Literature review

2.1 what is maintenance

Maintenance is defined as the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions
intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform its required function.
Running maintenance is maintenance which can be carried out whilst the item is in service.
Shutdown maintenance is maintenance which can only be carried out when the item is out of
service.
Maintenance is defined as the combination of all technical, administrative and managerial
actions during the life cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to, a state in which it
can perform the required function (function or a combination of functions of an item which are
considered necessary to provide a given service). Markeset T, Kumar U, (2003) Design and
development of product support and maintenance concepts for industrial systems. Journal of
Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 9(4): 376-392. As cited in Adolfo Crespo Márquez, The
Maintenance Management Framework Models and Methods for Complex Systems Maintenance
2007
Maintenance is defined as the required processes and services undertaken to care for a
building’s structure or/ and service from after completion or after any repair, refurbishment or
replacement to current standards to enable it to serve its intended functions throughout its entire
lifespan without drastically upsetting its basic features and functions. Olanrewa. Abdul Lateef
2009

Maintenance has also been defined by various authors. The first author defines maintenance as
a work carried out to keep, restore or improve every part of a building, its services and
surrounds to a currently acceptable condition. (Williams, J. 1994.) A latter researcher stated that
maintenance is defined to keep the building in its existing state and in high quality operating
condition and preserve. (Smith, R. 2003.) as cited in C. Y. Yong et al. 2015.

Maintenance is defined as a combination of technical and administrative actions contributing to

the protection and satisfactory operation of asset maintenance includes everything from regular
cleaning to repairs and replacements.(Aliyu et al. 2016)

Building maintenance

Maintenance for building can be defined as the process in which the building is kept usable at a
predetermined standard for the use and benefit of its occupants or user. (Aliyu et al. 2016)

Building maintenance is defined as the mishmash of all technological and management actions,
including administration action, planned to engaged an item in, or restore it to a state in which it
can perform a required function (Hou Yin et al. 2009),and defined as the effort in connection
with diverse technical and administrations in order to keep its physical asset in, or reinstate it to
a condition where it can execute a necessary purpose (Ines et al. 2010) as cited in MD AZREE
OTHUMAN MYDIN 2015.
Building maintenance is the required processes and services taken to preserve, sustain, protect
and care for a building’s fabric, structure and engineering services after completion, repair,
refurbishment or replacement to current standards to enable it to serve its intended functions
throughout its entire life span without drastically upsetting its basic features and use.

Types of maintenance

Planned maintenance: is maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and
the use of records to predetermined plans.
According to Al-Hazmi, 1995 cited on Aliyu et al. 2016 as long as planned maintenance is
performed irrespective of the condition of the building elements leading to carrying of large
number of unnecessary tasks that could have remained in a safe and acceptable operating
condition for a much longer time, due to human error during the execution of the maintenance
task the condition of an element may end up worse than it was before and planned maintenance
tasks are usually very demanding in terms of spare parts and labor.

● Preventive Maintenance: is maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals or

corresponding to prescribed criteria and intended to reduce the probability of failure or
the performance degradation of an item.
Preventive maintenance is the replacement of building parts on the bases of certain
criteria, usually time and usage.Preventive maintenance can reduce maintenance costs
by about 15 % if properly introduced.(Abdul Lateef Olanrewaju Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz
Building Maintenance Processes and Practices The Case of a Fast Developing Country
2014
Preventive maintenance is advantageous over corrective maintenance for the reason
that it can be planned ahead and performed when it is convenient to the building‟s user,
maintenance cost can be reduced by avoiding the cost of consequential damage,
downtime, the time that an element of the building or the whole building is out of
service, can be minimized so the habitability of the building can be increased and health
and safety of the user can be improved.(Aliyu et al. 2016) However according to Al-
Hazmi, 1995 cited on Aliyu et al. 2016 as long as planned maintenance is performed
irrespective of the condition of the building elements leading to carrying of large number
of unnecessary tasks that could have remained in a safe and acceptable operating
condition for a much longer time, due to human error during the execution of the
maintenance task the condition of an element may end up worse than it was before and
planned maintenance tasks are usually very demanding in terms of spare parts and
labor.
- Scheduled Maintenance: also called as routine maintenance, is the preventive
maintenance carried out to a predetermined interval of time, number of
operations, mileage, etc.
- Condition-based Maintenance: is preventive maintenance initiated as a result of
knowledge of condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring.
 Condition-based maintenance commences when there is some understanding of
the building's state based on inspections conducted prior to failure. The building
will be considered fine and no action will be taken as long as its parameters are
determined to be within the specifications. Only when the building's physical state
is failing, degrading, or decaying will maintenance be started. Sometimes the
basis for condition-based maintenance is cyclical or periodic in nature. That is,
whether or not there is a problem with the building or any of its components,
maintenance is started on the scheduled day.(lateef 2009)
Another name for predictive maintenance is condition-based maintenance. This
is due to the fact that the systems and parts of a structure are constantly checked
for dependability and condition. Modern, highly complex signal processing
methods are utilised in predictive maintenance to keep an eye on the buildings'
status. Non-invasive building condition monitoring is facilitated by many
technologies such as vibration measurement, thermography, ferrography,
spectroscopy, transducers, and non-destructive testing. (Abdul Lateef
Olanrewaju Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz Building Maintenance Processes and
Practices The Case of a Fast Developing Country 2014
)
● Corrective Maintenance: maintenance carried out after failure has occurred and intended
to restore an item to a state in which it can perform its required function.
The goal of corrective maintenance is to return a building to its initial state after it has
failed. This means that a building is maintained if someone complains about it having
deterioration, faults, or any combination of these, or if the people in charge of it find out
that it has failed. This approach is typically extremely expensive and results in
disgruntled users. Since the resources available are frequently insufficient to meet the
maintenance needs, it frequently results in a backlog of maintenance. This approach's
major shortcoming is that it interferes with and disturbs the activities occurring inside and
outside the building.(lateef 2009)
Corrective maintenance refers to the most basic form of maintenance approach, in which
a building's components are used until they malfunction or break down. It includes all
tasks, such as replacing or repairing an element that has broken down to the point that it
is unable to carry out its intended purpose. Corrective maintenance is still a crucial
component of any maintenance management plan, though. Maintenance workers can
obtain crucial predictive data from this kind of activity.(Aliyu et. al 2016). On the other
hand, corrective maintenance causes degrading of the building structure and makes the
progress of future maintenance activities more difficult and expensive.Therefore, if an
alternative strategy is not put in place, the building structure will continue to deteriorate
since lack of proper maintenance leads to further deterioration, decay and failure.( Abdul
Lateef Olanrewaju Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz Building Maintenance Processes and
Practices The Case of a Fast Developing Country 2014

MD AZREE OTHUMAN MYDIN 2015 summarizes the steps in corrective maintenance

as follow
 Igal, M.S., Building evaluation methodology for setting maintenance priorities in hospital
buildings, Construction Management and Economics, vol. 21, no. 7, 2003, p. 681-692.

Unplanned Maintenance: is maintenance carried out without a predetermined plan.

According to BS 3811:1984

Corrective maintenance is the simplest type of maintenance strategy, where an element in a

building is used until it breaks down or defects. It covers all activities, including replacement or
repair of an element that has failed to a point at which it cannot perform its required function.
However, corrective maintenance is still an important part of any maintenance management
strategy. It is from such work that maintenance personnel can gather vital predictive information.

MD AZREE OTHUMAN MYDIN 2015.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOWARDS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW Journal of Engineering Studies and Research –
Volume 21 (2015) No. 1 58-65
3. Hou Yin Lee, H., Scott, D., Overview of maintenance strategy, acceptable maintenance
standard and resources from a building maintenance operation perspective, Journal of Building
Appraisal, vol. 4, 2009, p. 269–278.
[4] Ines, F.C., Jorge, de B., A systematic approach for maintenance budgeting of buildings
facades based on predictive and preventive strategies, Construction and Building Materials, vol.
24, no. 9, 2010, p. 1718-1829

Abdul Lateef Olanrewaju Abdul-Rashid Abdul-Aziz Building Maintenance Processes and

Practices The Case of a Fast Developing Country 2014

Maintenance is defined as a combination of technical and administrative actions contributing to

the protection and satisfactory operation of asset maintenance includes everything from regular
cleaning to repairs and replacements.(Aliyu, Sule, Maryam, Ibrahim,Mohammed 2016)
Maintenance for building can be defined as the process which the building is kept usable at a
predetermined standard for the use and benefit of its occupants or user. (Aliyu, Sule, Maryam,
Ibrahim,Mohammed 2016)
Building maintenance is a major activity in most countries. Any reduction in resources applied to
building maintenance will have a visible effect on the economy. Few years ago, a rapid growth
of housing construction clearly appears as a part of the country development. The number of
modern houses increases and more houses are being constructed. As a result, more
maintenance work is required in order to cope with this type of construction (Al-Khatam, 2003).
2.2 types of maintenance
2.3 strategies for maintenance
2.4 what is maintenance management
The maintenance management is defined as systematic approach in planning, organizing,
monitoring and evaluating maintenance activities and their costs.(Aliyu, Sule, Maryam,
Ibrahim,Mohammed 2016).
According to Wireman (1990), maintenance management can be defined as a combination of all
technical, administrative and managerial actions during the life cycle of an item, intended to
retain it or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function.
2.5 maintenance management practice
This lack of maintenance management practice may cause any kind of sickness within the
building (Iyagba, 2005).
Ismail and Kasim (2013), carried out a research on maintenance management practices for
building facility in eight polytechnics in Malaysia. In their, study, the case studies on eight
Polytechnics were undertaken in order to identify the maintenance management problems, the
current approaches to address the problems, the ICT implementation and the maintenance
management system as to obtain information relating to the maintenance identification,
assessment, planning and execution processes. Their findings revealed and indicated that: poor
services delivery, inadequate finance, poor maintenance planning and maintenance backlogs
are the main hindrance in carrying out good maintenance management practice in the study
areas. They further lamented that, the factor of non specific complain, defect repetition, limited
budgets, time gap of building repairs and less competent manpower are the main problems on
the case study finding. The researchers concluded that less manpower competencies can lead
to poor services delivery, poor maintenance planning and maintenance backlog. There is also
need to overcome less manpower competencies of maintenance management practice which
existed within all eight polytechnics.
● (Aliyu Ahmad Aliyu , Sule Alhaji Bello , Maryam Salihu Muhammad , Ibrahim Musa
Singhry , and Mohammed Girgiri Bukar 2016. AN ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE FOR ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA
UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL, BAUCHI(types)
● Al-Khatam, J.A. (2003), Buildings Maintenance Cost, Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
● Wireman, L. (1990), Maintenance Management: World Class Maintenance
Management, Industrial Press Inc.
● Iyagba, R.O.A. (2005), The Menace of Sick Buildings: A Challenge to all for its
Prevention and Treatment. Nigeria: University of Lagos Press.
● Ismail, Z. & Kasim, N. (2013), Maintenance Management Practices for Building Facility:
A Case Study, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA),
3(4), pp: 487-497.

Predictive maintenance is also known as condition-based maintenance. This is because a

building’s components and systems are continuously monitored for their condition and reliability.
In predictive maintenance, modern sophisticated signal processing tools are used to monitor the
condition of the buildings. For instance, non-destructive testing, transducers, vibration
measurement, thermography, ferrography and spectroscopy make it possible to perform non-
intrusive inspection in order to monitor the conditions of buildings. Predictive maintenance is
also known as condition-based maintenance.