Calculus1eng w5

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions
Differentiation Rules
Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions
Let’s start with the simplest of all functions, the constant function
f (x) = c. The graph of this function is the horizontal line y = c, which
has slope 0, so we must have f 0 (x) = 0. A formal proof of a derivative, is
also easy
f (x + h) − f (x) c−c
f 0 (x) = lim = lim = lim 0 = 0.
h→0 h h→0 h h→0
In Leibniz notation, we write this rule as follows.

Derivative of a Constant Function
d
(c) = 0.
dx
MAT 1001 Calculus I 1 / 66

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions Power Rules
Power Rules
We next look at the functions f (x) = xn , where n is a positive integer. If

n = 1, the graph of f (x) = x is the line y = x, which has slope 1. So
d
(x) = 1.
dx
We can also verify that the cases n = 2, n = 3 and n = 4 have forms
d 2 d d
(x ) = 2x, (x3 ) = 3x2 , (x4 ) = 4x3 .
dx dx dx

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions Power Rules
Comparing the equations, we see a pattern emerging. It seems to be a

reasonable guess that, when n is a positive integer, (d/dx)(xn ) = nxn−1 .
This turns out to be true.
The Power Rule
If n is a positive integer, then
d n
(x ) = nxn−1 .
dx
Note
The power rule is also valid for all real numbers n.

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions New Derivatives from Old
New Derivatives from Old
The Constant Multiple Rule

If c is a constant and f is a differentiable function, then
d d
[cf (x)] = c f (x).
dx dx
The Sum-Difference Rule

If f and g are both differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f (x) ± g(x).
dx dx dx

Derivatives of Polynomials and Exponential Functions Derivative of Exponential Functions
Derivative of Exponential Functions
Definition of the Number e

eh − 1
e is the number such that lim = 1.
h→0 h
Derivative of the Natural Exponential Function

d x
(e ) = ex
dx
Derivative of the Exponential Function

For the real number a > 0, a 6= 1
d x
(a ) = ax ln a
dx

The Product and Quotient Rules
The Product and Quotient Rules
The Product Rule

If f and g are both differentiable, then
d d d
[f (x)g(x)] = f (x) [g(x)] + g(x) [f (x)].
dx dx dx
The Quotient Rule

If f and g are differentiable, then
g(x) d [f (x)] − f (x) d [g(x)]

d f (x) dx dx
= .
dx g(x) [g(x)]2

The Product and Quotient Rules The Second Derivative
The Second Derivative
If f is a differentiable function, then its derivative f 0 is also a function, f 0

so may have a derivative of its own, denoted by (f 0 )0 = f 00 .
This new function f 00 is called the second derivative of f because it is

the derivative of the derivative of f .
Using Leibniz notation, we write the second derivative of as y = f (x)
d2 y

d dy
= 2.
dx dx dx

Example 1
Differentiate:
1
(a) f (x) = 2
√ x
3
(b) y = x2
Solution.
In each case we rewrite the function as a power of x.
(a) Since f (x) = x−2 , we use the Power Rule with n = −2:
d −2 2
f 0 (x) = (x ) = −2x−2−1 = −2x−3 = − 3
dx x
dy d √3 d 2/3 2 2
(b) = ( x2 ) = (x ) = x(2/3)−1 = x−1/3
dx dx dx 3 3

Example 2
d 8
(x + 12x5 − 4x4 + 10x3 − 6x + 5)
dx
d 8 d d d d d
= (x ) + 12 (x5 ) − 4 (x4 ) + 10 (x3 ) − 6 (x) + (5)
dx dx dx dx dx dx
= 8x7 + 12(5x4 ) − 4(4x3 ) + 10(3x2 ) − 6(1) + 0
= 8x7 + 60x4 − 16x3 + 30x2 − 6

Example 3
Find the points on the curve y = x4 − 6x2 + 4 where the tangent line is
horizontal.
Solution.
Horizontal tangents occur where the derivative is zero. We have
dy d 4 d d
= (x ) − 6 (x2 ) + (4)
dx dx dx dx
= 4x3 − 12x + 0
= 4x(x2 − 3)
√
Thus, dy/dx = 0 if x = 0 or x2 − 3 = 0, that is,√x = ± 3. So√the given
curve has horizontal tangents when√ x = 0, x =√ 3 and x = − 3. The
corresponding points are (0, 4), ( 3, −5) and ( 3, −5).

s3, 5). (See Figure 5.)
Solution (cont.)
y
(0, 4)
0 x
{_ œ„
3, _5} {œ„
3, _5}

Example 4
√
Differentiate the function f (t) = t(1 − t).
Solution 1.
Using the Product Rule, we have
√ d d √
f 0 (t) = t (1 − t) + (1 − t) ( t)
dx dx
√ 1 −1/2
= t(−1) + (1 − t) t
2
√ 1−t 1 − 3t
=− t+ √ = √
2 t 2 t

Solution 2.
If we first use the laws of exponents to rewrite f (t), then we can proceed
directly without using the Product Rule.
√ √
f (t) = t − t t = t1/2 − t3/2
1 3
f 0 (t) = t−1/2 − t1/2
2 2
which is equivalent to the answer given in Solution 1.
The previous example shows that it is sometimes easier to simplify a

product of functions than to use the Product Rule.

Example 5
√
If f (x) = x . g(x), where g(4) = 2 and g 0 (4) = 3, find f 0 (4).
Solution.
Applying the Product Rule, we get
d √ √ d d √
f 0 (x) = x . g(x) = x . (g(x)) + g(x) . x
dx dx dx
√ 1
= x . g 0 (x) + g(x) . . x−1/2
2
√ g(x)
= x . g 0 (x) + √
2 x
√ g(4) 2
So f 0 (4) = 4 . g 0 (4) + √ = 2 . 3 + = 6.5
2 4 2 .2

Example 6
x2 + x − 2
Let y = . Then
x3 + 6
d 2 d
(x3 + 6)(x + x − 2) − (x2 + x − 2) (x3 + 6)
y0 = dx dx
(x3 + 6)2
(x3 + 6)(2x + 1) − (x2 + x − 2)(3x2 )
=
(x3 + 6)2
(2x4 + x3 + 12x + 6) − (3x4 + 3x3 − 6x2 )
=
(x3 + 6)2
−x4 − 2x3 + 6x2 + 12x + 6
=− .
(x3 + 6)2

Note
Although it is possible to differentiate the function
√
3x2 + 2 x
F (x) =
x
using the Quotient Rule, it is much easier to perform the division first and
write the function as
F (x) = 3x + 2x−1/2
before differentiating.

Example 7
If f (x) = ex − x, find f 0 and f 00 .
Solution.
Using the Difference Rule, we have
d x d x d
f 0 (x) = (e − x) = (e ) − (x) = ex − 1
dx dx dx
In previous section we defined the second derivative as the derivative of f 0 ,
so
d x d x d
f 00 (x) = (e − 1) = (e ) − (1) = ex
dx dx dx

Example 8
At what point on the curve y = ex is the tangent line parallel to the line
y = 2x?
Solution.
Since y = ex , we have y 0 = ex .
Let the x-coordinate of the point in question be a. Then the slope of the
tangent line at that point is ea . This tangent line will be parallel to the
line y = 2x if it has the same slope, that is, 2. Equating slopes, we get
ea = 2 a = ln 2
Therefore, the required point is (a, ea ) = (ln 2, 2).

_2 2
0
Solution (cont.) FIGURE 8 We know

y
concave
3 EXAMPLE
(ln 2, 2)
line y 苷
2
y=2x SOLUTION
1 be a. Th
y=´ parallel
0 1 x
FIGURE 9 Therefor

Example 9
(a) If f (x) = xex , find f 0 (x).
(b) Find the nth derivative, f (n) (x).
Solution.
(a) By the Product Rule, we have
d d d
f 0 (x) = (xex ) = x (ex ) + ex (x)
dx dx dx
= xex + ex · 1 = (x + 1)ex

Solution (cont.)
(b) Using the Product Rule a second time, we get
d d d
f 00 (x) = [(x + 1)ex ] = (x + 1) (ex ) + ex (x + 1)
dx dx dx
= (x + 1)ex + ex · 1 = (x + 2)ex
Further applications of the Product Rule give
f 000 (x) = (x + 3)ex f (4) (x) = (x + 4)ex
In fact, each successive differentiation adds another term, so
f (n) (x) = (x + n)ex .

Example 10
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y = ex /(1 + x2 ) at the
point (1, e/2).
Solution.
According to the Quotient Rule, we have
d d
dy (1 + x2 ) (ex ) − ex (1 + x2 )
= dx dx
dx (1 + x2 )2
(1 + x2 )ex − ex (2x) ex (1 − x)2
= =
(1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )2
So the slope of the tangent line at (1, e/2) is
dy
= 0.
dx x=1

Solution (cont.)
This means that the tangent line at (1, e/2) is horizontal and its equation
is y = e/2. [Notice that the function is increasing and crosses its tangent
line at (1, e/2).]
2.5
´
y=
1+≈
So the slope
_2 3.5 This means

0
[See Figure
FIGURE 4 共1, e兾2兲.]
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
d d
(sin x) = cos x (csc x) = − csc x cot x
dx dx
d d
(cos x) = − sin x (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
(tan x) = sec2 x (cot x) = − csc2 x
dx dx

Example 11
Differentiate y = x2 sin x.
Solution.
Using the Product Rule, we have
dy d d
= x2 (sin x) + sin x (x2 )
dx dx dx
2
= x cos x + 2x sin x.

Example 12
sec x
Differentiate f (x) = . For what values of x does the graph of f
1 + tan x
have a horizontal tangent?
Solution.
The Quotient Rule gives
d d
(1 + tan x) dx (sec x) − sec x dx (1 + tan x)
f 0 (x) = 2
(1 + tan x)
(1 + tan x) sec x tan x − sec x sec2 x
=
(1 + tan x)2
sec x [tan x + tan2 x − sec2 x]
=
(1 + tan x)2

Solution (cont.)
sec x (tan x − 1)
f 0 (x) =
(1 + tan x)2
In simplifying the answer we have used the identity tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x.
Since sec x is never 0, we see that f 0 (x) = 0 when tan x = 1, and this
occurs when x = nπ + π/4, where n is an integer.

Example 13
Find the 27th derivative of cos x.
Solution.
The first few derivatives f (x) = cos x are as follows:
f 0 (x) = − sin x
f 00 (x) = − cos x
f 000 (x) = sin x
f (4) (x) = cos x
f (5) (x) = − sin x
We see that the successive derivatives occur in a cycle of length 4 and, in

particular, f (n) (x) = cos x whenever n is a multiple of 4. Therefore
f (24) (x) = cos x and, differentiating three more times, we have
f (27) (x) = sin x.

The Chain Rule
The Chain Rule
Suppose you are asked to differentiate the function

p
F (x) = x2 + 1
The differentiation formulas you learned in the previous sections of this

chapter do not enable you to calculate F 0 (x).
Observe that F is a composite function.
√
In fact, if we let y = f (u) = u and let u = g(x) = x2 + 1, then we can
write y = F (x) = f (g(x)), that is,
F = f ◦ g.

The Chain Rule
Chain Rule
If f and g are both differentiable and F = f ◦ g is the composite function
defined by F (x) = f (g(x)), then F is differentiable and F 0 is given by the
product
F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) (1)
In Leibniz notation, if y = f (u) and u = g(x) are both differentiable
functions, then
dy dy du
= (2)
dx du dx

The Chain Rule
Note
In using the Chain Rule we work from the outside to the inside. Formula
(1) says that we differentiate the outer function f [at the inner function
g(x)] and then we multiply by the derivative of the inner function.
d
f (g(x)) = f0 (g(x)) · g 0 (x)
dx |{z} | {z } |{z} | {z } | {z }
outer evaluated at derivative of evaluated at derivative of
function inner function outer function inner function inner function

The Chain Rule
Example 14
√
Find F 0 (x) if F (x) = x2 + 1.
Solution 1.
(using Equation (1)): At the beginning of this section we expressed F as
√
F (x) = (f ◦ g)(x) = f (g(x)) where f (u) = u and g(x) = x2 + 1. Since
1 1
f 0 (u) = u−1/2 = √ and g 0 (x) = 2x,
2 2 u
we have
F 0 (x) = f 0 (g(x)) g 0 (x)

1 x
= √ 2x = √ .
2 x +1 2 2
x +1

The Chain Rule
Solution 2.
√
(using Equation (2)): If we let u = x2 + 1 and y = u, then
dy du 1
F 0 (x) = = √ 2x
du dx 2 u
1 x
= √ 2x = √ .
2 x2 + 1 x2 + 1

The Chain Rule
Example 15
Differentiate (a) y = sin(x2 ) and (b) y = sin2 x.
Solution.
(a) If y = sin(x2 ), then the outer function is the sine function and the
inner function is the squaring function, so the Chain Rule gives
dy d d 2
= sin(x2 ) = cos(x2 ) · x
dx dx dx
= 2x cos(x2 ).

The Chain Rule
Solution (cont.)
(b) Note that sin2 x = (sin x)2 . Here the outer function is the squaring
function and the inner function is the sine function. So
dy d
= (sin x)2 = 2 sin x · cos x
dx dx
The answer can be left as 2 sin x cos x or written as sin 2x (by a

trigonometric identity known as the double-angle formula).

The Chain Rule
Example 16
Differentiate y = (x3 − 1)100 .
Solution.
Using Chain Rule
dy d 3 d
= (x − 1)100 = 100(x3 − 1)99 (x3 − 1)
dx dx dx
= 100(x − 1) · 3x = 300x (x − 1)99 .
3 99 2 2 3

The Chain Rule
Example 17
1
Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = √
3
.
x2 +x+1
Solution.
First rewrite f as f (x) = (x2 + x + 1)−1/3 . Thus
1 d
f 0 (x) = − (x2 + x + 1)−4/3 (x2 + x + 1)
3 dx
1 2 −4/3
= − (x + x + 1) (2x + 1).
3

The Chain Rule
Example 18
Differentiate y = esin x .
Solution.
Here the inner function is g(x) = sin x and the outer function is the
exponential function f (x) = ex . So, by the Chain Rule,
dy d sin x d
= (e ) = esin x (sin x) = esin x cos x.
dx dx dx

The Chain Rule
Example 19
Differentiate:
1
(a) f (x) = 2
√ x
3
(b) y = x2
Solution.
Using Chain Rule,

0 d 1 1 d 1 2
(a) f (x) = 2
= − 2 2 (x2 ) = − 2 2 (2x) = − 3
dx x (x ) dx (x ) x
dy d √ 3 1 d 1 2
(b) = ( x2 ) = x−2/3 (x2 ) = x−2/3 (2x) = x−1/3
dx dx 3 dx 3 3

The Chain Rule
Example 20
If f (x) = sin(cos(tan x)), then
d
f 0 (x) = cos(cos(tan x)) cos(tan x)
dx
d
= cos(cos(tan x))[− sin(tan x)] (tan x)
dx
= − cos(cos(tan x)) sin(tan x) sec2 x.
Notice that we used the Chain Rule twice.

The Chain Rule
Example 21
Differentiate y = esec 3θ .
Solution.
The outer function is the exponential function, the middle function is the
secant function and the inner function is the tripling function. So, we have
dy d
= esec 3θ (sec 3θ)
dθ dθ
d
= esec 3θ sec 3θ tan 3θ (3θ)
dθ
= 3esec 3θ sec 3θ tan 3θ.

Implicit Differentiation
The functions that we have met so far can be described by expressing one
variable explicitly in terms of another variable-for example,
p
y = x3 + 1 or y = x sin x
or, in general, y = f (x).

Some functions, however, are defined implicitly by a relation between x
and y such as
x2 + y 2 = 25 (3)
or
x3 + y 3 = 6xy. (4)

In some cases it is possible to solve such an equation for y as an explicit

function (or several functions) of x. √
For instance, if we solve Equation (3) for y, we obtain y = ± 25 − x2 ,
ION
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EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
1 MAT
1 1001
1 Calculus I 45 / 66
Fortunately, we don’t need to solve an equation for y in terms of x in

order to find the derivative of y.
Instead we can use the method of implicit differentiation. This consists

of differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x and then
solving the resulting equation for y 0 .
In the examples and exercises of this section it is always assumed that the
given equation determines y implicitly as a differentiable function of x so
that the method of implicit differentiation can be applied.

Example 22
dy
(a) If x2 + y 2 = 25, find .
dx
(b) Find an equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y 2 = 25 at the
point (3, 4).
Solution 1.
(a) Differentiate both sides of the equation x2 + y 2 = 25:
d 2 d
(x + y 2 ) = (25)
dx dx
d 2 d 2
(x ) + (y ) = 0
dx dx
Remembering that y is a function of x and using the Chain Rule, we
have
d 2 d 2 dy dy
(y ) = (y ) = 2y .
dx dy dx dx
Solution 1 (cont.)
Thus
dy
= 0.
2x + 2y
dx
Now we solve this equation for dy/dx:
dy x
=− .
dx y
(b) At the point (3, 4) we have x = 3 and y = 4, so
dy 3
=−
dx 4
An equation of the tangent to the circle at (3, 4) is therefore
3
y − 4 = − (x − 3) or 3x + 4y = 25.
4

Solution 2.
√
Solving the equation x2 + y 2 = 25, we get y = ±√ 25 − x2 .
semicircle y = 25 − x2 and so we
The point (3, 4) lies on the upper √
consider the function f (x) = y = 25 − x2 .
Differentiating f using the Chain Rule, we have
1 d
f 0 (x) = (25 − x2 )−1/2 (25 − x2 )
2 dx
1 2 −1/2 x
= (25 − x ) (−2x) = − √
2 25 − x2
3 3
So f 0 (3) = − √ = − and, as in Solution 1, an equation of the
25 − 3 2 4
tangent is 3x + 4y = 25.

Note 1
Previous example illustrates that even when it is possible to solve an
equation explicitly for y in terms of x, it may be easier to use implicit
differentiation.
Note 2
The expression dy/dx = −x/y gives the derivative in terms of both x and
y. It is correct no matter which function y is determined by the given
equation.
√
For instance, for y = f (x) = 25 − x2 we have
dy x x
= − = −√ .
dx y 25 − x2
√
whereas for y = g(x) = − 25 − x2 we have
dy x x x
=− = √ =√ .
dx y − 25 − x 2 25 − x2
Example 23
(a) Find y 0 if x3 + y 3 = 6xy.
(b) Find the tangent to the folium of Descartes x3 + y 3 = 6xy at the
point (3, 3).
Solution.
(a) Differentiating both sides of x3 + y 3 = 6xy with respect to x,
regarding y as a function of x, and using the Chain Rule on the y 3
term and the Product Rule on the 6xy term, we get
3x2 + 3y 2 y 0 = 6y + 6xy 0
or
x2 + y 2 y 0 = 2y + 2xy 0 .

Solution (cont.)
We now solve for y 0 :
y 2 y 0 − 2xy 0 = 2y − x2
(y 2 − 2x)y 0 = 2y − x2
2y − x2
y0 =
y 2 − 2x
(b) When x = y = 3,
2 · 3 − 32
y0 = = −1
32 − 2 · 3
So an equation of the tangent to the folium at (3, 3) is
y − 3 = −1(x − 3) or x + y = 6.

Implicit Differentiation Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
We can use implicit differentiation to find the derivatives of the inverse

trigonometric functions, assuming that these functions are differentiable.
Recall the definition of the arcsine function:
π π
y = sin−1 x ⇔ sin y = x and − 6y6 .
2 2
Differentiating sin y = x implicitly with respect to x, we obtain
dy dy 1
cos y · = 1 or = .
dx dx cos y

(arcsin x)0
dy 1
We know = . Now cos y > 0, since −π/2 6 y 6 π/2, so
dx cos y
q p
cos y = 1 − sin2 y = 1 − x2 .
dy 1 1
Therefore = =√
dx cos y 1 − x2
d 1
(sin−1 x) = √ .
dx 1 − x2
(arctan x)0
The formula for the derivative of the arctangent function is derived in a
similar way.
d 1
(tan(−1) ) = .
dx 1 + x2
Example 24
1 √
Differentiate (a) y = −1 and (b) f (x) = x arctan x.
sin x
Solution.
dy d d
(a) = (sin−1 x)−1 = −(sin−1 x)−2 (sin−1 x)
dx dx dx
1
=− √
(sin−1 x)2 1 − x2
√

1 1 −1/2
(b) f 0 (x) = x · √ 2 · x + arctan x
1 + ( x) 2
√
x √
= + arctan x
2(1 + x)
The inverse trigonometric functions that occur most frequently are the
ones that we have just discussed.

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
In this section we use implicit differentiation to find the derivatives of the

logarithmic functions y = loga x and, in particular, the natural logarithmic
function y = ln x.
d 1
(loga x) = (5)
dx x ln a
If we put a = e, we have
d 1
(ln x) = . (6)
dx x
In general, if we combine Formula (6) with the Chain Rule as in previous
example, we get
d 1 du d g 0 (x)
(ln u) = or (ln g(x)) = (7)
dx u dx dx g(x)

Example 25
Differentiate y = ln(x3 + 1).
Solution.
To use the Chain Rule we let u = x3 + 1. Then y = ln u, so
dy dy du 1 du 1 3x2
= · = · = 2 · (3x2 ) = 3
dx du dx u dx x +1 x +1

Example 26
Differentiate f (x) = log10 (2 + sin x).
Solution.
Using Formula (5) with a = 10, we have
d 1 d
f 0 (x) = log10 (2 + sin x) = (2 + sin x)
dx (2 + sin x) ln 10 dx
cos x
= .
(2 + sin x) ln 10

Example 27
Find f 0 (x) if f (x) = ln |x|.
Solution.
Since (
ln x, x>0
f (x) =
ln(−x), x<0
it follows that
1


 , x>0
x

f 0 (x) =
 1 (−1) = 1 ,


x<0

−x x
1
Thus, f 0 (x) = for all x 6= 0.
x

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic Differentiation
Example 28
√
x3/4 x2 + 1
Differentiate y = .
(3x + 2)5
Solution.
We take logarithms of both sides of the equation and use the Laws of
Logarithms to simplify:
3 1
ln y = ln x + ln(x2 + 1) − 5 ln(3x + 2)
4 2
Differentiating implicitly with respect to x gives
dy
dx 3 1 1 2x 3
= · + · 2 −5·
y 4 x 2 x +1 3x + 2
Solution.
dy
dx 3 x 15
= + −
y 4x x2 + 1 3x + 2
Solving for dy/dx, we get

dy 3 x 15
=y + −
dx 4x x2 + 1 3x + 2
√
x3/4 x2 + 1 3

x 15
= + −
(3x + 2)5 4x x2 + 1 3x + 2

Note
You should distinguish carefully between the Power Rule [(xn )0 = nxn−1 ],
where the base is variable and the exponent is constant, and the rule for
differentiating exponential functions [(ax )0 = ax ln a], where the base is
constant and the exponent is variable. In general there are four cases for
exponents and bases:
d b
1 (a ) = 0 (a and b are constants.)
dx
d
2 [f (x)b ] = b[f (x)]b−1 f 0 (x)
dx
d g(x)
3 [a ] = ag(x) (ln a)g 0 (x)
dx
d
4 To find [f (x)]g(x) , logarithmic differentiation can be used, as in
dx
the next example.

Example 29
√
Differentiate y = x x.
Solution 1.
Using logarithmic differentiation, we have
√ √
ln y = ln x x = x ln x
y0 √ 1 1
= x · + (ln x) √
y x 2 x

1 ln x
y0 = y √ + √
x 2 x
√

x 2 + ln x
=x √ .
2 x

Solution 2.
√
x
√x
Another method is to write x = eln x :
d √x d √x ln x
x = e
dx dx
√ d √
= e x ln x ( x ln x)
√
dx
x 2 + ln x
=x √
2 x

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions The Number e as a Limit
The Number e as a Limit
We have shown that if f (x) = ln x, then f 0 (x) = 1/x. Thus, f 0 (1) = 1.

We now use this fact to express the number e as a limit.
From the definition of a derivative as a limit, we have
f (1 + h) − f (1) f (1 + x) − f (1)
f 0 (1) = lim = lim
h→0 h x→0 x
ln(1 + x) − ln 1
= lim
x→0 x
1
= lim ln(1 + x)
x→0 x
= lim ln(1 + x)1/x
x→0
h i
= ln lim (1 + x)1/x (since ln is continuous)
x→0

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions The Number e as a Limit
Because f 0 (1) = 1, we have

h i
ln lim (1 + x)1/x = 1.
x→0
Therefore
lim (1 + x)1/x = e. (8)
x→0
If we put n = 1/x in Formula (8), then n → ∞ as x → 0+ and so an

alternative expression for e is
1 n

e = lim 1 + .
n→∞ n

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