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 page i

Operations
Management in the
Supply Chain

Decisions and
Cases
Eight
h Edition
 page ii

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright

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ISBN 978-1-260-57143-1
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The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication.
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 page iii

The McGraw-Hill Education Series

Operations and Decision Sciences

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Benton
Purchasing and Supply Chain Management
Third Edition
Bowersox, Closs, Cooper, and Bowersox
Supply Chain Logistics Management
Fifth Edition
Burt, Petcavage, and Pinkerton
Supply Management
Eighth Edition
Johnson
Purchasing and Supply Management
Sixteenth Edition
Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, and
Simchi-Levi
Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, Case
Studies
Third Edition
Stock and Manrodt
Fundamentals of Supply Chain Management

PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Brown and Hyer
Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach
Larson
Project Management: The Managerial Process
Eighth Edition

SERVICE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

Bordoloi, Fitzsimmons, and Fitzsimmons
Service Management: Operations, Strategy, Information Technology
Ninth Edition

MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
Hillier and Hillier
Introduction to Management Science: A Modeling and Case Studies
Approach with Spreadsheets
Sixth Edition

BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS

Schindler
Business Research Methods
Thirteenth Edition

BUSINESS FORECASTING
Keating and Wilson
Forecasting and Predictive Analytics
Seventh Edition

LINEAR STATISTICS AND REGRESSION

Kutner, Nachtsheim, and Neter
Applied Linear Regression Models
Fourth Edition

BUSINESS SYSTEMS DYNAMICS

Sterman
Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex
World

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Cachon and Terwiesch
Operations Management
Second Edition
Cachon and Terwiesch
Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations
Management
Fourth Edition
Jacobs and Chase
Operations and Supply Chain Management
Sixteenth Edition
Jacobs and Chase
Operations and Supply Chain Management: The Core
Fifth Edition
Schroeder and Goldstein
Operations Management in the Supply Chain: Decisions and Cases
Eighth Edition
Stevenson
Operations Management
Fourteenth Edition
Swink, Melnyk, and Hartley
Managing Operations Across the Supply Chain
Fourth Edition

BUSINESS MATH
Slater and Wittry
Practical Business Math Procedures
Thirteenth Edition
Slater and Wittry
Math for Business and Finance: An Algebraic Approach
Second Edition

BUSINESS STATISTICS
Bowerman, Drougas, Duckworth, Froelich, Hummel, Moninger,
and Schur
Business Statistics in Practice
Ninth Edition
Doane and Seward
Applied Statistics in Business and Economics
Sixth Edition
Doane and Seward
Essential Statistics in Business and Economics
Third Edition
Lind, Marchal, and Wathen
Basic Statistics for Business and Economics
Ninth Edition
Lind, Marchal, and Wathen
Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics
Eighteenth Edition
Jaggia and Kelly
Business Statistics: Communicating
with Numbers
Third Edition
Jaggia and Kelly
Essentials of Business Statistics: Communicating with Numbers
Second Edition
McGuckian
Connect Master: Business Statistics
 page iv

About the Authors

Roger G. Schroeder
is the Frank A. Donaldson Chair Emeritus in Supply Chain and
Operations Management at the Curtis L. Carlson School of
Management, University of Minnesota. He received B.S. and MSIE
degrees in Industrial Engineering with high distinction from the
University of Minnesota, and a Ph.D. from Northwestern University.
He held positions in the Carlson School of Management as Director
of the Ph.D. program, Chair of the Operations and Management
Science Department, and Co-Director of the Joseph M. Juran Center
for Leadership in Quality. Professor Schroeder has obtained research
grants from the National Science Foundation, the Ford Foundation,
and the American Production and Inventory Control Society. His
research is in the areas of quality management, operations strategy,
and high-performance manufacturing, and he is among the most
widely published and cited researchers in the field of operations
management. He has been selected as a member of the University
of Minnesota Academy of Distinguished Teachers and is a recipient
of the Morse Award for outstanding teaching. Professor Schroeder
received the lifetime achievement award in operations management
from the Academy of Management, and he is a Fellow of the
Decision Sciences Institute and a Fellow of the Production and
Operations Management Society. Professor Schroeder has consulted
widely with numerous organizations, including 3M, Honeywell,
General Mills, Motorola, Golden Valley Foods, and Prudential Life
Insurance Company.

Susan Meyer Goldstein

is Associate Professor in the Supply Chain and Operations
Department at the Curtis L. Carlson School of Management,
University of Minnesota. She earned a B.S. degree in Genetics and
Cell Biology and an M.B.A. at the University of Minnesota and
worked in the health care industry for several years. She later
obtained a Ph.D. in operations management from Fisher College of
Business at The Ohio State University. She has served on the faculty
at the University of Minnesota since 1998 and was a Visiting
Professor at the Olin Business School at Washington University in St.
Louis for two years. Her current research and teaching interests
involve service process design and management, as well as
operations strategy issues. Her research has been published in
Decision Sciences, Journal of Operations Management, Production
and Operations Management, and Manufacturing and Service
Operations Management, among others. She serves on the editorial
boards of many operations and service journals. She is the recipient
of several research awards and research grants, and has received
the Carlson School of Management Teaching Award and the Carlson
School of Management Service Award.
Dedication

To our families, whose encouragement

and love we appreciate

—Roger G. Schroeder
—Susan Meyer Goldstein
 page v

Preface

FEATURES
Operations and supply chain management is an exciting and vital
field in today’s complex business world. Therefore, students in both
MBA and undergraduate courses have an urgent need to understand
operations—an essential function in every business.
This textbook on Operations Management in the Supply Chain
emphasizes decision making in operations with a supply chain
orientation. The text provides materials of interest to general
business students and operations and supply chain management
majors. By stressing cross-functional decision making, the text
provides a unique and current business perspective for all students.
This is the first text to incorporate cross-functional decision making
in every chapter, which provides more relevance for non-majors.
The book is organized into five unique sections to help students
understand the key types of decisions made by operations and
supply chain managers. See the illustration below.

Introduction
1. Process design
- How to get work done?
2. Quality
- How to satisfy customers?
3. Capacity and scheduling
- When and how much work to do?
4. Inventory
- How to manage parts and products?
5. Supply chain decisions
- How to manage across organizations?

The text provides a balanced treatment of both service and

manufacturing firms. Many books give only cursory treatment to
service operations.
The most current knowledge is incorporated, including global
operations, supply chain management, service blueprinting,
competency-based strategy, Six Sigma, lean systems, 3D printing,
blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, analytics, sustainability,
and supply chain risk. Complete coverage is also provided on
traditional topics, including process design, service systems, quality
management, ERP, inventory control, and scheduling.

Decision-making framework for operations in the supply chain.

page vi

While covering the concepts of operations and supply chain

management in 18 chapters, the book also provides 19 case studies.
A key feature of this book is learning how operations issues are
tackled in real situations. The cases are intended to strengthen
problem formulation skills and illustrate the concepts presented in
the text. Long and short case studies are included. The cases are not
just large problems or examples; rather, they are substantial
management case studies, including some from Amazon, 3M, Mayo
Clinic, and Polaris Industries.
 The softcover edition with fewer pages than most introductory
books covers all the essentials students need to know about
operations management in the supply chain, leaving out only
superfluous and tangential topics. By limiting the size of the book,
we have condensed the material to the basics. The book is also
available in Connect and LearnSmart digital versions.
This book is ideal for regular operations and supply chain
management courses and also case courses and modular courses. It
is particularly useful for those who desire a cross-functional and
decision-making perspective that reaches across the supply chain.
Instructors can easily supplement the text with their own cases,
readings, or course materials as desired.
The Connect Library and Instructor Resources contain 22 Excel
templates designed to assist in solving analytic problems at the end
of chapters and the case studies. These resources also contain
technical chapters on linear programming, simulation, transportation
method, and queuing, which can be assigned by the instructor, if
desired. Using these resources covers all the main analytics in
operations and supply chain management. The resources also have
PowerPoint slides, a solutions manual, and the test bank. Access to
these resources can be obtained from your McGraw-Hill sales
representative or directly in the Connect Library.

Walkthrough of Key Learning Features

1. Over forty Operations Leader boxes are included in the chapters to illustrate
current practices implemented by leading firms

OPERATIONS LEADER

Nike Does It
Nike and Nike-owned Converse, among other athletic shoe brands, offer
customized shoes that can be ordered online for a reasonable price and
 delivered within a few weeks. Customers can select from numerous fabric
or leather colors and patterns on various pieces of the shoe, as well as the
colors of laces, stitching, and soles. These shoes, with their many
customizable options, are an example of successful mass customization.

obsession.24k/Stockimo/Alamy Stock Photo

Shoes with a customized “fit” are significantly more elusive. While
there are firms offering custom-fitted shoes, they sell at prices reflecting
the significant work to individually size the shoe, most likely performed in
a job shop. These shoes are cus-tom, but not mass customized.
Mass customization gives customers many options, as well as the
enjoyment of designing and using a product with their own personal
stamp on it.

1. Every function in every organization touches Operations and the Supply Chain
in some manner. This is the first book to add materials in every chapter to
show how topics apply to majors in Marketing, Finance, Accounting, Human
Resources, and Information Systems. The handshake symbol indicates these
cross-functional decisions.

page vii

1. To help practice calculations, example boxes are included within chapters and
solved problems are added at the end of the chapter.
 Suppose demand at the receiving work center B is 2 parts per
Example minute and a standard con-tainer holds 25 parts. It takes 100
minutes for a container to make a complete circuit from work
center A to work center B and back to A again, including all
setup, run, move, and wait times. The number of containers
needed in this case is:

The maximum inventory in the production system, a useful

measure of how lean the system is, equal to the container
size times the number of containers (200 units = 8 × 25),
since the most inventory we can have is all containers filled:

Maximum inventory = nC = DT

SOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 1. Kanban and takt time. A work center uses

kanban containers that hold 300 parts. To produce
enough parts to fill the container, 90 minutes of
setup plus run time are needed. Moving the
container to the next workstation, waiting time,
processing time at the next workstation, and return
of the empty container take 140 minutes. There is
an overall demand rate of nine units per minute.
a. Calculate the number of containers needed for
the system.
b. What is the maximum inventory in the system?
c. A quality team has discovered how to reduce
setup time by 65 minutes. If these changes are
made, can the number of containers be
reduced?
 d. What is the takt time for this process?

Solution a. T is the time required for a container to complete an

entire circuit, in this case 90 minutes for setup and run
time plus 140 minutes to move the container through
the rest of the circuit.
n = DT ÷ C = (9 × (90 + 140)) ÷ 300 = 6.9 (round up
to 7)
b. Since production will stop when all the containers are
full, the maximum inventory is when all containers are
full, that is, nC:
nC = 7(300) = 2100
c. n = DT ÷ C = (9 × (25 + 140)) ÷ 300 = 4.95 (round
up to 5), so yes, the number of containers can be
reduced from 7 to 5.
d. Takt time = 1/9 minute = 60/9 seconds = 6.67
seconds. Since the process produces 9 units per
minute, the takt time is 1/9 minute or 6.67 seconds
per unit.

1. Students can both preview and review the key points and terms. These are
found at the end of each chapter.

7.7 KEY POINTS AND TERMS

Lean concepts, principles, and tenets can be deployed to reduce
waste in manufacturing and service firms. We have seen how the
lean tenets create lean production systems with non-value-added
activities eliminated and waste minimized. Key points in the
chapter include the following:

1. Lean thinking is a way of thinking about processes that includes

five tenets: specify customer value, improve the value stream,
 flow the product or service, pull from the customer, and strive
for perfection.
2. The five lean tenets seek to eliminate waste by utilizing the full
capability of workers and partners in continuous improvement
efforts. Lean tools, or methods, are described for each of the
five tenets.
3. In manufacturing, smooth flow is ensured by a stable and level
master schedule. This requires consistent daily production
within the master schedule and mixed model assembly. Takt
time matches the rate of output with the average demand rate
in the market.

page viii

Key Terms
Toyota Production System (TPS) 119
Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing 119
Lean production 119
Lean thinking 120
Waste (muda) 121
Value stream 121
Value stream mapping 121
Gemba 121
Push 123
Pull 123
Perfection 124
5 Whys 125
5S 125
Stabilizing the master schedule 127
Uniform load 127
 Takt time 127
Reducing setup time 128
Single setups 128
Internal setup 128
External setup 128
Cellular manufacturing 129
Preventative maintenance 129
Cross-training 130
Respect for people 130
Kanban 130
Reducing lead time 133
Supplier relationships 133
Co-location 133
Kaizen 135

1. Twenty-two Excel spreadsheets are included for solving problems and analyzing
case studies using analytic methods.

excel
11. As cereal boxes are filled in a factory, they are weighed for
their contents by an automatic scale. The target value is to put
10 ounces of cereal in each box. Twenty samples of three boxes
each have been weighed for quality control purposes. The fill
weight for each box is shown below.

Observation

Sample 1 2 3

1 10.01 9.90 10.03

 Observation

Sample 1 2 3

2 9.87 10.20 10.15

3 10.08 9.89 9.76

4 10.17 10.01 9.83

1. Case studies provide students practice in formulating and solving unstructured

problems.

Case study Lawn King, Inc.: Sales

and Operations Planning excel
John Conner, marketing manager for Lawn King, looked over the
beautiful countryside as he drove to the corporate headquarters in
Moline, Illinois. John had asked his boss, Kathy Wayne, the general
manager of Lawn King, to call a meeting in order to review the latest
fore-
The changeover cost of the production line depends on which
type of mower is being produced and the next production model
planned. For example, it is relatively easy to change over from the
20-inch push mower to the 20-inch self-propelled mower, since the
mower frame is

1. Throughout the text, company and industry examples illustrate real use of the
ideas.
Harrah’s uses superior customer service to increase profits.
Leonard Zhukovsky/123RF

Grocery self-service is a provider-routed service.

Syda Productions/Shutterstock

page ix

1. At the end of every chapter, Learning Enrichment boxes provide videos and
websites where students can extend their knowledge on chapter topics using
Internet content.

LEARNING What Is the New Product Video

ENRICHMENT Development Process? 2:49
https://youtu.be/vQZjNlRpuFg
(for self-study or Prototyping Video
instructor assignments) https://youtu.be/5SWt-TSYD08 2:26

3D Printing Prototype Example Video

https://youtu.be/RpFTRT8FkP0 3:02

Sustainability in New Product Video

Development 3:56
https://youtu.be/-HS-slU-XTc

KEY CHANGES IN THE EIGHTH EDITION

This book is known for its decision orientation and case studies. We
have strengthened the decision-making framework by adding new
material on digital technology, lean systems, sustainability, and
global supply chains. We also include new and existing cases to
address these decisions. The Eighth Edition features a new 4-color
design and the following major changes:
1. Cross-functional. Most books for operations and supply chain core courses
are merely summaries for majors in operations and supply chain management.
None address the general business student who is interested in Marketing,
Finance, Accounting, or Information Systems. We make this book more
applicable and interesting to the approximately 80 percent of business students
who don’t major in operations and supply chain management. We add cross-
functional materials in each chapter to show how the topics apply to non-
majors. The handshake symbols in the margin identify the content.
2. Digital Technology. The Eighth Edition has substantial updates and additions
on four digital technologies. 3D printing is becoming useful for producing spare
parts, custom manufacturing, medical devices, dental implants, and
architectural models. Blockchain software is being developed and tested by
many global logistics companies. Artificial intelligence is rapidly developing for
service applications, automobiles, and manufacturing plants. Analytics are
being applied to both large and small databases. Analytics that are descriptive,
predictive, or prescriptive in nature are discussed. These digital technologies
are described in detail in several chapters in the book.
3. Supply Chain Sustainability. We introduce the idea of the triple bottom line
regarding environmental, social, and economic sustainability. Sustainability is
 preserving the earth and resources for future generations. Environmental
sustainability is related to global warming, clean water, clean air, and
environmental protection. Social sustainability means hiring a diverse
workforce, ethical practices, providing equal opportunity, and safe working
conditions, for example. Economic sustainability is making a sufficient profit for
the firm’s survival in the future. Operations and supply chain managers are
actively pursuing all three aspects of sustainability of operations and associated
supply chains.
page x
4. Global Supply Chains. In this new edition we have increased our
attention to global supply chains by adding new sections on global services,
global sourcing, and global logistics. The text explains how to make global
decisions that balance the lower costs of overseas sourcing and logistics with
the risks of quality failures, loss of intellectual property, increased monitoring
costs, and exposure to financial and political risks.
5. Lean Systems. Most books discuss up to 15 techniques of lean including
reduced setup time, small lot sizes, uniform load, and takt time. We have
completely reorganized the lean chapter around the five tenets and principles
of lean systems to include all of these techniques. This clarifies lean systems in
terms of creating value for the customer, eliminating waste, ensuring flow,
customer pull, and striving for perfection.
6. Practical Examples. The text contains over 70 practical examples of
concepts, ideas, and analytics. Nineteen new Operations Leader boxes have
been added for companies including Southwest Airlines, Lego Group, Culver’s,
Nike, LG Electronics, and Trader Joe’s. In addition twenty-five existing
Operations Leader boxes have been updated in the various chapters.
7. Learning Enrichment boxes. Every chapter ends with a Learning Enrichment
box for student self-study or instructor assignments. These boxes have
YouTube video links and websites that expand on the coverage in the chapter.
They cover ideas from the chapter in more detail or provide examples of the
how the ideas are used. This is one of the first books to make extensive use of
the Internet to enrich the material covered in the text.

When reviewers of this book were asked how they would

describe the text to a colleague, they said:
“I would highly recommend the book to them. While other
textbooks either focus on the techniques or concepts, this book does
a good job in addressing both equally well.”
“A solid textbook that is well-written. Good coverage of basic
operations management material.”
 “It is a guide to operations that takes a practical approach with a
strong emphasis on case materials to put concepts into practice.”

Chapter Revisions and Cases for the Eighth

Edition
1. Introduction to Operations. The first part of the chapter is rewritten to
clearly define operations and supply chain management. A new section explains
the role of operations in the firm and the economy including productivity
calculations. The triple bottom line is defined for environmental, social, and
economic sustainability. Internet links are provided in the Learning Enrichment
box on sustainability and globalization.
2. Operations and Supply Chain Strategy. A new Operations Leader box on
Southwest Airlines is added. Sustainability, as an objective, is added to cost,
quality, delivery and flexibility. Emphasis is placed on decision making in
operations that is contingent on strategy.
3. Product Design. New content is added on the use of 3D printing for creating
prototypes. Concurrent engineering is illustrated using a new example from
NASA. New Operations Leader boxes describe how The LEGO Group tackles
sustainability challenges and how TPI Composites is developing and
manufacturing blades for wind turbine energy systems.
page xi
4. Process Selection. There is a new example of focused operations in
a service firm, Midwest Orthopedic Specialty Hospital. Two new Operations
Leader boxes describe the food production system at Culver’s and mass
customization at Nike. We also expand on the role of 3D printing in modern
manufacturing, particularly in the medical sector.
5. Service Process Design. The relevance of service operations to non-majors
is discussed. A new Operations Leader box on the City of Fort Collins is added.
This edition is the first to offer sections on Technology for Services and
Globalization of Services.
6. Process-Flow Analysis. Cross-functional material is added to show its
importance to systems thinking. A Learning Enrichment box is included with
YouTube videos and Internet links on process mapping, Little’s Law, and
queueing at Disney.
7. Lean Thinking and Lean Systems. This chapter is completely reorganized
around the five lean tenets to clarify the principles and concepts underlying
lean thinking. New material is added on cellular manufacturing and the pull
 system. The chapter is the first to take a principle and conceptual approach to
lean systems, rather than a listing of techniques and methods used.
8. Managing Quality. YouTube videos are added to the Learning Enrichment
box to expand on ISO9000 certification, mistake proofing, and the Baldrige
Award for health care. Quality is expanded to include the entire supply chain,
not just the focal firm. The highly cross-functional nature of quality is
emphasized.
9. Quality Control and Improvement. We explain why all business students
should learn about quality control. The difference between special causes and
common causes is emphasized. We clarify the differences between statistical
process control and process capability. The section on Six Sigma was rewritten
to expand the content.
10. Forecasting. We shift our description of forecasting to “analytics” so that
students can understand how the popular focus on analytics is utilized in
operations and supply chain. There is a new section on big data and its use in
forecasting, along with a new Operations Leader box on how Amazon uses big
data in its own forecasting. When and how to use MADt is clarified, in addition
to many minor clarifications in using formulas throughout the chapter.
11. Capacity Planning. We expand discussion about how all functions are
involved in and impacted by capacity planning. Improvements in the
descriptions of Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) as well as aggregate
planning help to clarify the process involved and the challenges faced.
Calculations for level and chase strategies are clarified. New Operations Leader
boxes on Delta Airlines and Hostess Brands make these concepts tangible for
students.
12. Scheduling Operations. We add new material on the theory of constraints
about how to identify the bottleneck constraint and eliminate it while
subordinating everything else. In the Learning Enrichment box interesting
YouTube videos are provided on job shop scheduling at Washburn Guitar,
round-robin CPU scheduling, and the theory of constraints.
13. Project Planning and Scheduling. The chapter is updated to illustrate the
many industry settings in which projects require skilled management—from
manufacturing to service firms, nonprofits, and government. A new Operations
Leader box on the Carlsbad Desalination Plant in San Diego provides a nice
example of a major multi-government project. Other updates include the
Project Management Institute’s Body of Knowledge in Table 13.3.
page xii
14. Independent Demand Inventory. The chapter includes additional
content on vendor managed inventory (VMI), along with a new Operations
Leader box illustrating VMI at Procter and Gamble Co. An additional new
Operations Leader box on IKEA describes the use of a min/max inventory
 replenishment system. The Learning Enrichment box at the end of the chapter
provides video and web sources for additional information.
15. Materials Requirements Planning and ERP. We clarify for students exactly
which elements constitute the MRP system. We also describe the use of
Oracle’s ERP software at Cleveland Clinic to help students understand the
breadth of these system’s use in industry. A new Operations Leader box on LG
Electronics provides a useful illustration of how a global firm benefits from
these systems.
16. Supply Chain Management. This is one of the first books to have a separate
section on blockchain technology to explain its uses and methods. More details
are also provided on the SCOR model. We rewrote the section on measures of
throughput time, cash-to-cash cycle time and total delivered cost for analyzing
an entire supply chain. We added a new section on the Amazon effect and
omni-channel marketing, also a first in textbooks.
17. Sourcing. The chapter includes an entirely new section on Global Sourcing,
including discussion of risks and benefits. Presentation of Total Cost Analysis is
expanded. A new Operations Leader box on Trader Joe’s sourcing strategy will
appeal to students.
18. Global Logistics. A new section on Global Logistics includes a figure to
illustrate the multimodal activities in global supply chains. The concepts of
intermodal and shipping zones have been added and described. A new
Operations Leader box on Home Depot provides insight on how online sales are
served from stores and warehouses, while an expanded box on Ryder gives
students a glimpse of the people and assets needed for this major 3PL provider.

Case Study Revisions

A few of the 19 case studies are described below:
Amazon Revolutionizes Supply Chain Management. This new
case, written exclusively for this book, describes the evolution of
Amazon’s supply chain and its purchase of Whole Foods. It
challenges students to think about how Amazon can change the
future of Whole Foods to increase its revenues and earnings. The
case also contrasts what Walmart is doing to use e-commerce to
compete with Amazon. The case asks students to define the effect of
the emergent business strategies of Amazon and Walmart on the
supply chains of these companies in terms of locations, sourcing,
capacity, and inventory.
Another random document with
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declarabit.
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diuersitate nouissimo iam tempore eueniendis figurabantur:
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qualiter mundus ad vsum hominis, et homo ad cultum dei
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huius mundi delicias vsui subdidit humano, dignum est
quod, sicut homo deliciis secundum corpus fruitur, ita
secundum spiritum deo creatori suo gratum obsequium118
cum graciarum accione toto corde rependat.
Capm. viii. Hic tractat qualiter homo dicitur minor mundus; ita quod
secundum hoc quod homo bene vel male agit, mundus
bonus vel malus per consequens existit.
Capm. ix. Hic loquitur qualiter homo, qui minor mundus dicitur, a
mundo secundum corpus in mortem transibit; et sicut ipse
corporis sui peccato huius mundi corrupcionis, dum viuit,
causat euentum, ita in corpore mortuo postea putredinis
subire corrupcionem cogetur. Et primo dicet de mortui
corporis corrupcione secundum Superbiam.
Capm. x. Hic loquitur de c o r p o r i s m o r t u i corrupcione
secundum Inuidiam.
Capm. xi. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum Iram.
Capm. xii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Auariciam.
Capm. xiii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Accidiam.
Capm. xiiii. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Gulam.
Capm. xv. Hic loquitur de corporis mortui corrupcione secundum
Luxuriam.
Capm. xvi. Exquo tractauit qualiter variis peccati deliciis humanum
corpus in hoc mundo119 putredine consumitur, interrogat
vlterius de homine peccatore, quomodo mundi voluptates
tam fallibiles in sui preiudicium ita ardenter sibi appetit et
conspirat.
Capm. xvii. Hic loquitur qualiter omnia et singula mundi huius sicut
vestimentum veterascunt, et quasi sompnifera in ictu oculi
clauduntur: loquitur eciam120 de mortis memoria et
eiusdem nominis significacione.
Capm. xviii. Hic loquitur quod, quamuis121 iustis et iniustis vnus sit
naturaliter interitus, mors tamen iusti omnes exsoluens
miserias eius spiritum glorie reddit sempiterne.
Capm. xix. Hic loquitur de dupplici morte peccatoris, vna ex qua
corpus hic 122resoluitur, alia ex qua digno dei iudicio penis
perpetuis anima cruciatur.
Capm. xx. Postquam de gaudiis et penis que bonis et malis debentur
tractauit, consulit vlterius quod vnusquisque ad bonos
mores se conuertat, et de hiis que negligenter omisit,
absque desperacione contritus indulgenciam a deo
confidenter imploret.
Capm. xxi. Hic loquitur quod sunt modo pauci, qui aut propter celi
affectum aut gehenne metum huius vite voluptatibus
renunciant; set quecunque caro concupiscit, omni
postposita racione ardencius perficere conantur.
Capm. xxii. Hic loquitur de variis vindictis occasione peccati in hoc
seculo iam quasi cotidie contingentibus, que absque
iustorum virorum meritis et oracionibus nullatenus sedari
poterunt.
Capm. xxiii. Hic loquitur sub compendio recapitulando finaliter de
singulis mundi gradibus, qui singillatim a debito deuiantes
ordine virtutes diminuendo extingunt, et ea que viciorum
sunt augmentando multipliciter exercent.123
Capm. xxiiii. Iam in fine libri loquitur magis in speciali de patria illa in
qua ipse124 natus fuerat, vbi quasi plangendo conqueritur
qualiter honores et virtutes veteres a variis ibidem erroribus
superuenientibus, vt dicitur, ad presens multipliciter
eneruantur.125
Capm. xxv. Hic loquitur qualiter ea que in hoc presenti libello quasi
sompniando de mundi scripsit erroribus, non ex se tantum,
set ex plebis voce communi concepit. Consulit tamen
finaliter quod, siquis inde se culpabilem senciat, priusquam
nobis peiora succedant tempora, suam ex humili corde
culpam penitens126 emendet.

Ad mundum mitto mea iacula, dumque

sagitto;
At vbi iustus erit, nulla sagitta ferit.
Sed male viuentes hos vulnero
transgredientes;
Conscius ergo sibi se speculetur ibi.126a

FOOTNOTES:
79 The MSS. used for the Vox Clamantis are the following:—
S (All Souls College, Oxford, 98), C (Cotton, Tiberius, A.
iv), E (Ecton Hall), H (Harleian 6291), G (Glasgow, Hunterian
Museum, T. 2. 17), D (Bodleian Library, Digby 138), L
(Bodleian Library, Laud 719), T (Trinity College, Dublin, D. 4.
6), H₂ (Hatfield Hall), L₂ (Lincoln Cathedral Library A. 7. 2).
The text is based on S.
Table of Contents not found in HLTL₂ (H defective)
80 3 velud C
81 4 fingit SGD narrat CE
82 Lib. I i. 2 eciam om. D
83 i. 7 tamen om. D
84 vi. 4 comitabantur E comitebantur SCG committebantur D
85 vii. 3 associabantur E
86 ix. 3 Geay D Iay E
87 iii. 2 et om. D
88 iiii. S has lost a leaf (Lib. II. iiii-Lib. III. xxii, luxurie). Text follows
C
89 v. This heading om. D
90 iiii. Hic loquitur quomodo diligentibus positiuis quasi quotidie
noua instituuntur nobis peccata quibus tamen prius fiunt
prelati propter lucrum dispensant et ea fieri liberi propter
aurum permittunt D
91 v. 1 illis om. D
92 vi. 1 loquitur om. D
93 vi. 2 dicit E dicitur CGD
94 vii. 1 loquitur om. D
95 viii. 1 eciam om. D
96 viii. 2 aliqualiter om. D
97 xv. 1 qualiter] finaliter quod ED
98 xxii. 2 S resumes
99 After Cap. xxvii no space CEGD
100 iii. 1 qualiter modus] de modo D
101 After Cap. xv no space CEGD
102 xix. f. ad ecclesie—viuentes om. D
103 xx. 2 aqualiter S
104 xxiii. 1 circuieundo C circumeundo D
105 After Cap. viii no space CEGD
106 ix. 1 rem bublicam S
107 After Cap. x no space CEGD
108 i. 6 enaruant C
109 iii. 3 colore om. C
110 After Cap. vii no space CEGD
111 vii. 5 f. innocenciam—excusat nearly erased G
112 viii. 3 f. in and honore partly erased G
113 xii. 1 illecebra CED
114 xix. 4 adiu C
115 Lib. VII. i. 4 Nabugonosor C
116 i. 8 significacionem ferri D
117 vi. 3 suum CEGD sum S
118 vii. 4 gratum] congruum D
119 xvi. 3 mundi om. C
120 xvii. 3 eciam S eciam in speciali CED
121 xviii. 1 quod quamuis] quomodo D
122 xix. 2 S has lost two leaves (resoluitur—Lib. I. i. 18). Text
follows C
123 xxiii. 4 excercent CE
124 xxiiii. 2 ipse] ille D
125 xxiiii. 4 enaruantur C
126 xxv. 5 penitus CE
126aThese four lines (with picture below) are found here in CEG.
L has them later, Lib. III. cap. i.
 Incipit Cronica que Vox Clamantis
dicitur.127
In huius opusculi principio intendit compositor describere
qualiter seruiles rustici impetuose contra ingenuos et nobiles
regni insurrexerunt. Et quia res huiusmodi velut monstrum
detestabilis fuit et horribilis, n a r r a t128 se per sompnium
vidisse diuersas vulgi turmas in diuersas species bestiarum129
domesticarum transmutatas: dicit tamen quod ille bestie
domestice, a sua deuiantes natura, crudelitates ferarum sibi
presumpserunt.130 De causis vero, ex quibus inter homines
talia contingunt enormia, tractat vlterius secundum
distincciones libelli istius, qui in septem diuiditur partes, prout
inferius locis suis euidencius apparebit.
Incipit prologus libri Primi.131

Scripture veteris capiunt exempla futuri,

Nam dabit experta res magis esse fidem.
Vox licet hoc teneat vulgaris, quod sibi nullum
Sompnia propositum credulitatis habent,
Nos tamen econtra de tempore preteritorum
Cercius instructos littera scripta facit.
Ex Daniele patet quid sompnia significarunt,
Nec fuit in sompnis visio vana Ioseph:
Angelus immo bonus, qui custos interioris
10 Est hominis, vigili semper amore fauet;
Et licet exterius corpus sopor occupet, ille
Visitat interius mentis et auget opem;
Sepeque sompnifero monstrat prenostica visu,
Quo magis in causis tempora noscat homo.
Hinc puto que vidi quod sompnia tempore noctis
Signa rei certe commemoranda ferunt.
 Visio qualis erat, quo tempore, cuius et anno
Regis, in hiis scriptis singula scire potes.
Scribentis nomen si queras, ecce loquela
20 Sub tribus implicita versibus inde latet.
Primos sume pedes Godefridi Nota de
desque Iohanni,133 nomine
Principiumque sui Wallia iungat eis: Iohannis
Gower.132
Ter caput amittens det cetera
membra, que tali
Carmine compositi nominis ordo patet.
Tu tamen ad scribe laudem nil pone, sed illam134
Concipe materiam quam tibi scripta dabunt.
Nam nichil vt lauder scribam, curamque futuri135
Nominis vt queram non meus actus habet.
Quos mea terra dedit casus nouitatis adibo,
30 Nam pius est patrie facta referre labor.
Quod michi flere licet scribam lacrimabile tempus,
Sic quod in exemplum posteritatis eat.136
Flebilis vt noster status est, ita flebile carmen,
Materie scripto conueniente sue.
Omne quod est huius operis lacrimabile, lector
Scriptum de lacrimis censeat esse meis:137
P e n n a m a d e t lacrimis hec me scribente
profusis,138
Dumque feror studiis, cor tremit
a t q u e m a n u s .139
Scribere cumque volo, michi pondere pressa
laboris
40 Est manus, et vires subtrahit inde timor.
Qui magis inspiciet opus istud, tempus et instans,
Inueniet toto carmine dulce nichil.
Si vox in fragili michi pectore firmior esset,
Pluraque cum linguis pluribus ora forent,140
Hec tamen ad presens mala, que sunt temporis
huius,
Non michi possibile dicere cuncta foret.
 Pectora sic mea sunt limo viciata malorum,
Quod carmen vena pauperiore fluet.
Poplice contracto restat grandis via Rome,141
50 Et modico sensu grande libellus opus.
Sic veniam pro laude peto, mea namque voluntas
Est bona, sit quamuis sensus ad acta minor.
Adde recollectis seriem, mea musa, Latinis,
Daque magistra tuo congrua verba libro.
Sompnia vera quidem, quorum sentencia cordis
Intima conturbat, plena timore canam:142
Insula quem Pathmos suscepit in Apocalipsi,
Cuius ego nomen gesto, gubernet opus.143

FOOTNOTES:
127 Title Incipit—dicitur CE om. GDL
128 4 narrat CE fingit GD
129 5 bestiarum species GD
130 7 sumpserunt E
131 Prol. Heading om. L
132 margin Nota de nomine Iohannis Gower CE Nota nomen L
Nomen compilatoris est Iohannes Gower vt patet in his tribus
versibus T om. GD
133 21 Godefri des atque D
134 25 adscribe EL ascribens D
135 27 nil vt laudes D nichil vt laudes L
136 32 Sicque DL
137 36 censeat C sensiat GEH₂ senceat T senciat D(p. m.)L
138 37 Penna madet C (ras.) E Sepeque sunt GDLTH₂ hec] de D
139 38 Text C (ras.) E Humida fit lacrimis sepeque penna meis
GDLTH₂
140 44 fauent DH₂
141 49 confracto DLH₂
142 56 conturbat D conturbant CEGLT
143 58 Huius ergo DL
 Hic declarat in primis sub cuius regis imperio, in quibus
eciam144 mense et anno, ista sibi accidencia, cuius tenor
subsequitur, contingebat.145 Commendat insuper, secundum
illud quod esse solebat, fertilitatem illius terre146 vbi ipse tunc
fuerat, in qua, vt dicit, omnium quasi147 rerum delicie pariter
conueniunt. Et loquitur vlterius de amenitate temporis, necnon
et de diei serenitate, que tunc tamen sompnium nimis148
horribile precedebant.
Incipit liber Primus.

Capm. i.Contigit vt quarto Ricardi regis in anno,

Dum clamat mensem Iunius esse suum,
Luna polum linquens sub humo sua lumina condit,
Sponsus et Aurore Lucifer ortus erat;
Surgit ab occasu noua lux, Aurora refulget
Orbis ab occidua parte, paritque diem;
Luce diem reparat mirandaque lumina prebet,
Dum fuga dat noctem, luxque reuersa diem.
Clara repercusso radiabant lumina Phebo,
10 Et facies celi leta refulsit humo:
Splendida mane videt pulsis Aurora tenebris,
Quam spectans hilarem quisquis in orbe colit:149
Purpureas splendore fores et plena rosarum
Atria glorificat de nouitate sua.
In curru Phebus claris rutilante smaragdis
Estuat in Cancro feruidus igne nouo.
Omnia fecundat, nutrit, fouet, auget, habundat,
Cunctaque viuificat, que mare, terra creat.
Que melius poterant ornant redolencia currum,150
20 Gloria, lux renitens, splendor et omne decus.
Aureus axis erat, nec temo fit alter ab auro,151
Splendet et in curuis aurea pompa rotis.
Per iuga gemmatus argenteus ordo choruscat,
Crisolitis radios prebuit vnde suos;
Ignitique suum currum post terga vehentes
 Aera discurrunt celsitonantis equi.
Purpurea residens velatus veste refulsit,
Cuius in aspectu secula cuncta patent.
Ante suum solium gradiuntur quatuor anni
30 Tempora, que variis compta diebus erant:
Tunc tamen a dextris stetit alba propinquior estas
Serta gerens, et eam cuncta creata colunt.
Omnia tunc florent, tunc est noua temporis etas,
Ludit et in pratis luxuriando pecus.
Tunc fecundus ager, pecorum tunc hora creandi,
Tunc renouatque suos reptile quodque iocos;
Prataque pubescunt variorum flore colorum,
Indocilique loquax gutture cantat auis;
Queque diu latuit tunc se qua tollat in auras
40 Inuenit occultam fertilis herba viam;152
Tuncque pruinosos mollitur Lucifer agros,153
Inque suos pullos concitat ales opus.
Tunc glacialis yemps canos hirsuta capillos
Deserit, et placidi redditus orbis erat:
Quicquid yemps operit gelido de frigore cedit,
Et periunt lapse sole tepente niues.
Arboribus redeunt detonse frigore frondes,
Regnat et estatis pompa per omne nemus:
Rore refudit humum, dat terre gramina, siluis
50 Frondes, arboribus pomaque grata satis:
Mille fuit variis florum renouata coronis,
Herbifer in cuius lege virescit ager.
Flos sua regna petit, florumque coloribus amplus
Ludit ager, que suus gaudia vultus habet.
Iam legit ingenua violas sibi compta puella
Rustica, quas nullo terra serente vehit.
Tot fuerant illuc quot habet natura colores,
Pictaque dissimili flore superbit humus:
O quia digestos volui numerare colores,
60 Nec potui, numero copia maior erat.
Orta fragrant clausis sicut paradisus in ortis
Candida cum rubeis lilia mixta rosis:
 Deforis in campis stat primula cincta ligustris,
Omnis et hec herba quam medicina probat:
Herbarum vires fuerant, que semine, succo,
Seu radice queunt ferre salutis opem:
Purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem,
Quam natura suis legibus ornat, humus:
Balsama, pigmentum, cum nardo cassia, mirra
70 Cum gutta sedes hic statuere suas.
Purpuree viole, rosa rocida, candida semper
Lilia certabant hunc habitare locum.
Ille locus solus sibi vendicat omne quod aer,
Quod mare, quod tellus, nutrit habetque bonum:
Hic decus est orbis, flos mundi, gloria rerum,
Delicias omnes, quas petit vsus, habet;
Insitus arboribus, herbis plantatus, et omni
Munere prepollens, que sibi poscit homo.
Est alter paradisus ibi, nam quicquid habere154
80 Mens humana cupit, terra beata parit,
Fontibus irriguis fecundus, semine plenus,155
Floribus insignis fructiferisque bonis;
Terraque cum rore dulces commixta vigores
Concipit, et varia gramina nata fouet.
Frondibus inde nemus vestitur, floribus ortus,
Graminibus campus, seminibusque solum;
Siluaque fronde suo renouatur, et omne virescit
Pratum, quod lutea sorde subegit yemps.
Mulcebant zephiri natos sine semine flores,
90 Et calor a superis lucidus ornat humum.
Tempus et in volucres cantum fundebat, et altis
Vocibus ex variis personat omne nemus:
Semper idem repetens cuculus de gutture plano
Clamat, et est testis temporis ipse noui:
Nuncius Aurore modulans volutabat Alauda156
Desuper, et summi cantat in aure dei;
Turtur et ex viridi congaudens tempore fidum
In maris obsequium cor vouet ipsa suum;
Amissamque sue suplet Philomena loquele
100 Naturam, que suis predicat acta notis:157
Concinit et Progne de virginitate sororis158
Lesa, dum tanti sunt in amore doli.
Milia mille sonant volucrum velut organa cantus,
Et totidem flores lata per arua fragrant:
Inter eos certant, ferat vtrum cantus ad aures
Aut odor ad nares de bonitate magis:159
Lis tamen ipsa p i a f u i t e t d i s c o r d i a
c o n c o r s,
Dum meriti parilis fulsit vterque status.
Cum natura sue legis dulcedine siluas
110 Replet, et ex omni parte resultat auis;
Cum decus et florum vastos sic induit agros,
Ac herbosa coma florida prata colit;
Flat leuis in ramis resonans quam dulciter
Eurus,160
Dulcis et in ripa murmure plaudit aqua;
Omneque sic animal placido de tempore gaudet,
Piscis et ob solem fluminis alta petit;
Non fuit hoc viuens, cui non renouata voluptas161
Temporis ex aura dulciter huius erat.
Talia cumque videns oculus letatur, et illa
120 In thalamum cordis ducit ad yma viri;
Auris et auditu cordis suspiria pulsat,
Quo Venus in iuuene poscit amoris opem.
Ecce dies talis fuit, in qua tempus amenum
Me dabat in lusum girouagare meum.162
Omnia finis habet: aderat sic vespere tandem
Cum solet occasus intitulare diem:
Illa quieta dies solitas compleuerat horas,
Dulcibus atque silent organa clausa notis:
Merserat in tenebris nox feruida lumina solis,
130 Et sopor ad lectum strinxerat ire virum:
Deficiente die tunc flexi corpus ad ymum,
Quo lassata solet membra fouere quies.
Tristia post leta, post Phebum nebula, morbi
 Tempora post sana sepe venire solent:
Non ita clara dies fuerat transacta per ante,
Quin magis obscura noctis ymago venit.
Ecce tegunt nigre latitancia sidera nubes,
Aurea luna fugit, nox caret igne suo.
Flexerat obliquo plaustrum temone Boetes,
140 Nec via directa tunc fuit acta poli;
Infortunata set constellacio centrum
Dissoluens rabide tartara misit humo.
Prima quies aberat, nec adhuc mea lumina
mulcet
Sompnus, quem timide mentis origo fugat:
En coma sponte riget, tremit et caro, cordis et
antrum163
Soluitur, et sensus fertur ad instar aque;
Sic magis assidua iactatus mente reuolui,
Quid michi tam subiti causa timoris erat:
Sic lecto vigilans meditabar plura, que mentem
150 Effudi, variis corde vagante modis.
Tempus erat quo cuncta silent, quo mente sopita
In vaga nonnulla sompnia corda ruunt;
Set neque sompnus adhuc neque sompnia me
laquearunt,
Dum pauor ex subito spondet adesse malum.
Noctis erat medium, grauis et palpebra querelas
Ponderat ex oculis, set mora tardat opem.
Sic vigil in curis consumpsi tempora noctis,
Nescius ex quali sorte propinquat opus:
Tempora preterita vidi, metuique futura;
160 Tandem sic oculos clauserat vmbra meos.
Sic, vbi decepte pars est michi maxima noctis
Acta, subit subito lumina fessa s o p o r:
Exiguam subii requiem, dum Lucifer ignem164
Prouocat Aurore, sompnia tuncque fero.
 Hic incipit sompnium, vbi quodam die Martis
dicit se varias vulgi turmas vidisse, quarum
primam in similitudinem asinorum mutari subito
speculabatur.

Capm. ii. 165Dumque piger sompnus inmotos fixerat

artus,166
Iam fuerat raptus spiritus ipse meus:
Vt flores legerem me campis ire putabam,
Quando suam propriam Mars colit ipse diem.
Nec michi longa via fuerat, dum proxima vidi
170 Innumerabilia monstra timenda nimis,
Diuersas plebis sortes vulgaris iniquas
Innumeris turmis ire per arua vagas:
Dumque mei turbas oculi sic intuerentur,
Miror et in tanta rusticitate magis,
Ecce dei subito malediccio fulsit in illos,
Et mutans formas fecerat esse feras.
Qui fuerant homines prius innate racionis,
Brutorum species irracionis habent:
Diuersas turmas diuersaque forma figurat,
180 Quamlibet et propria condicione notat.
Sompnia pondus habent, hinc est quod mira
reuoluam,
Vnde magis vigilans sum timefactus adhuc.
Elatos asinos subita nouitate rebelles
Vidi, nec frenis quis moderauit eos;
Viscera namque sua repleta furore leonum
Extiterant predas in repetendo suas.
Perdidit officium capitis sine lege capistrum,
Dum saltant asini cuncta per arua vagi;
Terruit en cunctos sua sternutacio ciues,
190 Dum geminant solita voce frequenter yha.
Sunt onagrique rudes asini violenter, et omnis
Que fuit vtilitas vtilitate caret.
Amplius ad villam saccos portare recusant,
Nec curuare sua pondere dorsa volunt;
 Set neque rurales curant in montibus herbas,
Ammodo set querunt deliciosa magis;
A domibus alios expellunt, ius et equorum
Iniuste cupiunt appropriare sibi.
Presumunt asini gemmatis ammodo fungi
200 Sellis, et comptas semper habere comas:
Vt vetus ipse suam curtam Burnellus inepte
Caudam longari de nouitate cupit,
Sic isti miseri noua tergaque longa requirunt,
Vt leo de cauda sint et Asellus idem.
Pelle leonina tectum se pinxit Asellus,
Et sua transcendit gloria vana modum:
Cauda suo capiti quia se conferre nequibat,
Contra naturam sorte requirit opem.
Attemptant igitur fatui, poterint vt aselli167
210 Quod natura vetat amplificare sibi:
Quam sibi plantauit caudam qui contulit aures
Non curant, set eam vilius esse putant.
Voluere plura solet animi meditacio stulta,
Que magis impediunt quam sua vota ferunt:
Omnes stulticia stultis innata dolores
Parturit, et finem prestat habere malum.
Magnos magna decent et paruos parua, set illi,
Qui sunt de minimis, grandia ferre volunt.
Mens oritur subito, diuturnos que parat actus,
220 Incipit et leuiter que sine fine grauant:
Sic asini fatui, quos fastus concitat, omni
Postposita lege condita iura negant.
Hos intemperies sic aeris inficiebat,
Quod transformati sunt quasi monstra michi:
Auribus in longis potui quos noscere dudum
In frontis medio cornua longa gerunt.
Ille biceps gladius non scindit forcius illis,
Vulneris atque noui fusa cruore madent.
Qui de natura pigri tardare solebant,
230 Precurrunt ceruis de leuitate magis.
Nonne leui saltu vincit Leopardus Asellum?168
 Tunc tamen ad saltum vicit Asellus eum.169
Longior in cauda fuerat tunc vilis Asellus
Quam fuit insignis, prodolor! ipse leo.
Quicquid velle iubet asinorum legis habebat
Vires, et nouitas ius vetus omne fugat.
Vt stolidos tamen atque rudes hos mos asininus
Signabat, quod eis nil racionis erat:
Et quia sic fatuos vidi timui magis ipsos,
240 Nec dabat vlterius pes michi fidus iter.

Hic dicit se per sompnium secundam vulgi

turmam in boues vidisse mutatam.

Capm. iii. Cum quibus ecce boues veniunt quos cuspide

nullus
Pungere tunc ausit, immo timebat eos:
Contra iura bouis bos spernit habere bubulcum,
Ammodo nec duci de nouitate sinit.
Cornutando furit hodie bos qui fuit heri
Per cornu leuiter ductus vt arua colat:
Qui fuerant domiti nuper, modo fronte minaci
Cornibus elatis debita iura negant:
Amplius ex aratro se dicunt nolle iugari,
250 Colla set erecta libera ferre volunt:
Ammodo non comedunt paleas neque stramina
grossa,
Est vbi set granum de meliore petunt.
Sic transformatas formas natura reliquit,
Et monstris similes fecerat esse boues;
Vrsinosque pedes caudas similesque draconum
Gestant, quo pauidus omnis abhorret eos:
Sulphureas flammas emittunt oris ab antro,
Quas, vbi disperse sunt, aqua nulla fugat:
Sit lapis aut lignum, fuerit set quicquid ab estu170
260 Tactum, comminuens ignea flamma vorat.
Hec armenta nequit aliquis defendere pastor,
 Quin magis in dampnum ruris et vrbis agunt.
In Colchos thauri, quos vicit dextra Iasonis,171
Non ita sulphureis ignibus ora fremunt,
Quin magis igne boues isti crepitancia tecta
Incendunt, que suis flatibus illa cremant.
Non Minos taurus, quem Neptunus dedit illi,
Sic nocuit campis, dum furibundus erat,
Quin magis arua boues isti vastant, et in vrbe
270 Horrida rite suo dampna furore parant.
Nessus et in tauri specimen mutatus et armis
Victus ab Eacide, dum sibi bella mouet,
Tam neque Centauri nec et ipse ferox Minotaurus
Hoc metuenda viris tempore bella dabant,
Quin magis ecce boues isti violenter aratra
Linquentes, hominum constituere necem.
Arma sui vacuos operis dispersa per agros
Linqunt, nec solitum ius sibi vomer habet;
Ecce iacent rastri, sic sarcula sicque ligones,
280 Buris, trabs, crapulus sunt neque restis eis;172
Nil iuga, nil torquis, nichil aut retinacula prosunt,
Nil sibi paxillus, temo vel ansa iuuant:
Vsus abest aratri, vacat et dentale relictum,
Nec sua tunc crates debita ferre sinunt:
Currus et auriga cessant, cessatque carecta,
Que nichil vlterius vtilitatis habent:
Agricoleque bonis iter vnum legibus absque
Restat, et indomiti sunt racionis idem.
Sic, vbicumque vides, campi cultore carentes,
290 Vastaque, que nemo vendicat, arua iacent:
Expectant frustra promissas horrea messes,
Annua si talis regula seruet agros.
Bos leo, bos pardus, bos vrsus, set bouis ipsum
Constat naturam non meminisse suam.
Sic ego pestiferos errare boues quia vidi
Indomitos sulco, mens mea mota fuit.
Prodolor! o! dixi, cessabit cultus agrorum,
Quo michi temporibus est metuenda fames.
 Hic dicit se per sompnium terciam vulgi
turmam in porcos vidisse transmutatam.

Capm. iiii. Sompnus adhuc creuit, et lassos occupat artus,

300 Auget et vlterius sompnia plura michi.
Cristatos porcos, furiosos, demone plenos,
Post ea percepi stare frequenter ibi:173
Associata simul fuit horum concio multa,
Aera stercoribus inficiendo suis.
Porculus en porcum furiens et aperculus aprum
Consequitur, nec eos amplius artat ara.
Federa cum socio dat verres iuncta nefrendo,
Vt magis euertant congradiuntur humum;
Scropha que Sus sociam porcam sibi
consociarunt,
310 Que magis vt noceant, plura maligna mouent.
Inmundos porcos sic vidi ledere mundum,
Vix quod erat mundus tutus vt obstet eis:
Non erat aque bladis hominum porcarius vllus,
Qui tunc de solito more fugauit eos;
Non erat in nares torques qui posset eorum
Ponere, quin faciunt fossa timenda nimis;
Nullus et hirsuta nexus constringere colla
Tunc potuit, set eis omne licebat iter.
Deuia natura sic errat ab ordine, mores
320 Porcus quod porci non habet, immo lupi.
Inter eos aper vnus erat quem Kancia duxit;174
Terra sibi similem ducere nulla potest.
Emicat ex oculis, spirat quoque pectore flammas,
Cuius ab igne procul vix fuit vna domus:
Fulmen ab ore volat, vrbis afflatibus ardet,175
Ac elephantinis dentibus arma parat:
Feruida cum rauco latos stridore per armos
Spuma, set humano sanguine mixta, fluit;
Stridentemque nouo spumam cum sanguine
fundit,
330 Quem fera de iugulo plebis in arua ruit:
 Que ferit ex capite fortissima subruit ipse,
Preualet insultus vincere nemo suos:
Erigit ad bellum se signifer horrida ceruix,
Inque furore suo tigridis instar habet;
Et sete rigidis similes hastilibus horrent,
Que magis inferni noxia signa gerunt.
Sicut onusta carecta fremit, seu frendet aquarum
Cursus, sicque suus murmura passus habet:
Hec fera crescentes segetes proculcat in herba,
340 Et cererem paleas triuerat inque leues.
Creuit aper quod eo maiores herbida monstro
Educat agrestes pascua nulla feras.
Non locus est tutus in quem fera tanta minatur,
Sit nisi celestis, quo mala ferre nequit.
Ira fere mota furias excedit abissi,
Cuius in aduentu patria tota fremit:
Ex aquilone tamen verres venit alter, et apro
Conuenit, vt pariter fossa parare queant.
Tegia silua ferum talem non protulit aprum,176
350 Quamuis in Archadia maximus ille fuit:
Non ita commouit in montibus Herculis iram,
Gentibus aut aliis obstitit ipse viis,
Quin magis hii porci, per sompnia quos ego vidi,
Dampna ferunt variis milia mille modis.
Non aper ille ferox, agitabat quem Meleager
In nemorum latebris, tam violentus erat,
Quin magis in porcis furit et violencius istis
Ira nocet, que suis dentibus arma parat.
Nil sedimen vel amurca placet, nichil atque
segistrum
360 Confert, vt dictis sint alimenta feris;
Non siliquas silue quercinas aut sibi glandes
Querunt, set rapiunt que meliora vident;
Spisse nil feces, aqua nec communis eorum
Sufficit ad potum, set bona vina vorant.
Rustica natura, dum fert incognita vina,
Mortuus vt truncus ebrietate iacet: