PRINCIPLE OF

CONCRETE RHEOLOGY
IR. DR. RAHIZUWAN BIN HAMID, P.ENG

PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER NO.PE : 20341

REGISTERED ENGINEER AND MEMBER BOARD OF ENGINEER MALAYSIA (REG. NO : 93324A)

CERTIFICATE MARITIME ENGINEERING COMPETENCY (LEVEL 4) : ME – 3 – 0001

CERTIFICATE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (BUILDING) COMPETENCY (LEVEL 3) : SEB – 3 – 0004

 Concrete Basics

Concrete

Stone or
Gravel Water

Sand
Cement
3

PORTLAND CEMENT
 Concrete Basics
Concrete Cement
 Concrete Basics
Flour Cake

Cement is to concrete
… as flour is to cake!
USES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

• Buildings
• Bridges
• Pavements
• Concrete block buildings
OTHER USES OF CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

• Mortar for masonry

• Grout (protection, leveling, bonding, ...)
• Shotcrete
• Cement board
• Soil Stabilization
• Railroad ties, countertops, moldings...
PORTLAND CEMENT HISTORY

• Egyptian Pyramid of Cheops (3000 B.C.)

• First Calcareous Cement (CaO based)
• Calcined gypsum

• Roman and Greek Projects

• First Hydraulic Cements (100 B.C.)
• calcined limestone and clay
 HISTORY OF CEMENT

• 2000 B.C.: Egyptians

used cement in mortar
when making Pyramids
• 27 B.C.: Roman cement
made of lime and
volcanic ash
• 1756: Smeaton rebuilt
Eddystone Lighthouse
• 1824: Joseph Aspdin
discovered and patented
“Portland” cement
• Isle of Portland Quarry Stone
next to a Cylinder of Modern
Concrete
PORTLAND CEMENT HISTORY

• Rotary Kiln
• Ransome (1886), Edison (1909)

• Gypsum and Air-Entraining Admixtures

• U.S. (1910-1940)
CEMENT IS A MANUFACTURED MATERIAL
COMMON SOURCES FOR RAW MATERIALS

• Lime (CaO)
- Limestone, shale
• Silica (SiO2)
-Clay, sand, shale
• Alumina (Al2O3)
- Clay, fly ash, shale
• Iron (Fe2O3)
- Clay, iron ore
PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION

• CaO Limestone or calcareous rock

• SiO2 Clay or argillaceous rock
• Al2O3 Clay or Ore
• Fe2O3 Clay or Ore
• CaSO4*2H2O Gypsum
CEMENT CLINKER
SHORTHAND CHEMISTRY

C = CaO H = H2 O
S = SiO2 S = SO3
A = Al2O3 F = Fe2O3
CLINKER: ARTIFICIAL MINERAL CONTAINING:

C3S tricalcium silicate

C2S dicalcium silicate
C3A tricalcium aluminate
C4AF tetracalcium aluminoferrite
CLINKER MICROGRAPHS
FINISH GRINDING
• Interground with ~5% Gypsum
• 95% material must pass #325 Sieve
PORTLAND CEMENT PROPERTIES

• Hydraulic
• Fineness
• 90% finer than 45m

• Setting Time
• Controlled
• False Set
• Flash Set
PORTLAND CEMENT PROPERTIES

• Soundness
• MgO or Hard-Burned Lime
• Specific Gravity: 3.15
• Heat of Hydration - Exothermic Reaction
• C3S & C3A
• LOI
• SO3
HOW ARE PORTLAND CEMENTS DIFFERENT?
FOUR MAIN COMPOUNDS

• Tricalcium Silicate (C3S)

• Dicalcium Silicate (C2S)

• Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A)

• Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (C4AF)

 Properties of Cement Compounds

C3S Tricalcium ➢ Hydrates & hardens rapidly

silicate (alite) ➢ Responsible for initial set and early
strength
C 2S Dicalcium ➢ Hydrates & hardens slowly
silicate (belite) ➢ Contributes to later age strength
(beyond 7 days)
C 3A Tricalcium ➢ Liberates a large amount of heat during
aluminate first few days
➢ Contributes slightly to early strength
development
➢ Cements with low %-ages are more
resistant to sulfates
C4AF Tetracalcium ➢ Reduces clinkering temperature
aluminoferrite ➢ Hydrates rapidly but contributes little to
(ferrite) strength
➢ Colour of hydrated cement (gray) due
to ferrite hydrates
 COMPOUND COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT

24

The oxides interact with each other in the rotary kiln to form a series of
complex compounds.

Portland cement clinker is usually regarded as constituted of four major

compounds as shown below:
Chemical Name Chemical Formula Shorthand Mass
Notation (%)
Tricalcium silicate 3CaO•SiO2 C3S 50 - 70

Dicalcium silicate 2CaO• SiO2 C 2S 15 - 30

Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO•Al2O3 C 3A 5 - 10

Tetracalcium 4CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3 C4AF 5 - 15

aluminoferrite
Calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4•2H2O CSH2 ~5
Hydration Mechanism
When mixed with water,
Portland cement hydrates
and forms heat
3CaO·SiO2+H2O CaO·2SiO2·3H2O+Ca(OH)2

➢Triealcium silicate hydrates rapidly and forms

earlier strength and earlier heat of hydration.
➢Tricalcium silicate is formed in a kiln when the
charge contains an abundance of lime, and hence the
greater amount of CaO in the reaction.
 Hydration Mechanism

2CaO·SiO2+H2O
3CaO·2SiO2·3H2O+Ca(OH)2
Dicalcium silicate hydrates slowly and is
responsible for strength increase in concrete
at later ages. The heat of hydration is
liberated slowly.
More dicalcium silicate is formed when the
raw materials contain less lime.
 Hydration Mechanism

Tricalcium aluminate hydrates rapidly

and liberates a large amount of heat.
If this reaction were not controlled,
concrete would set so rapidly (flash set)
that it could not be used in modern
construction.
3CaO·Al2O3+H2O 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O
 Hydration Mechanism

4CaO·Al2O3·Fe2O3+H2O
3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O+CaO·Fe2O3·H2O
The addition of iron or iron ore to the raw materials
lowers the percentage of tricalcium aluminate. The iron
reacts with the tricalcium aluminate, forming the tetra
calcium aluminoferrite.
This compound does not add significantly to the
properties of concrete, but does cause the charge in the
cement kiln to liquefy at lower temperature (lowers the
point of fusion), thus reducing the energy required in
cement manufacture.
 Development of Microstructure

Anhydrous cement

Water
 Development of Microstructure

C-S-H

Ettringite
CH
 Development of Microstructure

C-S-H

Ettringite
CH
 Development of Microstructure

C-S-H

Ettringite
CH
 Development of Microstructure

C-S-H

Ettringite
CH
Development of Microstructure

C-S-H

CH

Monosulfate
 Hydration of Cement Compounds

100
C3A

80

Degree of Hydration (%)

C3S

60 C4AF

40 C2S

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (days)

Rate of hydration of cement compounds in portland cement paste

(Mindess et al, 2003)
 Hydration of Cement Compounds

70 10,000

Compressive Strength (MPa)

60

Compressive Strength (psi)

8,000
C3S
50

40 6,000
C2S
30
4,000
20
C3A+CSH2 2,000
10
C4AF+CSH2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (days)
Compressive Strength development in pastes of pure cement compounds
(Mindess et al, 2003)
37

THE TYPES OF CEMENTS PRODUCED

Types of cements, TS EN 197-1 covers 27 standard cements

classified into five main types:

CEM I Portland cement (ordinary)

CEM II Portland composite cement
CEM III Blast furnace slag cement
CEM IV Pozzolanic cement
CEM V Composite cement
• Types of CEM cements
38
Main type Name Symbol
CEM I Portland cement CEM I
CEM II Portland blast furnace slag cement CEM II/A-S Blast furnace slag
CEM II/B-S
Portland silica fume cement CEM II/A-D Silica fume

Portland pozzolan cement CEM II/A-P Natural pozzolan

CEM II/B-P
CEM II/A-Q Calcined pozzolan
CEM II/B-Q
Portland fly ash cement CEM II/A-V Low lime fly ash
CEM II/B-V
CEM II/A-W High lime fly ash
CEM II/B-W
Portland burned schist cement CEM II/A-T Burned schist
CEM II/B-T
Portland limestone cement CEM II/A-L organic material content<0.5%
CEM II/B-L
CEM II/A-LL organic material content<0.2%
CEM II/B-LL
Portland composite cement CEM II/A-M
CEM II/B-M
39
TYPES OF CEM CEMENTS
Main type Name Symbol

CEM III Blast furnace slag cement CEM III/A

CEM III/B
CEM III/C

CEM IV Pozzolanic cement CEM IV/A

CEM IV/B

CEM V Composite cement CEM V/A

CEM V/B

In addition to TS EN 197, TS 21 covers “ White portland cement”, TS 22-1 or 2

EN 413-1 or 2 cover “Masonry cement Part 1: “Properties” or Part 2:”Test methods”.
40
TYPES OF CEM CEMENTS
The Composition of TS EN 197-1 Cements
Cement type clinker S D P Q V W T L-LL Minor

CEM I 95-100 0-5

CEM II/A-S 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-S 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM II/A-D 90-94 6-10 0-5

CEM II/A-P 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-P 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM II/A-Q 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-Q 65-79 21-35 0-5

41
TYPES OF CEM CEMENTS
The Composition of TS EN 197-1 Cements

Cement type clinker S D P Q V W T L-LL Minor

CEM II/A-V 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-V 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM II/A-W 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-W 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM II/A-T 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-T 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM II/A-L (LL) 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-L (LL) 65-79 21-35 0-5

42
TYPES OF CEM CEMENTS
The Composition of TS EN 197-1 Cements

Cement type clinker S D P Q V W T L-LL Minor

CEM II/A-M 80-94 6-20 0-5

CEM II/B-M 65-79 21-35 0-5

CEM III/A 35-64 36-65 0-5

CEM III/B 20-34 66-80 0-5

CEM III/C 5-19 81-95 0-5

CEM IV/A 65-89 11-35 0-5

CEM IV/B 45-64 36-55 0-5

CEM V/A 40-64 18-30 18-30 0-5

CEM V/B 20-38 31-50 31-50 0-5

 EN 197-1 CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CEMENTS
43
 Pozzolanic Reaction

Reaction of silica in pozzolan with calcium

hydroxide:
Calcium Silica in Calcium-silicate
Water
hydroxide pozzolan Hydration
hydrate
xCH + yS + zH CxSyHX+Z

Additional cementitious C-S-H

In alumino-siliceous pozzolans (e.g. fly ash and metakaolin) the

alumina also participates in reactions with calcium hydroxide
producing various calcium-aluminate hydrates (C-A-H) and
calcium-alumino-silicate hydrates (C-A-S-H).
45
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTING MATERIALS

Powdered or pulverized materials

• DEFINITION:

added before or during mixing to improve or

change some of the plastic or hardened
properties of concrete.

•Cementitious
•Pozzolans
•Nominally Inert
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS

• Possess hydraulic cementing properties

• GGBF slag (by-product of steel industry)
• Natural cement- Cement Rock
• Hydraulic hydrated lime
POZZOLANS
• Possess no cemetitious value until finely divided and mixed with water
and cement
• Cherts, clays, shales
• Fly ash (by-product of coal)
• Silica fume (silicon manufacture)
 FLY ASH
• Class F (low calcium) - from burning anthracite
or bituminous coal, is pozzolanic
• Class C - from burning sub-bituminous or lignite
coal, is somewhat cementitious
 GGBFS (SLAG)
• Formed when molten
iron blast furnace slag
is rapidly chilled
(quenched) by
immersion in H2O
• Grades 80, 100, 120
• Used as a cement
replacement
SILICA FUME Portland Silica
Cement Fume
• Also known as
micro-silica
• By-product of the
production of silicon and
ferrosilicon alloys.
• A small part of silica fume
can be used to replace a
large part of cement
TYPES OF CEMENT
(ASTM C150 OR AASHTO M85)
• Type I Normal*
• Type II Moderate Heat and Sulfate*
• Type III High-Early Strength*
• Type IV Low Heat of Hydration
• Type V High Sulfate Resistance
SPECIAL TYPES OF CEMENT

• Type IP Blended with a Pozzolan*

• Type IS Blended with a Slag
• Type I-II Meets Type I and II standards*
• White Type I or III without Fe
• Masonry Blended Cements with Lime*
• Type K Expansive and Shrinkage
• Oil Well Slow-set, high temp. & press.
 Water
 Municipal
 Well
 Heated
 Steam
 Chilled
 Ice
 Recycled
QUESTIONABLE WATER
• Water < 2000 ppm of total dissolved solids is
satisfactory for making concrete.
• Water > 2000 ppm of dissolved solids should be
tested for its effects on strength and time of set.
 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR
QUESTIONABLE WATER
LIMITS
ASTM test
method
_________________________________________
7-day compressive strength,
compared to control 90% C-109
specimens
_________________________________________
 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR
QUESTIONABLE WATER

LIMITS ASTM test

method
_________________________________
Time of set, minus 60 min.
deviation from to C-191
control specimens plus 90 min.
________________________________
W/CM RATIO PARAMETERS

• Aggregate size:
• Grading of Aggregate:
• Surface texture of aggregate
• Shape of aggregate
• Cement type and source
• Pozzolans
• Air Entraining & Chemical Admixtures
• Setting Time
THE WATER - CEMENT RATIO LAW

For given materials the strength of the concrete (so long

as we have a plastic mix) depends solely on the relative
quantity of water as compared with the cement,
regardless of mix or size and grading of aggregate.

Duff A. Abrams
May 1918
Same cement content
W/CM RATIO

55
WWater 350
W =
CM W
50
45
kg
300
CementitiousMaterial 40

Fc', MPa
kg
35 250
30 kg
25
20
15
10
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
5 5 5 5 5
w/cm ratio
WATER IN CONCRETE

• Increased water:
• reduced strength
• increased shrinkage and creep
• increases permeability
• reduced abrasion resistance
• reduced Freeze-Thaw resistance
INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATES
• STRENGTH
Aggregate shape
Aggregate size
Aggregate texture
INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATES
• DURABILITY
Weathering
Impurities
CONCRETE MATERIALS

• Aggregate is the second most influential ingredient in concrete.

• Aggregate
• Occupies 60-75 % of volume
• Fine Aggregate is typically 35-45 % of total aggregate
• Mortar (Air, water, cement, fly ash, sand) is typically 50 - 65 % of total volume of a mixture
AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE
• Fine: Sand or Crushed Stone (< 5mm)
• Coarse: Gravel or Crushed Stone (5-50 mm)
• Aggregate must be washed in many areas
• Granite & other crushed stone
• Recycled concrete
• All must satisfy ASTM C33
EFFECT OF CHANGING FINENESS MODULUS ON
CONCRETE PROPERTIES
•
CONCRETE DECREASING FM INCREASING FM
PROPERTY (FINE SAND) (COARSE SAND)

Water Requirements MORE LESS

Water-Cement Ratio HIGHER LOWER

Strength LOWER HIGHER

Finishability EASY DIFFICULT

Note: Fineness Modulus: Sum of Cumulative % Retained/100. The FM should range
between 2.3 and 3.1, and not vary more than 0.2 from the typical value of the
aggregate source.
CHOOSING AGGREGATE SIZE

• maximum nominal size of aggregate

• 1/5 smallest dimension
• 1/3 thickness of slab
• 3/4 clearance between rebars

• Congestion
• Shrinkage
• Mass Concrete
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

• Significance of aggregate grading

• smooth grading curve
• (sieve size vs. % passing)
• more voids will lead to more cement.
• undersanded mixes tend to be harsh
• large sizes have less surface area
NEAR GAP-GRADED MIX (MEETS ASTM C 33)
OPTIMUM GRADED MIX

Note: Difficult to compact or pump

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

• Strength
• fc' (required 28 day compressive strength)
• fcr' (actual average 28-day strength of mixture)
• fc (compressive strength of concrete)
• fcr' is based on field records and laboratory results
• variations in materials
• variations in mixing times and methods
• variations in transportation time and methods
• variations in the preparation of test cylinders
STRENGTH (7 DAY)

• I > 19.3 MPa (2800 psi)

• II > 17.2 MPa (2500 psi)
• III > 24.1 MPa (3500 psi @ 3 days)
CONCRETE - FRESH PROPERTIES

• Workability: Ease with which a concrete can be handled and placed into forms.
• Slump
• Kelly Ball
• Penetration
• Flow Cone
QUALITY CONCRETE

• A mixture of CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS, WATER,

and AGGREGATES that will meet the requirements
under which it is expected to serve.
DESIRED PROPERTIES OF FRESH
CONCRETE

• Consistency
• Workability
• Uniformity
• Finishability
• Low Bleeding
CONCRETE - WORKABILITY

• cement: too fine of material • fly ash: increases flow

• stickiness
• increased water demand
• water: too much water
• segregation
• bleeding • aggregate
• water: too little water
• harshness
• compaction problems
• ball bearing effect
• ionic effect
• reduced water demand
• rounded particles flow more easily
• Too much sand “stickiness”
• Poor gradation - harsh
CONCRETE - FRESH PROPERTIES

• Pumpability: Ease with which a given mix can be pumped

without segregation or loss of properties
• aggregate: rounded particles pump more easily
• water: too much - segregation, too little - friction
• cement: too little - blow through,
• fly ash: helps prevent segregation, better flow
CONCRETE - FRESH PROPERTIES
• Compactability: Ease with which a given mix can
be fully compacted to eliminate the trapped air.
• harshness
• gradation
• Finishability: Ease with which a given mix can be
fully finished with the desired texture
• stickiness
• harshness
CONCRETE - FRESH PROPERTIES

• Setting Time
• Cement: different cements have different setting times
• alkalis, sugars, salts, organics
• Water: Impurities
• -sodium carbonate (Na+) rapid set
• -bicarbonate can accelerate or retard set
• Aggregate: None
CONCRETE - FRESH PROPERTIES

• Bleeding: rate of surface water exceeds the evaporation rate.

• Water: too much water (severe bleeding), too little water (surface
drying)
• Air Content
• Water: -too much increases entrapped air voids
• -too little doesn't disperse Air Entraining Agent properly
• Unit Weight
CONCRETE - HARDENED PROPERTIES

• Compressive Strength: Measure of maximum resistance of a concrete specimen to a

compressive axial load.
minimum 28 days, fc'
actual any time, fc
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
CONCRETE - HARDENED PROPERTIES

• Strength Gain
• Normal strength concrete 7-day fc is 60-70% of the 28-day for Type I
• 3-day fc is about 50% of the 7 day.
• Type III may have 3-day fc of 60-70% of the 28-day
• Moist cured concrete gains faster than air dried
• Steam curing is fastest, but......
CONCRETE STRENGTH

• Tensile Strength: tensile strength can be estimated by

 7.5  fc'
10% of compressive strength
CONCRETE - HARDENED PROPERTIES

• Flexural Strength: Measure of cracking strength.

• (pavement and slabs on grade applications)
• Flexural Strength is generally 7.5 - 10 fc'

• Shear Strength 20% of compressive strength

CONCRETE - DURABILITY

• Shrinkage: decrease in volume of concrete due to loss of water

from pore and capillary structure
• the major cause of cracking in concrete
• high water content increases shrinkage
• high aggregate content decreases shrinkage
• moist curing decreases shrinkage
• Creep is the time dependent deformation of concrete under load.
CONCRETE - DURABILITY

• Freeze-Thaw Resistance is the property of concrete to sustain

its strength and surface properties under repeated F-T cycles.
• Air void structure is crucial in obtaining f-t resistant concrete.
• Air entraining agents are the only means of getting a good air void
structure (4-7% disconnected micro bubbles at uniform spacing)
• Low W/C ratio also increases f-t resistance
CONCRETE - DURABILITY

• Sulfate Resistance is the concrete’s susceptibility to chemical attack from external sulfate
ions.
• ground water or soil are SO4 sources
• concrete with low C3A cement and pozzolans, low permeability, or protecting it from
intrusion.
CONCRETE - DURABILITY

• Scaling Resistance is the concrete’s susceptibility to

deterioration from surface chemicals or environments.
• chloride salts, bleeding, acids

• Permeability: watertightness or ionic resistance of concrete

• Aggregate: poor gradation increases porosity
• Pozzolans: reduce permeability
CONCRETE - DURABILITY

• Abrasion Resistance
• essential in floors, pavements and hydraulic structures.
• compressive strength is an important consideration,
• choice of aggregate. (limestone is not good, gravel is very good)
• steel trowelling and moist curing surface is best
ADMIXTURES

• DEFINITION:
Admixtures are any ingredients in concrete other than:

• Water
Aggregates
Cementitious Materials
Fiber Reinforcement
• Added to the batch
before or during mixing
WHY USE ADMIXTURES?
TO MODIFY FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES

• decrease water content

• increase workability
• retard or accelerate setting time
• reduce segregation
• reduce the rate of slump loss
• improve pumpability, placeability, finishability
• modify the rate and/or capacity for bleeding
WHY USE ADMIXTURES?
TO MODIFY HARDENED CONCRETE
PROPERTIES

• improve impact and abrasion resistance

• inhibit corrosion of embedded metals
• reduce plastic shrinkage cracking
• reduce long term drying shrinkage
• produce colored concrete
• produce cellular concrete
CURRENT ADMIXTURE STANDARDS
(AASHTO DESIGNATIONS IN PARENTHESES)

• Air Entraining ASTM C 260 (M 154)

• Chemical ASTM C 494 (M 194)
• Calcium Chloride ASTM D 98 (M 144)
• Foaming Agents ASTM C 869
• Admixtures for shotcrete ASTM C 1141
• Flowing Concrete ASTM C 1017
• Grout Fluidifier ASTM C 937
• Pigments ASTM C 979
AIR ENTRAINMENT
• DEFINITION: Air-Entraining Agents are primarily used to
stabilize tiny bubbles generated in concrete to protect against
freezing and thawing cycles.
CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES

• Dispersing Agents
• Water Reducers, Superplasticizers
• Accelerators
• Retarders
ASTM C 494 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
(AASHTO M 194)
• Type A - Water-reducing admixtures
• Type B - Retarding admixtures
• Type C - Accelerating admixtures
• Type D - Water-reducing and retarding
• Type E - Water-reducing and accelerating
• Type F - High range water reducing
• Type G - HRWR and retarding
WATER REDUCERS
• DEFINITION: Water Reducers are used for the
purpose of reducing the quantity of mixing water
required to produce a concrete of given consistency.
ACCELERATORS
• DEFINITION: Accelerating admixtures are added to
concrete for the purpose of shortening set time and
accelerating early strength development.
RETARDERS
• DEFINITION: Retarding, and Water-reducing and
retarding admixtures are used to offset acceleration
and unwanted effects of high temperature and keep
concrete workable during placement and
consolidation.
SHRINKAGE REDUCING
ADMIXTURES
• DEFINITION: Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures are used to
minimize drying shrinkage cracking in concrete .
 CORROSION INHIBITORS

• DEFINITION: Corrosion Inhibitors are used to

mitigate corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete.
 ASR INHIBITORS
• DEFINITION:ASR Inhibitors (primarily Lithium) are used to mitigate alkali-
silica reactivity in concrete.
 SPECIALTY ADMIXTURES
• Coloring Admixtures • Grouting
• Workability Agents • Gas-forming
• Bonding Admixtures
• Anti-Washout
• Damp-proofing Admixtures
• Foaming
• Permeability-Reducing
• Pumping Aids
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ADMIXTURE

• Depends on:
• Type & Brand
• Amount of Cement
• Water Content
• Temperature
• Aggregate Shape
• Proportions
• Mixing Time
• Consistency of the
Mix
• Sequencing