ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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I expressmy sincere thanksto ourprincipal for this auspicioustimegiven formefor
the achievement of my academic level to the highest. I sincerely expressmy thanksto
all our eminentfacultiesof polymertechnology departmentfortheir valuable
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support me for the successful completion of the work.
 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.CLASSIFICATION
4.SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANO TUBES
5.PROPERTIES
6.APLLICATION
7.ADVANTAGES
8.DISADVANTAGES
9.CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
Carbon comes from a Latin word “carbo” which is
derived from a French word ”carbon” meaning of
charcoal.it is the fourth most abundant chemical
element in the universe by mass after hydrogen , helium ,
and oxygen.

The allotropes of the carbon are the different molecular

configuration that pure carbon can take allotropes of
carbon include Diamond , Graphite, Amorphous carbon,
Fullerenes , carbon nanotubes, Carbon nanobuds,
aggregated diamond nanorods , glassy carbon , carbon
nanofoam.

In other words a carbon nanotubes is a honeycomb

lattice rolled on to itself with diameter of the order of
nanometers and length of up to several micro meters.
Generally two distinct types of carbon nanotubes exist
depending whether the tubes are made of more then
one graphene sheet .
 HISTORY

The fullerenes discovered in 1985 by researchers at

RICE UNIVERSITY are a family of carbon allotropes
named after Richard Buckminister Fuller are some
times called buckyballs. they are molecules composed
enterly carbon in the form of a hollow sphere,
ellipsoid ,or tube.
 WHAT ARE CARBON NANOTUBES?

A carbon nanotube is a structure which seems to be

formed by rolling a sheet of graphite in to the shape of a
cylindrical tube. Some of these tubes are closed at the
ends and some are open
A carbon nanotube is a one- atom thick sheet of graphite
(called graphene ) rolled up into a seamless cylinder with
diameter of the order of a nanometer this result in a
nanostructure where the length to diameter ratio exceeds
10,000 such cylindrical carbon molecules have novel
properties that make them potentially useful in a wide
variety of applications in nanotechnology ,electronics ,
optics and other fields of material science
 VARIETES OF CARBON NANOTUBES

(A) SWCNT- single walled carbon nanotube

(B) MWCNT-multi walled carbon nanotubes
 SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

Most single-walled nanotubes (SWCNT) Have a diameter of close

to 1 nanometer with a tube length that can be many thousands of
times longer.Single walled nanotubes with length up to order of
centimeters have been produced. The structure of a SWCNT can be
conceptualized by wrapping a one atom thick layer of graphite
called graphene into a seamless cylinder.

single walled nanotubes are very important variety of carbon

nanotube because they exhibit important electric properties that
are not shared by the multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) The
most basic building block of these systems is the electric wire , and
SWCNT can be excellent conductors.
single walled nanotubes are still very expensive to produce and the
development of more affordable synthesis techniques is vital to
the future of carbon nanotechnology.If cheaper means of synthesis
cannot be discovered.It would make it financially impossible to
apply this technology to commercial scale application
 MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES

Multi walled nanotubes (MWCNT) consist of multiple layers of graphite

rolled in on themselves to form a tube shape
sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders the special place
of double walled carbon nanotubes must be emphasized here because
they combine very similar morphology and properties as compared to
single walled carbon nanotube. In the case of SWCNT covalent
fuctionalisation will break some C=C double bonds leaving “holes” in the
struture on the nanotube and thus modifying both its mechanical and
electrical properties multi walled carbon nanotubes less expensive to
produce but multi walled carbon nanotubes have a higher occurrence
of structural defects which diminishes their useful properties
 SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOTUBES

1.high pressure carbon monoxidedeposition(HIPCO)

2.chemical vapour deposition (CVD)
3.plasma process(plasma enhanced cvd)
4.arc discharge method
5.laser ablation method

1.High pressure carbon monoxide deposition

In this method carbon monoxide gas and small

clusters of iron atoms are heated in a chamber under
pressure carbon monoxide molecules settle on iron
clusters and break into carbon and oxygen atom iron
act as a catalyst for breaking one carbon atom binds
with other carbon atom combine with carbon
monoxide to give carbon dioxide

2.CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (CVD)

In this method a hydrocarbon like methane acetylene(etc)

is led in to a heated chamber containing a substrate coated
with iron catalyst due to high temperature in the chamber
C-H bonds breaks and C atoms are formed they bind
together forming nanotubes

3.PLASMA PROCESS

In this methane gas which is the source of carbon is

passed through a plasma torch in the C-H bond of methane
breaks and carbon atoms are formed combine to form
nanotubes.

4.ARC DISCHARGE METHOD

An electric arc is created between two graphite electrodes one positive

and other negative by passing a current of 50amperes in an
atmospheres of helium at this high temperature of electric arc carbon
from negative electrode(cathode) vapourises and deposit in the forms
of carbon nanotubes this method is an expensive method and yields
less then 30% CNT it was initially used to produce fullerenes

5.LASER ABLATION METHOD

A laser which is a source of pumping high energies in a short

amount of time is used to vapouris graphite .The vapourised
carbon is then condensed on a cooled surface when carbon
nanotubes are formed this method is more expensive relative to
arc discharge method and chemical vapour deposition method but
has a higher yield and better controlled
 PROPERTIES OF CARBON
NANOTUBES

1.Carbon nanotubes are very strong

2.Their tensile strength is 100 times greater than that of steel of the same
diameter
3.Youngs modulus (a measure of force required to bend a material)is about
5 times higher than for steel.
4 they have high thermal conductivity more than 10 times that’s of silver
5 They conduct electricity better than metals.
6 They are light weight density about one fourth of steel.
7 they are sticky due to vander walls forces of atttraction
 APPLICATION OF NANOTUBES

1 They are strengheners of combosite material .

2 Depending on their size,they act as electrical conductors or semi condutors.
3 Single walled nanotubes are used in photovoltaic industry
4 They are used as tips for analysis of DNA and proteins by atomic force
microscopy(AFM).
5 They are used as heat conductors without no energy loss.
6 Todays current applications include:Bicycle components,flat panel
diplays,electronics,electrical circutly.
 FUTURE USES OF CARBON NANOTUBES

● LCD’S
● Semi conductor materials
● Solar panel
● Space craft
● Energy storage
● Touch screens
● Optics
● Submicroscopic test tubes
 ADVANTAGES

Extremely small and light weight , making them excellent replacements.

Resources required to produce them are plentiful and many can be

made small amount of material.

Are resistant to temperatures changes , Meaning they function almost

just as well in extreme cold as they do in extreme heating.
 DISADVANTAGES

Despite all the research scientists still don’t understand exactly

how they work.
Extremely small so are difficult to work.
Currently in the process is relatively expensive to produce the
nanotubes.
 CONCLUSION

Carbon nanotubes are the next step in miniutrizing electronic

circuits , Replacing silicone transistors and diodes which are fast
reaching theroitical limits of size and speed of operation using
CNTS nano chips can be made with entire circuit on it ideal diodes
can be made from carbon nanotubes resulting in highly efficient
electronic circuits.
REFERENCE
Wikipedia
Slideshare.net