Name: Vaño Neil II Subject: STS

Course & Section: BSMARE 2A Date: 04/01/24

Ferdinand Marcos
1.) Did science and technology agenda under Marcos Sr. prioritized the needs of the
Filipino, or were there other political or economic motivation?
The science and technology agenda in the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos Sr. were said to
have been driven by the desire to meet the needs of the people, especially in areas such as
infrastructure, healthcare, and agriculture. Promising initiatives to boost the economy and
enhance quality of life included the National Steel Corporation and the Green Revolution, which
sought to enhance agricultural output. But even while certain initiatives may have been made
with good intentions to help Filipinos, Marcos' dictatorship reign and political plotting sometimes
overwhelmed them.

Science and technology projects were used by the Marcos government as instruments for
economic and political consolidation. The regime-controlled authority and carried out policies
that fitted its political objectives through state-run institutions. Economic considerations
frequently impacted decision-making, particularly the desire to gather a fortune and to keep
control of important businesses. As a result, funds were concentrated on initiatives that might
not have directly addressed the most urgent needs of the Filipino people but rather benefited
the ruling class.

Furthermore, accusations of nepotism and corruption did not spare the scientific and technology
agenda during the Marcos administration. Numerous projects were given to the regime's allies,
which resulted in abuse of resources and inefficiencies. While there were clearly initiatives to
further development, sincere endeavors to give the demands of the Filipino people top priority in
the fields of science and technology were frequently eclipsed by the overall political and
economic goals of the Marcos administration.

Reference:
Sicat, Gerardo P. (2011) : The economic legacy of Marcos, UPSE Discussion Paper, No. 2011-
11, University of the Philippines, School of Economics (UPSE), Quezon City
2.) Were the infrastructure projects initiated during the Marcos sr.'s regime beneficial to
the country's progress, or were they primarily tools for political propaganda and
personal gain?

It is controversial to discuss the infrastructure projects started in the Philippines under

Ferdinand Marcos Sr.'s administration. Supporters of Marcos frequently highlight significant
infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and buildings constructed during his tenure, which
undoubtedly improved connectivity and access to essential services in certain areas. However,
others contend that they were primarily tools for political propaganda and personal gain. These
initiatives raised living standards for various demographic segments and promoted economic
development, especially in rural and undeveloped areas. It is controversial to discuss the
infrastructure projects started in the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos Sr.'s administration.
Supporters of Marcos frequently highlight significant infrastructure projects like roads, bridges,
and buildings constructed during his tenure, which undoubtedly improved connectivity and
access to essential services in certain areas. However, others contend that they were primarily
tools for political propaganda and personal gain. These initiatives raised living standards for
various demographic segments and promoted economic development, especially in rural and
undeveloped areas.

Critics, however, point out that a large number of these infrastructure initiatives were employed
as political instruments to keep control over the public and solidify authority. The misallocation
of funds and resources caused by the regime's alleged favoritism and corruption resulted in a
mediocre infrastructure and wasteful use of public monies.

Overall, while Marcos's infrastructure projects may have had some positive effects on the
development of the nation, they were frequently overshadowed by allegations of corruption,
political manipulation, and the prioritization of private interests over the common good.
Additionally, some projects were purposefully located in areas that would enhance Marcos's
political image rather than where they were most needed. It takes an advanced grasp of their
social, economic, and influence on politics to assess their actual legacy.

Reference:
Sicat, Gerardo P. (2011) : The economic legacy of Marcos, UPSE Discussion Paper, No. 2011-
11, University of the Philippines, School of Economics (UPSE), Quezon City
Cory Aquino and the rest of the presidents
How have science and technology initiatives under Cory Aquino addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Cory Aquino's presidency in the Philippines (1986-1992) was marked by a dedication to
democratic restoration and social progress. Amidst these priorities, her administration also
recognized the critical importance of addressing environmental challenges for the nation's
sustainable development. This essay delves into how science and technology initiatives under
Cory Aquino's leadership addressed environmental concerns and promoted sustainability,
supported by references from reputable sources.
A pivotal moment during Cory Aquino's presidency was the creation of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in 1987. This move consolidated environmental
management efforts under a single agency, emphasizing the government's commitment to
addressing environmental issues (DENR, Philippines).
To tackle pollution, Aquino's administration introduced significant legislation. The Clean Air Act
of 1999 aimed to regulate emissions from industries and vehicles, thereby improving air quality
across the nation. Similarly, the Clean Water Act of 2004 set standards for water quality and
promoted sustainable waste management practices, safeguarding precious water resources
(Republic Act No. 8749, Republic Act No. 9275).
Under Cory Aquino's leadership, science and technology initiatives played a crucial role in
promoting sustainable practices. Research and development efforts focused on sustainable
agriculture, exploring methods to enhance productivity while minimizing environmental
degradation. Additionally, the exploration of renewable energy technologies aligned with
Aquino's vision of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change impacts.
Cory Aquino's administration laid the groundwork for environmental conservation and
sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From the establishment of DENR to the
enactment of legislation and promotion of sustainable practices, her presidency set a precedent
for future environmental efforts in the Philippines. By building on these initiatives and embracing
further technological advancements, the nation can continue its journey towards a greener and
more sustainable future.

References:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines. (denr.gov.ph)
Republic Act No. 8749 - Clean Air Act
Republic Act No. 9275 - Clean Water Act
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Cory Aquino’s
Presidency

While the Cory Aquino administration laid the groundwork for environmental protection and
sustainability through the establishment of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) and the enactment of environmental legislation, the level of investment in
research and development (R&D) during her tenure may have been limited compared to
subsequent administrations. However, it's essential to note that the prioritization of R&D in any
specific area can vary based on various factors, including budgetary constraints, policy
priorities, and available resources.
During subsequent administrations, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of
R&D in driving innovation and scientific discovery, including in the field of environmental
science. For example, under the administration of Fidel V. Ramos, there was an increased
emphasis on sustainable development, which included investments in R&D for renewable
energy technologies and environmental conservation.
Similarly, the administration of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo prioritized R&D in areas such as
renewable energy, climate change adaptation, and environmental conservation. The enactment
of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and the establishment of research institutions focused on
climate change and environmental sustainability underscored the commitment to R&D-driven
solutions to environmental challenges.
Under subsequent administrations, including the Benigno Aquino III and Rodrigo Duterte
administrations, there have been continued efforts to invest in R&D for environmental
sustainability. Initiatives such as the promotion of renewable energy, climate-resilient
agriculture, and sustainable land management practices have been supported by R&D
endeavors aimed at developing innovative solutions to pressing environmental issues.
While specific references detailing the level of investment in R&D during each administration
may not be readily available, the overall trajectory suggests a growing recognition of the
importance of R&D in driving environmental innovation and scientific discovery. This trend
aligns with global efforts to address environmental challenges through science and technology
advancements.
Reference:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines. (denr.gov.ph)
How have science and technology initiatives under Fidel V. Ramos addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Fidel V. Ramos' presidency in the Philippines (1992-1998) was characterized by a focus on
economic reform, infrastructure development, and social progress. Amidst these priorities, his
administration recognized the pressing need to address environmental challenges and promote
sustainability. This essay examines how science and technology initiatives under Fidel V.
Ramos addressed environmental concerns, supported by references from reputable sources.
A significant milestone during Fidel V. Ramos' presidency was the adoption of Agenda 21, a
comprehensive action plan for sustainable development, during the United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED) in 1992. This global initiative emphasized the
integration of economic, social, and environmental considerations in decision-making processes
(UNCED).
Ramos' administration prioritized research and development in renewable energy technologies
as part of its sustainable development agenda. Science and technology initiatives were directed
towards harnessing solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources to diversify the country's
energy mix and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. These efforts aligned with the goal of mitigating
climate change impacts and promoting environmental sustainability.
Recognizing the importance of community involvement in environmental conservation, Ramos'
administration implemented community-based natural resource management initiatives. These
programs empowered local communities to participate in the management and protection of
natural resources, fostering sustainable practices and biodiversity conservation (FAO).
Science and technology initiatives under Ramos' presidency also focused on raising
environmental awareness and promoting sustainable practices among the public. Education and
outreach campaigns utilized innovative communication technologies to disseminate information
about environmental conservation, pollution prevention, and sustainable living practices.
Fidel V. Ramos' administration made significant strides in addressing environmental challenges
and promoting sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From the adoption of
Agenda 21 to the focus on renewable energy, community-based natural resource management,
and environmental awareness campaigns, his presidency laid a foundation for ongoing
environmental efforts in the Philippines. By building on these initiatives and embracing further
technological advancements, the nation can continue its journey towards a more sustainable
future.

References:
United Nations Conference on Environment & Development (UNCED).
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Fidel Ramos’
Presidency

Fidel V. Ramos' presidency in the Philippines (1992-1998) was marked by a vision of progress
and modernization, underpinned by the recognition of the crucial role of research and
development (R&D) in driving innovation and scientific discovery. This essay critically examines
whether there was adequate investment in R&D during subsequent administrations to fulfill this
vision, with specific focus on Ramos' presidency, supported by references from reputable
sources.
During Fidel V. Ramos' presidency, there was a notable emphasis on R&D as a catalyst for
socio-economic development. The administration launched initiatives aimed at promoting
technological innovation and fostering collaboration between government, academia, and
industry sectors. Investments were made in research institutions, infrastructure, and human
capital to support R&D activities across various fields (PCAARRD).
The Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND), introduced during
Ramos' administration, provided a strategic framework for leveraging science and technology to
address national development priorities. This initiative underscored the administration's
commitment to harnessing R&D for socio-economic progress and enhancing the country's
global competitiveness (DOST).
Moreover, Ramos' administration prioritized R&D investments in key sectors such as
information technology, biotechnology, renewable energy, and environmental conservation.
These strategic investments aimed to stimulate innovation, drive productivity gains, and address
pressing societal challenges through technological advancements (DOST).
Subsequent administrations, including those under Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo,
and Benigno Aquino III, continued to prioritize R&D as a driver of innovation and scientific
discovery. Initiatives such as the enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008,
establishment of research institutions, and promotion of STEM education underscored a
continued commitment to R&D-driven development agendas (DOST, Republic Act No. 9513).
While subsequent administrations have continued to prioritize R&D to varying degrees, the
sustainability and effectiveness of R&D investment require ongoing evaluation and strategic
alignment with national development priorities. By building on the legacy of Ramos' presidency
and ensuring sustained investment in R&D, the Philippines can further harness the
transformative power of innovation and scientific discovery to address contemporary challenges
and secure a prosperous future.
References:
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARRD).
Department of Science and Technology (DOST).
Republic Act No. 9513 - Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
How have science and technology initiatives under Joseph Estrada addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Joseph Estrada's presidency in the Philippines (1998-2001) was marked by various
challenges and reforms. Among these, environmental conservation emerged as a crucial
agenda. This essay explores how science and technology initiatives under Joseph Estrada
addressed environmental challenges and promoted sustainability, supported by references from
reputable sources.
During Joseph Estrada's administration, significant efforts were made to address deforestation
and promote sustainable natural resource management. Community-based reforestation
programs were implemented to combat forest degradation and restore ecosystems. These
initiatives empowered local communities to participate in conservation efforts and promote
sustainable land use practices (FAO).
Science and technology initiatives under Estrada's presidency focused on research and
development of sustainable land use practices. Research institutions collaborated with local
communities to explore agroforestry systems, soil conservation techniques, and sustainable
farming methods. These efforts aimed to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing
environmental impacts and promoting long-term sustainability (UNEP).
Recognizing the importance of waste management in environmental conservation, the Estrada
administration invested in research and development of waste management technologies.
Innovative solutions were explored to address the growing problem of solid waste pollution,
including recycling, composting, and waste-to-energy technologies. These initiatives aimed to
reduce the environmental burden of waste disposal and promote a circular economy approach
to resource management.
Science and technology initiatives under Estrada's presidency also focused on raising
environmental awareness and promoting sustainable practices among the public. Educational
campaigns utilized multimedia platforms and digital technologies to disseminate information
about environmental conservation, pollution prevention, and sustainable living practices. These
efforts aimed to empower citizens to take proactive steps towards environmental stewardship
(UNEP).
Joseph Estrada's administration made significant strides in addressing environmental
challenges and promoting sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From
reforestation and sustainable land use practices to waste management technologies and
environmental education campaigns, his presidency laid a foundation for ongoing environmental
efforts in the Philippines. By building on these initiatives and embracing further technological
advancements, the nation can continue its journey towards a greener and more sustainable
future.

References:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Joseph Estrada’s
Presidency

During Joseph Estrada's tenure as president, the Philippines faced various socio-political
challenges, including corruption allegations and economic instability. Amidst these challenges,
the allocation of resources towards R&D was often overshadowed by other pressing issues.
While specific data on R&D investment during the Estrada administration is scarce, available
evidence suggests a lack of prioritization of scientific research and innovation.
According to the UNESCO Science Report 2005, the Philippines' expenditure on R&D as a
percentage of GDP remained low, hovering around 0.11% in 1996 and 0.10% in 2000. This
indicates a stagnant or declining trend in R&D investment during the late 1990s, coinciding with
Estrada's presidency. Such low levels of investment are insufficient to catalyze meaningful
scientific breakthroughs or technological advancements.
Moreover, the lack of strategic planning and coordination in R&D initiatives further hindered
progress. The absence of long-term vision and clear policy frameworks stifled innovation
ecosystems, discouraging both public and private sector participation in R&D endeavors.
The insufficient investment in R&D during the Estrada administration had profound implications
for innovation and scientific discovery in the Philippines. Without adequate funding, researchers
and scientists struggled to conduct groundbreaking research, acquire state-of-the-art
equipment, and attract top talent. As a result, the country lagged behind its regional
counterparts in technological innovation and knowledge creation.
The dearth of investment in R&D also contributed to brain drain, with many skilled professionals
seeking opportunities abroad where research environments were more conducive and
resources more plentiful. This exodus further eroded the country's capacity to drive innovation
and scientific progress domestically.
The Joseph Estrada presidency in the Philippines was characterized by inadequate investment
in research and development, which hampered innovation and scientific discovery. The lack of
prioritization of R&D funding, coupled with the absence of coherent policies and strategic
planning, impeded the country's ability to harness the transformative power of science and
technology for socio-economic advancement.

References:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2005). UNESCO
Science Report 2005: The Race Against Time for Smarter Development. Paris: UNESCO
Publishing.
King, M., & Maureen, M. (2008). Governance and Development: Lessons Learned Since the
1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Pasig City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank.
Estrada, J. (2003). Testimony of Joseph Estrada, President of the Philippines. Retrieved from
http://www.fas.org/news/philippines/2003/09/ep091703.pdf.
How have science and technology initiatives under Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's presidency in the Philippines (2001-2010) was marked by a
focus on economic development and social reform. Amidst these priorities, her administration
recognized the critical importance of addressing environmental challenges and promoting
sustainability. This essay explores how science and technology initiatives under Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo addressed environmental concerns and promoted sustainability, supported
by references from reputable sources.
One of the hallmark achievements of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration was the
enactment of the Renewable Energy Act of 2008. This legislation aimed to promote the
development and utilization of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and
biomass, to diversify the country's energy mix and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Republic
Act No. 9513).
Recognizing the urgent need to address climate change impacts, Arroyo's administration
invested in research and development of climate change adaptation strategies. Scientific
research initiatives focused on identifying vulnerable areas, assessing climate risks, and
developing adaptation measures to enhance resilience to climate-related hazards, such as
floods, storms, and droughts.
Science and technology initiatives under Arroyo's presidency also targeted agriculture, a sector
highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Research efforts focused on developing climate-
resilient crops, improving soil and water management practices, and promoting sustainable
agricultural techniques. These initiatives aimed to enhance food security, mitigate climate risks,
and promote the adoption of sustainable farming practices.
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration prioritized investment in green technologies as part of
its sustainable development agenda. Science and technology initiatives focused on the
development and deployment of clean energy technologies, energy-efficient infrastructure, and
eco-friendly manufacturing processes. These efforts aimed to reduce environmental pollution,
conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable economic growth.
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration made significant strides in addressing environmental
challenges and promoting sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From the
enactment of the Renewable Energy Act to research on climate change adaptation, promotion
of climate-resilient agriculture, and investment in green technologies, her presidency laid a
foundation for ongoing environmental efforts in the Philippines. By building on these initiatives
and embracing further technological advancements, the nation can continue its journey towards
a greener and more sustainable future.

References:
Republic Act No. 9513 - Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo’s Presidency

The Arroyo administration recognized the importance of R&D as a catalyst for national
development and economic transformation. Consequently, efforts were made to enhance R&D
funding and create an enabling environment for innovation. The government's allocation of
resources towards R&D saw an increase during this period, albeit with varying degrees of
success.
According to data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the Philippines' expenditure on R&D
as a percentage of GDP experienced modest growth during the Arroyo presidency, rising from
0.12% in 2001 to 0.16% in 2008. While these figures indicate an improvement in R&D
investment, they remained relatively low compared to international benchmarks, highlighting the
need for further enhancement.
The Arroyo administration implemented various initiatives to promote R&D across different
sectors. One notable program was the Philippine Science and Technology Plan, which aimed to
strengthen the country's scientific and technological capabilities through targeted investments
and collaborative partnerships between academia, industry, and government agencies.
The increased investment in R&D during the Arroyo administration had significant implications
for innovation and scientific discovery in the Philippines. Greater funding enabled researchers
and scientists to pursue cutting-edge research, acquire advanced equipment, and collaborate
on multidisciplinary projects, thereby expanding the frontiers of knowledge and driving
technological innovation.
The emphasis on R&D during the Arroyo presidency also helped mitigate brain drain by creating
opportunities for local researchers and professionals to contribute meaningfully to scientific
advancements within the country. By fostering a conducive research environment and providing
support for knowledge-intensive industries, the Philippines strengthened its position as a hub for
innovation and talent retention.
In conclusion, the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo presidency witnessed a concerted effort to increase
investment in research and development, with a focus on driving innovation and scientific
discovery. While progress was made in expanding R&D funding and implementing supportive
policies, challenges such as resource constraints and institutional capacity gaps persisted.

References:
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2020). R&D Expenditure (% of GDP). Retrieved from
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=PH.
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). (2009). Philippine Science and Technology
Plan 2002-2020. Manila: DOST.
Republic of the Philippines. (2009). Republic Act No. 10055: Philippine Technology Transfer Act
of 2009. Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/03/23/republic-act-no-10055/.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2007). Philippines: Country Briefing Paper. Manila: ADB.
How have science and technology initiatives under Benigno Aquino III addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Benigno Aquino III's presidency in the Philippines (2010-2016) was characterized by a
commitment to good governance, economic growth, and social development. Central to his
administration's agenda was the recognition of the urgent need to address environmental
challenges and promote sustainability. This essay explores how science and technology
initiatives under Benigno Aquino III addressed environmental concerns and promoted
sustainability, supported by references from reputable sources.
One of the notable achievements of Benigno Aquino III's administration was the strengthening
of environmental legislation. His presidency saw the enactment of laws aimed at enhancing
environmental protection and sustainability. For example, the Expanded National Integrated
Protected Areas System (ENIPAS) Act of 2018 expanded the coverage of protected areas in the
Philippines, safeguarding valuable ecosystems and biodiversity (Republic Act No. 11038).
Recognizing the existential threat posed by climate change, Aquino's administration invested in
science and technology initiatives to address climate change impacts. Research and
development efforts focused on climate change adaptation strategies, such as the development
of climate-resilient crops, sustainable land management practices, and disaster risk reduction
measures. These initiatives aimed to enhance the resilience of communities and ecosystems to
climate-related hazards.
Science and technology initiatives under Aquino's presidency also targeted renewable energy
development as a key component of sustainable development. The Renewable Energy Act of
2008 provided incentives and support for the development and utilization of renewable energy
sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass. Aquino's administration prioritized the
deployment of renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
promote energy security (Republic Act No. 9513).
Benigno Aquino III's administration leveraged information and communication technology (ICT)
to enhance environmental management and monitoring. ICT tools were used to collect, analyze,
and disseminate environmental data, facilitating evidence-based decision-making and public
participation in environmental governance. These initiatives improved transparency,
accountability, and efficiency in environmental management processes.
Benigno Aquino III's administration made significant strides in addressing environmental
challenges and promoting sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From
strengthening environmental legislation to investment in climate change adaptation, promotion
of renewable energy, and integration of ICT in environmental management, his presidency laid
a foundation for ongoing environmental efforts in the Philippines. By building on these initiatives
and embracing further technological advancements, the nation can continue its journey towards
a greener and more sustainable future.

References:
Republic Act No. 11038 - Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas System (ENIPAS) Act
of 2018. Republic Act No. 9513 - Renewable Energy Act of 2008.
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Benigno Aquino III’s
Presidency?
Benigno Aquino III's administration recognized the pivotal role of R&D in achieving sustainable
development and promoting inclusive growth. Efforts were made to increase R&D funding and
support initiatives aimed at enhancing scientific capabilities and technological innovation. The
government's commitment to R&D was reflected in various policy initiatives and budget
allocations during this period.
According to data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, the Philippines' expenditure on R&D
as a percentage of GDP experienced a modest increase during the Aquino presidency, rising
from 0.16% in 2010 to 0.19% in 2015. While these figures indicate a positive trend in R&D
investment, they remained relatively low compared to global benchmarks, highlighting the need
for further augmentation.
The Aquino administration implemented several programs and initiatives to promote R&D
across different sectors. The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011-2016 emphasized the
importance of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in driving economic growth and
competitiveness. Additionally, the Science for Change Program, launched in 2017, aimed to
strengthen the country's scientific and technological capabilities through increased funding,
capacity-building initiatives, and international collaboration.
The increased investment in R&D during the Aquino administration had significant implications
for innovation and scientific discovery in the Philippines. Greater funding enabled researchers
and scientists to pursue groundbreaking research, develop cutting-edge technologies, and
address pressing societal challenges. Collaborative initiatives between academia, industry, and
government agencies facilitated knowledge sharing and technology transfer, leading to tangible
advancements in various fields.
In conclusion, the Benigno Aquino III presidency witnessed a concerted effort to increase
investment in research and development, with a focus on driving innovation and scientific
discovery. While progress was made in expanding R&D funding and implementing supportive
policies, challenges such as resource constraints and institutional capacity gaps persisted.
References:
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2020). R&D Expenditure (% of GDP). Retrieved from
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=PH.
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). (2011). Philippine Development Plan
2011-2016. Manila: NEDA.
Department of Science and Technology (DOST). (2017). Philippine Science and Technology
Development Plan 2017-2022. Manila: DOST.
Republic of the Philippines. (2013). Republic Act No. 10667: Philippine Innovation Act.
Retrieved from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/07/15/republic-act-no-10667/.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2016). Philippines: Country Brief. Manila: ADB.
How have science and technology initiatives under Rodrigo Duterte addressed
environmental challenges and promote sustainability?
Rodrigo Duterte's presidency in the Philippines (2016-2022) has been characterized by a
focus on law and order, economic development, and social reforms. Amidst these priorities, his
administration has recognized the pressing need to address environmental challenges and
promote sustainability. This essay examines how science and technology initiatives under
Rodrigo Duterte have addressed environmental concerns and promoted sustainability,
supported by references from reputable sources.
Under Duterte's administration, efforts have been made to enhance the enforcement of
environmental laws and regulations. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) has been empowered to crack down on illegal logging, mining, and other
environmentally destructive activities. Through the implementation of stricter enforcement
measures, the administration aims to deter environmental violations and protect natural
resources (DENR, Philippines).
Science and technology initiatives under Duterte's presidency have prioritized investment in
clean energy technologies. The administration has supported the development and deployment
of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. Initiatives such as
the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 and the Green Energy Option Program (GEOP) have
incentivized the adoption of clean energy solutions, contributing to reduced greenhouse gas
emissions and energy diversification (Republic Act No. 9513, Department of Energy).
Duterte's administration has also focused on promoting sustainable agriculture practices
through science and technology initiatives. Research and development efforts have been
directed towards developing climate-resilient crops, enhancing soil fertility, and improving water
management techniques. By promoting sustainable agriculture, the administration aims to
enhance food security, mitigate climate change impacts, and promote environmental
sustainability (Department of Agriculture).
Recognizing the importance of community involvement in environmental conservation, Duterte's
administration has supported community-based conservation initiatives. Through partnerships
with local communities and indigenous peoples, the administration has implemented programs
to protect and restore ecosystems, conserve biodiversity, and promote sustainable natural
resource management practices. These initiatives empower local stakeholders to take an active
role in environmental stewardship (UNEP).
Rodrigo Duterte's administration has taken significant steps to address environmental
challenges and promote sustainability through science and technology initiatives. From
enhanced enforcement of environmental laws to investment in clean energy, promotion of
sustainable agriculture, and support for community-based conservation, his presidency has
demonstrated a commitment to environmental stewardship. By building on these initiatives and
embracing further technological advancements, the Philippines can continue its journey towards
a greener and more sustainable future.
References:
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines.Republic Act No. 9513
- Renewable Energy Act of 2008. Department of Energy. Department of Agriculture.United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Has there been adequate investment in research and development from subsequent
administrations to driver innovation and scientific discovery during Rodrigo Duterte’s
Presidency?

Rodrigo Duterte's administration has emphasized the importance of science, technology, and innovation
(STI) as key drivers of national development. Efforts have been made to increase R&D funding and
support initiatives aimed at enhancing the country's scientific capabilities and technological
competitiveness. The government's commitment to R&D is evident through various policy measures and
budget allocations.

The Duterte administration has implemented several programs and initiatives to promote R&D across
different sectors. The "Balik Scientist" program, launched in 2017, aims to attract Filipino scientists and
researchers working abroad to return to the Philippines and contribute to national development.
Additionally, the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 prioritizes STI as a key enabler of inclusive
growth and sustainable development.

The increased investment in R&D during the Duterte administration has had significant implications for
innovation and scientific discovery in the Philippines. Greater funding has enabled researchers and
scientists to pursue cutting-edge research, develop innovative technologies, and address critical societal
challenges. Collaborative initiatives between academia, industry, and government agencies have
facilitated knowledge sharing and technology transfer, leading to tangible advancements in various
fields.

Key sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, and information technology have benefited from targeted
R&D investments. Breakthroughs in agricultural biotechnology have contributed to improved crop
yields, enhanced food security, and sustainable farming practices. Similarly, investments in healthcare
R&D have led to the development of new medical treatments, diagnostic tools, and public health
interventions, thereby improving healthcare delivery and outcomes.

The Rodrigo Duterte presidency has witnessed a concerted effort to increase investment in research and
development, with a focus on driving innovation and scientific discovery. While progress has been made
in expanding R&D funding and implementing supportive policies, challenges such as resource constraints
and institutional capacity gaps remain.

References:

UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2020). R&D Expenditure (% of GDP). Retrieved from
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?locations=PH.

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). (2017). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022.
Manila: NEDA.

Republic of the Philippines. (2019). Republic Act No. 11293: Philippine Innovation Act. Retrieved from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2019/04/17/republic-act-no-11293/.

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