Construction Safety: Health, Practices

and OSHA 1st Edition Islam

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About the Author
Dr. M. Rashad Islam is an Associate Professor and an undergraduate
program coordinator at the Colorado State University Pueblo. He is
also a registered Professional Engineer (PE), and an ABET Program
Evaluator for civil and construction engineering undergraduate
programs. He teaches civil and construction engineering major
courses. Dr. Islam received a Ph.D. degree with the grade of
“distinction” in the research, and a GPA of 4.0 out of 4.0 in the
coursework from the University of New Mexico, USA. He has a
master’s degree jointly from the University of Minho (Portugal) and
the Technical University of Catalonia (Barcelona, Spain). Dr. Islam
has more than 100 publications including several reference books,
several textbooks, over 60 scholarly journal articles, several technical
reports, and conference papers. His other major textbooks are
Pavement Design—Materials, Analysis and Highways, McGraw Hill,
ISBN: 9781260458916, Civil Engineering Materials—Introduction and
Laboratory Testing, ISBN-13: 978-0367224820, and Engineering
Statics, ISBN: 9781003098157. Dr. Islam is a member of the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and is associated with
the American General Contractors (AGC).
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 Contents

Preface

1 Introduction
1.1 Nature of Construction Operations
1.2 Introduction to OSHA
1.3 Importance of Safe Practices
1.4 Workers’ Rights
1.5 Summary
1.6 Multiple-Choice Questions
1.7 Practice Problems
1.8 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

2 Personal Safety
2.1 Basics of Personal Safety
2.2 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
2.3 Head Protection
2.3.1 Basics
2.3.2 Head Protective Equipment
2.4 Hearing Protection
2.4.1 Basics
2.4.2 OSHA Regulation
2.4.3 Hearing Protective Devices
2.4.4 Effectiveness
2.4.5 Selection of Hearing Protection
2.4.6 Work at Working Safely
2.5 Eye and Face Protection
2.5.1 Basics
 2.5.2 Causes of Eye Hazards
2.5.3 Location of Eye Hazards
2.5.4 How to Protect Eyes
2.5.5 OSHA Regulations
2.6 Hand Protection
2.6.1 Basics
2.6.2 Potential Hand Hazards
2.6.3 OSHA Regulations
2.6.4 Hand Protective Device
2.6.5 Safe Removal of Gloves
2.6.6 Work at Working Safely
2.7 Foot Protection
2.7.1 Basics
2.7.2 Potential Hazards
2.7.3 OSHA Regulations
2.7.4 Foot Protective Shoe
2.7.5 Work at Working Safely
2.8 Respirator
2.8.1 Types of Respirators
2.8.2 Selecting the Correct Respirator
2.9 Personal Training
2.9.1 Job-Specific Training
2.9.2 Training for Supervisors
2.9.3 Training for Managers
2.9.4 Training for Engineers and Maintenance
Personnel
2.9.5 Training for PPE
2.10 Summary
2.11 Multiple-Choice Questions
2.12 Practice Problems
2.13 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

3 Responsibility, Culture, and Ethics

 3.1 General
3.2 Company and Safety
3.3 Contractors and Safety
3.4 Supervisors and Safety
3.5 Office Personnel and Safety
3.6 Employee and Safety
3.7 Safety-First Culture
3.8 Ethics and Safety
3.9 Ethics and Whistle-Blowing
3.10 Summary
3.11 Multiple-Choice Questions
3.12 Practice Problems
3.13 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

4 Accidents in Constructions
4.1 General
4.2 Accident Theories
4.2.1 Single Factor Theory
4.2.2 H.W. Heinrich’s Domino Theory
4.2.3 Multiple Factor Theory
4.2.4 Human Factor Theory
4.2.5 James Reason’s Swiss-Cheese Theory
4.3 Causes of Accidents
4.4 Cost of Accidents
4.5 Incident Investigation Techniques
4.5.1 Root Cause Analysis
4.5.2 The 5 Whys
4.6 Impact of an Accident on the Employer
4.7 Common Human Performance Snares
4.7.1 Time Constraints
4.7.2 Interruptions or Distractions
4.7.3 Multitasking
4.7.4 Overconfidence
 4.7.5 Vague Guidance
4.7.6 Overnight Shift Work
4.7.7 Peer Pressure
4.7.8 Change
4.7.9 Physical Environment
4.7.10 Mental Stress
4.8 Accident Prevention
4.9 Summary
4.10 Multiple-Choice Questions
4.11 Practice Problems
4.12 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

5 Construction’s Fatal Fours

5.1 General
5.2 Falls
5.2.1 Basics
5.2.2 Fall Prevention Measures
5.2.3 Areas Required to Have Fall Protection
5.2.4 Protection from Falling Objects
5.2.5 Types of Fall Protection—Passive Systems
5.2.6 Types of Fall Protection—Active Systems
5.2.7 Inspecting Fall Protection Equipment
5.2.8 Lifelines, Safety Belts, and Lanyard
5.2.9 Safety Monitoring Systems
5.2.10 Fall Protection Plan
5.3 Struck-by-Object
5.3.1 Basics
5.3.2 Vehicles
5.3.3 Falling or Flying Objects
5.3.4 Masonry Walls
5.3.5 Nailing
5.4 Electrocutions
5.4.1 Basics
 5.4.2 Electrical Injuries
5.4.3 Controlling Electrical Accidents
5.4.4 Safety Tips
5.5 Caught-in-Between
5.5.1 Basics
5.5.2 Caught-in-Between Hazards
5.5.3 Preventing Caught-in-Between Hazards
5.6 Summary
5.7 Multiple-Choice Questions
5.8 Practice Problems
5.9 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

6 Worker Compensation and Injured Worker Management

6.1 General
6.2 Workers’ Compensation Laws
6.3 Workers’ Compensation Insurance
6.4 Types of Disabilities
6.5 Cost Reduction Strategies
6.6 Remedy for Injured Workers
6.7 Compensable Injuries
6.8 How to Obtain Workers’ Compensation Benefits
6.9 Death Benefits
6.10 Injured Worker Management
6.11 Summary
6.12 Multiple-Choice Questions
6.13 Practice Problems
6.14 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

7 Hazards Analysis
7.1 General
7.2 Types of Hazards
7.2.1 Chemical Hazards
7.2.2 Physical Hazards
 7.2.3 Health Hazards
7.3 Importance of Job Hazard Analysis
7.4 Appropriate Jobs for Hazard Analysis
7.5 Getting Started for Hazard Analysis
7.6 Breaking the Jobs Down for Hazard Analysis
7.7 Identifying Potential Hazards
7.8 Preliminary Hazard Analysis
7.9 Correcting or Preventing Hazards
7.10 Detailed Hazard Analysis
7.10.1 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
7.10.2 Hazard and Operability Review
7.10.3 Human Error Analysis
7.10.4 Technic of Operations Review
7.10.5 Fault Tree Analysis
7.10.6 Risk Assessment
7.11 Hierarchy of Hazard Prevention and Reduction
7.12 Components of Hazard Prevention and Reduction
7.12.1 Management Leadership
7.12.2 Worker Participation
7.12.3 Hazard Identification and Assessment
7.12.4 Hazard Prevention and Control
7.12.5 Education and Training
7.12.6 Program Evaluation and Improvement
7.12.7 Communication and Coordination for Host
Employers, Contractors, and Staffing Agencies
7.13 Summary
7.14 Multiple-Choice Questions
7.15 Practice Problems
7.16 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

8 Promoting Safety and Preventing Violence

8.1 General
8.2 Safety Rules and Regulations
 8.3 Promoting Safety
8.4 Factors of Safety Violence
8.5 Workplace Violence
8.5.1 Basics
8.5.2 Sources of Violence
8.5.3 Recognize Potentially Violent Situations
8.5.4 Risk of Workplace Violence
8.5.5 Response to Onsite Threats of Violence
8.5.6 Handling a Violent Situation
8.5.7 After Violence Occurs
8.5.8 Policy Reviews and Preventing Internal
Threats of Violence
8.6 Reduction of Workplace Violence
8.7 Prevention of Workplace Violence
8.8 Workplace Security
8.8.1 Basics
8.8.2 Start with Parking Lot and Garage Security
8.8.3 Going to and From Your Vehicle
8.8.4 Maintain Secure Entrances
8.8.5 Security Measures Inside the Facility
8.8.6 Work at Working Safely
8.9 Summary
8.10 Multiple-Choice Questions
8.11 Practice Problems
8.12 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

9 OSHA Construction Safety Programs

9.1 History of the OSH Act
9.2 OSHA Standards and the General Duty Clause
9.3 OSHA Jurisdiction and State Programs
9.4 OSHA Recording, Reporting, and Posting Requirements
9.5 OSHA Inspections and Citations
9.6 OSHA Services and Programs
 9.6.1 Consultation Services
9.6.2 Safety and Health Achievement Recognition
Program (SHARP)
9.6.3 Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)
9.6.4 Strategic Partnership Program
9.6.5 Training and Education
9.7 Summary
9.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
9.9 Practice Problems
9.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

10 General Safety and Health Provisions

10.1 General
10.2 Safety Training and Education
10.3 First Aid and Medical Attention
10.4 Fire Protection and Prevention
10.5 Housekeeping
10.6 Personal Protective Equipment
10.7 Acceptable Certifications
10.8 Means of Egress
10.9 Employee Emergency Action Plans
10.10 Summary
10.11 Multiple-Choice Questions
10.12 Practice Problems
10.13 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

11 Occupational Health and Environmental Controls

11.1 General
11.2 Medical Services and First Aid
11.3 Sanitation
11.3.1 Potable Water
11.3.2 Nonpotable Water
11.3.3 Toilets at Construction Jobsites
11.3.4 Food Handling
 11.3.5 Washing Facilities
11.4 Occupational Noise Exposure
11.5 Illumination
11.6 Ventilation
11.7 Methylenedianiline
11.8 Lead
11.9 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
(HAZWOPER)
11.10 Summary
11.11 Multiple-Choice Questions
11.12 Exercises
11.13 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

12 Personal Protective and Lifesaving Equipment

12.1 General
12.2 General Criteria for Personal Protective Equipment
12.3 Head Protection
12.4 Hearing Protection
12.5 Eye and Face Protection
12.6 Respiratory Protection
12.7 Safety Belts, Lifelines, and Lanyards
12.8 Safety Nets
12.9 Working Over or Near Water
12.10 Summary
12.11 Multiple-Choice Questions
12.12 Practice Problems
12.13 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

13 Fire Protection and Prevention

13.1 General
13.2 Fire Protection Equipment
13.2.1 Fire Extinguishers
13.2.2 Smoke Alarms
13.2.3 Fire Sprinklers
 13.3 Injuries and First Aid
13.4 Fire Protection Specifications
13.4.1 General Requirements
13.4.2 Water Supply
13.4.3 Portable Firefighting Equipment
13.4.4 Fixed Firefighting Equipment
13.5 Fire Prevention
13.5.1 Ignition Hazards
13.5.2 Temporary Buildings
13.5.3 Open Yard Storage
13.5.4 Indoor Storage
13.6 Flammable Liquids
13.6.1 General Requirements
13.6.2 Indoor Storage of Flammable Liquids
13.6.3 Storage Outside Buildings
13.7 Summary
13.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
13.9 Practice Problems
13.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

14 Signs, Signals, and Barricades

14.1 Accident Prevention Signs and Tags
14.2 Signaling
14.3 Summary
14.4 Multiple-Choice Questions
14.5 Practice Problems
14.6 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

15 Materials Storage, Handling, Use, and Disposal

15.1 General
15.2 Methods of Hazards Prevention in Handling and Storing
Materials
15.3 General OSHA Requirements for Storage
15.4 Rigging Equipment for Material Handling
 15.4.1 General Regulations
15.4.2 Alloy Steel Chains
15.4.3 Wire Rope
15.4.4 Natural Rope and Synthetic Fiber
15.4.5 Synthetic Webbing (Nylon, Polyester, and
Polypropylene)
15.4.6 Shackles and Hooks
15.5 Handling Other Equipment
15.6 Disposal of Waste Materials
15.7 Summary
15.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
15.9 Practice Problems
15.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

16 Tools—Hand and Power

16.1 General
16.2 General Requirements for Tools
16.2.1 Guarding
16.2.2 Personal Protective Equipment
16.2.3 Switches
16.3 Hand Tools
16.4 Power-Operated Hand Tools
16.4.1 Electric Power-Operated Tools
16.4.2 Pneumatic Power Tools
16.4.3 Fuel-Powered Tools
16.4.4 Hydraulic-Powered Tools
16.4.5 Powder-Actuated Tools
16.5 Abrasive Wheels and Tools
16.6 Woodworking Tools
16.7 Jacks-Lever and Ratchet, Screw, and Hydraulic
16.8 Air Receivers
16.8.1 General Requirements
16.8.2 Installation and Equipment Requirements
 16.9 Mechanical Power-Transmission Apparatus
16.10 Overall Working Safety
16.11 Summary
16.12 Multiple-Choice Questions
16.13 Practice Problems
16.14 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

17 Welding and Cutting

17.1 General
17.2 Hazards Related to Welding and Cutting
17.3 Safe Practices for Welding and Cutting
17.3.1 Transporting, Moving, and Storing
Compressed Gas Cylinders
17.3.2 Placing Cylinders
17.3.3 Treatment of Cylinders
17.3.4 Use of Fuel Gas
17.4 Arc Welding and Cutting
17.4.1 Manual Electrode Holders
17.4.2 Welding Cables and Connectors
17.4.3 Operating Instructions
17.5 Fire Prevention
17.6 Ventilation and Protection in Welding, Cutting, and
Heating
17.6.1 Mechanical Ventilation
17.6.2 Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Confined
Spaces
17.6.3 Welding, Cutting, or Heating of Metals of
Toxic Significance
17.6.4 Inert-Gas Metal-Arc Welding
17.6.5 General Welding, Cutting, and Heating
17.7 Welding, Cutting, and Heating in Way of Preservative
Coatings
17.8 Summary
17.9 Multiple-Choice Questions
 17.10 Practice Problems
17.11 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

18 Electrical
18.1 General
18.2 Hazards of Electricity
18.2.1 Shock
18.2.2 Burns
18.2.3 Arc-Blast
18.2.4 Explosions
18.2.5 Fires
18.3 Causes of Electrical Accidents
18.4 Preventing Electrical Accidents
18.4.1 Insulation
18.4.2 Electrical Protective Devices
18.4.3 Guarding
18.4.4 Grounding
18.5 Safe Work Practices for Handling Electricity
18.5.1 Personal Protective Equipment
18.5.2 Lockout/Tagout
18.5.3 Work at Working Safely
18.6 General Safety Requirements
18.6.1 Examination, Installation, and Use of
Equipment
18.6.2 Interrupting Rating
18.6.3 Mounting and Cooling of Equipment
18.6.4 Splices
18.6.5 Arcing Parts
18.6.6 Marking
18.6.7 Identification of Disconnecting Means and
Circuits
18.7 Summary
18.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
 18.9 Practice Problems
18.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

19 Scaffolds
19.1 General
19.2 Types of Scaffolds
19.2.1 Suspended Scaffolds
19.2.2 Supported Scaffolds
19.3 General Safety Requirements
19.4 Additional Requirements Applicable to Specific Types of
Scaffolds
19.5 Aerial lifts
19.5.1 General
19.5.2 Some Specific Requirements
19.6 Summary
19.7 Multiple-Choice Questions
19.8 Practice Problems
19.9 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

20 Fall Protection
20.1 General
20.2 Duty to Have Fall Protection
20.2.1 Unprotected Sides and Edges
20.2.2 Leading Edges
20.2.3 Hoist Areas
20.2.4 Holes
20.2.5 Formwork and Reinforcing Steel
20.2.6 Ramps, Runways, and Other Walkways
20.2.7 Excavations
20.2.8 Dangerous Equipment
20.2.9 Overhand Bricklaying and Related Work
20.2.10 Roofing Work on Low-Slope Roofs
20.2.11 Steep Roofs
20.2.12 Precast Concrete Erection
 20.2.13 Residential Construction
20.2.14 Wall Openings
20.2.15 Protection from Falling Objects
20.3 Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices
20.3.1 Guardrail Systems
20.3.2 Safety Net Systems
20.3.3 Personal Fall Arrest Systems
20.3.4 Positioning Device Systems
20.3.5 Warning Line Systems
20.3.6 Controlled Access Zones
20.3.7 Safety Monitoring Systems
20.3.8 Covers
20.3.9 Protection from Falling Objects
20.4 Fall Protection Plan
20.5 Training Requirements
20.6 Summary
20.7 Multiple-Choice Questions
20.8 Practice Problems
20.9 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

21 Helicopters, Hoists, Elevators, and Conveyors

21.1 General
21.2 Helicopters
21.3 Material and Personnel Hoists
21.3.1 Material Hoists
21.3.2 Personnel Hoists
21.4 Base-Mounted Drum Hoists
21.5 Overhead Hoists
21.6 Conveyors
21.7 Summary
21.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
21.9 Practice Problems
21.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic
22 Mechanized Equipment, Motor Vehicles, and Marine
Operations
22.1 General
22.2 Safety Regulations for Mechanized Equipment
22.3 Safety Regulations for Motor Vehicles
22.4 Safety Regulations for Material Handling Equipment
22.4.1 Earthmoving Equipment
22.4.2 Excavating and Other Equipment
22.4.3 Lifting and Hauling Equipment
22.5 Safety Regulations for Pile-Driving Equipment
22.6 Safety Regulations for Site Clearing
22.7 Safety Regulations for Marine Operations and
Equipment
22.7.1 Access to Barges
22.7.2 Working Surfaces of Barges
22.7.3 First-Aid and Lifesaving Equipment
22.8 Summary
22.9 Multiple-Choice Questions
22.10 Practice Problems
22.11 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

23 Excavations
23.1 General
23.2 Specific Excavation Requirements
23.2.1 Underground Installations
23.2.2 Access and Egress
23.2.3 Exposure to Vehicular Traffic
23.2.4 Exposure to Falling Loads
23.2.5 Warning System for Mobile Equipment
23.2.6 Hazardous Atmospheres
23.2.7 Protection from Hazards Associated with
Water Accumulation
23.2.8 Stability of Adjacent Structures
 23.2.9 Protection of Employees from Loose Rock or
Soil
23.2.10 Inspections
23.3 Requirements for Protective Systems
23.3.1 Protection of Employees in Excavations
23.3.2 Design of Sloping and Benching Systems
23.3.3 Materials and Equipment
23.3.4 Installation and Removal of Support
23.3.5 Sloping and Benching Systems
23.3.6 Shield Systems
23.3.7 Additional Requirement for Shield Systems
Used in Trench Excavations
23.4 Soil Classification
23.5 Summary
23.6 Multiple-Choice Questions
23.7 Practice Problems
23.8 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

24 Concrete and Masonry Construction

24.1 General
24.2 Requirements for Equipment and Tools
24.3 Requirements for Cast-in-Place Concrete
24.3.1 General Requirements for Formwork
24.3.2 Shoring and Reshoring
24.3.3 Vertical Slip Forms
24.3.4 Reinforcing Steel
24.3.5 Removal of Formwork
24.4 Requirements for Precast Concrete
24.5 Requirements for Lift-Slab Construction Operations
24.6 Requirements for Masonry Construction
24.7 Summary
24.8 Multiple-Choice Questions
24.9 Practice Problems
 24.10 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

25 Steel Erection
25.1 General
25.2 Hazards in Steel Erections
25.3 General Safety Measures in Steel Erections
25.4 Site Layout, Site-Specific Erection Plan, and
Construction Sequence
25.5 Hoisting and Rigging
25.5.1 Preshift Visual Inspection of Cranes
25.5.2 Working under Loads
25.5.3 Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure
25.6 Structural Steel Assembly
25.6.1 Regulations for Multistory Structures
25.6.2 Working with Shear Connectors
25.6.3 Plumbing-Up
25.6.4 Metal Decking
25.7 Column Anchorage
25.7.1 General Requirements for Erection Stability
25.7.2 Repair, Replacement, or Field Modification of
Anchor Rods (Anchor Bolts)
25.8 Beams and Columns
25.9 Open Web Steel Joists
25.10 Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings
25.11 Fall Protection
25.12 Summary
25.13 Multiple-Choice Questions
25.14 Practice Problems
25.15 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

26 Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and

Compressed Air
26.1 General
26.2 Underground Construction
 26.2.1 General Safety
26.2.2 Check-In/Check-Out
26.2.3 Safety Specifications
26.3 Safety Regulations for Caissons
26.4 Safety Regulations for Cofferdams
26.5 Compressed Air
26.5.1 Medical Attendance, Examination, and
Regulations
26.5.2 Telephone and Signal Communication
26.5.3 Signs and Records
26.5.4 Compression
26.5.5 Decompression
26.5.6 Man Locks
26.5.7 Special Decompression Chambers
26.5.8 Compressor Plant and Air Supply
26.5.9 Ventilation and Air Quality
26.5.10 Electricity
26.5.11 Sanitation
26.5.12 Fire Prevention and Protection
26.5.13 Bulkheads and Safety Screens
26.6 Summary
26.7 Multiple-Choice Questions
26.8 Practice Problems
26.9 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

27 Demolition
27.1 General
27.2 Types of Demolition
27.3 Methods of Demolition
27.4 Demolition Hazards
27.4.1 Collapses
27.4.2 Falls
27.4.3 Hazardous Materials
 27.4.4 Noise
27.4.5 Dust
27.4.6 Confined Space
27.4.7 Dermatitis or Skin Irritation
27.4.8 Miscellaneous Hazards
27.5 Steps of Demolition
27.6 Preparatory Operations
27.7 Stairs, Passageways, and Ladders
27.8 Chutes
27.9 Removal of Materials through Floor Openings
27.10 Removal of Walls, Masonry Sections, and Chimneys
27.11 Manual Removal of Floors
27.12 Removal of Walls, Floors, and Material with Equipment
27.13 Storage of Waste Materials
27.14 Removal of Steel Construction
27.15 Mechanical Demolition
27.16 Summary
27.17 Multiple-Choice Questions
27.18 Practice Problems
27.19 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

28 Stairways and Ladders

28.1 General
28.2 General Safety Regulations
28.3 Safety Regulations for Stairways
28.4 Safety Regulations for Stairrails and Handrails
28.5 Safety Regulations for Ladders
28.6 Summary
28.7 Multiple-Choice Questions
28.8 Practice Problems
28.9 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

29 Toxic and Hazardous Substances

 29.1 General
29.2 Asbestos
29.2.1 Generals
29.2.2 Permissible Exposure Limits (PELS)
29.2.3 Safety Regulations for Asbestos
29.2.4 Respirator Program
29.3 Thirteen Carcinogens
29.3.1 Definitions
29.3.2 Requirements for Areas Containing a
Carcinogen
29.4 Vinyl Chloride
29.4.1 Methods of Compliance
29.4.2 Permissible Exposure Limit
29.4.3 Respiratory Protection
29.4.4 Hazardous Operations
29.4.5 Emergency Situations
29.5 Inorganic Arsenic
29.6 Beryllium
29.7 Chromium (VI)
29.8 Cadmium
29.9 Benzene
29.10 1,2-Dibromo-3-Chloropropane
29.11 Acrylonitrile
29.12 Ethylene Oxide
29.13 Formaldehyde
29.14 Methylene Chloride
29.15 Respirable Crystalline Silica
29.16 Summary
29.17 Multiple-Choice Questions
29.18 Practice Problems
29.19 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

30 Confined Spaces in Construction

 30.1 General
30.2 Confined Space Hazards
30.3 Before Entering a Confined Space
30.4 Rescue Procedures
30.5 General Safety Regulations
30.6 Permit-Required Confined Space Program
30.7 Permitting Process
30.8 Entry Permit
30.9 Training
30.10 Duties of Authorized Entrants
30.11 Duties of Attendants
30.12 Duties of Entry Supervisors
30.13 Rescue and Emergency Services
30.14 Employee Participation
30.15 Summary
30.16 Multiple-Choice Questions
30.17 Practice Problems
30.18 Critical Thinking and Discussion Topic

31 Blasting and the Use of Explosives

31.1 General
31.2 General Safety Regulations
31.3 Blaster Qualifications
31.4 Surface Transportation of Explosives
31.5 Underground Transportation of Explosives
31.6 Storage of Explosives and Blasting Agents
31.7 Loading of Explosives or Blasting Agents
31.8 Initiation of Explosive Charges-Electric Blasting
31.9 Use of Safety Fuse
31.10 Use of Detonating Cord
31.11 Firing the Blast
31.12 Inspection after Blasting
31.13 Misfires
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