Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

Chemical Kinetics
Purpose:
To investigate some factors that influence the speed of a chemical reaction.
1. To measure the rate of a reaction.
2. To measure the effect of changing reactant concentration on reaction rate.
3. To measure the effect of changing temperature on reaction rate
4. Find the proportions that will take EXACTLY 15.0 seconds to react.

Principles :
1. Kinetics : The study of rates of reaction
2. The rate cannot be predicted from a balanced equation.
aA + bB → Products
Rate of reaction = k [A]m[B]n
[A] and [B] represent the molar concentrations
(or pressures, in the case of gases) of A and B, respectively.
The exponents m and n are usually small whole numbers that are referred to as orders.
Overall order：m + n (small whole number)
The values of exponents m and n must be determined by experiment.
The rate constant k is also empirically determined.

3. In general, reactions proceed faster at a higher temperature, lower at a cooler temperature. An

approximation is that for every 10oC increase in temperature, the rate will double.

4. Iodine clock reaction

It is a redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction between iodate IO3- and hydrogen sulfite HSO3-:

The HSO3- is produced by the reaction of H2SO4 with SO3.

In this experiment two solutions are mixed. The reaction takes place in two steps.
Step 1:

IO3- (aq) + 3HSO3- (aq) → I-(aq) +3SO42- (aq) + 3H+(aq)

Step 2:

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

5I-(aq) + 6H+(aq) + IO3-(aq) → 3I2(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

The iodine, I2, produced in Step 2 will react with starch (not shown in the equations), producing
a deep blue-black solution.

The rate of the entire reaction can be measured by timing how long it takes before the blue
color appears once the two solutions are mixed.

This reaction should have a general form of the rate law:

Rate of reaction = k[HSO3-]m[IO3-]n

Procedure:
Part 1a. Variation of Rate with Concentration of Iodate

1. 試管 3 支洗淨烘乾後分別加入 5 mL KIO3、NaHSO3、dis-H2O 並標示

好 (請自備標籤貼紙，或是油性簽字筆，以便標示溶液名稱)。
2. 24-well plate 洗淨烘乾

3. 選 4 個 well，
Well # 1 2 3 4
dis-H2O 100 L 500 L 700 L 800 L
KIO3 800 L 400 L 200 L 100 L

4. 每個 well 分別加入 100 L NaHSO3，混合均勻，觀察並記錄反應時間 (請自備馬錶)。重

複作 3 次。
(每一次只做 1 個 well)
** 整個溶液應該是同時突然變色，若不是如此，表示溶液沒有充分混合，請重作該組實驗。

Part 1b. Variation of Rate with Concentration of hydrogen sulfite

參考前面數據，自行設計：固定 KIO3 的濃度，總共作 3 種不同濃度 NaHSO3，總體積均為 1
mL。

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

Experiment Volume of Volume of M of M of Time Time Time

number HSO3- IO3- HSO3- IO3- Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Part 2. Temperature Dependence

前處理
1. Water bath 調整適當溫度
2. 試管 3 支 (內含 KIO3、NaHSO3、dis-H2O) 以及另外準備至少 3 支乾淨且乾燥的試
管 (至少共 6 支)，放入 water bath 5 分鐘，以調整試液及試管的溫度。

自行設計實驗：
參考前面 Part I 數據，自行設計：固定 KIO3 與 NaHSO3 的濃度，總反應體積均為 1 mL。共

要做三種不同的溫度 (RT-10°C，RT，RT + 10°C) ，比較不同溫度下的反應速率。

Part 3.
Based on your data, find the proportions that will take EXACTLY 15.0 seconds to react at room
temperature.
設計一個 15 秒鐘的反應 (在試管中操作)

Discussion:
1. Based on your data, what is the order of the reaction relative to the concentration of IO3-?
2. How would you determine the order of the reaction with respect to hydrogen sulfite HSO3-?
3. The hydrogen sulfite HSO3- solution was actually prepared using sulfite SO32-. How is the
hydrogen sulfite generated from sulfite?
4. Why is the total volume kept the same (by addition of water) in each experiment?
5. Based on your data, what’s the effect of temperature on reaction rate?
6. IO3- 與 HSO3- 莫耳數之比值應如何，才有藍色產生？為什麼？請詳細說明。

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

Micropipette (微量吸管) 操作說明

(1) 依需求選擇適當的 Micropipette 及 tip

適用範圍 顏色 適用 Tip
40 L ~ 200 L 黃 黃 色
200L ~ 1000 L 藍 藍 色

(2) 調整刻度至所需容量 (Fig-1)。

(3) 裝上 Tip
(4) 操作手法如圖 (Fig-2)
A = Ready position
B = First stop
C = Second stop
1. Depress the push button to the first stop.
2. Dip the tip under the liquid of the reservoir to a depth
about 0.5 ~ 1 cm and slowly release the push button.
Withdraw the tip from the liquid touching it against
the edge of the reservoir to remove excess liquid.
3. Deliver the liquid by gently depressing the push
button to the first stop. After a delay of about one
second, continue to depress the push button all the
way to the second stop. This action will empty the
tip.
4. Release the push button to the ready position.

If necessary, change the tip and continue pipetting.

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

實驗數據的處理：
1. 預習計算機的平均值以及標準差 (standard deviation) 的求法

2. EXCEL (2016) 平均值以及標準差：如 iodine clock reaction 的圖。

a. 輸入 data，如 a

a
..
b. 求出平均值
在 “b” 的空格中輸入： “=AVERAGE( “
接著以滑鼠左鍵點選左邊的三格，然後輸入 “ )” 即可出現左邊三格的平均值。

b
..
c. 求出標準差
在 “c” 的空格中輸入： “ =STDEV( “
接著以滑鼠左鍵點選左邊紅線圈起的三格，然後輸入 “ )” 即可出現左邊三格的標準
差。
其他以此類推 (可利用複製貼上的功能)。

c
..

d. 畫圖：XY 散佈圖
整理並選擇數據如下，插入：XY 散佈圖，帶有折線的 XY 散佈圖 (圖一)。

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

(圖一)

則會出現一個帶有折線的，不太漂亮的 XY 散佈圖 (圖二)。

(圖二)

以滑鼠左鍵點選此圖，則上方會出現 “圖表工具” →“設計”。(圖三)

(圖三) 在 “快速版面配置” 下，選擇有座標軸標題的 “版面配置10”、於座標軸標題與單位

(X軸Y軸) 輸入適當的文字及調整格式，清除不必要的圖例以及設定適當格線如 (圖四)。

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

(圖三)

(圖四)

e. 加上 error bar：點選圖，於 (圖五) 的 “圖表工具” →“設計” →”新增圖表項目”

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

下，選擇 “新增圖表項目”→”誤差線” →”標準差” 選項。

(圖五)

點選水平誤差線(x 誤差線)並刪除(圖六)，只留下垂直誤差線(Y 誤差線)(圖七)

(圖六)

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

(圖七)

點選垂直誤差線(Y 誤差線)後，可在右方”誤差線格式”→“垂直誤差線”→”自訂”，
並且按下 “指定值” 的按鈕 (圖八)

(圖八)

點選誤差線最下方的 “標準差”，則會出現如 (圖六) “誤差線格式” 的對話窗。

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2023

(圖十)
(圖九)

輸入的方式為以滑鼠左鍵點選並拖曳 (圖
在(圖九) ”自訂誤差線” 的小對話框輸入
十) 標準差 (SD) 下方的儲存格即可，最後
“正錯誤值” 與 “負錯誤值”
按 “確定”，即出現 Y 軸都有 error bar 的
圖，如 (圖十一)。

50

45
Reaction TIme (sec)

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Concentration of KIO3 (M)

(圖十一)

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2022

Chemical Kinetics 實驗結果 實驗日期：_________ 年 ______ 月 ______ 日

系級：_______ 組別：________ 組員姓名：_____________________________________

Part 1. Variation of Rate with Concentration of lodate

Concentration of hydrogen sulfite HSO3- stock solution is ___________ M.
Concentration of iodate IO3- stock solution is ___________ M.
Experiment Volume of Volume of Volume of Time Time Time
[HSO3-] [IO3-] Mean SD
- -
number HSO3 H2O IO3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

1 100 L 100 L 800 L

2 100 L 500 L 400 L

3 100 L 700 L 200 L

4 100 L 800 L 100 L

Plot (i) the time (y-axis) versus the concentration of IO3- (x-axis) and (ii) the reciprocal of time (y-axis) versus
the concentration of IO3- (x-axis) for this experiment. Connect the points with a smooth curve.

Based on your data, what is the order of the reaction relative to the concentration of IO3-? ______ order

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 Taipei Medical University 普通化學實驗講義 October, 2022

Part 1b. Variation of Rate with Concentration of hydrogen sulfite

Concentration of hydrogen sulfite HSO3- stock solution is ___________ M.
Concentration of iodate IO3- stock solution is ___________ M.
Experiment Volume of Volume of Volume of Time Time Time
[HSO3-] [IO3-] Mean SD
number HSO3- H2O IO3- Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Plot (i) the time (y-axis) versus the concentration of HSO3- (x-axis) and (ii) the reciprocal of time (y-axis)
versus the concentration of HSO3- (x-axis) for this experiment. Connect the points with a smooth curve.

Based on your data, what is the order of the reaction relative to the concentration of HSO3-? ____ order
The overall reaction order is _________________________________________________________
Part 3.
Based on your data, find the proportions that will take EXACTLY 15.0 seconds to react at room
temperature.

預定變色時間：15.0 seconds
Concentration of hydrogen sulfite (HSO3-) stock solution is ___________ M.
Concentration of iodate (IO3-) stock solution is ___________ M
自己設計實驗並實際測量紀錄：
Volume of Volume of Volume of Time Time Time
[HSO3-] [IO3-] Mean SD
HSO3- H2O IO3- Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

實測變色時間：
每組同學請用試管以及 micropipette 準備好自己的配方，以及這張 data sheet，在準備室窗口加最後一個試藥，
老師實際量測反應時間並紀錄。
考試的結果 (由老師填寫)： ____________________________________ sec
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