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CALCULUS II
CHAPTER EIGHT
Second Semester 2023/2024
Prepared by: Amer M. Abu-Hasheesh PPU
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TECHNIQUES
OF
INTEGRATION
CHAPTER CONTENTS

8.1: Integration by Parts

8.2: Trigonometric Integrals

8.3: Trigonometric Substitutions

8.4: Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

8.7: Improper Integrals

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Basic Integration Formulas

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Sec. (8.1): Integration by Parts

We know that:
 f ( x) g ( x) dx   f ( x) dx .  g ( x) dx
and
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Example: Evaluate the following integrals


1. I = x sin x dx
2

Sol'n.:


2. I = ( x + 3) e dx
2x

Sol'n.:
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
3. I = e cos x dx
x

Sol'n.:


4. I = ln x dx .

Sol'n.:
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
−1
5. I = tan x dx .

Sol'n.:

Tabular Integration
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Example: Evaluate the following integrals


x +1
1. I = x e
2
dx
Sol'n.:


2. I = e cos x dx
x

Sol'n.:
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
3. I = sin x sin(3x) dx

Sol'n.:

cos n−1 x sin x (n − 1)

Example: Show that  cos x dx =
n 
n−2
n
+ cos x dx
n
Sol'n.:
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Sec. (8.2): Trigonometric Integrals

In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate certain
combinations of trigonometric functions.
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Example: Evaluate the following integrals


1. I = cos x sin x dx
2 3


2. I = cos x dx
5
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
3. I = sin x cos x dx
2 4
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Products of Powers of Tangent and Secant

I =  secn x tan m x dx

Example: Evaluate the following integrals


1. I = sec x tan x dx
4 6

Sol'n.:
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
2. I = tan x sec x dx
5 7

Sol'n.:

Special Cases:
Example: Evaluate the following integrals
1. I =  tan 4 x dx
Sol'n.:
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
2. I = sec x dx
3

Sol'n.:
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Sec. (8.3): Trigonometric Substitutions

Three Basic Substitutions:
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1  x
Example: Show that  dx = sin −1   + c .
a2 − x2 a
Sol'n.:

x 2 dx
Example: Evaluate I =  9−x 2
Sol'n.:
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
x dx
Example: Evaluate I =
3 − 2 x − x2
Sol'n.:
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e
1
Example: Evaluate I = dx
x
4 + e2 x
Sol'n.:


1 2
Example: Evaluate I = dx ; x 
25x 2 − 4 5
Sol'n.:
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Example: Solve the initial value problem

dy
x = x 2 − 4 ; x  2 , y (2) = 0
dx
Sol'n.:
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x +1
Example: Evaluate I =  (x 2
+ 9)
2
dx

Sol'n.:
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Sec. (8.4): Integration of Rational Functions

by Partial Fractions
Recall that:

f ( x)  f ( x) dx
 g ( x) dx 
 g ( x) dx
This section shows how to express a rational function as a sum of
simpler fractions, called partial fractions.


f (x )
How to evaluate dx
g (x )
1. If f ( x) and g ( x ) are polynomials and the degree of f ( x) is not less
than the degree of g ( x ) , then long division is appropriate.
2. If f ( x) and g ( x ) are polynomials and the degree of f ( x) is less than
the degree of g ( x ) , then it follows that:

Case I:
If the denominator g ( x) is a product of n distinct linear factors
This means that we can write: g ( x) = ( x − r1)( x − r2 )...( x − rn )

f ( x) A A A
then, = 1 + 2 + ... + n
g ( x ) x − r1 x − r2 x − rn
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Case II:
If the denominator g ( x) is a product of linear factors, some of

which are repeated, this means that we can write: g ( x) = ( x − r1 )

n

f ( x) A1 A2 An
then, = + + ... + n .
g ( x) ( x − r1 )1 ( x − r1 )2 ( 1)
x − r

Case III:

If the denominator g ( x) contains a repeated irreducible quadratic

factor, this means that we can write: g ( x) = ( a x + b x + c)

2 m

f ( x) A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 Am x + Bm
then, = + + ... + .
g ( x) (a x + b x + c) (a x + b x + c )
2 1 2 2
(a x 2 + b x + c ) m

Example: Write out the form of the partial fraction’s decomposition

of the following functions
2x
1. =
3 x 2 + 10 x + 3

x2
2. =
( x + 1)
3
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x2 + 2 x − 1
3. =
x3 − x 2

x2 − x + 6
4. =
x3 + 3x

x+4
Example: Evaluate the integral I =  dx
x3 + 3x 2 − 10 x
Sol’n.:
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2x + 3
Example: Evaluate the integral I =  dx
x2 + 2 x + 1
Sol'n.:

Example: Evaluate I = 
1
dx
x2 + 2x + 2
Sol'n.:
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5 x 3− 3 x 2 + 7 x − 3
Example: Evaluate I =
 ( x2 + 1)
2
dx

Sol'n.:
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x2 + 1
Example: Evaluate I =  x3 + 3x
dx

Sol'n.:

−2 x + 4
Example: Evaluate I =
 (x 2
+ 1) ( x − 1)
2
dx

Sol'n.:
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Sec. (8.7): Improper Integrals

Example: Evaluate I =

−2
4 − x 2 dx

Sol’n.:
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Infinite Limits of Integration:

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Example: Is the area under the curve y = e−2x from x = 0 to x = 

finite , If so, What is it?
Sol'n.:

ln x
Example: Is the area under the curve y = from x =1 to x = 
x2
finite, If so, what is it?
Sol'n.:
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
x
Example: Evaluate the integral I = dx
x2 + 1
−

Sol'n.:
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Integrands with Vertical Asymptotes:

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
1
Example: Evaluate the integral I = dx
0
1− x 2

Sol'n.:


Example: Evaluate the integral I = sec x dx
0

Sol'n.:
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Tests for Convergence and Divergence

Tests for convergence and divergence

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Example: Test the following integrals for convergence




−x
1. I = e dx
2

Sol'n.:
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
sin 2 x
2. I = 
1
x2
dx

Sol'n.:
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
1
3. I = dx
0
x + sin x

Sol'n.:
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
2 + e− x
4. I = 
1
x
dx
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Example: Test the following integrals for convergence




1
1. I = dx
x3 + 1
1

Sol'n.:
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
1
2. I = dx
2
x −1
2

Sol'n.:
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
1
3. I = dx
1
e −x
x

Sol'n.:
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
x
4. I = dx
3
x −1
4

Sol'n.: