PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PROJECTS
FERDINAND MARCOS Bataan Nuclear Power,
Construction of the plant
began in the late 1970s,
with the aim of addressing
the country's growing
energy needs, he’s project
was plagued by issues such
as corruption, cost
overruns, and safety
concerns. The plant was
completed but never fully
operationalized due to
safety concerns and public
opposition.
CORY AQUINO during Corazon Aquino's
presidency, the National
Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and
Technology, giving science and
technology a representation
in the cabinet.
FIDEL RAMOS Fidel V. Ramos directed the
Department of Energy,
ECONOMIC POLICIES
Omnibus Tax Law of 1969,
One major economic
achievement of the first
Marcos administration arose
from placing tax reform in its
legislative agenda. Because
landlords dominated the
legislature, The tax code at
the time contained various
loopholes that allowed
individuals and corporations
to minimize their tax liabilities
through legal but often
complex and questionable
means. The act was to raise
revenue for the federal
government
Aquino focused on
revitalizing and rejuvenating
the sagging economy. She
made bold moves to
dismantle the various
monopolies perpetrated by
President Ferdinand Marcos
during his stay in power.
Ramos pushed for the
deregulation of key industries
INFRASTRUCTURE
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
(BNPP), It was constructed
during the Marcos regime in
the 1970s and was intended
to address the country's
growing energy needs and
reduce its dependence on
imported oil. However, the
plant never operated
commercially due to concerns
about safety, corruption
allegations, and public
opposition.
Public buildings, such as
government offices, schools,
and health facilities,
constructed or renovated
during Aquino's presidency,
continue to serve their
respective purposes,
contributing to the provision
of essential services to the
Filipino people.
The DPWH ROAD WIDENING
project in the Philippines
SETBACKS OF THE PRESIDENT
The Marcos regime was
characterized by
widespread
corruption, with the
president and his
associates accused of
embezzling billions of
dollars from the
Philippine treasury, and other
reasons which mostly
give Ferdinand
Marcos as bad regime
Aquino's presidency was
marked by several coup
attempts and military
uprisings, particularly in the
early years of her
administration. These coup
attempts, often led by
factions within the military
loyal to the Marcos regime,
threatened political stability
and hindered governance
efforts. Critics accused her
administration of failing to
address systemic corruption
and human rights abuses
effectively, while supporters
praised her commitment to
democracy and reform.
Despite implementing
economic reforms, the
 Department of Science and
Technology and the Philippine
Nuclear Research Institute to
formulate a comprehensive
nuclear power program for
the country. Science and
Technology Agenda for
National Development
(STAND) was established
JOSEPH ESTRADA Signed Philippine Clean Air
Act of 1999 which was
designed to protect and
preserve the environment
and ensure the sustainable
development of its natural
resources.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO Numerous laws and projects
that concerns both the
environment and science to
push technology as a tool to
increase the country's
economic level. This is to help
increase the productivity from
Science, Technology and
and the liberalization of the
economy; he encouraged the
privatization of public entities
to include the modernization
of public infrastructure
through an expanded Build-
Operate-Transfer law. The
BOT Law during Ramos'
presidency aimed to leverage
private sector resources and
expertise to address the
country's infrastructure needs
while promoting sustainable
development.
Pro-Poor Programs: Estrada's
administration launched
various pro-poor programs,
including the "Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program"
(4Ps), which provided
financial assistance to low-
income families. These
programs aimed to alleviate
poverty and improve the
living standards of
marginalized sectors of
society.
Efforts were made to
strengthen tax administration
and enforcement to combat
tax evasion and increase
revenue collection.
started during the Fidel
Ramos administration as part
of the "Philippines-2000"
program, which aimed to
relieve traffic congestion and
air pollution.
Port and Airport
Development: Efforts were
made to upgrade and
modernize seaports and
airports to accommodate
increasing trade and tourism
activities. Infrastructure
projects focused on expanding
port capacities, enhancing
cargo-handling facilities, and
improving airport terminals
and runways.
Heading these completed
major roadways is the Subic-
Clark-Tarlac Expressway
(SCTEX), a 94-kilometre major
highway connecting Metro
Manila with north and
northwest provinces.
Philippine economy faced
challenges during Ramos'
presidency, including high
unemployment, poverty, and
income inequality The failure
to address these underlying
social issues contributed to
social unrest and discontent
among various sectors of
society.
The allegations of
corruption against Estrada
sparked widespread public
protests and calls for his
resignation. The political
instability and uncertainty
surrounding his presidency
undermined governance
and hindered efforts to
address pressing issues
facing the country. He was
accused of accumulating ill-
gotten wealth through
kickbacks, bribery, and
involvement in illegal
gambling operations.
Perception of widespread
corruption and allegations
of electoral fraud. These
issues significantly
undermined her
administration's credibility,
eroded public trust, and
 Innovations (STI) and help
benefit the poor people.
BENIGNO AQUINO III Here are some of his
contributions in the field of
science and technology:
Expanded ICT infrastructure:
Aquino implemented the
National Broadband Plan,
which aimed to connect all
government offices and public
schools to high-speed
internet.
RODRIGO DUTERTE The Balik Scientist Program is
a law and government
initiative in the Philippines
aimed at encouraging Filipino
scientists, engineers, and
technology experts who are
working or living abroad to
return to the country and
contribute to its
development. The program
seeks to harness the expertise
and skills of Filipino
professionals abroad to
advance research, innovation,
and technology transfer in the
Philippines.
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PRECOLONIAL PHILIPPINES (PRESPANISH ERA)
Aquino's economic policies
focused on maintaining
macroeconomic stability,
including low inflation, stable
exchange rates, and prudent
fiscal management.
The TRAIN Act also includes
excise tax adjustments on
certain goods such as fuel,
sugary beverages, and
tobacco products to raise
government revenues.
A major part of the Luzon
Urban Beltway, the SCTEX not
only cut travel time but also
resulted in the more efficient
movement of commerce to
and from Metro Manila.
Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA): NAIA is the
primary international gateway
to the Philippines, located in
Pasay City, Metro Manila.
However, due to legal and
contractual issues, the
terminal's construction was
delayed for several years.
During Aquino's presidency,
efforts were made to resolve
these issues, and Terminal 3
finally became fully
operational in 2014.
Duterte's administration
launched the "Build, Build,
Build" program, aiming to
accelerate infrastructure
development across the
country. This program focuses
on constructing and upgrading
roads, bridges, airports,
seaports, railways, and other
vital infrastructure.
fueled political instability
and social unrest
throughout her tenure
Public Trust and
Popularity: Despite initial
high public approval
ratings, Aquino's popularity
waned over time as his
administration faced
criticism and scrutiny over
its handling of various
issues, including corruption
allegations, economic
challenges, and disaster
response efforts.
Duterte's controversial war on
drugs has drawn criticism
from human rights groups and
the international community
due to allegations of
extrajudicial killings, arbitrary
arrests, and violations of due
process. The government's
tough stance on crime and
drugs has raised concerns
about human rights abuses
and rule of law.
They practiced terrace farming, irrigation systems, crop rotation, and soil conservation methods to maximize agricultural productivity and adapt
to diverse environmental conditions. hey built various types of watercrafts, including balangay (wooden boats), which were used for long-distance
voyages and inter-island trade. Excelled in textile production and weaving, using fibers from plants such as abaca (hemp), cotton,
pineapple, and silk, developed traditional medicine systems based on herbalism, plant lore, spiritual beliefs, and indigenous
knowledge passed down through generations. Indigenous communities in precolonial Philippines devised calendar systems based on
observations of celestial bodies, such as the movements of the sun, moon, stars, and constellations. These advancements played a
crucial role in shaping the indigenous peoples' way of life, social organization, economic activities, and spiritual beliefs before the
arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 16th century.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

Colonial authorities introduced new crops and agricultural techniques to the Philippines, including crops such as tobacco, indigo, and maize. Spanish friars also
established agricultural estates called haciendas, where indigenous communities were forced to work under the encomienda system. Spanish colonial
architecture, characterized by the use of stone, bricks, and tile roofs, influenced the design of churches, government buildings, and urban centers. Spanish
colonization introduced the Latin alphabet and the Spanish language to the Philippines, replacing indigenous writing systems such as baybayin,
owever, continued to be spoken and written alongside Spanish, leading to the development of creole languages such as Chavacano. Filipino
sailors and navigators adapted to Spanish ships and navigation techniques. Spanish galleons became an integral part of the Manila-Acapulco
trade route, facilitating trade between the Philippines and New Spain (Mexico) and connecting the Philippines to the global economy.

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POSTCOLONIAL PHILIPPINES

In the postcolonial era, there has been a growing awareness and appreciation for indigenous knowledge, practices, and cultural heritage.
Indigenous communities in postcolonial Philippines continue to practice traditional ecological knowledge and sustainable resource management
techniques. Indigenous communities in postcolonial Philippines have embraced modern technologies and innovations while preserving
traditional knowledge and practices. The use of digital technologies, mobile phones, and the internet has enabled indigenous communities to
connect, communicate, and share knowledge across geographical distances, fostering cultural exchange and collaboration.