2 tm Pi $ Practical No. 10: Minor Losses in Pipe * es I Practical Signit ignificance i ons, in the diregs When fluid flows through pipe, energy losses ocour due 10 various reas direct of flow. Predominant loss is due to the friction (pipe sand contraction add components like inlet, outlet, bend, valves, sudden enlargement tO the | ‘le design overall head loss of the system resulting in decrease 1" discharge. While designing pj, line total head loss is required, to be calculated. I. Relevant Pro; gram Outcomes (POs) \ i PO 1. Basic knowledge: An ability 1 apply knowledge of basic mathematics lence ang engineering to solve the engineering problems. PO2. Discipline knowledge: An ability t apply discipline - specific knowledge t0 soe core and/or applied engineering problems. ; PO3. Experiments. and practice: An. ability to plan and perform experiments ang practices and to use the results to solve enginee ; PO4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant civil technologies and tools with qn understanding of the limitations. ; POS. Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as leader and team member in Diverse /multidisciplinary team rring problems. I, Relevant Course Outcomes Determine the loss of hiead of fluid flow through pipes IV. Practical Outcome Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings due to sudden contraction and sudden enlargement. V. Competency and Practical Skills This practical is to develop the following skills for the industry identified compete “Apply. hydraulics principles in water carriage systems and water retaining structures’ a. Determine the minor losses in pipe fittings. VI. Relevant Affective domain related a. _ Follow safety practices. b. Practice good housekeeping. »Demonstrate working as a leader/ team member... id. © Maintain tools and equipment. ; e. . Follow ethical Practices. , Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education a ‘Scanned with CamScanner hness). The additony |O20") prnimam Theoretical Backgroung ra yn Energy is measuy im «, " ei by certain local features ineters” is called hend. ‘The minor head losses aFe aor shape ofthe pipe. This dena PANES. The disturbances may be caused in the jpeady formation, ™ation affeets the velocity distribution and may result sudden Enlargement: TW pipes oF cron, shown in figure 1. When the enters the tupulences and causing dissipation ot enc ‘The loss in head or energy due to sudden Sectional area Ay and A; are as larger section eddies will form resulting in By. nlargement is given by:- enlargement = (V1-V2)/2g, sec or ns Terepresents a pipe line in which an abrupt contraction oceurs ‘The area of flow minimizes a little distance away from actual area of contraction of pipe is known as vena contracta, refer figure 2 OS v2 h Reon = * hoon = at, Experimental Sét-up Figure 2.Sudden contraction Figure 4. Sudden enlargement Figure 3. Experimental set up ig Matarashtra State Board of Technical Education ~~ oy ‘Scanned with CamScannerIX. Resources required ication specifi Particulars Pipe of known diameter fited wilt | 4 make 1 pee enlargement, sudden i ontraction. ke 2 [Pischarge measuring tank fited with| Standard ma scale and piezometer tube Sander make 3. |U tube differential manometer ‘X. Procedure eed : Open the inlet valve, keeping the outlet valve cl - pipes/pipe fitting and check that Connect the manometer rubber tubing to one of the PIP there is no air bubble entrapped. Open partially the outlet valve, keeping th Allow the flow to get stabilized and then te Measure discharge. Repeat the procedure at least three times. Ne con inlet valve fully open. 1e comm A reading. ake manometer Awaw XL Precautions to be followed . scien a. Avoid spilling of water while conducting this experiment. b. Maintain the adequate pressure by adjusting valve. c. Take the readings accurately. d. Handle mercury with care. e. Noair should be entrapped in the apparatus system. XI. Actual procedure followed ‘Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education = ‘Scanned with CamScannerxitl, Resources used Broad Specifications dpatth oath | For cach batch Bt Name of Resouree | — Guantty | Remark Teen ied SFandard Make to) . | Pot eae 7 Pee etter Standard we fron [Por eH 3 | tape Standaxd oO 4 XV. Observations ‘Area of Measuring Tank = ‘Area of small pipe (Az) = Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education . Area of large pipe (Ai) = > m —O:> m m v7 ‘Scanned with CamScannerHydraulics (22401) _ eo oe 1) Hea Head loss pel Manometer obtain by manoma Reading Discharge measurement discharge Teading (for mercury (calcutatiolobservatiy, manometer)* be! Hm : Yohane ua _ | =areao Q ae ee telnet =| 7 | measuring | vie | Vaz (Ya = Ve) Pace TP ae aeS2— ak x rise in Time volun) Qyay] ra, | 28 ‘Sy “water level in ime , ha) r esi measuring ° tank wit : 7 zy Too & se 1 [elle O03 for [ as Joris force re S| O*8 2 LPL ole fy? o:12 0.64 fo 18. a8 3 fo va cuales Bete i) (0.5v2"/ 2) 0°06 [ieofey®loo8 br*e]o.yq | 0-2) TO. 06 | [into] gx 0-08 wilY LORY *If manometric liquid is water then use h=H Sample calulations For sudden énlargement= A enlargement = (Vi-V2)-/28, For sudden contraction= Hi con= (0.5V2~/2g) XVI Results Average value of head loss in Sudden enlargement=_\_p_.\ 1 im Sudden contraction=___© » > \ m. “Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education a ‘Scanned with CamScanner| at Conclusions and Recommendations (ifany) x Practical Related Questions “Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum three questions. 1. Write the formula for he: wri ad loss due to sudden enlargement , sudden contraction , and write meaning of each ! : term. 2, Mention the measures taken to reduce minor losses in house plumbing. 3, _ Describe the variation of minor losses when discharge is increased or decreased by operatirig regulating valve, 7 Space to Write Answers | = | Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education L ‘Scanned with CamScanner