A PROJECT REPORT

ON

Lorawan gatway using raspberry pi

and lora gps module

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of

DIPARTMENT
Of
electronics engineering

submitted to board of technical

education of uttar Pradesh
 Submitted by

Name of the student Enrollment no

Abhishek E18220933000015
Rajat Mishra E18220933000036
Pranjal Tiwari E18220933000034
Praveen Pandey E18220933000035
Rinku Gautam E18220933000020
Anil kumar Paswan E18220933000007

-:GUIDED BY:-
Mr. SUDHANSHU SIR

-:GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDA:-

2020~2021
 -: CERTIFICATE :-
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PROJECT REPORT ENTITLED
“lorawan gateway using raspberry pi and lora gps
module ” WAS SUCCESSFLLY COMPLETE BY STUDENT OF SIX
SAMESTER AND DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

1). abhishek

2). Rajat mishra

3). Pranjal tiwari

4). Praveen pandey

5). Rinku gautam

6). Anil kumar paswan

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING AND SUBMITTED TO THE DIPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDA WORK CARRY OUT DURRING
ACADIM YEAR 2020~2021 AS PER CURRICULUM

-:NAME OF GUIDE:- -:NAME OF H.O.D:-

MR.SUDHANSHU UPADHYAY MR.PRAMTHESH SAHAY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
THIS PROJECT IS DONE AS A SEMESTER PROJECT.

WE ARE REALY THANK FULL TO OUR COURSE THE PRINCIPAL

“MR.PRAMTHESH SAHAY” AND THE H.O.D MR.SUDHANSHU
UPADHYAY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OF
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC GONDA FOR HIS INVALUABLE
GUIDANCE AND ASSISTANCE WITHOUT WHICH THE
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE TASKWOOD HAVE NEVER BEEN
POSSIBLE

WEARE ALSO THANK FULL TO THE PARENTS, FRIENDS AND ALL

STAFF OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT FOR
PROVIDING US RELIVANT INFORMATION AND NECESSARY
CLARIFICATION AND GREAT SUPPORT.
 ABSTRACT

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Access the data of LoRaWAN sensors in minutes and quickly
forward data to building management systems on-premises.
The Wattsense solution offers more functionalities than a
traditional gateway as it converts LoRaWAN data to BACnet.

• Quick ROI

LoraWAN wireless technology removes the expensive and

lengthy process of installing wired sensors., Offer to your
clients a solution with a fast return on investment.
• Save time

Get the job done in minutes without disrupting the building's

occupants. Using our user-friendly Desktop App you can
configure, access and share the sensors data.
• Process data locally
 Connect and manage LoRaWAN sensors, decode, and
extract useful information without connecting to an external
provider or Cloud.
LoRaWAN gateway

Classic LoRaWAN gateways are intermediaries that allow

sensors to transmit data to the Cloud. The Wattsense gateway
technology brings the innovation, simplicity, low prices, and
support of our Cloud Service to on-site projects.
Facilitate configuration, BMS integration, and local data
acquisition with this feature.

SX127X GPS HAT is a expansion module for LoRa and GPS for use
with the Raspberry Pi.This product is intended for those interested in
developing LoRa solutions.

SX127X GPS HAT is based on the SX1276/SX1278 transceiver.The

add on L80 GPS (Base on MTK MT3339) is designed for applications
that use a GPS connected via the serial ports to the Raspberry Pi such
as timing applications or general applications that require GPS
information.

The transceivers of the HAT feature the LoRa™ long range modem
that provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and
high interference immunity whilst minimising current
consumption.The Lora/GPD HAT can achieve a sensitivity of over -
148dBm using a low cost crystal and bill of materials. The high
sensitivity combined with the integrated +20 dBm power amplifier
yields industry leading link budget making it optimal for any
application requiring range or robustness. LoRa also provides
significant advantages in both blocking and selectivity over
conventional modulation techniques, solving the traditional design
compromise between range, interference immunity and energy
consumption.

This board can calculate and predict orbits automatically using the
ephemeris data (up to 3 days) stored in internal flash memory, so the
HAT can fix position quickly even at indoor signal levels with low
power consumption.With AlwaysLocate™ technology, the SX127X
GPS HAT can adaptively adjust the on/off time to achieve balance
between positioning accuracy and power consumption according to
the environmental and motion conditions.The GPS also
supports automatic antenna switching function. It can achieve the
switching between internal patch antenna and external active
antenna.Moreover, it keeps positioning during the switching process.
 INDEX
=========

CHAPTERS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1). Introduction.

2). Block diagram.

3).Required components.
3(a).Raspberry Pi 3 (any version would be fine).
3(b). dragino (pi lora gps module)
3(c).Power Supply (5V,2A/3A).

4).Required software.
4(a). RASPBERRIAN OS.

4(b). BALENA ETCHER.

4(c).VNC VIEWER.

4(d). PUTTY SOFTWARE.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
5).Python ( Programming language).

6).Working

7).Component connection.

8).Used commonds.

9).Future scope.

10).Refrance.

11). Conclusion of project report

======^^^^^^^========^^^^^^^^========^^^^^^^^=========^^^^^^^^^^

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<@>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 -: INTRODUCTION :-

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

. Raspberry Pi is the observational system or controller which is

used for the cloud saving.
Python is the programming language which is utilized in
Raspberry Pi.
MLX90614 sensors is a temperature sensor which is used here
for the sensing purpose
. This comprises of temperature sensors is utilizing is perused
put away, and shown in the Raspberry Pi unit

IoT based devices in homes and industries are used for

controlling all the electrical or electronic devices which are
present. Additionally, the saved information of the IoT devices
can be controlled from anywhere
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Pi camera The Pi camera module is a portable light weight

camera that supports Raspberry Pi. It communicates with Pi
using the MIPI camera serial interface protocol. It is normally used
in image processing, machine learning or in surveillance projects.

. A breadboard, or protoboard, is a construction base for

prototyping of electronics. Originally the word referred to a
literal bread board, a polished piece
 -: Blockdiagram :-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 -:REQUIRED COMPONENTS:-
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Here we are using Raspberry Pi 3 Raspbian OS. All the basic Hardware and
Software requirements are previously discussed, you can look it up in
the Raspberry Pi Introduction and Raspberry PI LED Blinking for getting started,
other than that we need:

1).Raspberry Pi 3 (any version would be fine).

2). Lora gps module ( dragino)

3). Ethernet cable

4).Power Supply (5V,2A/3A)

 -: RASPBERRY Pi :-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Raspberry Pi is an ARM cortex based board designed for
Electronic Engineers and Hobbyists. It’s a single board computer
working on low power. With the processing speed and memory,
Raspberry Pi can be used for performing different functions at a
time, like a normal PC, and hence it is called Mini Computer in
your palm.

Because it has an ARMv7 processor, it can run the full range of

ARM GNU/Linux distributions as well as Microsoft Windows 10,
we will discuss about that later. ARM architecture is very
influential in modern electronics. We are using the ARM
architecture based processors and controllers everywhere. For
example we are using ARM CORTEX processors in our mobiles,
iPods and computers etc.

Pi is an amazing tool for realizing ‘Internet of Things’. In this

session we will discuss the hardware and software requirements
for Pi and setting up the Operating System for the first run of PI.

There are different types of Raspberry Pi boards in the market

now, with Raspberry Pi 2 Model B being the most
popular. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B has also been launched; it is
almost similar to RPi 2, with some advance feature like on board
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, more powerful CPU etc. We will
discuss few characteristics of “Raspberry Pi 2 B” now
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Raspberry Pi has four USB 2.0 ports. These ports can be connected to
any USB devices, like mouse and keyboard. With the first start itself, we
need mouse and keyboard, we will discuss it later. The four USB ports are
shown the figure.

Raspberry Pi 2 has one Ethernet port. This port is for internet connectivity
to the RASPBEERY PI 2. This Ethernet port can also be used to transfer
data between PI2 and your PC.

It has a 3.5mm jack port for connecting headphones, in case of playing

music from PI.

PI has a single HDMI port for connecting a LCD/LED screen. The graphics
provided by the chip is fairly good.

There is a micro USB port on the board; we provide power for the
complete board through this port. If there are any fluctuations in voltage
provided at this port, the board will not work properly.

Instead of connecting an LCD screen we can connect a 3inch to 7inch

touch display. We have inbuilt port for connecting a touch display. We
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
have a similar port for connecting a camera to the module; the camera
module can be connected to PI without any additional attachments.

There are GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins and a couple power
ground terminals. We can program there GPIO pins for any use. Few of
these pins also perform special functions, we will discuss them later.

There are GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins and a couple power
ground terminals. We can program there GPIO pins for any use. Few of
these pins also perform special functions, we will discuss them later.

Raspberry Pi compute module is a great embedded Linux

development platform for building a Commercial or an Industrial
Product. It is a low-cost module running Quad-core ARM
(BCM2837) processor with 1GB RAM, 8/16/32GB eMMC (on
CM3+ variant), bundled with a lot of IOs on a 200-pin SODIMM
edge connector.

If you are planning to use Raspberry Pi Compute Module for your

product development, you must read this article and understand
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

advantages and especially the limitations of the module and see if

they are impacting any of your design requirements.

Advantages of using Raspberry Pi compute

module

1. Availability
Availability is one of the most critical parameters to consider
before deciding to use any board or module for your product
development. Generally speaking, it takes 18–24 months to
develop a sellable product and then you need 3–4 years to sell
before you start thinking about migration to new board or module.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

So 7 year is the minimum advisable availability period to be

considered.

As per Raspberry Pi’s obsolescence statement, Compute Module

3+ will remain in production until at least January 2026. So
developed get 7+ years(as of 2019) to develop the product and sell
for a few years in the market.

2. Small Form Factor (edge PCB connector

interface)
This is an integrated computer module with a small board
(67.6mm × 31mm x 4.7mm) that fits into a standard SODIMM
connector. This allows the design engineer to go really small for
their end application. This was not possible with regular
Raspberry Pi Boards. Raspberry Pi boards are fixed you cannot
change anything.

3. Onboard eMMC
Raspberry Pi compute modules comes with an option of onboard
eMMC ( 8GB/16GB/32GB eMMC Flash) which eliminates the
unreliability of OS residing on an SD Card. Lite variant comes with
an option where onboard eMMC is not present but for the
commercial or industrial applications, it is recommended to use
the eMMC version. Also, eMMC memory soldered on the module
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

itself and not plugged in some connector (causes issues in the field
due to vibration)

4. Temperature Range (-25 to 85 Degree C)

As mentioned on the Raspberry Pi website: The operating
temperature range of the module is set by the lowest maximum
and highest minimum of any of the components used.

The eMMC and LPDDR2 have the narrowest range, these are
rated for -25 to +80 degrees Celsius. Therefore the nominal range
for the CM3+ and CM3+ Lite is -25C to +80C.

However, this range is the maximum for the silicon die;

therefore, users would have to take into account the heat
generated when in use and make sure this does not cause the
temperature to exceed 80 degrees Celsius

5. IO Interfaces
In such a small form factor board lot of IOs are available which are
quite good for any commercial or industrial applications.

• 48x GPIO

• 2x I2C, 2x SPI, 2x UART, 1x USB2 HOST/OTG

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

• 2x SD/SDIO

• 1x HDMI 1.3a

• 1x DPI (Parallel RGB Display)

• 1x NAND interface (SMI)

• 1x 4-lane CSI Camera Interface (up to 1Gbps per lane)

• 1x 2-lane CSI Camera Interface (up to 1Gbps per lane)

• 1x 4-lane DSI Display Interface (up to 1Gbps per lane)

• 1x 2-lane DSI Display Interface (up to 1Gbps per lane)

Please note all will be available at the same time, some are
multiplexed. Check the datasheet in detail proceeding with the
design using compute module.

Limitations of using the Raspberry Pi

Compute Module
Module form factor gives a lot of advantages but there are some
limitations also of Raspberry Pi compute module. Design
engineers should consider these before building a product. One
biggest limitation with the module approach is you need to create
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

a carrier board if the readily available boards in the market are not
good enough for your requirement or are very expensive.

Some of the other limitations are mentioned below:

1. Complex Power Supply Requirement

It needs 6 power rails to be available all the time to function
properly. You need to generate 1.8V, 3.3V for processor core, IOs,
on module memory & 2.7V (2.5–2.8V) if you need TV-out.

And, you might also need 5V for USB, HDMI, etc. interfaces.

A single input power supply could have been implemented but I

guess in order to produce at the lowest cost, they have left it for the
developer to handle on their carrier or IO board.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

2. Limited IOs & Interfaces

Ethernet

Ethernet interface is not available on the module. If you need

Ethernet either you need to use USB to Ethernet chip (with limited
throughput) or use any other board.

USB 2.0 / 3.0

Raspberry Pi compute module has only one USB interface. Single

USB interface might not be enough for various requirements. If
you need more USB port you need to use USB hub chips which
adds the complexity of the carrier board as well as the cost.
Additionally, USB throughput won’t available fully. The module
doesn’t have any USB3.0 interface.

SDIO

Although compute module has two SDIO interface only one if

available on CM3+ variant as another is used for onboard eMMC
Memory.

4. Thermal Management
Raspberry Pi computer module doesn’t have any special provision
for thermal management like thermal pads from where the heat
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

could be transferred or mounting holes to have a robust provision

for a heatsink.

Small heat sinks with self-adhesive glue could be attached but

those are not enough in many demanding applications.

The datasheet also mentions — a designer must pay careful

attention to the thermal design of products using the CM3+ so that
performance is not artificially curtailed due to the processor
thermal throttling, as the Quad ARM complex in the BCM2837
can generate significant heat output under load.

3. SODIMM Connector
In order to use Raspberry Pi compute module SODIMM connector
is required, which add cost & a little complexity to the carrier or IO
board design.

4. Onboard WiFi or Bluetooth (BLE)

Unlike many Raspberry Pi SBC Boards, Compute module do not
have any provision of WiFi or Bluetooth connectivity.

One needs to connect appropriate modules over SPI, SDIO or

USB.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5. Compute Module Cost

Raspberry Pi compute module CM3+ is available for
30$/35$/40$ based on onboard eMMC storage memory size.
CM3+ Lite is available for 25$ without onboard eMMC.

There are other alternatives available from other embedded

computer module manufacturing companies (check Variscite,
Compulab, Toradex, etc.) which better features and comparable
cost.

6. Development Board Cost

Development board cost for the Raspberry Pi computer module is
quite high, approx 135$. There are some cheaper alternatives
available, details are available here.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Raspberry Pi foundation has launched CM, CM3 in the past but

now they recommend to use the only CM3+. Their official
statements says” The latest version of the Compute Module is the
CM3+. This is the recommended Compute Module for all current
and future development.”

I hope the above information was useful for you and will help you
make a decision on using the Raspberry Pi compute module in
your design.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you like the article, please share it with others. Any suggestion
or comments, let me know here. Read my other articles on
embedded system design.

1. Power supply - As said earlier we will power the Raspberry Pi

board by Micro USB port present on the board. Under normal
operations the PI board needs a 5V, 1000mA (or 1A) power
source. The voltage and current requirements are important here.
Any power source higher than 5V will damage the board
permanently and for voltages lower than 4.8V, the board will not
function.

Here I am using a 5V, 1000mA mobile phone charger for

powering up my PI. Remember the minimum current rating for
normal operation of PI board.

For connecting the micro USB power, you need a good quality
cable. If you do not power the board from a good USB cable, no
matter what the power source, you will
always have power shortage on the board. You need a good
quality USB cable as shown in figure.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For higher operations of PI, you need a power source which could
deliver at least 2000mA or 2A. So if you don’t have a power
source of such kind, don’t drive the PI by lower rated power
source, its better get a new one.

But if you have two adapters which can provide each, you can
connect one adapter output to the micro USB, and the second
one to the USB 2.0 port, they both can share the load. Here I
have a 0.7A or 700mA adapter which I connect to one of 4 USB
ports on the chip.

2. You need a LCD or LED screen, you can use your old PC
screen as a Raspberry Pi screen. After choosing your screen, you
have to look whether the screen supports HDMI inputs or not. If
your screen has a HDMI port then you just need to get a male to

male HDMI ca If your screen does not support HDMI like mine,
then your screen must have VGA support as shown in figure.
You need a HDMI to VGA converter; you can buy this at any
electronic store. This device converts HDMI from PI to VGA
output. So we can interface a VGA monitor to a PI. The device is
shown in figure. ble as shown in figure. 3.You need a Mouse and
Keyboard, make sure they are USB driven type or you won’t be
able to connect it to PI, since PI only has USB ports.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

4. You need a Micro SD card (Memory card) and a SD Card

Reader (or Adapter) to connect SD card to PC (or laptop). The
SD card must be of 8GB or higher. If not, you won’t be able to
install the OS (Operating System) on to the PI easily. And also the
Class of SD card should be equal or higher than 4, for better
speed. “Speed Class” represents the writing speed like class 10
means 10 MB/second.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now we have all the basic Hardware need to Getting

Started with Raspberry Pi, and we will now discuss the
Software Requirement.
 Lora gps module (dragino)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ethernet cable
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ethernet is a family of wired computer networking technologies
commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area
networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).] It was
commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983
as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since been refined to support
higher bit rates, a greater number of nodes, and longer link
distances, but retains much backward compatibility. Over time,
Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies
such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.
The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses coaxial cable as a shared
medium, while the newer Ethernet variants use twisted
pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with switches. Over the
course of its history, Ethernet data transfer rates have been
increased from the original 2.94 megabits per second (Mbit/s) to
the latest 400 gigabits per second (Gbit/s). The Ethernet
standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of
the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.
Systems communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data
into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains source
and destination addresses, and error-checking data so that
damaged frames can be detected and discarded; most often,
higher-layer protocols trigger retransmission of lost frames. Per
the OSI model, Ethernet provides services up to and including
the data link layer. The 48-bit MAC address was adopted by
other IEEE 802 networking standards, including IEEE 802.11 (Wi-
Fi), as well as by FDDI. EtherType values are also used
in Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) headers.
Ethernet is widely used in homes and industry, and interworks
well with wireless Wi-Fi technologies. The Internet Protocol is
commonly carried over Ethernet and so it is considered one of the
key technologies that make up the Internet.
What Does An Ethernet Cable Do?
Typically, Ethernet cables are used to provide an internet
connection, connect devices to a local network. They plug
into Ethernet ports on a variety of devices.

The most common use for an Ethernet cable is connecting

a WiFi router or modem to the internet entry port or
telephone line. It can also be used to hardwire devices like
TVs, computers and other devices that require the internet
or a network to work.

Ethernet Cable Structure

There are several different structures when it comes to ethernet
cables. The most common structure is Twisted Pair cable.

Two wires inside the cable are twisted together. Twisted Pairs is
the industry standard cable. They have the best results in terms
of maximum length and speed drops. They are only beaten in
performance by fiber - optic cabling.

One of the reasons for their quality is that the two cables carry
data in both directions, which balances the electrical fields. This
reduces electrical noise within the wire.

Electrical noise is any electrical currents or radio frequencies that

aren’t related to the carried data. These additional signals often
interfere with the data being carried through the wires. Electrical
noise can come from inside the cable, or from outside sources.
Ultimately, the more electrical noise, the lower the quality of the
signal.

Twisted pair can be unshielded or shielded.

Unshielded don’t have foil or braided shielding around the cable.

While unshielded cables are much cheaper, the signal quality
decreases through electrical noise.

Shielded cables come with braided or foil shielding, which is

usually made of copper or another conductive polymer. Shielding
reduces electrical noise and improves connection quality.

Types Of Ethernet Cables

There are several types of Ethernet Cables:

Straight-through cables, often known as patch cables, are used to

connect different types of devices. For example, a computer to a
router.

Cross Over Cables

Crossover cables are used to connect two devices of the same
kind, for example, connecting two computers.

Solid Or Stranded Cables

Solid Cables
Solid cables are generally used for business networks and offer a
slightly better service than stranded. They consist of a single run
of wire. They cheaper to produce, and so are often much more
affordable than their stranded counterparts.
Stranded Cables
Stranded cables contain a few smaller wires which work together.
Most patch cables are stranded cables. Stranded cables are more
robust in terms of breakage. They are better suited for home use.

Categories
Ethernet cables come in different variations, known as Categories
or Cat. Each category refers to a different set of standards. As the
standards change over time, new categories are created.

Currently, the lowest recommended standard available is Cat5.

Anything under that is now obsolete. As internet speeds get
faster, Cat5 cables are heading towards becoming obsolete too.

Category 5 (Cat5) – an older form of Ethernet cable and

enables speeds of up to 100 Mbps. (Megabits per second)
Category 5e (Cat5e) – an updated version of Cat5 and allows
for faster speeds with reduces interference from electrical cables.
Category 6 (Cat6) – enables speeds of up to 10 gigabits,
depending on the area. Cat6 cable has thin wires, which helps in
terms of its signal to noise ratio. The cables are stiffer than Cat5
cables, which can make them harder to run around tight corners.
Category 6a (Cat6) – an improved version of the Cat6 cable. It
enables speeds of up to 10 gigabits. The cables offer double the
bandwidth than the Cat6s too. More often then not, Cat6 cables
are often shielded to reduce electrical noise and electromagnetic
radiation from affecting the signals.
Category 7 (Cat7) – Offering up to 10Gbps (Gigabits per
second) up to a 15-metre distance. Cat 7 twisted cables must be
fully-shielded, which will eliminate crosstalk and improve electrical
noise resistance.
Category 8 (Cat8) – enables 2000MHz bandwidth and speeds
of 40Gbps. These cables are specifically designed for Data
Centres and enterprise networks, so are a lot more expensive.
For a business network, go for the highest type of cable to get
the best results. For a home network, it is best to go for the
highest cable you can justify buying that delivers the speeds
promised by your internet service provider.

However, some older devices may not support newer cable types,
so you may need to check before you buy.

Limitations Of Ethernet Cables

Of course, like any cables, they do have certain limitations. These
tend to focus on the maximum cable length possible without
unduly compromising the quality of the signal and also durability.

In terms of length, Ethernet cables can range from a maximum of

324 feet for Cat5, to approximately 700 feet for a Cat6 cable.
However, the longer they are, the more likely they are to be
affected by interference.

These days, high-performance Ethernet cables such as

augmented Cat6 variants can deliver reliable performance, thanks
to the use of specialised copper wires and foil tape.
 Lora gps module (dragino)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Click to open image!

•
•
•
•
•
•
SX127X GPS HAT is a expansion module for LoRa and GPS for use
with the Raspberry Pi.This product is intended for those interested in
developing LoRa solutions.

SX127X GPS HAT is based on the SX1276/SX1278 transceiver.The

add on L80 GPS (Base on MTK MT3339) is designed for applications
that use a GPS connected via the serial ports to the Raspberry Pi such
as timing applications or general applications that require GPS
information.

The transceivers of the HAT feature the LoRa™ long range modem
that provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and
high interference immunity whilst minimising current
consumption.The Lora/GPD HAT can achieve a sensitivity of over -
148dBm using a low cost crystal and bill of materials. The high
sensitivity combined with the integrated +20 dBm power amplifier
yields industry leading link budget making it optimal for any
application requiring range or robustness. LoRa also provides
significant advantages in both blocking and selectivity over
conventional modulation techniques, solving the traditional design
compromise between range, interference immunity and energy
consumption.

This board can calculate and predict orbits automatically using the
ephemeris data (up to 3 days) stored in internal flash memory, so the
HAT can fix position quickly even at indoor signal levels with low
power consumption.With AlwaysLocate™ technology, the SX127X
GPS HAT can adaptively adjust the on/off time to achieve balance
between positioning accuracy and power consumption according to
the environmental and motion conditions.The GPS also
supports automatic antenna switching function. It can achieve the
switching between internal patch antenna and external active
antenna.Moreover, it keeps positioning during the switching process.

Features:
• Frequency Band: 868 MHZ/433 MHZ/915 MHZ(Pre-
configure in factory)
• Low power consumption
• Compatible with Raspberry Pi 2 Model B/Raspberry Pi 3.
• LoRa™ Modem
• FSK, GFSK, MSK, GMSK, LoRa™and OOK modulation
• Preamble detection
• Baud rate configurable
• Built-in temperature sensor and low battery indicator
• Excellent blocking immunity
• Automatic RF Sense and CAD with ultra-fast AFC
• Support DGPS, SBAS(WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN)
• GPS automatic switching between internal patch antenna
and external active antenna
• PPS VS. NMEA can be used in time service
• Support SDK command
• Built-in LNA for better sensitivity
• EASY™, advanced AGPS technology without external
memory
• AlwaysLocate™, an intelligent controller of periodic mode
 • GPS FLP mode, about 50% power consumption of normal
mode
• GPS support short circuit protection and antenna
detection
LoRa Spec:
• 168 dB maximum link budget.
• +20 dBm - 100 mW constant RF output vs.
• +14 dBm high efficiency PA.
• Programmable bit rate up to 300 kbps.
• High sensitivity: down to -148 dBm.
• Bullet-proof front end: IIP3 = -12.5 dBm.
• Excellent blocking immunity.
• Low RX current of 10.3 mA, 200 nA register retention.
• Fully integrated synthesizer with a resolution of 61 Hz.
• FSK, GFSK, MSK, GMSK, LoRaTM and OOK modulation.
• Built-in bit synchronizer for clock recovery.
• Preamble detection.
• 127 dB Dynamic Range RSSI.
• Automatic RF Sense and CAD with ultra-fast AFC.
• Packet engine up to 256 bytes with CRC.
• Built-in temperature sensor and low battery indicator.

GPS Spec:
• Power Acquisition:25mA,Power Tracking:20mA.
• Compliant with GPS, SBAS.
• Programmable bit rate up to 300 kbps.
• Serial Interfaces UART: Adjustable 4800~115200 bps,Default:
9600bps.
• Update rate:1Hz (Default), up to10Hz.
• Protocols:NMEA 0183,PMTK.
• Horizontal Position Accuracy:Autonomous <2.5 m CEP.
• TTFF@-130dBm with EASY™:Cold Start <15s,Warm Start
<5s,Hot start <1s;TTFF@-130dBm.
• without EASY™:Cold Start <35s,Warm Start <30s,Hot Start
<1s.
• Timing Accuracy:1PPS out 10ns，Reacquisition Time <1s.
• Velocity Accuracy Without aid <0.1m/s,Acceleration Accuracy
Without aid 0.1m/s².
• Sensitivity Acquisition -148dBm，Tracking -
165dBm，Reacquisition -160dBm.
• Dynamic Performance Altitude Max.18000m，Maximum
Velocity Max.515m/s，Maximum Acceleration 4G.
• L1 Band Receiver(1575.42MHz) Channel 22 (Tracking) /66
(Acquisition).
 -: USED SOFTWARE :-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TO CONFIGURE THE RASPBERRY PI HERE WE USE SOME

SOFTWARE BY WHICH THE RASPBERRY PI IS BECAME USEABLE
FOR OUR PROJECT.

1). RASPBERRIAN OS

2). BALENA ETCHER

3).VNC VIEWER

4) . PUTTY SOFTWARE
 -: RASPBERRIAN OS :-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Raspberry Pi OS[3] (formerly Raspbian) is a Debian-
based operating system for Raspberry Pi. Since 2015, it
has been officially provided by the Raspberry Pi
Foundation as the primary operating system for the
Raspberry Pi family of compact single-board
computers.[4] The first version of Raspbian was created by
Mike Thompson and Peter Green as an independent
project.[5] The initial build was completed in June 2012.[6]
Raspberry Pi OS is highly optimized for the Raspberry Pi
line of compact single-board computers with ARM CPUs.
It runs on every Raspberry Pi except the Pico
microcontroller. Raspberry Pi OS uses a
modified LXDE as its desktop environment with
the Openbox stacking window manager, along with a
unique theme. The distribution is shipped with a copy of
the algebra program Wolfram Mathematica[4] and a version
of Minecraft called Minecraft: Pi Edition, as well as a
lightweight version of the Chromium web browser.
Raspberry Pi OS looks similar to many common desktops,
such as macOS and Microsoft Windows. The menu bar is
positioned at the top and contains an application menu
and shortcuts to Terminal, Chromium, and File Manager.
On the right is a Bluetooth menu, a Wi-Fi menu, volume
control, and a digital clock.
 -:BALENA ETCHER:-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Etcher is primarily used through a graphical user interface.

Additionally, there is a command line interface available
which is under active development.[9]

Future planned features include support for persistent

storage allowing live SD card or USB flash drive to be
used as a hard drive, as well as support for flashing
multiple boot partitions to a single SD card or USB flash
drive.[10]
USED ETCHER SOFTWARE :-
Balena Etcher (commonly referred to as just Etcher) is a
free and open-source utility used for writing image
files such as .iso and .img files, as well as zipped
folders onto storage media to create live SD cards and
USB flash drives. It is developed by balena, and licensed
under Apache License 2.0. Etcher was developed using
the Electron framework and supports Windows, macOS
and Linux. balena Etcher was originally called Etcher, but
its name was changed on October 29, 2018, when
Resin.io changed its name to Balena
 -:VIRTUAL NETWORK COMPUTING:-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In computing, Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a
graphical desktop-sharing system that uses the Remote
Frame Buffer protocol (RFB) to remotely control
another computer. It transmits
the keyboard and mouse input from one computer to
another, relaying the graphical-screen updates, over
a network.[1]

VNC is platform-independent – there are clients and

servers for many GUI-based operating systems and
for Java. Multiple clients may connect to a VNC server at
the same time. Popular uses for this technology include
remote technical support and accessing files on one's
work computer from one's home computer, or vice versa.

VNC was originally developed at the Olivetti & Oracle

Research Lab in Cambridge, United Kingdom. The original
VNC source code and many modern derivatives are open
source under the GNU General Public License.

VNC in KDE

There are a number of variants of VNC[2] which offer their

own particular functionality; e.g., some optimised
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
for Microsoft Windows, or offering file transfer (not part of
VNC proper), etc. Many are compatible (without their
added features) with VNC proper in the sense that a
viewer of one flavour can connect with

a server of another; others are based on VNC code but

not compatible with standard VNC.
VNC and RFB are registered trademarks of RealVNC Ltd.
in the US and some other 0countries.

Operation
• The VNC server is the program on the machine that
shares some screen (and may not be related to a
physical display – the server can be "headless"),
and allows the client to share control of it.
• The VNC client (or viewer) is the program that
represents the screen data originating from the
server, receives updates from it, and presumably
controls it by informing the server of collected local
input.
• The VNC protocol (RFB protocol) is very simple,
based on transmitting one graphic primitive from
server to client ("Put a rectangle of pixel data at
the specified X,Y position") and event
messages from client to server.
 Putty software
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

PuTTY (/ˈpʌti/)[4] is a free and open-source terminal

emulator, serial console and network file transfer
application. It supports several network protocols,
including SCP, SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw socket
connection. It can also connect to a serial port. The
name "PuTTY" has no official meaning.[5]
PuTTY was originally written for Microsoft Windows,
but it has been ported to various other operating
systems. Official ports are available for some Unix-
like platforms, with work-in-progress ports to Classic
Mac OS and macOS, and unofficial ports have been
contributed to platforms such
as Symbian,[6][7] Windows Mobile and Windows Phone.
PuTTY was written and is maintained primarily
by Simon Tatham, a British programmer.
 Features :-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
PuTTY supports many variations on the secure remote
terminal, and provides user control over
the SSH encryption key and protocol version, alternate
ciphers such as AES, 3DES, RC4, Blowfish, DES,
and Public-key authentication. PuTTY uses own format
of key files – PPK (protected by Message Authentication
Code).[8] PuTTY supports SSO through GSSAPI,
including user provided GSSAPI DLLs. It also can
emulate control sequences
from xterm, VT220, VT102 or ECMA-48 terminal
emulation, and allows local, remote, or dynamic port
forwarding with SSH (including X11 forwarding). The
network communication layer supports IPv6, and the
SSH protocol supports the zlib@openssh.com delayed
compression scheme. It can also be used with local
serial port connections.
Python ( Programming language)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Python is a programming language that provides an
easy and quick way to operate Raspberry pi. It is a
powerful programming language that is easy to use
(easy to read and write) with Raspberry pi. It
provides an excellent way to connect raspberry pi
based project with the real world. Python syntax is
very clean, with an emphasis on legibility and uses
Standard English keywords. Python allows
programmers to use fewer lines of code than would
be possible in languages such as assembly, C, or
Java. Initially, the Python programming language
used as a scripting language for Linux. Python
programs contain a series of commands. These
programs are executed by the computer from top
to bottom same as shell
 Working of the system
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
LoRaWAN is a point-to-multipoint networking protocol that
uses Semtech's LoRa modulation scheme. It's not just about
the radio waves; it's about how the radio waves communicate with
LoRaWAN gateways to do things like encryption and
identification. It also includes a cloud component, which multiple
gateways connect to

Sometimes people think the terms LoRa and LoRaWAN mean

the same thing, but they are different.
LoRa is a method for transmitting radio signals that uses a
chirped, multi-symbol format to encode information. It’s a
proprietary system made by chip manufacturer Semtech; its
LoRa IP is also licensed to other chip manufacturers.
Essentially, these chips are standard ISM band radio chips that
can use LoRa (or other modulation types like FSK) to convert
radio frequency to bits, without any need to write code to
implement the radio system. LoRa is a lower-level physical
layer technology that can be used in all sorts of applications
outside of wide area.
How LoRaWAN Works
At the most fundamental level, radio protocols like LoRaWAN
are fairly simple. The way star networks converse is similar to a
professor and students in a lecture. The gateway (the professor)
speaks to end nodes (the class), and vice versa. This is an
asymmetric relationship in terms of communication. Everyone
in the class could be trying to communicate with the professor at
the same time, but the professor would not be able to hear or
understand them all at once. Albeit extremely oversimplified,
many elements of star topologies go back to this analogy.
See example LoRaWAN Gateway for developers.
Here’s what that looks like in practice: Let’s say, for example,
you have four gateways and one node. The node transmits into
the radio spectrum blindly, and any gateway lucky enough to
hear the transmission can take it and send it up to the cloud. It’s
possible that all four gateways might hear that message and send
it. (The one advantage to this: Messages can still be transmitted
despite very weak links. If a node transmits five messages and
only one makes it, your message has still gone through.)
Once a message has been delivered, there is no
acknowledgement of receipt. However, nodes in
LoRaWAN can request acknowledgements. If
acknowledgement is requested and all four gateways pick up the
same message, the cloud chooses one gateway to respond at a
fixed time, usually a couple of seconds later. The problem then,
is this: When that gateway is transmitting back to the node, it
stops listening to everything else. So if your application needs a
lot of acknowledgements, it will very likely spend more time
transmitting acknowledgements than listening, which will
eventually lead to a network collapse.

The above diagram shows how LoRaWAN operates. The top bar
indicates if the gateway is transmitting or not. (If it’s orange, it’s
transmitting; if it’s blue, it’s not.) The bar at the bottom
demonstrates the receiver channels. Nearly all LPWAN
systems, including LoRaWAN, have multiple receive channels,
and most LoRaWAN systems can receive eight messages
simultaneously, across any number of frequency channels.

LoRaWAN Classes A, B, & C

LoRaWAN has three classes that operate simultaneously. Class
A is purely asynchronous, which is what we call a pure ALOHA
system. This means the end nodes don’t wait for a particular
time to speak to the gateway—they simply transmit whenever
they need to and lie dormant until then. If you have a perfectly
coordinated system over eight channels, you could fill every
time slot with a message. As soon as one node completes its
transmission, another starts immediately. Without any gaps in
communication, the theoretical maximum capacity of a pure
aloha network is about 18.4% of this maximum. This is due
largely to collisions, because if one node is transmitting and
another wakes up and decides to transmit in the same frequency
channel with the same radio settings, they’re going to collide.
Class B allow for messages to be sent down to battery-powered
nodes. Every 128 seconds, the gateway transmits a beacon. (See
the time slots across the top of the diagram.) All LoRaWAN
base stations transmit beacon messages at the exact same time,
as they are slave to one pulse-per-second (1PPS). This means
that every GPS satellite in orbit transmits a message at the
beginning of every second, allowing time to be synchronized
around the world. All Class B nodes are assigned a time slot
within the 128 second cycle and are told when to listen. You
can, for instance, tell a node to listen every tenth time slot, and
when this comes up, it allows for a downlink message to be
transmitted (see above diagram).
Class C allows nodes to listen constantly and a downlink
message can be sent any time. This is used primarily for AC-
powered applications, because it takes a lot of energy to keep a
node actively awake running the receiver at all times.

Components connection
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Future scope
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As the Internet of Things (IoT) is embraced across industry
verticals with a growing number of connected devices, the
connectivity technology landscape remains complex and
fragmented. There is no single IoT network that has ubiquitous
coverage and is capable of addressing all vertical IoT use cases.

Cellular provides range and bandwidth at the expense of power

consumption. It can transmit large amounts of data over long
distances frequently, but also drains battery power rapidly. As a
result, Cellular connectivity is usually reserved for high-capacity
applications, such as surveillance, or for backhaul. Backhaul is
when a gateway utilizes a Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) network
to communicate with sensors/devices and then uses Ethernet, Wi-
Fi or Cellular to connect to the Cloud to pass data along.

To increase range while maintaining low power consumption,

LPWA network technology is extremely useful for the majority of
IoT use cases because they often require only small data
transfers at infrequent intervals. With the LoRaWAN® protocol,
sensors or devices can send data over miles, yet batteries can
last for multiple years instead of weeks or months.

The ease of deploying a LoRaWAN network has made it possible

to have many thousands or hundreds of thousands of
sensors/devices collecting and sending data at a lower cost, over
a longer range and with significantly extended battery life.
5G Is Coming
As the industry cautiously waits for the standards and commercial
availability of 5G technology, there is a growing anxiety whether
5G will be the panacea for IoT connectivity and if it will coexist
with other network connectivity technologies.

As 5G technology standards are ratified by the 3rd Generation

Partnership Project (3GPP) releases, over the next few years,
phased rollouts of 5G technology are expected.

Some network operators already began deploying citywide or

campus networks in 2020.

3GPP’s Release 17 of the 5G specification, which standardizes

the New Radio (NR)-Lite specification and is positioned to
address more massive IoT applications, is expected to be ratified
by the end of 2021. However, 5G networks and, subsequently,
the device hardware supporting the Release 17 specifications will
likely not be commercially available until early 2024.

When 5G networks become commercially available, network

operators will be able to offer differentiated connectivity that
brings to the fore new Cellular network capabilities in the form of
deterministic networking, network slicing and high-throughput,
and low-latency connectivity. However, “unlocking the full
potential of 5G will take longer than anticipated, as the technology
standards are ratified, and the technology ecosystem matures,”
according to ABI Research.

LoRaWAN Networks Are Well-Established

Semtech’s LoRa® portfolio of transceivers was announced in
2012, initially addressing the demand for IoT applications using
private IoT networks. In 2015, the LoRa Alliance®, a non-profit
association, was formed to manage and promote the LoRaWAN
protocol as an open LPWA network standard. Now, the LoRa
Alliance has hundreds of global member companies and
LoRaWAN networks extend into 99 countries served by 148
network operators, and growing.

LoRaWAN network architecture is deployed using a star network

topology in which gateways relay messages between end devices
and a central network server. The gateways are connected to the
network server via standard IP connections and act as a
transparent bridge, simply converting RF packets to IP packets
and vice versa. The wireless communication takes advantage of
the long range characteristics of the LoRa physical layer, allowing
a single-hop link between the end-device and one or many
gateways. All modes are capable of bi-directional communication.

Today, the LoRaWAN protocol is a proven license-exempt, non-

cellular LPWA network technology addressing massive IoT
vertical markets, such as smart metering, smart city, asset
tracking and logistics, commercial building automation, smart
home, and other key vertical IoT markets. The following are just a
few examples of use cases currently deployed.

Enterprise LoRaWAN Implementations

Cold Chain Monitoring

In 2018, JRI launched a solution that uses sensors leveraging the

LoRaWAN protocol and a Cloud-based application platform to
provide a turnkey temperature monitoring solution for both fixed
and mobile assets for industries, including healthcare, food retail,
and the energy sector.

The JRI-MySirius solution was chosen and implemented by a

leading grocery retailer in France for real-time monitoring of its
cold storage supply chain. The system is deployed on a national
scale to provide real-time visibility to a 650-vehicle fleet, each
equipped with two temperature-controlled refrigerated containers.
Previously, temperature was monitored using data loggers that
required manual collection from each refrigerated container every
week. This system was not only labor intensive, but also severely
limited the visibility of the supply chain’s flow.

In this case, a LoRaWAN network is accessed over public

networks provided by Orange, who deployed its first LoRaWAN
network in 2016, and via private LoRaWAN networks for indoor
coverage that can penetrate metallic structures, thick walls and
insulated cold rooms.

Optimizing Operations

Chevron, one of the world’s largest energy companies, plans to

connect all of its high-value critical field assets with wireless IoT
sensor devices. Chevron’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV) business
unit in California operates in six oil and gas fields spread over 38
square miles. In 2019, SJV implemented a LoRaWAN network
infrastructure to cover the oil fields with a few
dozen MultiTech Conduit gateways with 4G Cellular backhaul
connectivity to process data from the gateways directly to
Chevron’s Microsoft Azure IoT service.

The LoRaWAN network is used to connect smart lids to more

than 3,500 (soon to be 10,000) wells and tanks to remotely
transmit fluid level readings, an activity achieved earlier by
manually driving between wells using dipsticks and paper records.
For Chevron, the Return on Investment (ROI) for the smart lid
solution has been nearly 10:1. Building on the successful smart lid
implementation, Chevron’s SJV facility plans to implement other
remote condition monitoring use cases using its existing
LoRaWAN network infrastructure.
Asset Tracking

IoT device maker Ercogener developed an end-to-end tracking

solution for monitoring industrial assets. France’s national state-
owned railway company, SNCF, implemented the tracking
solution to provide real-time visibility of its valuable assets.

A LoRaWAN network is the primary connectivity for this

application, providing long device battery life made possible
because location and sensor information is only sent every 10
minutes up to a maximum of 144 messages per day. Longer
battery life has limited truck rolls to replace batteries and
dramatically improves overall device life cycle management costs.

A Cohesive Coexistence
As IoT continues to connect millions of physical devices to digital
assets, Semtech’s LoRa devices and the LoRaWAN protocol will
play an integral role. ABI Research estimates that, by 2026, LoRa
will be the leading non-cellular LPWA network technology and will
account for more than half of all non-cellular LPWA connections.
The firm estimates the total non-cellular LPWA connections in
2026 will reach 1.3 billion and Cellular LPWA connections, which
include NB-IoT, LTE-M, and 5G, will reach 1.5 billion connections,
including the large 2G customer base migrating towards NB-IoT
and LTE-M.

Certainly, LoRaWAN and 5G will coexist in the future. Primarily

the relationship will be in the form of hybrid networks that will be
deployed for several use cases. As millions of IoT devices
featuring the LoRaWAN protocol are connected and continue to
grow, 5G networks will complement LoRaWAN networks both as
an access network technology and to backhaul data from
gateways in remote areas to the Cloud or head-end systems.
REFERENCE

▪ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hardware
Source: https://github.com/dragino/Lora/tree/master
/Lora_GPS%20HAT
▪ Where to buy this
board: http://www.dragino.com/buy.html
▪ RoHS
Report: http://www.dragino.com/downloads/index.p
hp?dir=datasheet/RoHS/&file=Lora_GPS_HAT_Ro
HS_Report.pdf
▪ Technical Support for LoRa/GPS HAT:
support@dragino.com
▪ LoRa
Shield: http://wiki.dragino.com/index.php?title=Lora
_Shield
▪ L80-R GPS module home
page: http://www.quectel.com/product/prodetail.asp
x?id=62
▪ Getting GPS to work on a Raspberry
Pi:https://blog.retep.org/2012/06/18/getting-gps-to-
work-on-a-raspberry-pi/
▪ How GPS
Works:https://www.maptoaster.com/maptoaster-
topo-nz/articles/how-gps-works/how-gps-
works.html
▪ GPSD: http://www.catb.org/gpsd/
▪ The Things Network
forum:http://forum.thethingsnetwork.org/
▪ LoRa™ network:https://github.com/Lora-net
▪ Arduino-LMIC
library:https://github.com/matthijskooijman/arduino-
lmic
▪ LMIC source code for Raspberry
Pi:https://github.com/ernstdevreede/lmic_pi/archive/
master.zip
▪ UART for Serial Console or HAT on Raspberry Pi
3 :https://www.hackster.io/fvdbosch/uart-for-serial-
console-or-hat-on-raspberry-pi-3-5be0c2
▪ Raspberry Pi 3 UART Overlay
Workaround:http://www.briandorey.com/post/Raspb
erry-Pi-3-UART-Overlay-Workaround
 conclusion
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
As the Internet of Things (IoT) is embraced across industry
verticals with a growing number of connected devices, the
connectivity technology landscape remains complex and
fragmented. There is no single IoT network that has ubiquitous
coverage and is capable of addressing all vertical IoT use cases.

Cellular provides range and bandwidth at the expense of power

consumption. It can transmit large amounts of data over long
distances frequently, but also drains battery power rapidly. As a
result, Cellular connectivity is usually reserved for high-capacity
applications, such as surveillance, or for backhaul. Backhaul is
when a gateway utilizes a Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) network
to communicate with sensors/devices and then uses Ethernet, Wi-
Fi or Cellular to connect to the Cloud to pass data along.

To increase range while maintaining low power consumption,

LPWA network technology is extremely useful for the majority of
IoT use cases because they often require only small data
transfers at infrequent intervals. With the LoRaWAN® protocol,
sensors or devices can send data over miles, yet batteries can
last for multiple years instead of weeks or months.

The ease of deploying a LoRaWAN network has made it possible

to have many thousands or hundreds of thousands of
sensors/devices collecting and sending data at a lower cost, over
a longer range and with significantly extended battery life.