24, 1968, the Apollo VIII command module became the
first manned vehicle to go into orbit above the surface of the Moon.
Assuming that the orbit was approximately circular and the vehicle
was 110 km above the lunar surface, determine the orbital velocity of
the spacecraft and period of the motion.
mmoon = 7.40 x 1022 kg, rmoon = 1.74 x 106 m

a) 3.5 x 103 m/s, 3 hours

b) 2.7 x 103 m/s, 4 hours
c) 1.6 x 103 m/s, 2 hours v
d) 4.1 x 103 m/s, 5 hours
29. PROBLEM
On December 24, 1968, the Apollo VIII command module became the
first manned vehicle to go into orbit above the surface of the Moon.
Assuming that the orbit was approximately circular and the vehicle
was 110 km above the lunar surface, determine the orbital velocity of
the spacecraft and period of the motion.
mmoon = 7.40 x 1022 kg, rmoon = 1.74 x 106 m

a) 3.5 x 103 m/s, 3 hours

Solution:
b) 2.7 x 103 m/s, 4 hours
1. Velocity of the spacecraft
c) 1.6 x 103 m/s, 2 hours
d) 4.1 x 103 m/s, 5 hours
Gmmoon 66.73(10 -12 ) 7.40(10 22 )
v 
rmoon  h 1. 74 x10 6
 110000
 1634 m/s
29. PROBLEM
On December 24, 1968, the Apollo VIII command module...
Solution: v = 1634 m/s
2. Period of motion (time to complete
1 revolution)
dis tan ce
velocity 
time
2(rmoon  h)
v
T
2(1.74 x10 6  110000 )
T
1634
T  7114 sec / 3600  1.97 hrs
30. PROBLEM
The mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.496 x 108 km and the period of its
motion about the Sun is 1.00 year. The period of Jupiter’s motion about the Sun is
observed to be 11.86 years. Determine the meanJupiter
distance from the Sun to Jupiter.

a) 9.5 x 108 km
b) 7.8 x 108 km Earth
c) 8.4 x 108 km
d) 5.3 x 108 km T =11.86 yrs

T =1.00 yr
T = 365.256 days
30. PROBLEM
The mean distance from the Earth to the Sun is 1.496 x 108 km and the period of its
motion about the Sun is 1.00 year. The period of Jupiter’s motion about the Sun is
observed to be 11.86 years. Determine the mean distance from the Sun to Jupiter.

a) 9.5 x 108 km
b) 7.8 x 108 km
c) 8.4 x 108 km Solution:
d) 5.3 x 108 km Using Kepler’s 3rd Law
3 2 3 2
 R1   T1   RJ   11.86 
      8 
 
 R 2   T2   1.496 x 10   1.00 

R J  7.8 x 10 8 km
 CE Board May 2017
31. PROBLEM
The moon’s nearly circular orbit around Earth has a radius of
about 384,000 km and a period T of 27.3 days. Determine the
acceleration of the moon toward the Earth.

V
 CE Board May 2017
31. PROBLEM
The moon’s nearly circular orbit around Earth has a radius of
about 384,000 km and a period T of 27.3 days. Determine the
acceleration of the moon toward the Earth.