278 SHAPE AND SPACE 4 UNIT 4

ACTIVITY 3

SKILL: ANALYSIS
Investigate the value of (sin x)2 + (cos x)2 for 0° ≤ x ≤ 90°.
Prove this result.
HINT Use Pythagoras’ Theorem.
sin x
Investigate the value of compared to tan x for 0° ≤ x ≤ 90°.
cos x
Prove this result.
a c a d 2 2
HINT ÷ = ×
b d b c
For an equilateral triangle with sides of 2 units, express the sine,
cosine and tangent ratios of angles of 30° and 60° as exact fractions. 2

MIXED QUESTIONS

The real skill in trigonometry is deciding which ratio to use. The next exercise has a variety of
situations involving the sine, cosine and tangent ratios.

EXERCISE 3 Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.

Find each side marked x.
9
x
1▶ 10 2▶ x 3▶
x 75°
30° 60°
10 20
Find each angle marked a.

a 8
8.66
4▶ 5▶
a
4 10

Find each marked side or angle.

14.6 cm
6▶ 8▶ 10 ▶
d b
x 17 9.7 cm
11

57°
6

7▶ 15 9▶ 11 ▶ b
2.8 m
3.8 cm 1.3 m
y cm
70°
8
 UNIT 4 SHAPE AND SPACE 4 279

12 ▶ Jake runs from position A on a constant bearing of 060° for 500 m.

How far north of A is he at the end of his run?

13 ▶ A straight 20 m wheelchair ramp (straight slope) rises 348 cm.

Find the angle that the slope makes with the horizontal.

The triangle ABC has a right angle at B.

14 ▶ In triangle ABC, angle BCA = 23° and AC = 14 km. Calculate AB.

15 ▶ In triangle ABC, AC = 9 m and AB = 4 m. Calculate angle BAC.

EXERCISE 3* Give your answers to Questions 1–10 correct to 2 significant figures.

Find x. 20
9
60°
x 86.6
1▶ 9 3▶ 5▶
30° 60° x 30
x

Regular hexagon

2▶ 11 4▶ 6▶
60° 10 60° x
x
x
30°
100

Find the angles marked a.

20°

7▶ a 8▶ a
25
50
70.7 100

9▶ The area of the triangle is 10 ▶ Find the angle a and sides x and y.
1500 cm2. Find the angle a.
a

10
60 cm 5

a y
a
100 cm x

Give your answers to Questions 11–15 correct to 3 significant figures.

11 ▶ A hot-air balloon flies for 90 minutes at a constant height on a bearing of 285° at a steady
speed of 12 km/h. After 90 mins, how far is it from its starting position

a north
b west?
280 SHAPE AND SPACE 4 UNIT 4

9 12 ▶ For this cross-section of a railway 13 ▶ Calculate the

bridge, calculate the depth of the height H of
valley and the length of the bridge. these stairs. 14 m

60° H
35° 50°

340 m
40°
12 m

14 ▶ A helicopter hovers in a fixed position 150 m above the ground. The angle of depression
from the helicopter to house A (directly west of the helicopter) is 32°. The angle of
elevation from house B (directly east of the helicopter) to the helicopter is 22°.
Calculate the distance d between the two houses.

32°

150 m

22°
d B

15 ▶ A motorboat is 10 km south of a lighthouse and is travelling on a bearing of 053°.

What is the shortest distance between the motorboat and the lighthouse?

16 ▶ Gita sits on her garden swing, and swings. At the 3m 60°

highest point, the angle that the 3 m chain makes
with the vertical is 60°. Find the difference in Highest point
height between the highest and lowest points
of her ride. Give your answer correct to 2 s.f.
Lowest point

ACTIVITY 4

HINT SKILL: ANALYSIS

Draw a table first Use your calculator to draw the graphs of y = sin θ, y = cos θ on the same axes for
in steps of 10° for
0° θ 90°.
both graphs.
What do you notice?
 UNIT 4 SHAPE AND SPACE 4 281

EXERCISE 4 REVISION

9 Give your answers correct to 3 significant figures.

Find the length of the side marked x and the size of angle θ.

θ 50°
1▶ 5 cm 3▶ 19 km 15 km 5▶ 19 m
θ
x 43° 58° 11 m
θ
6 cm x
67°
14 km x

41° 8 km 52°
x
12 m
2▶ 4▶ x
6▶
7 cm
x
θ 60° θ θ 27°
10 cm 8 km
8m

7▶ Calculate the area of an equilateral triangle with sides of 10 cm.

8▶ The coordinates of triangle ABC are A(1, 1), B(7, 1) and C(7, 5).
Calculate the size of angle CAB.

EXERCISE 4* REVISION
B

1▶ The area of triangle ABC is 50 cm . 2

9 10 cm

a Find the value of sin θ. θ

11 b What is the size of angle θ? A
20 cm
C

2▶ The centre of the clock face in a tower is

20 m above the ground. The hour hand is
1 m long. How far above the ground is the
end of the hour hand at

a 2am (h in the diagram)

b 7am
c 10.30am?

h
282 SHAPE AND SPACE 4 UNIT 4

3▶ A scuba diver dives directly from

A to B, and then to C, and then to A
the bottom of the sea at D. She then 8m
realises that she has only 4 minutes’ B
worth of oxygen left in her tank. She
can ascend vertically at 10 cm/s. 12 m
AB = 8 m, BC = 12 m and CD = 16 m.
Can she reach the surface before 61° C
her oxygen supply runs out? 73° 16 m
D

4▶ A hiker walks from her base camp for 10 km on a bearing of 050°, and then walks a further
14 km on a new bearing of 140°. At that moment a storm starts and she decides to return
directly back to base camp.

a Find the distance and bearing of the return journey.

b The hiker’s speed is a constant 1.5 m/s. If her return journey starts at 15:00,
at what time will she arrive back?

5▶ A rectangular box ABCD is leaning A

2m
against a vertical wall XY. AB = 2 m,
B
AD = 3 m and angle DCZ = 25°.
Calculate the height of A above the 3m
floor YZ.

25°
Y C Z

6▶ A rabbit wants to cross a busy road. He measures the angle of elevation from the edge of
the road to the top of a lamp-post directly on the other side as 25°. From a position 12 m
further back from the road, the angle is 15°.

a Calculate the width of the road.

b The rabbit can run across the road at 1 m/s.
Find the time he could take to cross the road.
c The traffic on the road travels at 60 miles/hour. Find how far apart the vehicles must be
for him to cross safely. (1 mile 1600 m)

3 , 3 1
7▶ Given that sin 60° = 8▶ Given that sin 60° = and cos 45° = ,
2 2 2
show that side x of show that side x of the triangle is given
the triangle is given by p 3 , by q 6 , where q is a
where p is a whole number. whole number. Find
Find the value of p. the value of q.
50 10 x
x

60° 45°
60° 5(1 1 3)