TG4825 1 - 2010 12 02

{TheoryGuide}{Production}{Carestream Health}{Confidential} Publication No.
TG4825-1
2010-12-02
Supersedes TG4825-1
10DEC05
Confidential
Theory Guide
for the
KODAK DIRECTVIEW CR 825/850 Systems
Service Codes: 5634 and 4825
Important
• Qualified service personnel must repair
this equipment.
• When doing procedures associated with
this equipment, you must use safe work
practices and wear the correct personal
protective equipment (for example, safety
eyewear) according to your company’s
standard operating procedures.
H177_0500AC
© CARESTREAM HEALTH, INC.

THEORY GUIDE
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 PLEASE NOTE The information contained herein is based on the experience and knowledge relating to the subject
Page matter gained by Carestream Health, Inc. prior to publication.
2 of 120
No patent license is granted by this information.
Carestream Health, Inc. reserves the right to change this information without notice, and makes no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to this information. Carestream Health shall not be liable
for any loss or damage, including consequential or special damages, resulting from any use of this
information, even if loss or damage is caused by Carestream Health’s negligence or other fault.
Table of Contents
Description Page
Equipment Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Features and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Main Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Radiography Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Comparison of Film/Screen and Computed Radiography (CR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Overview of CR Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exposing the Storage Phosphor Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Stimulating the Phosphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Processing the Digital Image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Sequence of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Overview of Workflow Using the CR 825/850 System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Before Loading the Cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Loading the Cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Fastening the Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Preparing to Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Scanning the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Erasing the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Inserting the Plate Back into the Cassette Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Removing the Cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Storage Phosphor Cassette. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Size and Resolution of Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Fast Scan/Slow Scan Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Image Matrix Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Reading the Bar-Code Label of the Cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
THEORY GUIDE
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Cassette Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Page Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 of 120 Duplex CAM Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Cassette Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Cassette Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Plate Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Optical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
GALVO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Collector and Photomultiplier Tube (PMT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Scan/Erase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Plate Positioning Assembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Lead Screw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Extraction Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Reference Sensor S9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Plate Present Sensor S5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Slow Scan Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Erase Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Lamp Current Sensors CS1–CS5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Imaging Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Scanning the Screen - Slow Scan/Fast Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Obtaining the Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Processing the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Processing the Image. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Logic and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Operator Input Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Boards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Distribution of Images to the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Sequence of Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Power Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Interlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
THEORY GUIDE
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Page Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4 of 120 Error and Activity Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Error Frequency Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Actuation Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Publication History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
THEORY GUIDE Equipment Description
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 1: Equipment Description
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Features and Functions
The KODAK DIRECTVIEW CR 825/850 System is a LASER SCANNER that reads a latent
image made on a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN during an X-ray exam and provides a
digital image. Physicians and radiologists can then view, improve, store and make a print of
the image, and send the image across a computer network.
Size 63.5 x 73.6 cm (25 x 29 in.)

Touch Screen • allows the operator to touch areas displayed on the screen to:
Monitor – enter exam and patient information
– view and improve images
• allows the FE to do service diagnostics
Bar-Code Readers • EXTERNAL BAR-CODE READER:
– hand-held READER
– used to scan the BAR-CODE LABEL on CASSETTES and
other BAR CODES used for entering data
• INTERNAL BAR-CODE READER:
– automatically scans the BAR-CODE LABEL on CASSETTES
when they are loaded
– provides information about the size, speed, and serial number
of the CASSETTE
Internal PC • includes software for image processing and for providing
communication with external devices and the computer network
• access is through the front of the CR 825/850 System
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
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6 of 120 KODAK A device that is installed on the wall in an area separate from the CR
DIRECTVIEW 825/850 System, used for viewing images and entering data. The
Remote Operations ROP includes:
Panel (ROP) • computer running an INTERNET BROWSER
• TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR - SVGA device with a 600 x 800
pixel resolution
• EXTERNAL BAR-CODE READER - can read all formats identified
for the hand-held BAR-CODE READER on the CR 825/850
System
The ROP allows operators to:

• enter patient, exam, and CASSETTE (PEC) data into a CR 825/
850 System
• check patient data
• view scanned X-ray images
• send images to other nodes on the network
PEC data entered through a ROP and sent across the network is
connected with the correct image.
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TG4825-1
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7 of 120 Configurations • Standalone - the CR 825/850 System is not connected to other
CR 825/850 Systems:
– can include ROPs
– must have access to an output device for viewing the images
or to obtain a printout
• Cluster - 2 or more CR 850 Systems are in a network:
– can include up to 10 remote devices, for example KODAK
DIRECTVIEW CR 800/850/900/950 Systems, ROPs, and
Remote Patient Data Entry Stations (RPDES)
– allows all devices in the network to send information to each
other
– must include one SERVER that stores all patient data
Note
• Devices in a cluster configuration can only send information to
other devices in the same cluster. Devices in one cluster cannot
send information to devices in other clusters.
• The CR 825 System will not operate in a cluster.
Network All CR 825/850 Systems and ROP devices:

Communications • connect to the 10 Base-T or 100 Base-T ETHERNET network of
the facility
• can send information to all connected DICOM digital imaging
equipment that is qualified with the Medical Image Manager (MIM)
and CR 825/850 System
• use CATEGORY 5 CABLES to connect to the network
• use a gateway device qualified by Kodak to enable access to the
HIS/RIS. The customer must provide this device.
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TG4825-1
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8 of 120 On-site Service • CASTERS allow the CR 825/850 System to be moved for service
without leveling
• DATA PLATES and MODIFICATION LABELS are located for easy
access and viewing
• PLUGS and CONNECTORS are identified
• data in the Error and Activity logs can be sorted by field for
troubleshooting, for example by date and error code number
• FEs can view internal diagnostics, including error codes,
component tests, and tests of the SENSORS from the TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR
Remote Service • remote access options:
– dedicated MODEM connected to the CR 825/850 System
– MODEM SERVER provided by the customer
• one point of access to the service functions of all CR 825/850
Systems on the customer network from the remote service access
connection
• access to all service functions, except running the SCAN/ERASE
and Cassette Handling subsystems
• remote service:
– installing software
– setting up the configuration for the CR 825/850 System
– retrieving and clearing Error and Activity Logs
– retrieving Image Processing Library (IPL) diagnostic images
Note
FEs providing remote service cannot view the information about the
patient on images.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The following table describes the specifications for the number of CASSETTES per hour:
Page
9 of 120
Size CR 825 System CR 850 System
18 x 24 GP 72 90
24 x 30 GP 62 80
35 x 35 GP 70 90
35 x 43 GP 62 85
18 x 24 HR 70 90
24 x 30 HR 62 80
LONG-LENGTH 60 82
CASSETTE
Tolerance is ± 5
The CR 825 System is identical to the CR 850 System except that the software decreases
the speed.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Main Subsystems
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10 of 120
TOUCH EXTERNAL
SCREEN BAR CODE to
MONITOR READER network
CR 850 SYSTEM
Logic and Control

Imaging
INTERNAL A2
PC
MCPU
Ethernet BOARD Optical
Error and Activity LOGS
Logs CARDS
A3 A4
DIGITIZER GALVO
BOARD BOARD
INTERNAL A1 PMTs
BAR CODE
MSC
READER
BOARD A5 COLLECTOR A18
PMT/DAS
BOARD LASER
DRIVER
PRE-
REGULATOR
Cassette Scan/Erase BOARD
Handling
A6 GALVO
DUPLEX SLOW SCAN
CAM AY CONTROLLER BOARD
A17
LASER DIODE
CASSETTE DRIVER BOARD
SHELL ERASE SLOW SCAN SLOW SCAN
Cassette Entry/ LAMPS ENCODER MOTOR
CASSETTE LASER
Cassette Transport
PLATE
SCREEN
Plate
Handling
Power Distribution
K1 RELAY DC power to
all BOARDS
PS1 and MOTORS
AC power POWER
T1
UPS
90 - 264 V AC TRANSFORMER SUPPLY
H194_5044DC
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TG4825-1
Page Subsystem Description See:
11 of 120
Cassette • includes: Storage Phosphor
Cassette
– STORAGE PHOSPHOR
SCREEN that captures and stores the X-
ray image for processing
– CASSETTE SHELL that holds the PLATE
• available in 5 sizes and 3 resolutions (GP,
HR, and EHR)
Cassette Handling • loads the CASSETTE into the CR 825/850 Cassette Handling
System
• removes the PLATE from the CASSETTE
SHELL
• after scanning, installs the PLATE in the
CASSETTE SHELL
• allows the CASSETTE to be removed from
the CR 825/850 System
Optical • controls and moves the laser beam to the Optical
SCREEN
• captures the blue light emitted from the
SCREEN
Scan/Erase • moves the PLATE at a uniform speed: Scan/Erase
– through the scanning area
– to the erase position
• removes the residual image on the SCREEN
by exposing it to intense light
• inserts the PLATE into the CASSETTE
SHELL again
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TG4825-1 Subsystem Description See:
Page
12 of 120 Imaging • assembles the data from the screen and Imaging Sequence
changes it to digital format
• processes the image
Logic and Control • processes commands from the operator Logic and Control
• controls the operation of all subsystems
• sends processed images to the network for
distribution
Power Distribution • provides power for all subsystems Power Distribution
• includes an Uninterruptible Power Supply
(UPS)
• has an INTERLOCK SWITCH that actuates
when the FRONT DOOR is opened
Error and Activity • records logs of errors in the system Logs
Logs • records user actions
THEORY GUIDE Radiography Theory
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TG4825-1
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Section 2: Radiography Theory
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Comparison of Film/Screen and Computed Radiography (CR)
X-RAY latent image visible image

TUBE (On Film) (On Film)
FILM/ FILM PROCESSING
SCREEN
AERIAL
IMAGE
FINAL VISIBLE
X-RAY latent image visible image IMAGE
TUBE (Storage Phosphor) (CRT) (Film or Viewer)
ENHANCED
STORAGE CONVERSIONS PROCESSING
PHOSPHOR
SCREEN
AERIAL
X-rays are used in medical imaging to make an image of given body parts on a surface,
which can be read by a radiologist or other medical personnel. The available systems for
capturing these images are:
• Film/Screen - captures a projection image on an X-ray film
• Computed Radiography (CR) - captures a digital image
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The following phases are necessary to capture and process projection radiographs for both
Page film/screen systems and CR systems:
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Phase of Image Capture Description

Phase 1 - In both film/screen systems and CR systems:
Making the Aerial Image • an X-ray TUBE emits X-rays in the direction of an IMAGE
RECEPTOR
• when the X-rays reach the body of the patient, some are
absorbed by the patient and some are not. The result is an
“aerial” image with varying degrees of X-ray power (varying
numbers of X-ray photons)
Phase 2 - When the IMAGE RECEPTOR is exposed to the X-rays in the
Capturing the Latent aerial image, a latent image is captured on the RECEPTOR:
Image • film/screen systems - image is captured on sensitized
radiographic film
• CR systems - image is captured on a STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN. The X-ray photons that reach the
SCREEN charge the PHOSPHOR, making a latent image
on the screen.
Phase 3 - The latent image must be changed to a visible image, which
Capturing, Changing, and can be read by the radiologist, moved from one place to
Storing the Visible Image another, and stored for use at another time:
• film/screen systems - radiographic film is processed through
chemicals and the latent image is fixed onto the film
• CR Systems - the latent image on the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN is scanned by a laser beam, which
stimulates the charged PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN. Blue
light is emitted from the stimulated PHOSPHOR, assembled,
and changed into analog electrical signals. The analog
image is then changed into digital signals and processed.
The digital image is stored and displayed by a computer
system and can be routed to other computers and
PRINTERS through a network.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The following table compares the analog and digital health image capture systems.
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15 of 120
Analog Film/Screen Systems Digital CR Systems
Uses Rare Earth Screens - Gadolinium Uses a BARIUM FLOUROHALIDE STORAGE
Oxysulfide or Lanthanum Oxybromide PHOSPHOR SCREEN.
Film processing parameters are important No film processing is necessary.
in determining the quality of the image, for
example chemical temperature and timing.
It is hard to obtain the same print quality The user can print a copy of the digital image
when copies are necessary because of at any time.
variations in GENERATORS,
PROCESSORS, positions, procedures, and
conditions for developing the film.
Overexposing or underexposing an image Exposure factors do not normally make it
normally makes it necessary to expose the necessary to expose the patient to ionizing
patient to ionizing radiation again. radiation again.
Image quality is changed by conditions in Image quality is not changed by conditions in
the environment, for example temperature the environment.
or humidity.
The image cannot be viewed in more than CR images can be viewed at more than one
one place at a time. place at the same time, in the same building or
in remote nodes on the network.
• Recording Medium - film • Recording medium - STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
• Output Medium - film
• Output medium - film, paper, digital display
• Storing Medium - film
• Storing medium - digital
Image density and contrast are controlled Density and contrast are controlled by image
by kilovolts peak (kVp), milliampere processing parameters. kVp, and mAs continue
seconds (mAs), and film type. to be important image control factors for details
and noise in the digital image.
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TG4825-1 Analog Film/Screen Systems Digital CR Systems
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16 of 120 Viewing quality can only be improved by Digital images can be improved by processing
increasing the brightness of the LAMP that on a computer to change the density, contrast,
illuminates the film. sharpness, and other factors.
The quality of films that are not exposed Images that were not exposed correctly can be
correctly cannot be improved. improved. For example, software parameters
can improve image density and contrast.
Overview of CR Technology
Operations
The following operations are necessary to capture the latent image in the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN and change it to a digital image that can be viewed on a computer
screen and sent to a PRINTER.
• Exposing the Storage Phosphor Screen
• Stimulating the Phosphor
• Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal
• Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals
• Processing the Digital Image
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Exposing the Storage Phosphor Screen
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17 of 120 X-RAY latent
aerial
TUBE image
image Lighter values indicate that more
x-rays were absorbed by the
SCREEN - bone tissue
Mid-range values indicate that fewer

x-rays were absorbed by the
SCREEN - soft tissue
Darker values indicate that most

STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN x-rays were absorbed by the
Charged storage phosphors SCREEN - did not pass through the body
proportional to X-ray energy
absorbed by screen.
H194_5033BC
When a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN is exposed to X-rays:

• special PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN absorbs the radiation in degrees of intensity
determined the body part and the type of SCREEN:
– soft body tissues absorb a small quantity of radiation - these areas are indicated in the
X-ray image by mid-range values
– bone tissues absorb most of the radiation - these areas are indicated in the X-ray
image by light values
– X-rays that do not hit any obstructions are indicated in the X-ray image by dark values
– High Resolution SCREENS absorb less energy than General Purpose SCREENS
• SCREEN has a latent image in the areas that were exposed to the radiation. The quantity
of stored energy or charge on the SCREEN is proportional to the quantity of
X-ray energy absorbed by the SCREEN.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page Characteristics of the
18 of 120 Storage Phosphor Description
Screen
X-ray Absorption About 50% of the X-ray energy is released in the form of
fluorescence when the SCREEN is exposed. The X-ray energy
remaining makes the latent image on the SCREEN.
Photostimulable When the charged PHOSPHOR on the SCREEN is stimulated by
Luminescence light, the PHOSPHOR releases or discharges blue light proportional
to the energy the PHOSPHOR has stored.
Fading The latent image fades with time, but it is possible to read data from
the SCREEN for a number of days after scanning.
Residual Image After a SCREEN is erased by exposing it to light, it keeps some
charge from the latent image. This charge does not make the
SCREEN less effective when it is used again.
Signal Accumulation Signals can accumulate on SCREENS that are not used for more
than 24 hours. Erasing these SCREENS decreases the residual
image to the optimum range for using the SCREEN again. Failure to
erase these signals can result in artifacts.
Long Life The photostimulable luminescent quality of the SCREEN does not
decrease with time. The life of a SCREEN can be decreased by
damage to the material.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Stimulating the Phosphor
Page
19 of 120 It is necessary to stimulate the PHOSPHOR in the SCREEN to read the latent image. The
following components of the CR systems provide this function:
• light source:
– exposes the SCREEN with high-intensity light that stimulates the electrons and causes
the electrons to be luminescent
– laser beam moves from one side of the SCREEN to the other to expose the image
• DEFLECTOR:
– moves the laser beam across the SCREEN and then back to the starting position. At
the same time, the SCREEN moves perpendicular to the scanning direction of the
laser beam.
– is continually monitored and adjusted to check that the scanning operation is correct
and has a continual speed
• scanning optics:
– focuses and shapes the laser beam, keeping the speed and angle of the beam the
same when it moves across the SCREEN
– angle of a laser beam determines the size, shape, and speed of the beam. An
example is the beam of a flashlight moving across a flat surface from one edge to the
center and to the other edge.
Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal

The following components of CR systems change the light energy in the exposed SCREEN to
an analog signal:
• LIGHT COLLECTOR:
– provides the collection of the blue light emitted when the SCREEN is stimulated by the
laser beam
– CR 825/850 System uses an INTEGRATING CAVITY with MIRRORS to provide the
collection of the blue light
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 • BLUE FILTER:
Page
20 of 120 – does not allow any red light reflected from the SCREEN to reach the LIGHT
DETECTORS
– allows only the blue light to reach the LIGHT DETECTORS
• LIGHT DETECTORS:
– are normally Photomultiplier Tubes (PMT)
– receive light that enters the COLLECTOR
– change the light photons into electrons when the photons enter through a
PHOTOCATHODE. When the electrons move through the LIGHT DETECTORS, the
electrons increase in number - gain.
– when more than one LIGHT DETECTOR is used in a system, the system adds and
changes the signals into one output. The output from the added PMTs can include
frequencies that are outside of the limits of the system - noise. An ANALOG FILTER
limits this noise.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Changing Analog Signals to Digital Signals
Page
21 of 120
pixel code value

(0 - 4095)
SAMPLING
image image
sample matrix
grid
analog image digital image

(continual values) (discrete values)
H194_5014HC
Analog signals are changed to digital signals by sampling the blue light from the STORAGE
PHOSPHOR SCREEN and moving it through an ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER to
make a digital value for the brightness of each sample.
Sampling is similar to making a photograph of the signal at a given time. The sample has
both a horizontal and a vertical value. The size of the sample is defined in the system
software for both the horizontal and vertical directions.
• The horizontal value indicates a point in time in the motion of the laser beam across the
SCREEN.
• The vertical value indicates a line on the screen at a right angle to the scanning direction.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 If you find both the horizontal and the vertical points of the sample on an imaginary matrix,
Page similar to the one in the graphic, the result indicates one pixel in the digital image.
22 of 120
Continual analog input values are changed to output values. In this process, the replacement
of small ranges of analog input values with one digital output value occurs. The digital output
value indicates one pixel of information on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
The output is a linear digital signal. The CR 825/850 System emits a 16-bit digital signal with
a total signal range of 65,536 levels. Because it is not possible for the human eye to see this
range of separate values, the CR 825/850 System changes the 16-bit linear image data to
12-bit log data. This 12-bit log provides data from 0–4095 values. These values are used in
the CR 825/850 System.
Processing the Digital Image

Digital imaging allows users to improve diagnostic images by processing the images. After the
digital image is made, the digital data is processed using parameters set up in the software.
In the CR 825/850 System, this processing occurs in the INTERNAL PC.
Examples of image processing used for digital images:
• segmentation
• tone scaling
• edge enhancement
• brightness - level
• contrast - window
THEORY GUIDE Sequence of Operation
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 3: Sequence of Operation
23 of 120
Overview of Workflow Using the CR 825/850 System
1 The radiology department receives an exam request.
2 The radiologist, the operator, assembles the patient information. Examples of patient
information are patient name, ID, and accession number.
Note
If the facility has a Hospital Information System/Radiographic Information System (HIS/RIS)
that is HL-7 compatible, the patient information can be automatically downloaded to the
CR 825/850 System through a HIS/RIS gateway. If no automatic connection is available, the
information can be manually entered at a ROP or a CR 825/850 System.
3 The operator can select network nodes to send the image data to.
4 The operator uses a CR CASSETTE to do the exam, capturing the latent image on the
STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN.
5 Using the CR 825/850 System or the ROP, the operator enters the CASSETTE ID
information by scanning the BAR-CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE or entering it
manually.
6 The operator inserts the exposed CASSETTE into the CR 825/850 System. The system
scans the SCREEN, capturing the latent image on the SCREEN and changing it to a
digital image. After scanning, the SCREEN is automatically erased and inserted into the
CASSETTE SHELL.
7 The CR 825/850 System processes the image. If the system is in:
• Pass-Through Mode - the image is automatically sent to all network nodes
• QA Mode - the operator can process the image and then send it to other network
nodes
8 If necessary, the image can be processed and sent to network nodes again.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Before Loading the Cassette
Page
24 of 120 1 After initializing, the CR 825/850 System is ready to receive a CASSETTE for scanning.
2 The radiology technologist uses a Computed Radiology (CR) CASSETTE to capture the
latent image of the body part on the SCREEN.
Status Summary: Ready to Receive a Cassette
• DUPLEX CAM is at the home position 1
• DRIVE ROLLERS and IDLER ROLLERS are in contact with the
CASSETTE
• PIVOTING PLUSH is in the open position
• LIGHT SEAL BAR is in the open position
• CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR is stopped
• EXTRACTION BAR is at the home position
Loading the Cassette

1 The operator loads the CASSETTE into the INPUT SLOT until the CASSETTE reaches
the CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1.
2 The CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1 detects the CASSETTE.
Note
The MSC BOARD continually monitors the CASSETTE LOAD SENSOR S2. At the S2
SENSOR, the system must detect a CASSETTE within 5 seconds or an error message
displays.
3 The INTERNAL BAR-CODE READER reads the size, speed, and serial number of the
CASSETTE, then:
• emits a sound
• sends information to the MCPU BOARD A2:
– CASSETTE Detected message
– size of the CASSETTE
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 4 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends:
Page
25 of 120 • CASSETTE Detected message to the MSC BOARD A1
• Scan Request message to the INTERNAL PC
5 The INTERNAL PC:
• checks that it has the quantity of memory necessary to receive an image
• makes a raw image file to receive the image
• sends a Scan Request Reply message to the MCPU BOARD A2 with a value of OK
6 The MCPU BOARD A2:
• sends a message to the MSC BOARD A1 to load the CASSETTE
• sends the information about the size and speed of the CASSETTE to the DIGITIZER
BOARD
Note
If the bar-code readout is not successful, the operator must enter the data manually. When
bar-code data is entered manually, the data is provided by the INTERNAL PC and not the
BAR-CODE READER.
7 The CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR M2 actuates. The MOTOR drives the TIMING BELTS,
which rotate the DRIVE ROLLERS.
8 The DRIVE ROLLERS drive the CASSETTE to the back until the CASSETTE REAR
SENSOR S3 detects the CASSETTE.
9 The CASSETTE REAR SENSOR S3 sends a signal to the MSC BOARD A1 to
deactuate the MOTOR.
10 After a 20-millisecond delay, the MSC BOARD A1 deactuates the MOTOR.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Status Summary: Cassette Loaded
Page
26 of 120 • DUPLEX CAM is in the home position
• DRIVE/IDLER ROLLERS are engaged on the CASSETTE
• CASSETTE is at the CASSETTE REAR STOP and the CLAMP
BARS are open
• CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR M2 is stopped
• PLATE remains inside the CASSETTE
• HOOKS on the EXTRACTION BAR are not extended
Fastening the Plate

1 The DUPLEX CAM moves from position 1 directly to position 3. See Duplex CAM
Assembly.
2 When the CAM rotates, the SLED CAM and the HOOK CAM execute the following
actions. The first degrees of the CAM rotation move the HOOKS up. The remaining part
of the rotation releases the LATCHES of the CASSETTE and fastens the PLATE to the
EXTRACTION BAR.
• SLED CAM actions:
– SLED PLATE moves 1.5240 cm (0.600 in.) forward
– PIVOTING PLUSH rotates to make a light-tight environment around the
CASSETTE
• HOOK CAM actions:
– HOOK CAM moves against the HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER, which starts the
mechanical sequence to extend the HOOKS on the EXTRACTION BAR into the
LATCH ASSEMBLY. See Plate Handling.
– With the HOOKS in position inside the CASSETTE, the forward motion of the
SLED causes the SPRING-LOADED LATCH inside the PLATE to release and
fastens the PLATE to the EXTRACTION BAR.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 3 The MSC BOARD A1 sends a signal to the MCPU BOARD that the CASSETTE is
Page loaded.
27 of 120
Status Summary: Plate Fastened

• DUPLEX CAM has reached position 3
• SLED is 1.524 cm (0.600 in.) forward from the home position
• CLAMP BARS are holding the CASSETTE
• PLATE is fastened to the EXTRACTION BAR
• EXTRACTION BAR is at home position with the fastened
PLATE
• PIVOTING PLUSH has made a light-tight environment
around the CASSETTE
• DUPLEX CAM MOTOR M1 is de-energized
Preparing to Scan
1 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR starts rotating the LEAD SCREW, pulling the PLATE down
from the CASSETTE.
• When the EXTRACTION BAR moves down to the position immediately before
scanning starts, the LOWER ARM of the PLATE POSITIONING ASSEMBLY moves
forward to touch the back of the PLATE, which is partially out of the CASSETTE
SHELL. The LOWER ARM keeps the PLATE from touching the WALLS of the
CASSETTE when it moves out of the CASSETTE.
• After the LOWER ARM moves forward to touch the back of the PLATE, the UPPER
ARM of the PLATE POSITIONING ASSEMBLY also moves forward. It keeps the
larger PLATE steady during scanning and when they leave and move back into the
CASSETTE.
2 When the PLATE is moving into the start of scan position, the MCPU BOARD A2
energizes the PMTs and sets the SIGNAL CHANNEL for the PMTs to 0.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 3 The PLATE PRESENT SENSOR S5 detects that a PLATE is fastened and sends a
Page message of the status to the MSC BOARD A1.
28 of 120
Status Summary: Prepared for Scanning

• PMTs are energized
• SIGNAL CHANNEL is set to 0
Scanning the Screen

1 The MCPU BOARD A2:
• actuates the GALVO
• sends a signal to the MSC BOARD A1 to start the scan, which starts the SLOW
SCAN MOTOR
• sends a signal to the INTERNAL PC that the scan is starting
2 The INTERNAL PC displays a TIMED PROGRESS BAR on the TOUCH SCREEN
MONITOR. This is a graphic display only and not a real-time indication of the status of
the scanning operation.
3 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR rotates, moving the SCREEN at a continual speed through
the field of scan in the slow scan direction.
4 The GALVO BOARD A4 controls the motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN in
the fast scan direction. The SCREEN is scanned one pixel at a time, one line at a time.
See Scanning the Screen - Slow Scan/Fast Scan.
Note
• The fast scan motion is an almost horizontal trace across the SCREEN, from the back of
the SCREEN toward the front. When it reaches the end of a line, it does a fast retrace to
start another line. During the scanning, the SCREEN is moving down at a controlled
speed to make each fast scan trace one pixel line higher up on the SCREEN than the line
before. The result is that the fast scan is in a slightly diagonal trace across the SCREEN.
• The slow scan runs for a determined number of lines in the vertical direction. A set
number of samplings occur for each line. The number is determined by the size of the
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 SCREEN. Both the number of lines and the number of samplings are set up in the
Page calibration for that size of SCREEN.
29 of 120
5 When the end of the scan is reached, the MSC BOARD A1 sends a status message to
the MCPU BOARD A2.
6 The MCPU BOARD A2 de-energizes the PMTs, GALVO, and the LASER.
7 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends a Scan End message to the INTERNAL PC. The TIMED
PROGRESS BAR displays until the image is transferred to the INTERNAL PC.
Erasing the Screen

1 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an Erase Plate command to the MSC BOARD, which
sends a signal to the SLOW SCAN to start the erasing operation.
2 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR actuates and moves the SCREEN into the erase position,
determined by the counts of the SLOW SCAN ENCODER.
3 The SLOW SCAN MOTOR stops and waits for a response from the MCPU BOARD A2.
4 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the Erase command and time to the MSC BOARD A1,
which actuates the ERASE LAMPS.
5 The ERASE LAMPS illuminate for 2–16 seconds to remove the image from the
SCREEN.
Note
The length of time the ERASE LAMPS illuminate is determined by the highest pixel code
value of the image that was scanned. If one pair of LAMPS is not operating, the time
increases by a factor of 2. If more than one pair of LAMPS is not operating, a message
displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
6 When the SCREEN is erased, the MSC BOARD A1 sends the erase done status to the
MCPU BOARD A2.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Inserting the Plate Back into the Cassette Shell
Page
30 of 120 1 The MCPU BOARD A2 issues a command to the MSC BOARD A1 to:
• return the EXTRACTION BAR to the home position
• insert the SCREEN into the CASSETTE
2 The MSC BOARD A1 reverses the SLOW SCAN MOTOR, which moves the PLATE up
into the open CASSETTE SHELL.
3 The PLATE POSITIONING ASSEMBLY guides the PLATE into the CASSETTE SHELL
from the back side.
4 When the EXTRACTION BAR reaches the home position, the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
stops. At the home position, the ENCODER counts are the saved value.
Status Summary: Screen Inserted into the Cassette
• SLOW SCAN MOTOR is stopped
• SCREEN is inside the CASSETTE
• HOOKS are inside the SCREEN
Removing the Cassette

1 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an Eject Cassette command to the MSC BOARD A1.
2 The CAM MOTOR M1 energizes.
3 The DUPLEX CAM moves toward position 4. See Duplex CAM Assembly.
4 When the DUPLEX CAM rotates, the SLED CAM and the HOOK CAM execute the
following actions:
• SLED CAM:
– SLED PLATE moves toward the back 0.896 cm (0.350 in.)
– PIVOTING PLUSH opens
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 • HOOK CAM:
Page
31 of 120 – HOOKS move up, releasing the pressure
– when the SLED moves toward position 4, the HOOKS move back into the
EXTRACTION BAR and the PLATE is latched inside the CASSETTE
5 The DUPLEX CAM moves to the home position 1. See Duplex CAM Assembly.
• SLED moves 0.640 cm (0.250 in.) toward the back
• DRIVE ROLLERS and IDLER ROLLER are in contact with the CASSETTE
• CLAMP BAR is disengaged
6 The CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR M2 actuates, moving the CASSETTE toward the front
of the Cassette Handling subsystem.
7 When the CASSETTE LOAD SENSOR S2 is unblocked, it sends a message to the MSC
BOARD A2. This stops the CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR M2.
8 The MSC BOARD A1 sends the cassette ejected status to the MCPU BOARD A2.
9 After the operator removes the CASSETTE from the Cassette Handling subsystem, the
MSC BOARD A1 sends a scan end status to the MCPU BOARD A2.
Note
The CR 825/850 System cannot process another PLATE until the scan end status is received.
THEORY GUIDE Storage Phosphor Cassette
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 4: Storage Phosphor Cassette
32 of 120
Overview
CASSETTE
SHELL
PLATE
NOSEPIECE
STORAGE
PHOSPHOR
SCREEN
PLATE
PROTECTIVE COATING
PHOSPHOR/BINDER
BAR CODE LABEL
ESTAR Base
BLACK CELLULOSE
ACETATE BACKING
SIDE-1 LEAD (Pb) BACKSCATTER LAYER
EXTRUSION
ALUMINIUM (Ai)
HONEYCOMB PANEL
H194_5024HCA
H194_5024HC
STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES have a SCREEN with a layer of PHOSPHOR that is

charged by X-ray photons. STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREENS can capture a wider range of
information within the aerial image than is possible with a film/screen system.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES include:
Page
33 of 120
Component Description
Cassette Shell The SHELL has a CARBON FIBER FRONT and an aluminum BACK.
The SHELL is open on one side for removal of the PLATE. A LATCH
on the inside of the PLATE holds it in place inside the SHELL.
Plate Includes:
• STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN - made of an ESTAR BASE
with a layer of PHOSPHOR PARTICLES suspended in a
POLYMER BINDING, a light-absorbing black BACKING, and a
LEAD BACKSCATTER LAYER. The PHOSPHOR LAYER has a
COATING that extends beyond the edge of the PHOSPHOR to
protect the PHOSPHOR from damage.
• BACKING - a rigid aluminum honeycomb PANEL that makes
inserting the SCREEN into the CASSETTE SHELL easier.
• 2 hard plastic STRIPS - fastened to the back side of the PLATE to
make the thickness of the PLATE the thickness of the PLATE
NOSEPIECE. This uniform thickness allows the PLATE GUIDE
ROLLERS to move smoothly on the back of the PLATE.
Bar-Code Label Each CASSETTE has a BAR-CODE LABEL on the SIDE-1
EXTRUSION. The BAR-CODE LABEL identifies the CASSETTE.
Side-1 Extrusion The edge of the PLATE with the LATCH. The EXTRACTION BAR
HOOKS insert into the LATCH to remove the PLATE from the
CASSETTE SHELL.
Plate Nosepiece Plastic edge on the PLATE that guides the PLATE back into the
CASSETTE SHELL.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Size and Resolution of Screens
Page
34 of 120
Resolution Compatible With:
Size of the Screen
GP HR EHR
30 x 15 cm YES NO NO KODAK DIRECTVIEW CR 800/825/850/
900/950/975 Systems and Classic/Elite CR
Systems
35 x 43 cm YES NO NO CR 800/825/850/900/950/975 Systems and
Classic/Elite CR Systems
35 x 43 cm - YES NO NO CR 800/825/850/900/950/975 Systems and
KODAK DIRECTVIEW CR Classic/Elite CR Systems
Long Length Imaging System
35 x 35 cm YES NO
NO CR 400/800/825/850/900/950/975 Systems
and Classic/Elite CR Systems
24 x 30 cm YES YES --- CR 400/800/825/850/900/950/975 Systems
YES CR 850/950/975 Systems and Classic/Elite
CR Systems
24 x 18 cm YES YES --- CR 400/800/825/850/900/950/975 Systems
YES CR 850/950/975 Systems and Classic/Elite
CR Systems
Note
The 35 x 43 cm SCREEN is not compatible with the CASSETTES of the same size used with
the KODAK DIGITAL SCIENCE CR 400 System.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The CR 825/850 System uses SCREENS with the following resolutions.
Page
35 of 120
Resolution of the
Description
Screen
General Purpose • thicker PHOSPHOR COATING than the HR SCREEN, making the
(GP) image less sharp
• no special exposure procedures are necessary
High Resolution • thinner PHOSPHOR COATING than the GP SCREEN, making the
(HR) image sharper
• approximately 2 times the X-ray exposure is necessary
Enhanced High • thinner PHOSPHOR COATING than the HR SCREEN, improving the
Resolution (EHR) image quality
The light intensity of the exposed GP SCREEN is less than the HR and EHR SCREENS. The
CR 825/850 System adjusts for the difference in light intensity by adjusting the pixel code
values in the image processing.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Fast Scan/Slow Scan Directions
Page
36 of 120
43 cm
Slow 35 cm
Scan 30 cm
18 cm
15 cm
35 cm 35 cm 24 cm 30 cm 24 cm
Fast Scan H194_5022BC
The diagram indicates the direction of the 2 scanning actions for each size CASSETTE:
• slow scan - the SCREEN moves vertically from up to down during scanning
• fast scan - the laser beam moves horizontally across the SCREEN at the same time it
moves down
The slow scan direction for CASSETTES is important, because problems in the slow scan
process can cause artifacts in the image. For example, banding artifacts can appear across
the SCREEN in the horizontal direction, but the cause of the artifact might be a problem with
the vertical slow scan motion of the SCREEN.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Image Matrix Size
Page
37 of 120 The CR 825/850 System scans the STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREENS at the resolutions in
the table below. The scan rate is the same for General Purpose (GP), High Resolution (HR)
SCREENS, and Enhanced High Resolution (EHR) of the same sizes.
Image Size Pixel Size Spatial Resolution

Size of SCREEN Sampling Rate File Size
Pixels x Lines in Microns LP = Line Pairs
30 x 15 cm 2500 x 1250 8.33 pixels/mm 115 ± 2 4.0 LP/mm 6.5 MB
35 x 43 cm 2048 x 2500 5.8 pixels/mm 168 ± 2 2.8 LP/mm 10 MB
24 x 30 cm (EHR) 4800 x 6000 19.9 pixels/mm 48.5 ± 2 10.3 LP/mm 57 MB
24 x 18 cm (EHR) 4784 x 3584 19.9 pixels/mm 48.5 ± 2 10.3 LP/mm 34 MB
24 x 18 cm (HR) 2392 x 1792 9.95 pixels/mm 97 ± 2 5.15 LP/mm 10 MB
24 x 30 cm (HR) 2400 x 3000 9.95 pixels/mm 97 ± 2 5.15 LP/mm 8 MB
For smaller SCREENS, compared to larger SCREENS:

• pixel size is smaller
• spot size of the laser beam and digitizing rate are the same
• scanning speed is slower. To make smaller pixels, the speed of the horizontal motion of
the laser beam during the fast scan and the transport speed of the SCREEN under the
COLLECTOR during the slow scan decrease. The decrease in pixel size increases the
spatial resolution of the image.
The spatial resolution is determined by the following factors:
• scatter of the PHOSPHOR
• spot size and shape of the laser beam
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 • bandwidth of the electronics
Page
38 of 120 Note
The image file size for the 24 x 30 cm SCREEN is larger than the image file size for the
35 x 35 cm SCREEN because of the higher sampling rate.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Reading the Bar-Code Label of the Cassette
Page
39 of 120 The BAR-CODE LABEL identifies the
CASSETTE and provides the size and
resolution of the SCREEN. The following
table describes the digits in the BAR-CODE.
Each digit indicates a group of BARS on the
BAR CODE.
BAR CODE
H194_5025GCA
H194_5025GC
Digit Value
1 Has the value 9
2 Resolution:
1 = GP
2 = HR
3 = EHR
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Digit Value
Page
40 of 120 3–4 Size:
01 = 24 x 18 cm
02 = 24 x 30 cm
03 = 35 x 35 cm
04 = 35 x 43 cm
05 = 35 x 43 cm L
06 = 15 x 30 cm
07 = 24 x 30 cm (HR)
08 = 24 x 18 cm (EHR)
09 = 24 x 30 cm (EHR)
10 = 35 x 35 cm C
11 = 35 x 43 cm C
5–10 Serial number of the CASSETTE
THEORY GUIDE Cassette Handling
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 5: Cassette Handling
41 of 120
Overview
CASSETTE
SLED PLATE
DUPLEX CAM
INTERMEDIATE PLATE
EXTRACTION BAR
H194_5026HCA
H194_5026HC
The Cassette Handling subsystem moves the CASSETTE into position in the CR 825/850
System to remove the PLATE from the CASSETTE for scanning the SCREEN. The Cassette
Handling subsystem includes the following components:
• Duplex CAM Assembly
• Cassette Entry
• Cassette Transport
• Plate Handling
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Overview of operation:
Page
42 of 120 1. The PLATE is released from the CASSETTE.
2. The EXTRACTION BAR fastens onto the PLATE and moves it down during scanning.
3. After scanning and erasing, the SCREEN moves up and is inserted into the CASSETTE
again.
4. The CASSETTE is moved to the CASSETTE LOADING STATION for removal by the
operator.
Duplex CAM Assembly

DUPLEX POSITION FLAG HOME FLAG
HOOK CAM CAM
SLED
CAM CAM
MOTOR FOLLOWER T A T I ON
RO
SLED
PLATE
S11 OUTER
CAM SENSOR
S10 INNER
H177_1233ACC
Facing CAM SENSOR H194_5034ACA
H177_1233AC CAM MOTOR H194_5034AC
The DUPLEX CAM ASSEMBLY:

• executes the motions necessary to load and release the CASSETTE
• moves the EXTRACTION BAR HOOKS that pull the PLATE from the CASSETTE for
scanning the SCREEN
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TG4825-1
Page
43 of 120
Positions of the DUPLEX CAM
Home Position 1 Position 2
Position 3 Position 4
H194_5042DC
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Component Description
Page
44 of 120 Sled CAM The SLED CAM is the GROOVE in the side of the DUPLEX CAM. It
executes the motions necessary to load and release the CASSETTE.
Sled CAM Moves the SLED PLATE backward and forward when the DUPLEX CAM
Follower rotates.
Sled Plate When the SLED PLATE moves backward and forward with the motion of
the DUPLEX CAM, the SLED PLATE engages components on the
INTERMEDIATE PLATE to actuate operations of the Cassette Handling
subsystem. Includes:
• CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1
• CASSETTE LOAD SENSOR S2
• CASSETTE REAR SENSOR S3
• DRIVE MOTOR M2
Intermediate Components fastened to the INTERMEDIATE PLATE provide the
Plate direction of motion for components on the SLED PLATE when it moves
backward and forward.
Hook CAM The HOOK CAM is the outside edge of the DUPLEX CAM. The HOOK
CAM moves the EXTRACTION BAR HOOKS up and down when the
DUPLEX CAM rotates.
CAM Motor M1 Moves the DUPLEX CAM to each of 4 positions. The INNER CAM
SENSOR S10 and OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 send information to the
MSC BOARD A1, which sends a message to the CAM MOTOR M1 to
move the DUPLEX CAM to one of the 4 positions:
• position 1 = INNER CAM SENSOR S10 and OUTER CAM SENSOR
S11 are blocked
• position 2 = INNER CAM SENSOR S10 is blocked
• position 3 = no CAM SENSORS are blocked
• position 4 = OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 is blocked
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Component Description
Page
45 of 120 CAM Sensors: When the DUPLEX CAM moves to each of 4 positions, the RING
• Inner CAM FLAGS block or unblock the path of the beam of the INNER and
Sensor S10 OUTER CAM SENSORS. The status of the SENSORS is sent to the
MSC BOARD A1, which starts the motion of the DUPLEX CAM to the
• Outer CAM
next position.
Sensor S11
Ring Flags: Block and unblock the path to the INNER CAM SENSOR S10 and
• Home Flag OUTER CAM SENSOR S11 when the DUPLEX CAM rotates.
• Position Flag
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TG4825-1 Cassette Entry
Page
46 of 120
CASSETTE ENTRY
SENSOR S1
INPUT SLOT
A1
MSC
BOARD
A2
MCPU
BOARD
INTERNAL
BAR CODE
READER
H194_5051HCA
RS-232 H194_5051HC
The Cassette Entry components detect that a CASSETTE is loaded and send information
about the CASSETTE to the MSC BOARD A1 and the MCPU BOARD A2.
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TG4825-1
Page Component Description
47 of 120
Cassette Entry The CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR is continually monitored to detect
Sensor S1 a CASSETTE. When a CASSETTE is inserted, the light beam of S1
is blocked.
Internal Bar-Code Reads the bar-code information from BAR-CODE LABEL on the
Reader CASSETTE and sends it to the MCPU BOARD A2. The BAR-CODE
READER also sends information to the MSC BOARD A1 using an
RS-232 connection.
1. The operator inserts a CASSETTE into the INPUT SLOT.
2. When the CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1 is blocked by the end of the CASSETTE, a
Cassette Detected message is sent to the MSC BOARD A1.
3. The MSC BOARD A1 sends a signal to the INTERNAL BAR-CODE READER, which then
reads the BAR-CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE. The BAR CODE provides the following
information about the CASSETTE:
• size
• speed
• serial number
4. The INTERNAL BAR-CODE READER sends the information about the CASSETTE to the
MSC BOARD A1.
5. The system emits a beep.
6. The MSC BOARD A1 sends:
• Cassette Detected message to the MCPU BOARD A2
• CASSETTE ID to the MCPU BOARD A2
7. The MCPU BOARD A2 sends:
• Cassette Detected message to the MSC BOARD A1
• Scan Request message to the INTERNAL PC
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 8. The INTERNAL PC:
Page
48 of 120 • checks that it has the quantity of memory necessary to receive an image
• makes a raw image file to receive the image
• sends a Scan Request Reply message to the MCPU BOARD A2 with a value of OK
9. The MCPU BOARD (A2):
• sends a message to the MSC BOARD A1 to load the CASSETTE
• sends information about the size and speed of the CASSETTE to the DIGITIZER
BOARD
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Cassette Transport
Page
49 of 120 CASSETTE LOAD
DRIVE SENSOR S2
ROLLERS
CASSETTE REAR
SENSOR S3
IDLER
ROLLERS
PIVOTING
PLUSH
END STOP
DRIVE
MOTOR
CASSETTE ENTRY
SENSOR S1
SLED PLATE H194_5002HCA

H194_5002HC
The Cassette Transport components move the CASSETTE into the correct position for
scanning and provide a light-tight environment around the CASSETTE.
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TG4825-1
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Drive Motor Provides the motion of the DRIVE ROLLER that moves the
CASSETTE toward the END STOP.
Drive Rollers Move the CASSETTE from the Cassette Entry area to the END
STOP. At the END STOP, the CASSETTE is in the correct position
for scanning.
Idler Rollers Hold the CASSETTE in the correct position when the DRIVE
ROLLERS move the CASSETTE toward the END STOP. The IDLER
ROLLER is on the opposite side of the CASSETTE from the DRIVE
ROLLER.
Sled CAM The part of the DUPLEX CAM that moves the SLED PLATE. See
Duplex CAM Assembly. Not visible in the graphic.
Sled Plate Moves backward and forward when the CASSETTE moves toward
the END STOP and back to the Cassette Entry area. In combination
with the INTERMEDIATE PLATE, the SLED PLATE actuates the
motion of the PIVOTING PLUSH.
Pivoting Plush When the CASSETTE is in scanning position, makes a light-tight
environment around all sides of the CASSETTE. The PIVOTING
PLUSH has FIBERS fastened to BARS on each side of the
CASSETTE. To prevent light from reaching the SCREEN when it is
removed from the CASSETTE, the PIVOTING PLUSH rotates
toward the CASSETTE.
Cassette Entry Detects that a CASSETTE was placed in the Cassette Transport
Sensor S1 area.
Cassette Load Detects that a CASSETTE is loaded and has contact with the
Sensor S2 DRIVE ROLLERS and IDLER ROLLERS.
Cassette Rear Detects that a CASSETTE has reached the END STOP and
Sensor S3 deactuates the DRIVE MOTOR.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 1. The SLED CAM moves to position 2, which moves the SLED PLATE 0.640 cm (0.250 in.)
Page forward.
51 of 120
2. The DRIVE MOTOR M2 actuates. The DRIVE MOTOR M2 drives the TIMING BELTS,
which rotate the DRIVE ROLLERS. TIMING BELTS are not visible in the graphic.
3. The DRIVE ROLLERS drive the CASSETTE to the back until the CASSETTE REAR
SENSOR S3 detects the CASSETTE.
4. The CASSETTE REAR SENSOR S3 sends a signal to the MSC BOARD A1 to deactuate
the MOTOR.
5. After a 20-millisecond delay, the MSC BOARD A1 deactuates the DRIVE MOTOR M2.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Plate Handling
Page
52 of 120 The Plate Handling components remove the
Fastening the PLATE
to the EXTRACTION BAR PLATE from the CASSETTE SHELL and
fasten it to the EXTRACTION BAR.
CASSETTE END STOP The EXTRACTION BAR holds the
PLATE during the scanning operation, then
inserts it back into the CASSETTE SHELL.
EXTRACTION HOOKS
BAR
HOOK YOKE LEVERS
Pulling the SCREEN

Down for Scanning
CASSETTE
PLATE
SCREEN
EXTRACTION
BAR
H194_5028CCA
H194_5028CC
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TG4825-1
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Hook CAM When the DUPLEX CAM moves through positions 1 - 4, the HOOK
CAM begins the actions to release the PLATE from the CASSETTE
and fasten it to the EXTRACTION BAR. For more information, see
Duplex CAM Assembly.
Hook Yoke Follower Transfers the motion of the HOOK CAM to press down on the HOOK
YOKE ASSEMBLY. The HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER, HOOK CAM, and
HOOK YOKE ASSEMBLY are not visible in the graphic.
Hook Yoke Moves the HOOK YOKE WHEELS and HOOK YOKE LEVERS to
Assembly start moving the HOOKS that fasten to the PLATE. HOOK YOKE
WHEELS are not visible in the graphic.
Extraction Bar Removes the PLATE from the CASSETTE, moves the PLATE
vertically through the scanning and erasing operations, and returns it
to the CASSETTE. Includes:
• HOOK YOKE LEVERS - release the LATCH that fastens the
PLATE to the CASSETTE SHELL
• HOOKS - fasten the PLATE to the EXTRACTION BAR
1. When the DUPLEX CAM rotates from position 1 toward position 2, the HOOK CAM
presses down on the HOOK CAM FOLLOWER.
2. The HOOK YOKE FOLLOWER presses down on the HOOK YOKE ASSEMBLY, making
the HOOK YOKE WHEELS press down on the HOOK YOKE LEVERS of the
EXTRACTION BAR.
3. The HOOKS move up into the 2 SLOTS in the PLATE.
4. When the DUPLEX CAM moves to position 2, the LATCH inside the PLATE releases the
SCREEN from the CASSETTE SHELL.
5. The spring-loaded HOOKS fasten to the PLATE.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 6. The EXTRACTION BAR holds the PLATE when the PLATE is removed from the
Page CASSETTE SHELL, moved through the scan/erase operation, and inserted into the
54 of 120
CASSETTE SHELL again.
7. When the PLATE is inserted, the DUPLEX CAM rotates to positions 3 and 4, releases the
HOOKS and locks the PLATE inside the CASSETTE.
THEORY GUIDE Optical
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TG4825-1
Page
Section 6: Optical
55 of 120
Overview
SCREEN
PMTs
COLLECTOR
A5
A2
INTERNAL PMT/DAS
PC MCPU BOARD
BOARD
DIGITIZER A/D
BOARD CONVERTER
analog
A3 digital image data blue
image light
data
red
FOLD MIRROR laser
light
motion
commands
F-THETA LENS
A4
GALVO
GALVO
BOARD
LASER
A1
A18 LASER DRIVER A17 LASER DIODE
PRE-REGULATOR DRIVER BOARD MSC
BOARD BOARD
H194_5045DCA
H194_5045DC
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The Optical subsystem:
Page
56 of 120 • makes the laser beam and provides the deflection of the beam onto the SCREEN
• moves the laser beam across the SCREEN at a controlled rate to release the stored
energy in the PHOSPHOR
• obtains the image by capturing the light that was released and changing it to a digital
format
The Optical subsystem includes the following main components:
• Laser
• GALVO
• Collector and Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
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TG4825-1 Laser
Page
57 of 120
PLATE
FOLD MIRROR SCREEN
F THETA LENS
FOLD MIRROR
F THETA LENS
GALVO
H194_5029HCA
H194_5029HC GALVO
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TG4825-1
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Laser Type 30 mW LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD that emits a red
beam of light of high intensity. The LASER DRIVER PRE-
REGULATOR BOARD A18 controls the power of the LASER:
• Threshold - supplies minimum power when the LASER is moving
to the start of the next line - retrace
• Scan - supplies full power to the LASER during scanning
• Full-on - used for diagnostics
Collimating Optics Provides focus for the light beam to make the spot of light the
correct size on the SCREEN - not visible in the graphic.
Manual Safety Has a NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER that decreases the power of the
Shutter light emitted by the LASER. When FEs check the operation of the
Optical subsystem, they can change the position of the SHUTTER to
make the light from the LASER move through the FILTER. The
FILTER decreases the power of the LASER, which prevents damage
to the eyes. The graphic on Page 55 indicates the position of the
MANUAL SAFETY SHUTTER when it is in the path of the LASER.
During normal operation of the CR 825/850 System, the MANUAL

SAFETY SHUTTER does not block the path of the LASER.
GALVO Controls the motion of the light beam from the LASER across the
SCREEN in the fast scan direction - horizontal.
F Theta Lens Changes the light beam from the LASER from a continual angular
position to a continual linear position.
Fold Mirror Changes the direction of the light beam from the LASER to align it
in the center of the COLLECTOR.
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TG4825-1 GALVO
Page
59 of 120
A4
GALVO BOARD
Clock Signal
A3 A18 A17
Desired Position
Plate Size
DIGITIZER LASER DRIVER LASER DRIVER
Offset and Amplitude
BOARD PRE-REGULATOR DIODE BOARD
BOARD
Line Start Signal
Desired Position Signal
Closed Loop
Servo Circuit
Actual Drive Signal

Position
Signal
GALVO
MIRROR
GALVO
H194_5041HC
The GALVO moves the laser beam to scan the SCREEN:

• rotates the GALVO MIRROR to cause the laser beam to scan across the SCREEN - fast
scan
• moves to the beginning of the next line on the SCREEN
• scans the next line until the SCREEN is fully scanned
The GALVO uses a feedback system in which the desired position of the GALVO MIRROR is
compared to the actual position in the rotation, and corrections are made to keep the GALVO
in the correct position on the SCREEN at the correct time. When the GALVO is in the correct
position, the laser beam is also in the correct position.
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TG4825-1
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Digitizer Board A3 Controls the operation of the GALVO BOARD, which moves the laser
beam.
GALVO Includes:
• MOTOR - rotates the SHAFT
• SHAFT - has a MIRROR at one end to send the laser beam
toward the F THETA LENS
GALVO Board A4 Includes a feedback circuit that controls the position of the MIRROR.
The position of the MIRROR determines the position of the laser
beam. The GALVO BOARD uses the following information to define
the desired position of the MIRROR:
• clock signal from the DIGITIZER BOARD, which moves through
the desired position between the offset and amplitude.
• size of the PLATE from the DIGITIZER BOARD, which receives
the information from the BAR-CODE LABEL on the CASSETTE
• values for the PLATE size, which were set up during calibration:
– offset - starting point
– amplitude - the distance to move across the SCREEN
Information from POSITION SENSORS determine the position of the
GALVO SHAFT in the scan - the actual position. The actual position
is compared to the desired position and corrections in position are
made to provide a smooth motion of the beam.
The GALVO BOARD also:

• emits Line Start signals to the DIGITIZER BOARD to provide the
information that a line is complete and it can start another line
• energizes the LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD at times
determined by software
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Traces in the Operation of the GALVO
Page
61 of 120
A B C D
POSITION
vs
TIME SCA
N
DESIRED-POSITION
TRACE
DWELL TIME
ACTUAL-POSITION
TRACE
"0" Velocity
VELOCITY
The following table describes the positions within the 3 traces.

2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page Traces of the GALVO Description
62 of 120
Desired Position • position A - the DIGITIZER BOARD has sent a signal to the
Trace GALVO to retrace
• between Positions A and B - the system is waiting for the GALVO
to complete the retrace
• between Positions B and C - the speed of the GALVO is
increasing to operating speed
• position C - the PIXEL CLOCK starts and the PMT/DAS BOARD
starts measuring the pixel data from the SCREEN. The laser
beam is at the edge of the SCREEN.
• between Positions C and D - the complete line of pixels is
scanned
• position D - the laser beam is at the other edge of the PLATE and
the PIXEL CLOCK stops
Actual Position Trace • matches the desired position trace during scanning of the
SCREEN
• does not match the desired position trace between Positions A
and B, indicating the time necessary for the GALVO to be stable
and start moving across the next line
Velocity Trace • GALVO is moving in the scanning direction when the trace is
above the 0 Velocity line in the diagram
• GALVO is moving in the retrace direction when the trace is below
the 0 Velocity line
• GALVO is moving at a continual speed during scanning
• the speed of the GALVO increasing to operating speed between
Positions B and C
• the difference between the scanning and retrace speed is larger
than it appears in the diagram
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Collector and Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)
Page
63 of 120 The COLLECTOR and the PMTs:
• provide the collection of the blue light emitted from the PHOSPHOR SCREEN
• measure the brightness of the blue light
• change the measurement of brightness to digital format
analog
signal
LIGHT COLLECTOR
PMT
(1 of 2)
BLUE FILTER
red laser light
blue light
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
H194_5009GC
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TG4825-1
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Digitizer Board A3 Controls the operation of the GALVO BOARD A4 and the PMT/DAS
BOARD A5 to provide for the measurement and collection of image
data at the correct time:
• sends a signal to the GALVO to rotate the MIRROR to move the
laser beam in the fast scan direction across the SCREEN
• sends a signal to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 to measure the
emitted light at controlled times. Each measurement makes a pixel
in the completed image.
Light Collector Provides the collection of the blue light emitted from the SCREEN
and sends it toward the PMTs. The inside surface of the
COLLECTOR is reflective.
Blue Filter Removes any red laser light reflected from the SCREEN, allowing
only the blue light to reach the PMTs.
Photomultiplier 2 LIGHT SENSORS, which emit a current signal corresponding to the
Tubes (PMT) light reaching the FACE of the PMT. The PMTs use a high-voltage
POWER SOURCE to operate. The voltage of the POWER SOURCE
determines the sensitivity of the PMTs.
PMT/DAS Board A5 • Changes analog signals from the PMTs to digital format:
– amplifies the signals from the 2 PMTs
– adds the signals from the PMTs
– filters the summed signal
– changes the summed signal to a digital format
• Measures the strength of the laser beam and changes it to digital
format.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Collection of the Blue Light
Page
65 of 120
Blue Light
From PLATE
/SCREEN
DYNODE 2
-350 V DC
DYNODE 7 DYNODE 6 DYNODE 3

-100 V DC -150 V DC -300 V DC
ANODE
0 V DC
DYNODE 8 DYNODE 5 DYNODE 4

-50 V DC -200 V DC -250 V DC Path of electrons from
PHOTOCATHODE
DYNODE 1
-400 V DC
Blue Light
From PLATE
FOCUSING ELECTRODE
/SCREEN
-500 V DC
PHOTOCATHODE
-600 V DC
H194_5043HC
When the red light from the LASER reaches the SCREEN, blue light is emitted in random
directions. The COLLECTOR captures most of the rays of blue light and provides the
deflection of the rays toward the FACE of the PMTs.
Changing the Blue Light to Electrical Current
1 Some of the red light from the LASER that reaches the SCREEN is reflected and enters
the COLLECTOR. A BLUE FILTER between the COLLECTOR and the PMTs rejects
most of the red light and allows the blue light to enter. The PMTs receive only the blue
light from the SCREEN.
2 Inside the PMT are a number of components that are connected to varying levels of high
voltage. The circuits on the PMT/DAS BOARD separate the high voltage into a
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 descending series of voltages. These voltages are connected to components in the PMT.
Page In the graphic, example voltages are given.
66 of 120
Note
The HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY provides a high negative voltage. The
PHOTOCATHODE is connected directly to the -600 V source. The FOCUSING ELECTRODE
in the PMT is set to -500 V. Next to the FOCUSING ELECTRODE are a series of DYNODES,
which are set at decreasing voltages until at the end is an ANODE which is set at 0 V.
3 The PHOTOCATHODE emits an electron when it is hit by a light photon. Because the
efficiency of the PHOTOCATHODE is less than 100%, the number of electrons is less
than the number of photons entering the PMT.
4 The negatively charged electron is influenced by the electrical field between the
PHOTOCATHODE at -600 V and the more positive FOCUSING ELECTRODE
at -500 V, pulling the electron toward the FOCUSING ELECTRODE.
5 When the electron moves toward the FOCUSING ELECTRODE, it is pulled by the more
positive DYNODE. When the electron hits the DYNODE surface, it reflects from the
surface and emits more electrons. At each DYNODE, the number of electrons increases,
more electrons are added, and all the electrons are attracted to the next more positive
DYNODE.
6 At the end of the PMT, all the electrons are attracted to the ANODE, which assembles
the electrons and sends the electrons to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 in a small current
signal.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Operation of the PMT/DAS Board:
Page
67 of 120 A5 PMT/DAS BOARD
2 CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE
analog AMPLIFIERS
blue ANODE voltage
light signals
A3
2 PMT GAIN CONTROL DIGITIZER BOARD
PMT1 D/A CONVERTERS
PIXEL CLOCK
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
blue ANODE FIFO BUFFER
light
digital
image
PMT1 LOW PASS FILTER data
A2
MCPU BOARD
16-BIT A/D CONVERTER

to HIGH BUFFER
VOLTAGE
DIVIDERS 16 bit
raw image
data
processed
HIGH VOLTAGE DATA MULTIPLEXER 8 bit digital
POWER SUPPLY images
8 bit INTERNAL PC
to network
H194_5046HC
1. The 2 PMTs connect to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The HIGH VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY
feeds power to the HIGH VOLTAGE DIVIDERS. Each PMT has a HIGH VOLTAGE
DIVIDER that sends the given levels of high voltage to the components inside the PMTs.
2. The ANODE of each PMT is connected to a CURRENT-TO-VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER, which
changes the small current signal from each PMT into a corresponding voltage signal.
Each of the voltage signals moves through a PMT GAIN CONTROL D/A CONVERTER.
These CONVERTERS change the signal level from each PMT to adjust for gain variations
from PMT to PMT.
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TG4825-1 3. The corrected signals are added together in the SUMMING AMPLIFIER. An offset
Page adjustment signal is added to adjust for any other offset error. The offset signal is provided
68 of 120
by 2 D/A CONVERTERS that allow large and small adjustments. The offset adjustment
signal causes the signal to be 0 when no light hits the PMTs.
4. The adjusted signal is sent through a LOW PASS FILTER for noise reduction.
5. The filtered signal is sent to the 16-BIT A/D CONVERTER for measurement of the
brightness of the blue light emitted by the SCREEN. The intensity of the blue light is
proportional to the charge stored by the PHOSPHOR and the intensity of the laser beam
that hit the PHOSPHOR. To construct the original image again, it is necessary to know
the strength of the laser beam when the blue light was measured.
6. The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 includes logic circuits that interface with the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3. This serial data interface allows the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to adjust the A/D
CONVERTERS on the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The PIXEL CLOCK on the DIGITIZER
BOARD connects to the A/D CONVERTER and sends a command to make a
measurement. The A/D CONVERTER makes a 16-bit value for each measurement. The
16-bit values are sent to a DATA MULTIPLEXER that breaks the 16-bit value into 2 8-bit
bytes.
7. The image is sent to the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 one pixel at a time. The data is stored in
a FIFO BUFFER until a complete line of data is received. The raw image data is sent from
the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to the MCPU BOARD A2. In the MCPU BOARD A2 the data is
stored in a BUFFER. When all the data for a given image is in the BUFFER, the MCPU
BOARD A2 sends the full raw image to the INTERNAL PC for processing and distribution
to the hospital network.
THEORY GUIDE Scan/Erase
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 7: Scan/Erase
69 of 120
Overview
PLATE POSITIONING AY
CASSETTE
SHELL and
PLATE
from MCPU BOARD
EXTRACTION BAR
A1
MSC ERASE LAMPS
BOARD
LEAD SCREW
A6
SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER
BOARD COIL BOARD A7
SLOW SCAN MOTOR
H194_5047HCA
H194_5047HC ENCODER
The Scan/Erase subsystem moves the PLATE:

• through the field of scan at a uniform speed
• to the ERASE ASSEMBLY to be erased
• back up to be inserted into the CASSETTE SHELL
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The Scan/Erase subsystem includes:
Page
70 of 120 • Plate Positioning Assembly
• Lead Screw
• Extraction Bar
• Reference Sensor S9
• Plate Present Sensor S5
• Slow Scan Motor
• Encoder
• Erase Assembly
• Lamp Current Sensors CS1–CS5
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Plate Positioning Assembly
Page
71 of 120 The ARMS of the PLATE POSITIONING
UPPER ARM
ASSEMBLY keep the PLATE in the correct
LOWER ARM vertical position for removal from the
CASSETTE, for scanning, and for inserting
the PLATE into the CASSETTE SHELL after
scanning.
The PLATE POSITIONING ASSEMBLY has
2 ARMS that each include:
• LOWER ARM - when the EXTRACTION
BAR moves down to the position
immediately before scanning starts, the
PLATE LOWER ARM moves forward to touch
POSITIONING the back of the PLATE, which is partially
AY out of the CASSETTE SHELL. The
LOWER ARM keeps the PLATE
SCREEN from touching the WALLS of
PLATE the CASSETTE when it moves out of the
CASSETTE.
• UPPER ARM - after the LOWER ARM
moves forward to touch the back of the
EXTRACTION
BAR PLATE, the UPPER ARM also moves
H194_5013GCB
H194_5013GC forward. It keeps the larger PLATES
steady during scanning and when they
move out of and back into the
CASSETTE.
Lead Screw
The LEAD SCREW is connected to the MOTOR SHAFT. When the LEAD SCREW rotates, it
moves the EXTRACTION BAR up and down.
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TG4825-1 Extraction Bar
Page
72 of 120
EXTRACTION BAR
Home position
Reference
position
Start of
scan position
End of scan
position-fixed
Erase position
position
H194_5015GCB
H194_5015GC
The EXTRACTION BAR holds the PLATE when it moves down during scanning and up after
erasing.
Note
The PLATE is not visible in the graphic.
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TG4825-1 The EXTRACTION BAR has 5 vertical positions.
Page
73 of 120
Position of the
Description
Extraction Bar
Reference Position Position of the EXTRACTION BAR when the REFERENCE SENSOR
S9 is blocked. The REFERENCE SENSOR S9 is installed at this
position during manufacture. This position is not the same for all CR
825/850 Systems.
When the system is initialized, the EXTRACTION BAR checks for the
REFERENCE SENSOR S9. Once it is located, the EXTRACTION
BAR moves up to the home position 1. The EXTRACTION BAR
remains at the home position 1 until the start of a new cycle.
Home Position Position of the EXTRACTION BAR at the start and end of a cycle.
Home position is 3.8–4.5 cm (1.5–1.75 in.) above the position of the

REFERENCE SENSOR. The home position is set in the factory, but
can be adjusted in the field if necessary.
Start of Scan Position of the EXTRACTION BAR when the SCREEN is in position
Position to be scanned. The start of scan position is a set number of counts of
the ENCODER below home position. The number of counts of the
ENCODER defines the mechanical start of scanning. The optical start
of scanning occurs after the MCPU BOARD sends a message to the
GALVO to start scanning the SCREEN. For more information about
the ENCODER, see Encoder.
End of Scan The end of scan is defined by counts of the ENCODER, determined
Position by the size of the PLATE.
Erase Position Position below the end of scan when the PLATE is located directly in
front of the ERASE LAMPS. The erase position is determined by the
size of the PLATE.
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TG4825-1 Reference Sensor S9
Page
74 of 120 The REFERENCE SENSOR S9 checks for a FLAG on the EXTRACTION BAR that provides
the SLOW SCAN ASSEMBLY with the reference position. All other positions of the SLOW
SCAN ASSEMBLY are relative to the reference position.
Plate Present Sensor S5

After the PLATE is fastened by the EXTRACTION BAR, it is pulled down by the SLOW SCAN
ASSEMBLY. The PLATE moves between the EMITTER and DETECTOR of the PLATE
PRESENT SENSOR S5. The MSC BOARD A1 reads the status of the SENSOR and
determines if a PLATE is loaded before continuing the slow scan operation.
Slow Scan Motor
LEAD SCREW
A3 COIL BOARD CABLE

COIL BOARD A7
RS-232 MAGNET
connection to
MSC BOARD A1 SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER FLYWHEEL
BOARD
ENCODER CABLE
ENCODER
fixed to shaft
H194_5038BC
The SLOW SCAN MOTOR is a 3-phase DC MOTOR that provides all vertical motion of the
PLATE necessary for scanning and erasing operations.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The following components control the operation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR:
Page
75 of 120
Slow Scan Controls the motions of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR. The COIL BOARD
Controller Board A6 A7 and the ENCODER connect to this BOARD. Normally, the
parameters of motion of the MOTOR include:
• direction of motion - clockwise or counterclockwise
• number of counts of the ENCODER that the MOTOR must move
• acceleration
• running speed
• deceleration
Slow Scan Motor Includes:
• STEEL PLATE - operates with the COIL BOARD A7 to generate
the MAGNET that causes torque in the SLOW SCAN MOTOR
• COIL BOARD A7 - keeps the correct rotation of the SLOW SCAN
MOTOR
• MAGNET/FLYWHEEL - a steel CYLINDER with a MAGNET at the
top end that adds rotating mass to the MOTOR and makes the
rotation smooth
Encoder Monitors the speed and position of the MAGNET to provide:
• smooth operation of the MOTOR
• speed of the MOTOR that does not change
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
76 of 120 magnet
coils hall effect sensor
thermal fuse
H194_5039AC
The COIL BOARD A7 includes:

• 6 TRIANGULAR-SHAPED COILS of wire around the CENTRAL SHAFT of the MOTOR
• 3 HALL EFFECT SENSORS, which detect magnetic fields. The SENSORS determine the
position of the MAGNET POLES relative to the COILS.
• 3 THERMAL FUSES, which protect the components if a COIL is too hot or other
malfunctions occur
The COIL BOARD A7 and the MAGNET operate together to rotate the MOTOR.
1. The HALL EFFECT SENSORS determine the polarization of the MAGNET when the
MAGNET is aligned with the COILS.
2. The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD A6 changes the amplitude and direction of the
current flow in the COILS to make a magnetic field.
3. The MAGNET rotates to align with the magnetic field.
4. The process continues, providing a smooth rotation of the MOTOR.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Obtaining Smooth Operation of the Slow Scan Motor
Page
77 of 120 To obtain smooth operation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR, it is necessary to have smooth
rotating torque. The COILS make a magnetic field and the MAGNET aligns with the COILS.
When the MAGNET POLES are almost in alignment with the magnetic field, the torque
potential is highest. When the MAGNET rotates out of perfect alignment, more current is
necessary in the COILS to provide the same quantity of torque.
To provide the smoothest torque, the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD A6 uses a
sinusoidal current in the COILS. When the polarization of the MAGNET is most out of
alignment with the magnetic field of the COIL, the sinusoidal current is at the maximum.
When the MAGNET and the field are almost perfectly aligned, the current drops to almost 0.
The current in the COIL then changes to negative polarity to repel the MAGNET POLE and
continue the smooth torque. When the next POLE starts to approach, the current reverses
direction and reaches the maximum again.
The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD A6 monitors the signals from the ENCODER when
the MOTOR is operating. If the MOTOR is operating too slowly, the SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER BOARD A6 increases the peak of the COIL current sinuosity to provide more
torque to increase the speed. If the MOTOR is operating at a higher speed than it should, it
decreases the current.
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TG4825-1 Encoder
Page
78 of 120
LIGHT EMITTER LIGHT EMITTER
Signal from DETECTOR 1
Signal from DETECTOR 2
LIGHT DETECTOR 1 LIGHT DETECTOR 2

ENCODER WHEEL
( 5000 Lines )
H194_5031BC
The ENCODER monitors the speed and position of the MAGNET in during rotation to provide
smooth operation and continual speed.
Encoder Wheel A clear disk that has 5000 lines leading from the center to the
outside edge.
2 Optical Sensors - Placed at the edge of the ENCODER WHEEL. Each beam from the
Emitter/Detectors EMITTER/DETECTOR is blocked by the lines of the WHEEL when
the WHEEL rotates.
The signals of the SENSORS are 90 degrees out of phase with each other in a quadrature
relationship. One DETECTOR detects the edge of a line and the other detects the middle of
the line.
The ENCODER determines:
• speed of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR by measuring the frequency of the signals
• direction of rotation of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR by determining the sequence in which
the signals change
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The signals from the 2 SENSORS are continually monitored by the SLOW SCAN
Page CONTROLLER BOARD A6, and the power to the COIL BOARD A7 is decreased or
79 of 120
increased to provide smooth rotation and continual speed.
20,000 counts of the ENCODER make one rotation of the LEAD SCREW. The system moves
to each of the following positions until it reaches the correct number of counts:
• start of scan
• erase
• end of scan
Erase Assembly
ERASE LAMPS The ERASE ASSEMBLY includes 5 pairs of
high-intensity ERASE LAMPS that expose
the scanned SCREEN to white light. This
operation releases any residual charge on
the SCREEN.
SLOW SCAN
MOTOR
PLATE
H177_1244GCB
H177_1244GC
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TG4825-1 1. The MCPU BOARD A2 sends an Erase command to the MSC BOARD A1, which sends a
Page signal to the SLOW SCAN MOTOR to start the erasing operation.
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2. The SLOW SCAN MOTOR actuates and moves the SCREEN into the erase position
determined by the ENCODER counts.
3. The SLOW SCAN MOTOR stops and waits for a response from the MCPU BOARD A2.
4. The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the Erase command and time to the MSC BOARD A1,
which actuates the ERASE LAMPS.
5. The ERASE LAMPS illuminate for 2–16 seconds to remove the image from the SCREEN.
6. When the SCREEN is erased, the MSC BOARD A1 sends the erase done status to the
MCPU BOARD A2.
Note
• The MSC BOARD A1 and the MCPU BOARD A2 are not visible in the graphic.
• The length of time the ERASE LAMPS illuminate is determined by the highest pixel code
value of the image that was scanned. If one pair of LAMPS is not operating, the time
increases by a factor of 2. If more than one pair of LAMPS is not operating, a message
displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
Lamp Current Sensors CS1–CS5

Each pair of ERASE LAMPS has one BALLAST. A LAMP CURRENT SENSOR monitors the
electrical current to each BALLAST.
THEORY GUIDE Imaging Sequence
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TG4825-1
Page
Section 8: Imaging Sequence
81 of 120
Overview
A5
A2
INTERNAL PMT/DAS
PC MCPU BOARD
BOARD
DIGITIZER A/D
BOARD CONVERTER
analog
A3 digital image data blue
image light
data
red
laser
light
motion
commands
A4
GALVO
BOARD
LASER
A1
A18 LASER DRIVER A17 LASER DIODE
PRE-REGULATOR DRIVER BOARD MSC
BOARD BOARD
H194_5045DC
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TG4825-1 The CR 825/850 System uses the components of the Optical and Scan/Erase subsystems to
Page make the digital images. The imaging sequence includes:
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• Scanning the Screen - Slow Scan/Fast Scan
• Obtaining the Image Data
• Processing the Data
• Processing the Image
Scanning the Screen - Slow Scan/Fast Scan
PLATE
fast scan motion
throwaway
lines
2048 - 2392 0
amplitude offset
slow scan motion H194_5040AC
1 When the PLATE reaches the mechanical start of scan position, the MSC BOARD A1
sends a message to the MCPU BOARD A2 that the SCREEN is ready for scanning.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 2 The MCPU BOARD A2, through the DIGITIZER BOARD A3, sets up the GALVO BOARD
Page A4 and PMT/DAS BOARD A5 with the following information recorded during calibration of
83 of 120
the CR 825/850 System:
• offset and amplitude of the GALVO
• gain of the PMTs
• high voltage of the PMTs
• number of pixels/line
• number of lines to scan
• offset for start of fast scan
Note
The number of lines scanned includes the lines scanned for the image and also the
throwaway lines. Throwaway lines at the beginning of the scanning are lines that are scanned
but are not part of the image.
On GP and HR plates, the start and stop of the fast scan is approximately 10 pixels in from
the edge of the PHOSPHOR. The actual distance will vary from approximately
1 mm (0.039 in.) for small CASSETTES to approximately 5 mm for larger CASSETTES,
because the pixel size is smaller on the small CASSETTES. This START/STOP OFFSET is
determined at the calibration of the CASSETTE.
EHR MAMMOGRAPHY and LLI CASSETTES perform an overscan which shows the edge of
the screen.
3 When the MSC BOARD A1 is ready, it sends a message to the MCPU BOARD A2,
which sends messages to:
• MSC BOARD A1 to start the slow scan
• DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to start moving the GALVO
• PMT/DAS BOARD A5 to start the collection of data
4 The GALVO starts and provides the deflection of the laser beam onto the SCREEN. The
laser beam moves horizontally across the SCREEN. This horizontal motion is the fast
scan direction. See GALVO.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 5 At the same time, the SCREEN moves vertically. This vertical motion is the slow scan
Page direction.
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Both motions are determined by calibration data for the given SCREEN size. The MSC
BOARD A1 controls the slow scan motion through the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER
BOARD A6. The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 controls the fast scan motion through the
GALVO BOARD A4.
Obtaining the Image Data

analog
signal
LIGHT COLLECTOR
PMT
(1 of 2)
BLUE FILTER
red laser light
blue light
PHOSPHOR SCREEN
H194_5009GC
1 The red laser beam scans across the PHOSPHOR SCREEN in the fast scan direction.
When it hits the PHOSPHOR charged by the X-ray exposure, it causes the PHOSPHOR
to emit blue light. The brightness of the blue light is proportional to the strength of the
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 X-ray and the power of the LASER at the point it hits the PHOSPHOR. The light is
Page emitted in a random pattern.
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2 The collection of random blue light is provided by the COLLECTOR, which reflects the
light toward the FACES of the 2 PMTs:
• For each line of the fast scan, a given number of measurements is made, determined
in the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 by the size of the SCREEN. This is the sampling rate.
The sampling rate defines the size of each pixel of information that is read from the
SCREEN. For more information about sampling, see Changing Analog Signals to
Digital Signals.
• Both the red light from the LASER and the blue light emitted from the PHOSPHOR is
emitted toward the COLLECTOR. A BLUE FILTER prevents the red light from entering
the PMTs. The BLUE FILTER allows only the blue light into the PMTs.
3 The PMTs change the light energy into analog electrical current signals.
4 The output from each of the 2 PMTs is sent to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5. The PMT/DAS
BOARD A5 changes and amplifies the output to a proportional voltage signal.
5 Gain control is applied to each of the voltage signals to correct for gain variations from
the 2 PMTs.
6 The SUMMING AMPLIFIER adds the corrected signals and an offset adjustment signal is
also added. This new signal is sent through a LOW PASS FILTER for noise reduction.
7 The voltage signal is sent through a 16-bit ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL (A/D) CONVERTER,
which changes it to a 16-bit digital signal.
8 The 16-bit image data is sent 2 pixels at a time to the DIGITIZER BOARD A3.
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TG4825-1 Processing the Data
Page
86 of 120 1 The 2 16-bit values are received in a FIFO BUFFER on the DIGITIZER BOARD A3. The
data is stored in the FIFO BUFFER until a complete line of data is received.
2 In rapid sequence, when the GALVO is moving to the start of the next line:
• 32 bits times the number of pixels in the line, for example 32 x 2048, are moved to
the MCPU BOARD using Direct Memory Access (DMA)
• MCPU BOARD A2 receives a message indicating that all the data for that line is on
the MCPU BOARD A2 and it can start processing the line
• MCPU BOARD A2 sets up the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to receive the next line of data
3 The GALVO begins to scan the next line on the SCREEN.
4 When the GALVO is scanning the next line, the MCPU BOARD A2 processes the last
line the MCPU BOARD A2 received. During this time, the MCPU BOARD applies the
Collector Profile to each pixel to adjust for any change in the efficiency of the
COLLECTOR.
5 The MCPU BOARD A2 changes the pixels from 16-bit linear values to 12-bit log values.
Each pixel has a value between 0–4095. The image is now a raw image that is
formatted. The image is stored in a BUFFER on the MCPU BOARD A2.
Note
When the BAR CODE is read and the CASSETTE moves to the load position, the INTERNAL
PC sets up a raw image file to receive the raw image from the MCPU BOARD A2. The size
of the file is determined by the size of the SCREEN.
6 The MCPU BOARD A2 sends the full raw image to the PC in one transmission.
7 When the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 assembles the set number of lines for the SCREEN
size, the MCPU BOARD A2 and the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 do the erase sequence to
clear the SCREEN to be used again.
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TG4825-1 Processing the Image
Page
87 of 120 1 When the software on the INTERNAL PC detects that a raw image was received from
the MCPU BOARD A2, the software:
• places the data in a prepared raw image file
• checks the CASSETTE ID
• locates the patient record that matches the CASSETTE ID
2 The software on the INTERNAL PC:
• reads the body part projection information to determine the necessary processing
• connects to the Image Processing Library (IPL) to locate a given image processing
algorithm for the body part on the image - PTone algorithm
• using the PTone algorithm, makes a subsample-by-9 image and applies the PTone
Lookup Table (LUT) to the image. The PTone LUT provides pixel values for
corresponding shades of gray on the image.
• using the PTone algorithm, makes a subsample-by-4 image and applies the PTone
LUT to the image.
• applies image processing algorithms in the IPL to the subsample-by-4 image to
improve the image, for example:
– Edge Enhancement (EE) - makes edges in the image sharper
– Black Surround Mask (BSM) - makes the area on the outside of the image black
• makes a thumbnail image from the subsample-by-4 image, about 70 x 70 pixels. This
is the image that displays on the EXAM SCREEN. All the thumbnail images in the
database are available to be displayed on the EXAM SCREEN at any time.
Note
The full 6.5–10 MB raw image is stored on the database of the CR 825/850 System, but no
software in the CR 825/850 System allows viewing of the full raw image. The subsample-by-4
image in .JPG format can be viewed, and the processing parameters can be removed to view
the subsample-by-4 raw image again. If necessary, the FE can download the full raw image
using special software.
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TG4825-1 3 The operator touches the thumbnail image on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR. This
Page action displays the subsample-by-4 image,. The operator makes changes and corrections
88 of 120
to the subsample image and keeps the changes. The software applies all the processing
changes to the full resolution image and stores the changes in the database. The
changes are applied to the image that is sent to any network nodes.
4 The system software adds the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)
information to the image file.
5 The Medical Image Manager (MIM) software makes a copy of the 10 MB DICOM file and
sends information from that file to all network nodes. The MIM software recognizes the
features of each node and adjusts the image for correct viewing at each node.
Note
After the MIM sends the processed image, the DICOM file is deleted. The original raw image
file and all the processing parameters are stored in a database directory of the INTERNAL
PC for possible use at another time. The database has a maximum storage level, after which
a program automatically deletes the raw image, subsample-by-4, and thumbnail files.
THEORY GUIDE Logic and Control
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TG4825-1
Page
Section 9: Logic and Control
89 of 120
Overview
To Hospital Network
CR 850 INTERNAL PC DICOM - TCP/IP
SYSTEM
A5
PMT/DAS EXTERNAL
BOARD BAR CODE
READER
#1 #2
ethernet
A2
CARDS
A3
DIGITIZER MCPU KEYBOARD KEYBOARD
BOARD BOARD connection
A17
LASER DIODE
DRIVER BOARD
RJ-45
A6 PLUG
SLOW/SCAN INTERNAL BAR

CONTROLLER A1 CODE READER
A18
BOARD
A4
MSC
LASER DRIVER
GALVO BOARD
PRE-REGULATOR BOARD
BOARD
GALVO A7
MOTOR
M4 COIL
BOARD SLOW SCAN
ENCODER
H194_5017HC
The Logic and Control subsystem:

• processes commands from the operator
• controls the operation of all subsystems
• sends processed images to the network for distribution
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TG4825-1 The Logic and Control subsystem includes:
Page
90 of 120 • Operator Input Components
• Boards
• Distribution of Images to the Network
Operator Input Components

The TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR allows the operator to enter information for an exam into
the CR 825/850 System. The display of the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR has a menu and
control system with a TOUCH SCREEN OVERLAY.
The INTERNAL PC provides the screen format for each menu item selected. The TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR enables the operator to select a displayed menu item or control by
touching the SCREEN. This action sends a command to the CR 825/850 System. The
INTERNAL PC sends the necessary data to do that action. CONTROL BUTTONS on the
TOUCH SCREEN allow the user to select functions and to move to other menus or functions.
VIRTUAL KEYBOARDS for entering information into the CR 825/850 System display on the
TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR. The configuration of the KEYBOARD is determined by the type
of information to be entered. Each KEYBOARD automatically displays when a menu item is
selected to enter data.
The system also uses typed input from a PHYSICAL KEYBOARD connected to the
INTERNAL PC.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page Main Menu
91 of 120
The Main Menu provides access to the controls for the operation and service of the CR 825/
850 System. The following table describes the menu items that are available to operators.
Each type of operator has a password that allows access to the indicated menu items.
Operator Type Can View Main Menu Items: Description

Operator • Study Data Operators can view patient data and images.
• Image Review
Key Operator • Key Operator Key Operators can:
Functions • set up system and image processing default
parameters
• Study Data
• view patient data and images
• Image Review
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TG4825-1 Operator Type Can View Main Menu Items: Description
Page
92 of 120 Applications • Applications Applications Consultants can:
Consultant Consultant • set up the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR,
SMPTE Test Pattern, and Diagnostic Image
• Key Operator
configuration
Functions
• set up system and image processing default
• Study Data
parameters
• Image Review
Service • Service Functions Service Providers can:
Provider • have access to diagnostic and service
• Applications
menus, including:
Consultant
– diagnostics
• Key Operator
Functions – configuration of formats for the BAR
CODE
• Study Data
– configuration of the network
• Image Review
• set up the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR,
SMPTE Test Pattern, and Diagnostic Image
configuration
• set up default system and image processing
parameters
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Boards
Page
93 of 120 The BOARDS control the operation of the Cassette Handling, Optical, and Scan/Erase
subsystems and the imaging sequence of the CR 825/850 System.
Board Description
Motion System Controls the electro-mechanical devices in the CR 825/850 System,
Control (MSC) A1 including:
• motion of the CASSETTE
• motion of the ERASE LAMPS
• motion of the DUPLEX CAM
The MSC BOARD A1 also:
• provides an interface to the SSC BOARD A6 to:
– remove the PLATE from the CASSETTE before scanning and
insert the PLATE back into the CASSETTE after scanning
– control the slow scan motion of the PLATE during scanning
– control the motion of the PLATE when it moves to and from
the erase position
• provides an interface for the INTERNAL BAR-CODE READER
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TG4825-1 Board Description
Page
94 of 120 Master Central The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2:
Processing Unit • provides configuration information for the MICROCONTROLLER
(MCPU) A2 and checks the memory
• checks the main application program on the PCMCIA CARD
under the MCPU BOARD A2 and loads it into the main memory
of the MCPU BOARD A2
• starts the application program for the CR 825/850 System.
• checks that the MCPU BOARD A2 signals can be sent between
the MSC BOARD and the INTERNAL PC
• reads the calibration data stored on the PCMCIA CARD.
• checks the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 using a diagnostic program on
the DIGITIZER BOARD A3
The MCPU BOARD A2:
• obtains raw image data from the DIGITIZER BOARD A3
• changes the image data from 16-bit linear to 12-bit log data
• actuates the LASER
• provides correction of the Collector Profile for the image data
• sends the image to the INTERNAL PC for image processing and
viewing
• provides the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 and the GALVO BOARD A4
with the scanning parameters determined by the size of the
SCREEN to be scanned
• records the maximum pixel value of a scan to allow the smart
erase algorithm to calculate the time to erase the SCREEN
• provides an interface to the MSC BOARD A1
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Page
95 of 120 Microcomputer Obtains the image data from the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 and sets up
Radiography Digitizer timing and control to the PMT/DAS BOARD A5 and GALVO BOARD
Controller (Digitizer) A4. The DIGITIZER BOARD A3:
Board A3 • synchronizes the start and horizontal motion of the GALVO fast
scan and the PMT/DAS A/D CONVERTERS that obtain the data
• receives image data a pixel at a time from the PMT/DAS BOARD
A5 and stores the data in a FIFO BUFFER until a line is
completed. One pixel is made of 32-bit segments.
• starts DMA transfer of the image data from the FIFO BUFFER to
the MCPU BOARD A2 when each line is completed
GALVO A4 Provides drive and feedback signals to control the position of the
GALVO MIRROR that provides the deflection of the laser beam onto
the SCREEN during the fast scan operation.
• The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 sends data to the GALVO BOARD
A4, then sends timing signals used by the GALVO BOARD to
command the GALVO to move the MIRROR through a full line
cycle.
• At the end of the cycle, the GALVO BOARD A4 sends a signal to
the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to indicate that the line is completed.
• A closed loop SERVO CIRCUIT in the GALVO BOARD A4 uses
the POSITION SENSORS in the GALVO to keep the speed of the
MIRROR smooth and in the position necessary for the
maintenance of image quality.
The GALVO BOARD A4 also provides timing and control of the
LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD A17.
Photomultiplier Tube/ Amplifies, adds, and filters the data from the 2 PMTs, then changes
Data Acquisition the analog data to digital data. The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 also
System (PMT/DAS) supplies power to the 2 PMTs.
A5
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Page
96 of 120 Slow Scan Controller A microprocessor-controlled BOARD that controls the operation of
A6 the SLOW SCAN MOTOR. The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER
BOARD A6 controls all vertical motion of the PLATE in a continual
motion. This motion is at a right angle to the direction of the
horizontal fast scan motion of the LASER.
The SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD A6:

• connects with the MSC BOARD A1 using an RS-232 serial
interface
• connects to the COIL BOARD A7 in the SLOW SCAN MOTOR to
drive the COILS and read the HALL EFFECT SENSORS
• connects to the ENCODER at the bottom of the SLOW SCAN
MOTOR ASSEMBLY
Coil A7 Includes 6 triangular-shaped WIRE COILS around the CENTRAL
SHAFT of the SLOW SCAN MOTOR. At the outside edge of the
COILS are 3 HALL EFFECT SENSORS. These components work
with the SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD and the MAGNET of
the SLOW SCAN MOTOR to rotate the MOTOR.
CAM Sensor A8 Includes 2 SENSORS, the CAM INNER SENSOR S10 and CAM
OUTER SENSOR S11 that read the position of the DUPLEX CAM
determined by the status of the HOME and POSITION FLAGS -
blocked or not blocked. It then provides the position to the MSC
BOARD A1, which controls the next motion of the DUPLEX CAM,
determined by the current position of the DUPLEX CAM.
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Page
97 of 120 Laser Diode Driver Includes a LASER DIODE that provides the red laser light used to
A17 scan the SCREEN. The GALVO BOARD A4 controls the operation of
the LASER DIODE DRIVER BOARD A17 by sending and receiving
signals through the LASER DRIVER PRE-REGULATOR BOARD
A18.
Laser Driver Controls the power provided to the LASER and has 3 modes of
Pre-regulator A18 operation:
• Threshold - supplies minimum power when the LASER is moving
to the start of the next line - retrace
• Scan - supplies full power to the LASER during scanning
• Full-on - used for diagnostics
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Checking of Boards During Initializing
Page
98 of 120 When the CR 825/850 System is energized, an initializing process occurs, in which BOARDS
and software operations are checked and hardware components are moved to the home
position. When the CR 825/850 System is successfully initialized, the Main Menu appears on
the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
Sequence of operations during initializing:
Internal PC • The software of the INTERNAL PC checks all the system components:
– memory
– DISK DRIVES
– KEYBOARD and MOUSE
– network hardware
• The operating system loads and starts running. The software for the
CR 825/850 System starts automatically when the operating system is
running. The first component to energize is the MCPU BOARD A2.
MCPU Board A2 • The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 provides configuration
information for the MICROCONTROLLER and checks the memory.
• The BOOT CODE checks the main application program on the PCMCIA
CARD under the MCPU BOARD A2 and loads it into the main memory
of the MCPU BOARD A2.
• The application program for the CR 825/850 System starts.
• The BOOT CODE checks that the MCPU BOARD A2 signals can be
sent between the MSC BOARD and the INTERNAL PC.
• The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 reads the calibration data
stored on the PCMCIA CARD.
• The BOOT CODE of the MCPU BOARD A2 checks the DIGITIZER
BOARD A3 using a diagnostic program on the DIGITIZER BOARD A3.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Digitizer Board • The DIGITIZER BOARD A3 fills the FIFO BUFFER with a test pattern.
Page
A3
99 of 120 • The MCPU BOARD A2 moves that data to memory, similar to a normal
image scanning operation.
• The MCPU BOARD A2 checks that the data is correct.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 PCMCIA • The PCMCIA (COMPACT FLASH) MEMORY CARD is located on the
Page
100 of 120 (Compact Flash) back of the MCPU BOARD A2 or the DIGITIZER BOARD A3. The
Memory Card PCMCIA (COMPACT FLASH) MEMORY CARD is used for storing the
following information:
– Application software for the MCPU BOARD
– CASSETTE calibration files
– Actuation log
– LASER calibration file
– LASER LOOK-UP TABLE (LUT) - CR 800/900 Systems only
– Image LOOK-UP TABLE (LUT)
• The MEMORY CARD is a PHILE PROPRIETARY VOLUME format. This
format is necessary to function with the P-Sauce operating system of
the MCPU BOARD. The MEMORY CARD must be in this
PROPRIETARY VOLUME format to operate with the CR System. The
CR System does not recognize a CARD with a DOS format and the
LAPTOP will not recognize the PHILE format.
• During the boot process, the boot sequence installs the following
components:
– Contents of the MEMORY CARD to the MEMORY on the PC
– Application software on the MCPU BOARD
• If the PC cannot enable communications or does not recognize the
contents of the MEMORY CARD, a 47002-000 Internal Communication
Error message displays.
• Before, unique part numbers for the replacement MEMORY CARDS
were necessary. The new MEMORY CARDS are generic. When a new
generic MEMORY CARD is inserted, the CR System cannot enable
communications with the CARD because it does not have the
information for that CR System. This information must be downloaded to
the new MEMORY CARD from the PC on the CR System.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 GALVO Board A4 • A diagnostic program on the GALVO BOARD A4 checks the interface by
Page
101 of 120 sending a command to the A/D CONVERTER on the GALVO BOARD
A4 to read the 2.5 V reference on the BOARD. This procedure
determines that the SERIAL INTERFACE to the GALVO BOARD A4 is
running and that the offset and amplitude values can be set for the size
of the PLATE.
• The COUNTER on the GALVO BOARD A4 is checked.
– The MCPU BOARD A2 and DIGITIZER BOARD A3 start a scan
operation with the GALVO BOARD A4.
– If the GALVO BOARD A4 is operating correctly, the GALVO emits a
Line Start signal and a given number of lines of data are captured. If
it is not operating correctly, no Line Start signal occurs and only one
line of data is captured.
PMT/DAS Board • The PMT/DAS BOARD A5 is set to 0 with the PMT high voltage de-
A5 energized.
• The coarse zero adjustment is adjusted high.
• The output data is checked again for the correct increase.
MSC Board A1 • When the MSC BOARD A1 is energized, the boot program checks the
memory.
• In hardware, all interrupts are disabled and the SENSOR MASKS are
cleared.
• The SLOW SCAN ASSEMBLY is moved to the home position. The
BOOT PROGRAM locates the EXTRACTION BAR REFERENCE
SENSOR S9 and moves the set number of counts of the ENCODER to
the home position.
• The DUPLEX CAM moves to the home position 1.
• The BAR-CODE READER is initialized.
• CASSETTE ENTRY SENSOR S1 and CASSETTE LOAD SENSOR S2
are checked to determine if these SENSORS are blocked.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Distribution of Images to the Network
Page
102 of 120 Overview
Scanning/Input
Components
A2
MCPU BOARD
images/commands Ethernet
NIC INTERNAL PC
or
Pass-Through Mode QA Mode
D;\images\raw_inbox- D;\images\raw_inbox-
contains raw image files contains raw image files
File names for image files:
yyyy.mm.dd.hh.mm.ss_xxxxxxxxxx.raw
DDS
D;\images\delivery_inbox Database
Operator presses "ACCEPT"
D;\images\delivery_inbox
D;\images\routing_inbox
D;\images\routing_inbox
Medical Image Manager (MIM)
NIC
Ethernet to hospital network

H194_5050DC
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The INTERNAL PC receives raw images from the MCPU BOARD A2, processes
Page the images, and stores or sends the images to given nodes in the hospital
103 of 120
network. ETHERNET CABLES connect the NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NIC)
on the INTERNAL PC to:
• MCPU BOARD A2
• hospital network
Sequence of Operation
1. When the CR 825/850 System has made a raw image, the MCPU BOARD A2 sends the
raw image file to the following directory on the INTERNAL PC: D:\images\Raw_Inbox.
2. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Raw_Inbox, automatically processes
the image file in the Raw_Inbox folder:
• makes a subsample-by-9 image and places it in the folder
D:\images\Raw_Inbox\full or xxx_full
• applies the correct PTone algorithm for the body part in the image, changes the image
values by changing the values to the values in the Lookup Table for that body part, and
places the processed image in the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\lut or xxx_lut
• makes a subsample-by-4 image and places the image in the folder
D:\images\Raw_Inbox\ss4 or xxx.jpg. This image is the one displayed on the TOUCH
SCREEN MONITOR for review by the operator.
• improves the subsample-by-4 image by doing Edge Enhancements (EE), Enhanced
Visual Processing (EVP), and Black Surround Mask (BSM) and places the image in
the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\xx4 or xxx_raw
• makes a thumbnail image from the improved subsample-by-4 image and places the
image in the folder D:\images\Raw_Inbox\thumbnail or xxx.tmb.jpg
3. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Delivery_Inbox moves image files to
the D:\images\Delivery_Inbox directory and processes the images:
• connects the image with the correct record for the patient in the Data Demographics
Services (DDS) database on the INTERNAL PC
• does EE, EVP, and BSM image processing on the full resolution image - in QA Mode,
after the operator presses ACCEPT - in Pass-Through Mode, occurs automatically
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 4. The software on the INTERNAL PC that monitors the Routing_Inbox moves the processed
Page images to the D:\images\Routing_Inbox directory:
104 of 120
• changes the image/patient data file to DICOM format and provides the file to the
Medical Image Manager (MIM). MIM provides all the parameters necessary to format
the file correctly for any output device on the hospital network.
• writes the image to the C:\images directory
• sends the image to the selected output devices or network nodes using the
ETHERNET connection with the hospital network
• changes the image status to PENDING until MIM receives a message that indicates
that transmission of the image was successful. An image can remain in pending for a
long time if the receiving device is slow because of high network traffic or more than
one device sending images to the same destination at the same time.
• when MIM receives a message that the transmission of the image was successful,
changes the image status to DELIVERED
• if a MIM failure occurs or the CR 825/850 System is started during image
transmission, changes the status of the image to FAILED Delivery. The operator must
send the image to the destinations again.
THEORY GUIDE Power Distribution
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 10: Power Distribution
105 of 120
Overview
FRONT DOOR A1
INTERLOCK INTERLOCK control for:
+24 V DC MSC - DUPLEX CAM
SWITCH
-24 V DC BOARD - CASSETTE DRIVE MOTOR
- SSC BOARD A6
- GALVO BOARD A4
INTERLOCK - LASER DIODE DRIVER
control BOARD A17
signal ERASE
- ERASE LAMPS
120 V AC LAMPS
INTERNAL - LASER DRIVER
PC 120 V AC PRE-REGULATOR
BOARD A18
K1 RELAY
PS1 DC power to
T1 all BOARDS
UPS1 POWER
TRANSFORMER and MOTORS
SUPPLY +12 V DC
90 - 264 V AC 120 V AC 120 V AC +24 V DC
-24 V DC
H194_5048BC
The Power Distribution subsystem includes:

• Power Supply
• Power Distribution
• Interlock
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Power Supply
Page
106 of 120 The CR 825/850 System operates correctly when connected to the power sources described
in the table below. These voltages can be obtained from a line-and-neutral or line-to-line
connection. For all voltages, only a single-phase power distribution system is necessary.
The input power is changed at the TRANSFORMER T1 to an output voltage of 120 Vac. No
additional FILTERS, TRANSFORMERS, or other devices are necessary to provide correct
operating voltage. Also, no procedures are necessary to set up the TRANSFORMER or
POWER SUPPLY.
Voltage Tolerance Current Frequency

100 Vac +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
115 Vac +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
120 Vac +10%, -13% 10 A 50/60 Hz
127 Vac +10% 10 A 50/60 Hz
200 Vac +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
208 Vac +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
220 Vac +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
230 Vac +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
240 Vac +10% 5A 50/60 Hz
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Power Distribution
Page
107 of 120
A2 A3
MCPU DIGITIZER
= INTERLOCK SWITCH BOARD BOARD
5V DC
PS1 A1
POWER MSC
SUPPLY BOARD 24V DC
V1 A5
PMT/DAS
24V DC BOARD
SLOW
A6 SCAN
GND CONTROL
AC SOURCE T1 120V AC BOARD
100-240V AC TRANSFORMER UPS1
50/60 Hz 120V AC DS1
V2
50/60 Hz 12V DC TOUCHSCREEN
DISPLAY
V3 A4
GALVO
-24 V DC
BOARD
120V AC 120V AC
-24 V DC
K1 ERASE
RELAY LAMPS A18
LASER DRIVER
PRE-REGULATOR
BOARD
INTERNAL -6.5V DC
PC
A17
LASER DIODE
H194_5023HC DRIVER BOARD
Supply Description
Interlock Switch S8 The INTERLOCK SWITCH S8 controls RELAYS on the MSC BOARD,
which controls the 24 Vdc power to the DC components, including the
MOTORS and SOLENOIDS. The INTERLOCK SWITCH deactuates
when the FRONT DOOR is opened.
Transformer T1 The TRANSFORMER T1 receives from 100 to 240 Vac, 50/60 Hz,
and changes this power to 120 Vac, 50/60 Hz.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Supply Description
Page
108 of 120 Uninterruptible Receives 120 Vac from the TRANSFORMER T1 and sends
Power Supply UPS1 120 Vac to the POWER SUPPLY PS1, the ERASE ASSEMBLY, and
the INTERNAL PC.
DC Power Supply This supply has +12 Vdc and +/-24 Vdc outputs only. It receives
PS1 120 Vac from the Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS1 and supplies all
the BOARDS and the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR. The ERASE
ASSEMBLY does not receive power from the POWER SUPPLY PS1.
Erase Lamp Provides 120 Vac to the ERASE LAMPS.
Relay K1
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Interlock
Page
109 of 120 FRONT DOOR +24 V DC -24 V DC
INTERLOCK
SWITCH
DC MOTOR +24 V DC
K1
DC voltage for
DUPLEX CAM and
CASSETTE
SLOW SCAN CONTROLLER BOARD DRIVE MOTOR
+24 V DC
K3
A6
+24 V DC
SLOW SCAN
CONTROLLER
not used BOARD
K2
ERASE LAMPS
K4 = RELAY
ERASE
+24 V DC LAMPS
LASER DRIVER DIODE BOARD -24 V DC

K1
A4
-24 V DC to GALVO
LASER DRIVER BOARD
PRE-REGULATOR
BOARD
MSC BOARD
A18 LASER DRIVER -6.5 V DC A17
PRE-REGULATOR LASER DIODE
H194_5032HC BOARD DRIVER BOARD
The INTERLOCK protects users from exposure to electrical systems by de-energizing

selected systems when the FRONT DOOR opens.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 The FRONT DOOR INTERLOCK SWITCH controls RELAYS on the MSC BOARD A1 that de-
Page energize the following systems.
110 of 120
Systems Protected by
Description
an Interlock Switch
MSC Board A1 • has an LED that indicates the status of the INTERLOCK SWITCH -
DS25
• has LED INDICATORS for the 4 INTERLOCK RELAYS:
– DS8
– DS14
– DS15
– DS16
• controls the INTERLOCK SWITCH for all DC MOTORS
Slow Scan • +5 Vdc is continually energized when the CR 825/850 System is
Controller Board energized
A6 • +24 Vdc is de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is opened
Laser Driver • –24 Vdc to the BOARD is de-energized when the INTERLOCK
Pre-regulator SWITCH is opened
Board A18 • –24 Vdc to this BOARD is routed through the GALVO BOARD, but
is not used by the GALVO BOARD
Note
The GALVO BOARD is continually energized when the CR 825/850
System is energized.
Laser Diode Driver 6.5 Vdc from the LASER DRIVER PRE-REGULATOR BOARD A18 is
Board A17 de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is opened.
Erase Lamps 120 Vac is de-energized when the INTERLOCK SWITCH is opened.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Page
111 of 120 The Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS1 starts a system shutdown if the power is not
available for more than 15 seconds. If the power starts again before the 15 seconds, no
shutdown occurs and the system does not display any message to the user. If power is not
available for 15 seconds or more, the CR 825/850 System is deactuated 105 seconds after
the power failure occurred. During the 105 seconds, the following actions occur.
• The application software completes all actions, including shutdown of the operating system
of the INTERNAL PC.
• Within 30 seconds of the first power failure, the system provides a window with a
message to the user about a shutdown that is about to occur.
• The system completes transmission of any images sent at the time of the power failure.
• If a CASSETTE was detected at the load position before starting the shutdown, the
system completes the scan, stores the raw image data on the hard disk, and erases the
SCREEN before the shutdown of the UPS.
• The WEB BROWSER is the first software component to close down to prevent entering
any more PEC records or asking to view images.
Note
If a CASSETTE is placed in the load position after the shutdown process of the CR 825/850
System has started, it is not scanned. No error message displays to the user because the
shutdown message has displayed on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR and it cannot receive
messages after that time.
When power is restored to the CR 825/850 System, the operator can energize the
CR 825/850 System using the normal procedure.
THEORY GUIDE Logs
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 11: Logs
112 of 120
Overview
INTERNAL PC CR 850 SYSTEM
Error and Activity Log A2
TOUCH
SCREEN Error Frequency Log MCPU BOARD
MONITOR
Actuation Log
H194_5049BC
The MCPU BOARD A2 receives log information from components in the CR 825/850 System
and the information to the INTERNAL PC for display on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR.
The CR 825/850 System provides the following logs:
• Error and Activity Log
• Error Frequency Log
• Actuation Log
All logs:
• include the date and time
• are in English
• can be viewed:
– by service personnel
– on the CR 825/850 System or from a remote network node
THEORY GUIDE Logs
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Error and Activity Log
Page
113 of 120 The Error and Activity Log provides information for 2 types of errors:
• errors the operator can correct:
– messages and error codes display on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR
– a message displays on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR if important data might be
changed or deleted
– messages provide instructions that the user must do before starting operation of the
CR 825/850 System again
– logs of error codes and messages are stored on the HARD DRIVE of the INTERNAL
PC
• errors the operator cannot correct:
– messages and error codes display on the TOUCH SCREEN MONITOR
– logs of error codes and messages are stored on the HARD DRIVE of the INTERNAL
PC
– the action of a Service Provider might be necessary to clear the error
The Error and Activity Log also provides information on actions within the CR 825/850
System that are not errors. For example, when the DOOR is opened, a log entry is made.
The Error and Activity Log includes the following information:
• date and time the error or actions were detected
• error code
• CASSETTE ID
• error message
THEORY GUIDE Logs
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Error Frequency Log
Page
114 of 120 The Error Frequency Log stores the number of times each error occurred. Entries in the Error
Frequency Log can be sorted by date, error code, or frequency. The Error Frequency Log is
available only to service personnel.
Data on the number of times the system was started and the number of times an error
occurred, remain on the CR 825/850 System until cleared by a Service Provider.
The Error Frequency Log can be stored on a FLOPPY DISK. The CR 825/850 System cannot
provide a printout of this log.
Actuation Log
The Actuation Log records all the times the system is actuated. This log is available to Key
Operator Personnel. Entries in the Actuation Log can be sorted by CASSETTE ID, date, time,
and technician ID.
Information included in the Actuation Log:
• number of all actuations
• number of images deleted before transmission, including:
– technician ID
– exam type
– CASSETTE ID
• number of successful image transmissions to all network nodes, including:
– time and date of the successful transmission
– image ID
– network node ID
THEORY GUIDE Glossary
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 12: Glossary
115 of 120
Term Description
A/D Analog-to-digital.
Amplitude Position of the GALVO when the laser beam has reached the end of
the trace across the PHOSPHOR PLATE in the fast scan direction,
determined by the size of the PLATE.
Artifact Any irregularity on the radiograph caused by lint, dust, electrostatic
discharge, processing, or storing or handling that is not correct.
Aspect ratio Measurement of an object in the fast scan and slow scan directions.
For example, if a square object were exposed and the image
processed, the processed image should remain square, not
rectangular in shape.
Backscatter Radiation that is scattered backward in the path of the original beam.
KODAK DIRECTVIEW CR CASSETTES have a backscatter-control
layer to decrease backscatter.
Bar Code A series of vertical BARS on a label that provide information that can
be read by a computer. The BAR-CODE LABEL on a CASSETTE for
the CR 825/850 System uses a 10-digit code to identify the size, type,
and serial number of the CASSETTE.
Bar-Code Reader Device for reading BAR-CODE LABELS.
Cluster A collection of CR 800/825/850/900/950 Systems and the KODAK
DIRECTVIEW Remote Operations Panel (ROP) that can exchange
patient exam and image information on a network.
CR Computed Radiography.
DICOM Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine. Standard for
transferring medical images on a network.
DIS DICOM Information System. An information system or front end to an
information system that can operate with DICOM HIS/RIS services.
DMA Direct Memory Access.
2010-12-02
TG4825-1 Term Description
Page
116 of 120 EHR Cassette Enhanced High Resolution CASSETTE. The layer of PHOSPHOR on
the SCREEN is thinner than on an HR CASSETTE. The thinner layer
improves the image quality.
EVP Enhanced Visual Processing. An algorithm for improving contrast
included in the IPL.
Exam A collection including a raw image, versions of the image, exam
information, and patient information.
Exam Information Data that describes an exam procedure.
Exam Type Body part and projection. Body position is optional data.
FIFO Buffer FIRST IN, FIRST OUT BUFFER. The CR 825/850 System uses a
FIFO BUFFER on the DIGITIZER BOARD A3 to receive pixel data
from the PMT/DAS BOARD A5, assemble it into a line of data, and
send it to the MCPU BOARD A2.
Flat Field Exposure PLATE exposed from 10 mR to 30 mR for calibration.
Gain The increase in signal when transferred from one point to another.
GP Cassette General Purpose CASSETTE.
HIS/RIS Hospital Information System/Radiology Information System. HIS/RIS
indicates that both systems are at the same site, but does not indicate
that the systems are connected or are part of the same network.
HR Cassette High Resolution CASSETTE. The layer of PHOSPHOR on the
SCREEN is thinner than on a GP CASSETTE. The thinner layer
allows the HR CASSETTE to capture more information than a GP
CASSETTE.
Image Data in a DICOM-compliant format, which includes image data, patient
information, and information about the procedure for capturing the
image data.
Interlock Switch De-energizes all dangerous systems if the DOOR for user access is
open.
IPL Image Processing Library. The image processing algorithms used by
the CR 825/850 System.
2010-12-02
Page
117 of 120 kV Kilovolts. A measurement of the strength of an X-ray beam.
kVp Kilovolts peak.
LUT Lookup table. A matrix which changes image values from one type of
measurement into another; for example, density to luminance.
Mandatory A network node to which all images from the CR 825/850 Systems
Destination are sent.
mA Milliamperes. The measurement for the quantity of X-ray energy
emitted in a given time.
MIM Medical Image Manager.
mR 1/1000 of a Roentgen. Measure of exposure energy at the detection
device.
NVRAM Non-Volatile Random Access Memory. A read/write memory that
receives power from a BATTERY when necessary.
Offset Position of the GALVO when the laser beam first reaches the edge of
the SCREEN. In the fast scan direction, the offset is the 0 position.
Patient Information The data about a patient.
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association.
PCMCIA Card A memory card that includes the calibration data and the Collector
Profile.
PEC Record The information describing the patient, exam, and the CASSETTE
used for the exam. The PEC record identifies a given image.
Photostimulable A condition in which PHOSPHOR discharges stored energy when
Luminescence stimulated by infrared or visible light.
Pixel Code Value The value of each pixel of information that includes both the
measurement for samplings in the fast scan direction and the lines in
the slow scan direction.
Radiographic A person that provides diagnostic levels of radiation to make
Technologist diagnostic images.
Resolution Ability of an imaging system to detect separate lines that are close
together.
2010-12-02
Page
118 of 120 Retrace Motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN after it has scanned a
line.
ROP Remote Operations Panel.
Routing Transferring an image from a CR 825/850 System to a given node on
the network.
RS-232 Serial communication protocol.
Sensor A slotted OPTICAL SENSOR used to detect the motion of a
component or an obstruction.
Spatial Resolution The measurement of the line pairs (LP)/mm. Spatial resolution is
determined by system factors including scatter of the PHOSPHOR,
spot size and shape of the LASER, and electronics bandwidth.
SRAM Static Random Access Memory. SRAM keeps data bits continually in
memory in a computer during the time power is provided.
Storage Phosphor PHOSPHOR that can store energy.
SVGA SUPER VIDEO GRAPHICS ADAPTER. A video system name used
on computers to describe the abilities of the graphic display.
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Interchange Protocol.
Timed Progress Bar A graphic display that indicates the status of the scanning operation.
This is not a real-time indication.
Tone Scale A graduated range of gray values that improve an image for clinical
diagnosis by highlighting the body parts that are necessary for the
radiologist or physician to see.
Trace Motion of the laser beam across the SCREEN in the fast scan
direction.
Unassigned Image An image that is scanned and not matched to a PEC record at this
time.
Unassociated An image that cannot be matched to an existing PEC record.
Image
2010-12-02
Page
119 of 120 Unsharp Masking An algorithm for improving edges that provides a more defined image.
An original image is made that is not clear. This image is subtracted
from the original. An amplified version of the resulting image is then
selectively added back in to the original, providing the edge-enhanced
image.
Viewing Station DICOM viewing station - World-Wide Workstation.
THEORY GUIDE Publication History
2010-12-02
TG4825-1
Page
Section 13: Publication History
120 of 120
Publication Publication
ECO No. Changed Pages File Name Notes
Date No.
25APR03 TG4825-1 --- All tg4825_1.fm New Publication
09JAN04 TG4825-1 --- All tg4825_1.fm Revised
10DEC05 TG4825-1 --- 1, 5, 7, 10, 14, 23, tg4825_1.fm Revised
24, 25, 27 28, 29,
30, 33, 35, 36, 44,
45, 48, 54, and 75
2010-12-02 TG4825-1 --- 34–40, 116, and 120 tg4825_1.fm Revised screen size;
updated tables
CARESTREAM, DIRECTVIEW, and DIGITAL SCIENCE are trademarks of Carestream Health, Inc.
The Kodak trademark and trade dress are used under license from Kodak.
Printed in U.S.A. • tg4825_1.fm
Carestream Health, Inc.

150 Verona Street
Rochester, NY 14608

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{TheoryGuide}{Production}{Carestream Health}{Confidential} Publication No.

© CARESTREAM HEALTH, INC.

Size 63.5 x 73.6 cm (25 x 29 in.)

The ROP allows operators to:

Network All CR 825/850 Systems and ROP devices:

Logic and Control

X-RAY latent image visible image

FILM/ FILM PROCESSING

Phase of Image Capture Description

Mid-range values indicate that fewer

Darker values indicate that most

When a STORAGE PHOSPHOR SCREEN is exposed to X-rays:

Changing Light Energy to an Analog Signal

pixel code value

analog image digital image

Processing the Digital Image

Loading the Cassette

Fastening the Plate

Status Summary: Plate Fastened

Status Summary: Prepared for Scanning

Scanning the Screen

Erasing the Screen

Removing the Cassette

STORAGE PHOSPHOR CASSETTES have a SCREEN with a layer of PHOSPHOR that is

Fast Scan H194_5022BC

Image Size Pixel Size Spatial Resolution

For smaller SCREENS, compared to larger SCREENS:

Duplex CAM Assembly

The DUPLEX CAM ASSEMBLY:

SLED PLATE H194_5002HCA

HOOK YOKE LEVERS

Pulling the SCREEN

FOLD MIRROR SCREEN

During normal operation of the CR 825/850 System, the MANUAL

Desired Position Signal

Actual Drive Signal

The GALVO moves the laser beam to scan the SCREEN:

The GALVO BOARD also:

The following table describes the positions within the 3 traces.

red laser light

DYNODE 7 DYNODE 6 DYNODE 3

DYNODE 8 DYNODE 5 DYNODE 4

16-BIT A/D CONVERTER

from MCPU BOARD

The Scan/Erase subsystem moves the PLATE:

Home position is 3.8–4.5 cm (1.5–1.75 in.) above the position of the

Plate Present Sensor S5

Slow Scan Motor

A3 COIL BOARD CABLE

coils hall effect sensor

The COIL BOARD A7 includes:

LIGHT EMITTER LIGHT EMITTER

Signal from DETECTOR 1

Signal from DETECTOR 2

LIGHT DETECTOR 1 LIGHT DETECTOR 2

Lamp Current Sensors CS1–CS5

Scanning the Screen - Slow Scan/Fast Scan

fast scan motion

slow scan motion H194_5040AC

Obtaining the Image Data

red laser light

SLOW/SCAN INTERNAL BAR

The Logic and Control subsystem: