Vernier caliper:

It is an instrument which is used to measure the diameter of an object upto 0.1mm with accuracy

Construction:
It consist of two jaws

1. Fixed Jaws

2. Moveable Jaws

Fixed Jaw:
Fixed jaw is attached with main scale. Main scale is calibrated into centimeters and milli meters.

Moveable Jaw:
It can move on main scale. It is attached with vernier scale. Vernier scale is divided into 10 equal parts.
Each part is equal to 0.9 mm.

Scales:
There are two scales on vernier callipers

1. Main scale

2. Vernier Scale
A main scale which has markings of usually of 1 mm each and it contains jaw on its left end.

A sliding scale called vernier scale which has markings of some multiple of the marking on the main
scale.

Vernier constant:
Minimum length which can be measured accurately with the help of a vernier callipers is called

least count (vernier constant) of vernier callipers.

Least count can be obtained from dividing the value of smallest division on main scale by total number
of divisions or vernier scale

The least count of Vernier caliper is also called vernier constant. Its value is 0.1 mm, or 0.01 cm which
can be found by following formula.

Zero Error:
In Vernier caliper on closing jaws, when zero line of main scale does not coincide with zero line of
Vernier scale, zero error occur. There are two type of zero error.

a) Positive zero error

b) Negative zero error

Positive zero error.

If zero line of Vernier scale is on the right side of main scale zero than zero error is positive.

Negative zero error.

If zero line of Vernier scale is on the left side of main scale than zero error is negative.

Zero Correction:
To get accurate value zero correction is applied. zero error will be subtracted from final value. In case of
negative zero error we will added to the value of zero error in final.

TAKING MEASUREMENT WITH VERNIER CALLIPERS

If we want to measure the diameter of an object (e.g. a small sphere) with vernier caliper, the following
steps can be followed.
1. Note the least count of the vernier, (it is usually written on vernier caliper, or we can find it by method
already learned). Determine and correct zero error if any.

ii. Fix the small sphere in the jaws and note the complete divisions of main scale past by the zero

of vernier scale. This is main scale reading as shown in figure 1.6. iii. Look for the division of vernier scale
that is coinciding with any division on main scale. This is vernier scale reading.

iv. Multiply the vernier scale reading with least count which is the fraction to be added with main scale
reading. This fraction will be smaller than the main scale least count, thus vernier calliper measure the
reading to the part of millimetre.

DIGITAL VERNIER CALLIPER

Digital Vernier Callipers has greater precision than mechanical vernier Callipers. Least count of Digital
Vernier Callipers is 0.01 mm

Screw gauge:
It is an instrument which is used to measure the diameter of an object upto 0.01mm With accuracy.

Construction:
Screw guage consist of a U shaped metal frame with a metal stud at left end. A hollow cylinder is
attached on right side of u shape metal called sleeve. It has a line on it called index line.

It has two scales.

1. Main Scale

2. Circular Scale

Main Scale: On index line it has a scale called Main Scale. The smallest division on it is 1 mm.
Circular Scale: There is a thimble which has a scale called circular scale

Pitch of Screw gauge: When the thimble completes one rotation it covers a distance of 1 mm. This is
called Pitch of screw gauge.

The distance traveled by the circular scale on linear (or main) scale in one rotation is called the pitch of
the screw gauge

The minimum length which can be measured accurately by a screw gauge is called least count of the
screw gauge. The least count of screw gauge is found by dividing its pitch by the number of circular scale
divisions

Formula for least count of screw gauge.

Its value is 0.01 mm & 0.001 cm.

Range of laboratory screw gauge is 25mm.

Zero Error and its types:

If after closing stud and spindle, zero of circular scale is not coinciding with zero of main scale then there
will exist an error in the measurement called zero error of screw gaug

Positive Zero Error: If the zero line of circular scale is behind the index line than zero error is called
positive zero error.

Negative Zero Error: If the zero line of circular scale crosses the index line than zero error is called
negative zero error.

TAKING MEASUREMENT WITH SCREW GAUGE

If we want to measure the diameter of an object (e.g a wire piece) with screw gauge, the following steps
can be followed

I. Note the pitch and least count of the screw gauge and determine the zero error (if any).
II. Place the object (e.g a wire piece) between with spindle and anvil. Now gently close the gap
between the spindle and the anvil by turning the ratchet.
III. Turn the ratchet until it starts to click. The ratchet prevents the user from exerting too much
pressure on the object.
IV. Read the main scale reading, which is the reading shown (or unblocked) by circular scale.
V. Identify the line of circular scale aligned with datum line, now multiply the least count of screw
gauge by this number. This is circular scale reading.
VI. Add linear (or main) scale reading and circular scale reading, which gives the total reading.