Experiment No.

Experiment No.
– 01
Aim – To study the different types of IOT boards available in market.
1. Raspberry Pi
2. Arduino UNO
3. ESP32
4. Banana Pi
5. Omega2
6. Particle Photon
7. Beagle Bone
8. Jeston Nano
9. Tessel 2
10. Intel Edison
1. Raspberry Pi - Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized, single-board computer developed by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation. It's widely used for various applications, including IoT.
Raspberry Pi boards have multiple USB ports, HDMI output, GPIO pins, and are capable
of running a variety of operating systems, including Linux.
Features -
 Broad Range: Various models catering to different needs.
 Connectivity: GPIO pins, HDMI, USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
 Versatility: Suitable for general-purpose computing, media center, server, and diverse
applications.
 Community Support: Large and active community, extensive documentation.
 Use Cases: Robotics, home automation, prototyping, education.
2. Arduino UNO - Arduino UNO is a popular microcontroller board for prototyping and
DIY electronics projects. It is based on the ATmega328P microcontroller and has a
simple design with digital and analog input/output pins. Arduino UNO is widely used for
its ease of use and extensive community support.
Page | 1 Bhumika Nayak

(0701CS211011)
Features –
 Microcontroller: Atmega328 microcontroller.
 Digital and Analog Pins: GPIO pins for digital and analog inputs/outputs.
 USB Connectivity: Easy programming and communication with computers.
 Simple Form Factor: Easy for beginners and prototyping.
 Use Cases: Learning programming and electronics, DIY projects.
3. ESP32 - ESP32 is a versatile and powerful IoT development board with built-in Wi-Fi
and Bluetooth capabilities. It is based on the ESP32 microcontroller and is known for its
dual- core processing, low power consumption, and a rich set of peripherals. ESP32 is
suitable for a wide range of IoT applications.
Features -
 Dual-Core Processor: Enhanced processing capabilities.
 Wireless Connectivity: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
 GPIO Pins: Extensive pins for flexible interfacing.
 Analog Input: Analog-to-digital conversion for sensor integration.
 Use Cases: IoT projects, home automation, wearable devices.

(0701CS211011)
4. Banana Pi - Banana Pi is a series of
single- board computers that provide a
range of features beyond basic IoT
capabilities. These boards are designed
for various applications, including media
centers and server projects. They often
have more advanced specifications
compared to basic IoT boards.
Features -
 Various Models: Different
specifications for diverse applications.
 Connectivity: GPIO pins, HDMI, USB,
Ethernet, Wi-Fi.
 Versatility: Suitable for multimedia,
server, and IoT applications.
 Use Cases: Multimedia applications,
IoT projects.
5. Omega2 - Omega2 is a compact and affordable IoT development board produced by

Onion. It runs OpenWRT Linux and is designed for applications that require embedded
computing and networking. Omega2 has built-in Wi-Fi and supports various add-ons for
expanding its functionality.
Features -
 Linux-Based: Operating system for flexibility.
 Wi-Fi: Wireless connectivity.
 GPIO Pins: General-purpose input/output for interfacing.
 Integrated Storage: Onboard storage for applications.
 Compact Form Factor: Small size for space-constrained projects.
 Use Cases: IoT applications, home automation, and prototyping.

(0701CS211011)
6. Particle Photon - Particle Photon is an IoT development board with built-in Wi-Fi
connectivity. It is part of the Particle ecosystem, offering cloud integration for easy
development and deployment of IoT projects. Particle Photon is known for its simplicity
and scalability.
Features -
 Wi-Fi Connectivity: Seamless wireless
communication.
 Cloud Integration: Easily connect to the
Particle Cloud.
 GPIO Pins: Interface with external
components.
 Compact Form Factor: Small size suitable
for embedded projects.
 Use Cases: IoT projects, cloud-connected
devices, home automation.
7. BeagleBone - BeagleBone is a series of single-board computers designed for embedded

applications. BeagleBone boards feature a
variety of I/O options, including GPIO,
USB, and HDMI. They run Linux and are
suitable for projects requiring more
processing power than basic
microcontrollers.
Features -
 ARM Cortex-A8 Processor: Higher
processing power.
 GPIO Pins: Extensive pins for interfacing.
 Connectivity: USB ports, Ethernet, HDMI.
 Use Cases: Embedded computing, IoT,
robotics.
8. Jeston Nano - NVIDIA Jetson Nano is a

powerful single-board computer designed for
AI and machine learning applications at the
edge. It features a GPU for accelerated
processing and supports various AI
frameworks. Jetson Nano is suitable for
advanced IoT projects requiring AI
capabilities.

(0701CS211011)
Features -
 Powerful GPU: Enhanced graphics and AI capabilities.
 Quad-Core CPU: High-performance processing.
 USB and HDMI: Standard connectivity options.
 Use Cases: AI and machine learning projects, edge computing.
9. Tessel 2 - Tessel 2 is an IoT development board with built-in Wi-Fi and runs JavaScript
on Node.js. It provides a modular approach with interchangeable modules for different
functionalities. Tessel 2 is known for its ease of use
and compatibility with web technologies.
Features -
 Linux-Based: Operating system for flexibility.
 Wi-Fi: Wireless connectivity.
 Modular System: Expansion modules for added
functionality.
 GPIO Pins: General-purpose input/output for
interfacing.
 Use Cases: IoT applications, robotics, home
automation.
10. Intel Edison - Intel Edison is a small and powerful IoT development board with a dual-
core processor. It supports various programming languages and is designed for projects
where space is a constraint. Edison features built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, making it
suitable for connected devices.
Features -
 Dual-Core CPU: Processing power for various applications.
 Wireless Connectivity: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
 USB Ports: Standard connectivity options.
 Integrated Storage: Onboard storage for applications.
 Use Cases: Wearable devices, IoT applications, prototyping.

(0701CS211011)
Experiment No. – 02
Aim – To study the different types of IOT Sensors and actuators available in market.
 Sensor - Sensors are used for sensing things and devices etc. A device that provides a
usable output in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for
processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or
material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.
 Types of Sensor
1. Temperature Sensor - The NTC thermistor temperature sensor module is a compact and
versatile device used for accurately measuring temperature in various IoT applications. It
utilizes a Negative Temperature
Coefficient (NTC) thermistor to detect
changes in temperature and convert
them into electrical resistance. With
its small form factor and high
sensitivity, this module provides
precise temperature readings, making
it ideal for monitoring environmental
conditions, controlling heating and
cooling systems, and ensuring optimal
operation of equipment in IoT
networks.

(0701CS211011)
2. IR Sensor - An IR (Infrared) proximity sensor detects the
presence of objects within its detection range by emitting
infrared light and measuring the reflection. When an object
is detected, the sensor outputs a digital signal indicating its
presence. These sensors are commonly used in various
applications such as obstacle detection, proximity sensing
in smartphones, and automatic hand dryers. They offer fast
response times, low power consumption, and are suitable
for detecting both opaque and transparent objects.
3. Soil Moisture Sensor - A soil moisture sensor module is a device used to measure the
moisture content of soil. It typically consists
of two probes inserted into the soil, which
detect the electrical conductivity between
them. As soil moisture changes, the
conductivity alters, allowing the sensor to
provide readings indicative of soil moisture
levels. These modules are commonly used in
agricultural applications for irrigation
control, plant health monitoring, and water
conservation efforts, enabling efficient and
optimized watering schedules based on real-
time soil moisture data.
4. Ultrasonic Sensor - Ultrasonic sensor modules utilize high-frequency sound waves to

detect objects and measure distances.
They consist of a transmitter that
emits ultrasonic pulses and a
receiver that detects the echoes
reflected from nearby objects. By
measuring the time taken for the
sound waves to return, these sensors
can determine the distance to the
object. Widely used in robotics,
security systems, and industrial
automation, ultrasonic sensor
modules offer reliable and non-
contact detection capabilities,
making them ideal for various IoT
applications.

(0701CS211011)
5. Flame Sensor - A flame sensor module is a small electronic device designed to detect the
presence of flames or fire. It typically
consists of an infrared sensor that detects
the heat emitted by flames and a
comparator circuit that converts the
sensor output into a digital signal. When
a flame is detected, the module triggers
an alarm or activates a safety mechanism.
Flame sensor modules are commonly
used in fire detection systems, industrial
equipment, and home appliances for
enhanced safety and protection against
fire hazards.
6. Gas Sensor (MQ-137) - The MQ-137 gas sensor is a robust semiconductor device
designed for detecting ammonia (NH3), a
common gas found in agricultural,
industrial, and household
environments. With high
sensitivity and fast response times,
it provides reliable detection of
ammonia gas concentrations in the
air. The sensor operates based on a
chemical reaction principle, where
changes in conductivity are
measured to indicate the presence
of ammonia gas. It is widely used
in air quality monitoring systems,
industrial safety applications, and
agricultural environments.
7. Light Sensor - A light sensor, also known as a photodetector, is a device that detects the
presence or absence of light and measures its
intensity. It operates by converting light
energy into electrical signals, providing data
about ambient light levels. Light sensors
find applications in various fields, including
smart lighting systems, automatic brightness
adjustment in displays, security systems,
and environmental monitoring. By
accurately sensing light levels, these sensors
enable intelligent control and automation,
enhancing energy efficiency and optimizing
user experiences in diverse IoT applications.

(0701CS211011)
8. Accelerometer (ADXL345) - The ADXL345 is a small, low-power, three-axis
accelerometer sensor manufactured by
Analog Devices. It measures acceleration
along the X, Y, and Z axes with high
resolution and accuracy. With a wide
dynamic range and configurable sensitivity,
it is suitable for various motion-sensing
applications. Its small form factor, digital
output, and low power consumption make it
ideal for use in portable devices, gaming
controllers, wearable technology, and IoT
applications requiring motion detection and
monitoring.
9. Alcohol Sensor (MQ-3) - The MQ-3 alcohol sensor is a gas sensor widely used for
detecting alcohol vapors in the air. It
operates based on the principle of
semiconductor gas sensing. When
exposed to alcohol vapors, the sensor's
resistance decreases, allowing it to detect
the presence of alcohol. This sensor is
commonly utilized in breathalyzer devices,
automotive alcohol detection systems, and
various safety applications to monitor
alcohol levels in the environment and
prevent alcohol-related accidents.
10. Touch Sensor (TTP223B) - The TTP223B is

a touch sensor module that detects touch or
proximity without the need for physical
contact. It operates with a single touch point
and is easy to integrate into various electronic
projects. With low power consumption and
simple interfacing, it's ideal for applications
like touch-controlled lamps, appliances, and
interactive displays. The sensor's compact size
and sensitivity adjustment make it versatile for
both hobbyist and commercial IoT projects,
providing reliable touch detection with
minimal setup requirements.

(0701CS211011)
11. Rain Sensor - A raindrop sensor is a module used to detect the presence of rain or moisture.
Typically consisting of a conductive surface and a
sensor board, it operates on the principle of
electrical conductivity. When raindrops or moisture
accumulate on the sensor surface, they bridge the
electrical connections, altering the conductivity and
triggering an output signal. This signal can be
utilized in various IoT applications such as
automatic rainwater harvesting systems, weather
monitoring stations, and smart irrigation systems to
initiate appropriate actions based on rainfall
detection.
12. Color Sensor (TCS3200) - The TCS3200 color sensor is a versatile module capable of
accurately detecting and measuring colors. It consists
of an array of photodetectors and an integrated RGB
color filter. By illuminating an object with white light
and analyzing the reflected light through the color
filter, it can determine the intensity of red, green, and
blue components in the detected color. With its
programmable gain and integration time, it provides
precise color detection suitable for various
applications including industrial automation, color
sorting, and consumer electronics.
 Actuator - An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”)

+ Sensors + Actuators + Networks (Internet). An actuator is a machine component or
system that moves or controls the mechanism of the system. Sensors in the device sense
the environment, then control signals are generated for the actuators according to the
actions needed to perform.
A servo motor is an example of an actuator. They are linear or rotatory actuators, can
move to a given specified angular or linear position. We can use servo motors for IoT
applications and make the motor rotate to 90 degrees, 180 degrees, etc., as per our need.

(0701CS211011)
 Types of Actuators
1. Hydraulic Actuators – A hydraulic actuator uses hydraulic power to perform a

mechanical operation. They are actuated by a cylinder or fluid motor. The mechanical
motion is converted to rotary, linear, or oscillatory motion, according to the need of the
IoT device. Ex- construction equipment uses hydraulic actuators because hydraulic
actuators can generate a large amount of force.
Advantages -
 Hydraulic actuators can produce a large magnitude of force and high speed.
 Used in welding, clamping, etc.
 Used for lowering or raising the vehicles in car transport carriers.
2. Pneumatic Actuators – A pneumatic actuator uses energy formed by vacuum or

compressed air at high pressure to convert into either linear or rotary motion. Example-
Used in robotics, use sensors that work like human fingers by using compressed air.
Advantages -
 They are a low-cost option and are used at extreme temperatures where using air
is a safer option than chemicals.
 They need low maintenance, are durable, and have a long operational life.
 It is very quick in starting and stopping the motion.
3. Electrical Actuators – An electric actuator uses electrical energy, is usually actuated by

a motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical torque. An example of an electric
actuator is a solenoid based electric bell.
Advantages -
 It has many applications in various industries as it can automate industrial valves.
 It produces less noise and is safe to use since there are no fluid leakages.
 It can be re-programmed and it provides the highest control precision positioning.
4. Thermal/Magnetic Actuators – These are actuated by thermal or mechanical energy.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) or Magnetic Shape‐Memory Alloys (MSMAs) are used
by these actuators. An example of a thermal/magnetic actuator can be a piezo motor using
SMA.
5. Mechanical Actuators – A mechanical actuator executes movement by converting rotary

motion into linear motion. It involves pulleys, chains, gears, rails, and other devices to
operate. Example – A crankshaft.
 Soft Actuators
 Shape Memory Polymers
 Light Activated Polymers
 With the expanding world of IoT, sensors and actuators will find more usage in
commercial and domestic applications along with the pre-existing use in industry.

(0701CS211011)
Aim – To study the different types of components use in implement IOT Circuit.
1. Breadboard - A breadboard is a fundamental tool in electronics prototyping, providing a
platform for temporarily connecting electronic
components without the need for soldering. It
consists of a grid of interconnected metal
strips beneath a plastic surface, allowing
components to be inserted and connected
easily. By inserting wires and components
into the grid, circuits can be quickly
assembled, modified, and tested. Breadboards
are invaluable for experimenting with circuit
designs, educational purposes, and rapid
prototyping, making them essential for
electronics enthusiasts, students, and
professionals alike.
2. Jump Wires - Jump wires, also known as jumper wires or DuPont wires, are flexible
wires with connectors at each end, typically used to create electrical connections between
components on a breadboard or between various electronic modules. They come in
various lengths and colors, facilitating organization and easy identification of
connections. Jump wires are commonly used in prototyping, testing, and circuit building
in electronics projects, allowing for quick and temporary connections without soldering.
Male-to-Male Jump Wires: These jumper wires have male connectors at both ends,
typically used to connect pins on components or modules with female headers.
Male-to-Female Jump Wires: These jumper wires have a male connector at one end and
a female connector at the other. They are useful for connecting components with male
pins to a breadboard or other female headers.
Female-to-Female Jump Wires: These jumper wires have female connectors at both
ends, allowing for connections between components with male pins or between female
headers.

(0701CS211011)
3. 16x2 Display - A 16x2 display refers to a
liquid crystal display (LCD) module with 16
character positions per line and 2 lines. Each
character position can display alphanumeric
characters or symbols. These displays are
commonly used in electronic devices for
presenting textual information, such as in
digital clocks, thermometers, and simple user
interfaces. They are easy to interface with
microcontrollers and are popular for displaying
essential data in various applications ranging
from hobbyist projects to industrial equipment
due to their simplicity and readability.
4. Relay Module - A 5-volt single-channel relay module is a compact electronic device

used in circuitry to control high-voltage
appliances or devices using low-voltage
signals. It typically consists of a relay
switch operated by a 5-volt input signal,
capable of handling currents up to its
specified rating. These modules are
commonly used in home automation,
robotics, and industrial applications,
providing a reliable interface between
microcontrollers or other low-power
control systems and high-power devices,
offering versatility and safety in
electronic projects.
5. Servo Motor (SG90) - The SG90 servo motor is a small, lightweight device commonly
used in hobbyist projects and small-scale
robotics. It operates on a pulse-width
modulation (PWM) signal, typically controlled
by a microcontroller, allowing precise angular
positioning within a range of 0 to 180 degrees.
With a torque output suitable for its size, it
features plastic gears, making it affordable and
suitable for low-load applications. Its compact
design, low power consumption, and ease of
use make it a popular choice for various DIY
and educational projects requiring precise
motion control.

(0701CS211011)
6. DC Motor - The DC motor operates on a voltage range of 3 to 6 volts, making it versatile
for various low-power applications. Its compact
size makes it suitable for projects requiring precise
control over rotational motion. With its simple
design, it consists of a rotor, commentator, and
brushes, converting electrical energy into
mechanical motion efficiently. This motor finds
utility in robotics, DIY projects, and small-scale
automation, offering reliable performance within
its voltage specifications for tasks requiring
modest power output.
7. Lithium Battery (3.7V) - The 3.7-volt lithium

battery, boasting a capacity of 500mAh, delivers
reliable power for a variety of portable devices.
Compact yet robust, it offers extended usage
durations, ideal for on-the-go lifestyles. With a stable
voltage output, it ensures consistent performance,
enhancing the efficiency of electronic gadgets. Its
lightweight design makes it convenient for integration
into compact devices, while its high energy density
ensures prolonged usage between charges. This
battery epitomizes reliability, longevity, and
portability, catering to the needs of modern tech-savvy
consumers.
8. Resistor - A resistor is an electronic component that limits or regulates the flow of

electrical current in a circuit. It is characterized
by its resistance value, measured in
ohms, which determines how much
the resistor impedes the flow of
current. Resistors are used in
electronic circuits to control the
voltage levels, current flow, and
power dissipation. They are
essential for voltage division,
current limiting, signal
conditioning, and impedance
matching in various electronic
devices and systems, including
computers, telecommunications
equipment, and power supplies.

(0701CS211011)
9. Voltage Regulator - A voltage regulator is an electronic device designed to maintain a
stable output voltage despite fluctuations in input
voltage or load conditions. It ensures that the voltage
supplied to a circuit remains within a specified range,
protecting sensitive components from damage and
ensuring proper operation. Voltage regulators are used
in a wide range of electronic devices, including power
supplies, microcontrollers, sensors, and communication
systems, where stable and reliable voltage is essential
for proper functionality and longevity of the equipment.
10. PCB Board - A PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

is a flat board made of insulating material,
usually fiberglass, with thin layers of
conductive copper traces etched onto its
surface. It serves as a platform for connecting
electronic components in various devices.
Components are soldered onto the PCB, and
the copper traces provide pathways for
electrical signals to flow between them.
PCBs are essential in electronic devices,
providing structural support, electrical
connections, and organization for
components, making them integral to
electronics manufacturing and assembly
processes.
11. Header Pin - Header pins are small, protruding connectors on electronic components
used for interconnection and signal transmission. They typically consist of metal pins
inserted into plastic housings. In electronic devices, header pins serve as interfaces for
connecting components like sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers to circuit boards or
other devices. They facilitate easy assembly and disassembly of circuits, enabling quick
prototyping and troubleshooting.

(0701CS211011)
Aim – Explain the installation process of Raspberry Pi Desktop.
Introduction - Raspberry Pi Desktop is a user-friendly operating system designed for the
Raspberry Pi single-board computer. It provides a familiar desktop environment based on the
Debian Linux distribution, offering essential productivity tools like web browsing, email,
word processing, and programming capabilities. With its lightweight design, Raspberry Pi
Desktop is ideal for educational purposes, DIY projects, and as a cost-effective solution for
various computing needs.
Step – 01 - Download Raspberry Pi Desktop

 Go to the Raspberry Pi Desktop website (https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/),
and start the download of the latest installation file by clicking the Download
button.
 Save the .iso installation file on your computer. Make sure to memorise where
you’re saving the file, as you will need it in the next step.
Step – 02 - Create a USB drive installer
 Insert the USB drive into your computer.
 Open the Etcher program to write the Raspberry Pi Desktop installation to the
USB drive.
 In Etcher, click Select Image.
 In the window that opens, select the Raspberry Pi Desktop ISO file you
downloaded, and then click Open.
 Select the correct USB drive. If you need to change the one that is selected, click
Change.
 Click Flash to write the Raspberry Pi Desktop image to your USB drive.
 Etcher will show the message Starting, and then it will show the Flashing progress.

(0701CS211011)
 When the process is complete, you will see the message Flash Complete.
Step – 03 - Boot from the USB drive

 To install the Raspberry Pi Desktop from your USB drive installer, you will need to
boot your computer from the USB drive.
 Insert the USB drive installer into the computer.
 Turn on the computer.
 As the computer is starting up, press the boot menu key. You may need to press it
multiple times in order for the menu to appear.
 Select the option for your USB drive, probably called USB-HDD, and press Enter.
Step – 04 - Install Raspberry Pi Desktop

 After booting from your USB drive installer, the Debian installation menu
will appear.
 Select Graphical install from the Debian GNU/Linux menu.
 Select your keyboard type and click Continue.

(0701CS211011)
 When the installation is finished, click Continue.
 Your computer will automatically reboot and then show you the GNU GRUB boot
screen.
 Press Enter to run Debian GNU/Linux.
 Now that the installation in complete, you can remove the USB drive installer
from the computer.

(0701CS211011)
Step – 05 - Start up Raspberry Pi Desktop
 When you start your Raspberry Pi Desktop for the first time, the Welcome to
Raspberry Pi application will pop up and guide you through the initial setup.
 Click Next to start the setup.
 Set your Country, Language, and Timezone, then click Next again.
 Enter a new password for your Raspberry Pi and click Next.
 Connect to your WiFi network by selecting its name, entering the password,
and clicking Next.
 Click Next to let the application check for updates to Raspberry Pi Desktop and
install them (this might take a little while).
 Click Done or Reboot to finish the setup.

(0701CS211011)
Aim - Explain the installation process of Energia IDE & explain the MSP430
Development board.
Introduction - Energia IDE is an integrated development environment tailored for
microcontroller programming, particularly Arduino and MSP430 platforms. Offering a user-
friendly interface, it simplifies the process of writing, compiling, and uploading code. With
features like syntax highlighting, serial monitor, and library management, Energia IDE
facilitates efficient development of embedded projects. Its compatibility with various
hardware and extensive documentation makes it a popular choice among hobbyists and
professionals for rapid prototyping and experimentation.
Step – 01 - Download Energia IDE
 Go to the Energia website (https://energia.nu/download/), and start the download
of the latest installation file by clicking the Download button according to your
operating system.
Step – 02 – Installation of Energia
 Double click and extract the energia-0101EXXXX-windows.zip file to a
desired location.
Step – 03 - Starting Energia
Double click Energia.exe (Windows users). Energia will start and an empty Sketch window
will appear.

(0701CS211011)
Step – 04 - Selecting the Serial Port
Select Serial Port from the Tools menu to view the available serial ports. On windows, they
will be listed as COMXXX port and usually a higher number is the LaunchPad com port.
Step – 05 - Selecting the Board

To select the board or rather the msp430 in your LaunchPad, select Board from the Tools
menu and choose the board that matched the msp430 in the LaunchPad.
Step – 06 - Uploading Your First Blinky Sketch

To load the Blinky example into the editor, select Blink from the Blink from the
File -> Examples -> 1.Basics menu.
Step – 07 – Upload the code

To compile and upload the Sketch to the LaunchPad click upload button.

(0701CS211011)
 MSP430 Development Board
Introduction - The MSP430 Development Board is a versatile platform for exploring and
prototyping with Texas Instruments' MSP430 microcontroller family. With its compact
design and rich features, it facilitates rapid development of embedded systems. Equipped
with various peripherals including GPIO pins, UART, SPI, and I2C interfaces, it enables
interfacing with a wide range of sensors and devices. Additionally, its USB connectivity
simplifies programming and debugging tasks. Ideal for both beginners and experienced
developers, this board offers an efficient pathway for creating efficient and low-power
embedded solutions.
 MSP430 is a microcontroller portfolio that offers different varieties of sixteen-bit
Microcontrollers. These microcontrollers are integrated with ultra-low power and
digital and analog peripherals devices for sensing and measurement applications.
 This module consists of five low-power modes that increase battery life in portable
measurement applications.
 MSP430 has a feature of 16-bit registers, sixteen-bit RISC Cpu and constant
generators which provides maximum code efficiency.
 The digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) of this module converts low power modes to
active mode in less than 6µs.
 The MSP430x11x series is an ultra-low power signal microcontrollers that consist of
a 16-bit timer and fourteen input and output pinouts.
 MSP microcontrollers give ideas and enable designers to produce such high-
performance applications, which support the industry's lowest stand-by power, analog
and digital devices suitable for sensing and measurement applications, and also
support 20+ wired and wireless connectivity applications.

(0701CS211011)
 The main applications that it provides are sensor systems that receive analog signals
and convert them into digital values, and after processing this data sends to host
modules. Another area of application is RF front-end sensor.
Features of MSP430
 It is available in a 20 pin plastic small outline widebody package.
 Its operating voltage range is 2.5v to 5.5 v.
 Its active mode is 330 µA at 1 MHz, 3 V.
 Its stands by mode are 1.5 µA.
 It's off mode (Ram Retention) is 0.1 µA.
 This module is available in 16-bit architecture, 200ns instruction cycle time.
 This module consists of various internal resistors, single external resistor,32 kHz
crystal, high frequency, resonator and external clock source.
 It has a 16-bit timer with a three capture/compare registers.
 In this module, programme protection is done by a security fuse.
 It has serial onboard programming.
 This module has 16 kb flash, 512 B RAM, 8ch 10-bit ADC, two 16-bit timer.

(0701CS211011)
5.1. Aim – Write a Program to blink the LED using MSP430 Development Board.
Components Required
1. 1 x LED
2. 1 x Resistor, 330 Ohm
3. MSP430
4. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram
Code
#include <msp430.h>
int main(void) {
WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD;
P1DIR |= 0x01;
for (;;) {
volatile unsigned int i;
P1OUT ^= 0x01;
i = 50000;
do (i--);
while (i != 0);
}
}

(0701CS211011)
5.2. Aim – Write a Program to fade the LED using MSP430 Development Board.
Components Required
1. 1 x LED
3. MSP430
4. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram
Code
int brightness = 0;
int fadeAmount = 5;
void setup() {
pinMode(GREEN_LED, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
analogWrite(GREEN_LED, brightness);
brightness = brightness + fadeAmount;
if (brightness == 0 || brightness == 255)
{ fadeAmount = -fadeAmount ;
}
delay(3000);
}

(0701CS211011)
5.3. Aim – Write a Program to change the color of LED using MSP430 Development
Board.
Components Required
1. 1 x RGB LED
3. MSP430
4. Breadboard
5. Jumper wires
Circuit Diagram
Code
int redPin= 13;
int greenPin =14;
int bluePin = 15;
void setup() {
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);

(0701CS211011)
}
void loop() {
setColor(1, 0, 0); // Red Color
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 1, 0); // Green Color
delay(1000);
setColor(0, 0, 1); // Blue Color
delay(1000);
void setColor(int redValue, int greenValue, int blueValue) {
digitalWrite(redPin, redValue);
digitalWrite(greenPin, greenValue);
digitalWrite(bluePin, blueValue);

(0701CS211011)
Aim – Write a case study of soil moisture detection system.
 Installation of Arduino IDE

Step – 01 - Download the latest release
 Go to the Arduino website (https://support.arduino.cc/hc/en-
us/articles/360019833020-Download-and-install-Arduino-IDE), and start the
download of the latest installation file by clicking the Download button according
to your operating system.
Step -02 – Installation
 When the download finishes, proceed with the installation and please allow the
driver installation process when you get a warning from the operating system.
 Choose the components to install.
 Installation in progress.

(0701CS211011)
Step – 03 – Create a new Sketch
Click File -> Examples -> Basics -> Blink
Step – 04 Upload the code

 Click upload. Then observe your sketch.

(0701CS211011)
Title – Soil Moisture Detection System
Introduction - In modern agriculture, efficient water management is paramount for optimal
crop growth and yield. Utilizing Arduino Uno microcontrollers and soil moisture sensors
revolutionizes this process. This system enables real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels,
empowering farmers to make data-driven irrigation decisions. By interfacing the Arduino
Uno with the soil moisture sensor, precise measurements are obtained, facilitating water
conservation and maximizing crop productivity. This cost-effective and user-friendly solution
marks a significant advancement in sustainable farming practices.
Objective - The objective is to develop a soil moisture detection system using Arduino Uno
and a soil moisture sensor to provide real-time monitoring of soil moisture levels. This
system aims to optimize irrigation scheduling, conserve water resources, and enhance crop
productivity by delivering timely insights for informed decision-making in agriculture.
Sensor Description –
Soil Moisture Sensor - A soil moisture sensor is a device used in agriculture to measure the
water content in soil. It typically consists of two electrodes that measure the resistance
between them, which changes based on the soil's moisture level. This data is then converted
into a digital or analog signal that can be read by a microcontroller, allowing farmers to
monitor soil moisture levels and optimize irrigation practices for crop growth.
Pin Name Function
VCC Power Supply (+)
GND Ground (-)
Analog Output Soil Moisture
Digital Output Not Used (Optional)
Specification
Specification Description
Operating Voltage 3.3V - 5V
Output Voltage Range 0V (dry soil) - 5V (wet soil)
Operating Current < 20mA
Detection Range Adjustable
Sensing Method Capacitive
Probe Length Variable, typically 50mm - 100mm
Interface Analog or Digital (depending on model)
Operating Temperature -10°C to 70°C
Calibration Potentiometer or Automatic
Compatibility Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc.
Dimensions Varies by model

(0701CS211011)
Bluetooth (HC-05) - The Bluetooth HC-05 module is a versatile serial communication
module widely used for wireless communication between microcontrollers and other devices.
It operates on the Bluetooth 2.0 protocol, supporting a range of up to 10 meters. With its
simple interface and compatibility with various platforms, it's commonly employed in
projects requiring wireless data transmission, such as robotics, home automation, and remote
control systems.
Name Function
VCC Power Supply (5V)
GND Ground
TXD Transmit Data
RXD Receive Data
EN Enable/Disable Pin
STATE Connection Status
Key/Pin Configuration Input
GND Ground
Specification
Specification Description
Bluetooth Version 2.0 + EDR (Enhanced Data Rate)
Operating Voltage 3.6V - 6V
Operating Current ~30mA
Standby Current <1mA
Communication Range Up to 10 meters
Default Baud Rate 9600 bps
Supported Profiles Bluetooth Serial Port Profile (SPP)
Antenna Integrated PCB antenna
Dimensions 28.9mm x 15.2mm x 2.35mm
Interface UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)
Compatibility Compatible with various microcontrollers and platforms
Mode Master/Slave
Implementation -
1. Connect the soil moisture sensor and Bluetooth Module to the Arduino Uno.
2. Upload a code to read sensor data and send it to a display or serial monitor.
3. Calibrate the sensor if necessary for accurate readings.
4. Install the system in desired locations for soil moisture monitoring.
5. Monitor and analyze the data for informed irrigation decisions.
Components Required
1. Arduino Uno board
2. Soil moisture sensor
3. Bluetooth Module (HC-05)
4. Jumper wires
5. Breadboard (optional, for easier connections)
6. USB cable for connecting Arduino Uno to a computer for programming

(0701CS211011)
Connection Steps
1. Collect the necessary components including an Arduino Uno, a soil moisture sensor,
and a Bluetooth HC-05 module.
2. Connect the soil moisture sensor to the Arduino Uno. Typically, the sensor has three
pins: VCC, GND, and SIGNAL. Connect VCC to 5V on the Arduino, GND to GND,
and SIGNAL to any digital pin, for example, pin A0.
3. Connect the Bluetooth HC-05 module to the Arduino Uno. The HC-05 module
usually has six pins: VCC, GND, TX, RX, STATE, and EN (enable). Connect VCC to
5V, GND to GND, TX to pin 0 (RX on Arduino), and RX to pin 1 (TX on Arduino).
You may need to connect the STATE pin to a digital pin for certain configurations.
4. Write or obtain the Arduino code that reads the soil moisture sensor values and sends
them via Bluetooth. Upload this code to the Arduino Uno using the Arduino IDE.
5. Pair the HC-05 Bluetooth module with the device you intend to receive data on, such
as a smartphone or computer. Ensure the HC-05 is in pairing mode by holding down
the button while powering it on.
6. Once paired, open a serial communication terminal on the receiving device and
connect to the HC-05 module. You should start receiving the soil moisture sensor data
transmitted by the Arduino.
7. Test the system to ensure it's working correctly. If needed, adjust the code or
connections to optimize performance.
8. Once everything is working as expected, finalize the installation by securing the
components and ensuring reliable power sources for long-term operation.
Circuit Diagram

(0701CS211011)
Code
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
// Define the RX and TX pins for the HC-05 module
#define RX_PIN 10
#define TX_PIN 11
// Define the analog pin for the soil moisture sensor
#define SOIL_MOISTURE_PIN A0
// Define the Bluetooth communication parameters
#define BAUD_RATE 9600
// Initialize a SoftwareSerial object for Bluetooth communication
SoftwareSerial bluetoothSerial(RX_PIN, TX_PIN);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
bluetoothSerial.begin(BAUD_RATE);
pinMode(SOIL_MOISTURE_PIN, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// Read the soil moisture level from the sensor
int soilMoistureLevel = analogRead(SOIL_MOISTURE_PIN);
// Convert the analog reading to a percentage value (0-100)
int moisturePercentage = map(soilMoistureLevel, 0, 1023, 0, 100);
// Print the soil moisture level to the serial monitor
Serial.print("Soil Moisture Level: ");
Serial.print(moisturePercentage);
Serial.println("%");
// Send the soil moisture level over Bluetooth
bluetoothSerial.print("Soil Moisture Level: ");
bluetoothSerial.print(moisturePercentage);
bluetoothSerial.println("%");
delay(1000);
}

(0701CS211011)
Result - The soil moisture detection system, built with Arduino Uno and a soil moisture
sensor, effectively measures soil moisture levels. By analyzing the data collected, it provides
valuable insights into the soil's hydration status. This information helps farmers determine the
optimal timing and amount of irrigation needed for their crops, leading to improved water
management and healthier plant growth. Overall, the system enhances agricultural
productivity by ensuring efficient water usage.
Conclusion - In conclusion, the soil moisture detection system utilizing Arduino Uno and
soil moisture sensor revolutionizes farming practices. By providing real-time data on soil
moisture levels, it empowers farmers to make informed irrigation decisions, leading to water
conservation, improved crop yields, and sustainable agricultural practices for a greener future.

(0701CS211011)
Aim – Write a case study of Robotics Car System.
Title – Robotics Car System
Introduction - The Robot Systems Learning Kit (TI-RSLK) is an innovative educational
platform designed to teach students the fundamentals of embedded systems and robotics.
Developed by Texas Instruments, the TI-RSLK features a modular design that enables hands-
on learning experiences in various STEM disciplines. It includes a programmable
microcontroller, sensors, motors, and peripherals, allowing students to explore concepts such
as coding, control systems, and sensor integration. With its structured curriculum and
engaging experiments, the TI-RSLK empowers learners to develop problem-solving skills
and gain practical knowledge in robotics and electronics. Whether in classroom settings or
individual study, this kit provides an immersive and accessible introduction to the exciting
field of robotics.
Objective - The objective of the Robot Systems Learning Kit (TI-RSLK) is to provide an
innovative educational platform for students to gain hands-on experience in robotics and
embedded systems. Through a comprehensive curriculum, practical exercises, and real-world
projects, learners develop skills in programming, electronics, and system design. The kit aims
to foster creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities essential for future
engineers and technologists.
Components In Kit
1. Modified TI’s MSP432 LaunchPad with 2 x19 stackable* female headers and 1x2
female header soldered and ready
2. TI-RSLK kit with Black Romi Chassis which includes:
 Black Romi chassis kit with red wheels
 TI-RSLK chassis board assembly
 8-Channel QTRX Sensor array for ROMI/TI RSLK MAX
 Left bumper switch assembly for TI-RSLK MAX
 Right bumper switch assembly for TI-RSLK MAX
 Gear motor and encoder assembly (2)

(0701CS211011)
 400-point breadboard with special mounting holes and four 1”- long #2-56 M-
F aluminum standoffs (with screws and nuts for mounting)
3. Cable USB-A to Micro USB-B 0.3M to connect your LaunchPad to PC
4. Male/Female Wires (10 pieces)
5. Male/Male wires (10 pieces)
6. Electronic components for lab experiments
 LED RED DIFF 5MM ROUND T/H 10mA (1)
 LED RED DIFF 5MM ROUND T/H 2mA(1)
 RESISTOR 220 OHM (1)
 RESISTOR 22K OHM (1)
 RESISTOR 10 ohm
 CAPACITOR Ceramic, 0.47 µF (2)
 CAPACITOR Tantalum, 10 µF (3)
 Tactile push button Switch (3)
MSP - EXP432P401R Launchpad - The MSP-EXP432P401R Launch Pad is a versatile

development board by Texas Instruments, designed to facilitate rapid prototyping and
experimentation with the MSP432 microcontroller. Featuring an ARM Cortex-M4F
processor, it offers high performance and low power consumption, making it ideal for a wide
range of embedded applications. Equipped with various peripherals and expansion headers,
the Launch Pad enables seamless integration with sensors, actuators, and communication
interfaces. Its user-friendly development environment and extensive documentation
streamline the learning process, empowering engineers and hobbyists to bring their
innovative ideas to life.

(0701CS211011)
Code
#define LS 40
#define RS 39
#define LD 29
#define RD 30
#define SLPL 11
#define SLPR 31
#define ULTRASONIC_TRIGGER_PIN 5
#define ULTRASONIC_ECHO_PIN 6
void setup() {
pinMode(LS, OUTPUT);
pinMode(RS, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LD, OUTPUT);
pinMode(RD, OUTPUT);
pinMode(SLPL, OUTPUT);
pinMode(SLPR, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(SLPL, HIGH);
digitalWrite(SLPR, HIGH);
pinMode(ULTRASONIC_TRIGGER_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ULTRASONIC_ECHO_PIN, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// Trigger the ultrasound sensor
digitalWrite(ULTRASONIC_TRIGGER_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(ULTRASONIC_TRIGGER_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(ULTRASONIC_TRIGGER_PIN, LOW);
// Measure the response time of ultrasound sensor
long duration = pulseIn(ULTRASONIC_ECHO_PIN, HIGH);
// Calculate distance in cm
int distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
// Print distance for debugging
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.println(" cm");
// If an obstacle is detected within a certain range, perform obstacle avoidance
if (distance < 20) {
digitalWrite(LD, HIGH);
digitalWrite(RD, HIGH);
analogWrite(LS, 60);
analogWrite(RS, 60);
delay(1000);

(0701CS211011)
digitalWrite(LD, LOW);
digitalWrite(RD, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
{ // If no obstacle is detected, continue moving forward
digitalWrite(LD, LOW);
digitalWrite(RD, LOW);
delay(1000);
}
}
Result - The Robot Systems Learning Kit (TI-RSLK) offers an immersive educational
experience, providing students with hands-on learning opportunities in robotics and
embedded systems. Through comprehensive coursework and practical labs, students gain
proficiency in programming, electronics, and mechanical design. The kit's modular
components and versatile platform enable experimentation and customization, fostering
creativity and problem-solving skills. Participants develop a deep understanding of sensor
integration, motor control, and real- time operating systems. As a result, learners acquire
valuable STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) skills and are well-
equipped for future endeavors in robotics, automation, and related fields.
Conclusion - The TI-RSLK offers an immersive learning experience in robotics, empowering
students to explore concepts in electronics, programming, and control systems. With its
modular design and comprehensive curriculum, it fosters hands-on experimentation and
problem-solving skills, preparing learners for real-world engineering challenges in a dynamic
and engaging manner.

(0701CS211011)
Aim – Write a case study of Multi-Functional Robotic Car.
Title – Multi-Functional Robotic Car.
Introduction - the Multifunctional Robotic Car in IoT project, a groundbreaking initiative
poised to revolutionize the way we perceive mobility, automation, and connectivity.This
introduction serves as an exploration into the innovative dimensions of the Multifunctional
Robotic Car in IoT project, delving into its core objectives, technological intricacies, and
potential impact on various industries and societal domains. From its inception to its
implementation, this project embodies the spirit of innovation and collaboration, driving
towards a future where intelligent machines seamlessly interact with their surroundings to
enhance efficiency, safety, and convenience.
Objective - The objective of the Robot Systems Learning Kit (TI-RSLK) is to provide an
innovative educational platform for students to gain hands-on experience in robotics and
embedded systems. Through a comprehensive curriculum, practical exercises, and real-world
projects, learners develop skills in programming, electronics, and system design. The kit aims
to foster creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities essential for future
engineers and technologists.
Components Required
1. Modified TI’s MSP432 LaunchPad with 2 x19 stackable* female headers and 1x2
female header soldered and ready
2. TI-RSLK kit with Black Romi Chassis which includes:
 Black Romi chassis kit with red wheels
 TI-RSLK chassis board assembly
 8-Channel QTRX Sensor array for ROMI/TI RSLK MAX
 Left bumper switch assembly for TI-RSLK MAX
 Right bumper switch assembly for TI-RSLK MAX
 Gear motor and encoder assembly (2)
 400-point breadboard with special mounting holes and four 1”- long #2-56 M-
F aluminum standoffs (with screws and nuts for mounting)
3. Cable USB-A to Micro USB-B 0.3M to connect your LaunchPad to PC
4. Male/Female Wires (10 pieces)
5. Male/Male wires (10 pieces)
6. Electronic components for lab experiments
 LED RED DIFF 5MM ROUND T/H 10mA (1)
 LED RED DIFF 5MM ROUND T/H 2mA(1)
 RESISTOR 10 ohm
 CAPACITOR Ceramic, 0.47 µF (2)
 CAPACITOR Tantalum, 10 µF (3)
 Tactile push button Switch (3)

(0701CS211011)
 MSP432 Launchpad:- The MSP432 is an Ultra-low power high performance
32-bit ARM cortex M4 development board from Texas instruments. This is
the successor of another low power development board called MSP430.
The MSP432 board has two sections; the upper section is the emulator part which
can be used to program and debug the board while the lower section consists of
the ARM Cortex MCU with a couple of switches and LEDs. These switches and LEDs
can be used to practice your program and debug them.
 TI-RSLK kit:- TI-RSLK provide the foundation of learning Embedded Systems.

These modules take the student from installing the Code Composer Studio IDE and
associated software modules necessary for completing the Lab, to understanding
how Real-Time Systems work and how the concept can be used with a robotic
platform.

(0701CS211011)
Circuit Diagram
Code
Result -
Conclusion -

(0701CS211011)

Experiment No. - 01 - : Page - 1 Bhumika Nayak (0701CS211011)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experiment No. - 01 - : Page - 1 Bhumika Nayak (0701CS211011)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1. Raspberry Pi - Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized, single-board computer developed by

Page | 1 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 2 Bhumika Nayak

5. Omega2 - Omega2 is a compact and affordable IoT development board produced by

Page | 3 Bhumika Nayak

7. BeagleBone - BeagleBone is a series of single-board computers designed for embedded

8. Jeston Nano - NVIDIA Jetson Nano is a

Page | 4 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 5 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 6 Bhumika Nayak

4. Ultrasonic Sensor - Ultrasonic sensor modules utilize high-frequency sound waves to

Page | 7 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 8 Bhumika Nayak

10. Touch Sensor (TTP223B) - The TTP223B is

Page | 9 Bhumika Nayak

 Actuator - An IoT device is made up of a Physical object (“thing”) + Controller (“brain”)

Page | 10 Bhumika Nayak

1. Hydraulic Actuators – A hydraulic actuator uses hydraulic power to perform a

2. Pneumatic Actuators – A pneumatic actuator uses energy formed by vacuum or

3. Electrical Actuators – An electric actuator uses electrical energy, is usually actuated by

4. Thermal/Magnetic Actuators – These are actuated by thermal or mechanical energy.

5. Mechanical Actuators – A mechanical actuator executes movement by converting rotary

Page | 11 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 12 Bhumika Nayak

4. Relay Module - A 5-volt single-channel relay module is a compact electronic device

Page | 13 Bhumika Nayak

7. Lithium Battery (3.7V) - The 3.7-volt lithium

8. Resistor - A resistor is an electronic component that limits or regulates the flow of

Page | 14 Bhumika Nayak

10. PCB Board - A PCB (Printed Circuit Board)

Page | 15 Bhumika Nayak

Step – 01 - Download Raspberry Pi Desktop

Page | 16 Bhumika Nayak

Step – 03 - Boot from the USB drive

Step – 04 - Install Raspberry Pi Desktop

Page | 17 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 18 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 19 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 20 Bhumika Nayak

Step – 05 - Selecting the Board

Step – 06 - Uploading Your First Blinky Sketch

Step – 07 – Upload the code

Page | 21 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 22 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 23 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 24 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 25 Bhumika Nayak

int greenPin =14;

int bluePin = 15;

Page | 26 Bhumika Nayak

setColor(1, 0, 0); // Red Color

setColor(0, 1, 0); // Green Color

setColor(0, 0, 1); // Blue Color

void setColor(int redValue, int greenValue, int blueValue) {

Page | 27 Bhumika Nayak

 Installation of Arduino IDE

Page | 28 Bhumika Nayak

Step – 04 Upload the code

Page | 29 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 30 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 31 Bhumika Nayak

Page | 32 Bhumika Nayak