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GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 8: The Rise of the Filipino Nationalism: Formation of the Filipino
Identity
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

FORMATION OF FILIPINO IDENTITY

 The lack of national unity primarily caused the absence of a coordinated
effort to fight against the Spaniards. During the pre-colonial period until
the start of the 19th century, there was no "Filipino" identity.
 During the pre-colonial times and until the Spanish occupation, there was no
national identity.
 Our ancestors refer to themselves as Tagalog, Waray, Cebuano, Bisaya, among
others.
 In fact, the term "Filipino" was referred to Spaniards born in the
Philippines; while
 Our ancestors were generally called as "Indios." However, succeeding
historical events led to our ancestors' enlightenment and to see each other as
part of the national whole.

OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO WORLD TRADE

 Originally, the Spaniards do not want to engage in trading for the purpose of
completely monopolizing Ph's raw materials (rice, sugar, tobacco, abaca).
 However, they saw the promise in trading so this led to the opening of the country
to world trade.
 The increase in trading activities led to an increase in economic activities.
 Spain decided to open Philippines to international trade in 1834
 The increase in trading activities led to an overall increase in economic
activities in the country, which facilitated interaction and communication
among separated people from various islands

THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

 This economic development led to the enrichment of certain groups of people
which later became the "middle class."
 Middle class
o These people are composed of mestizos and principalias, who, through the huge
opportunity of international trade, evolved into powerful entrepreneurs and
middlemen.
 Illustrados
o Educated class during the Spanish colonial period
 The increase of the middle class' wealth enabled them to provide their
children formal education. There was already the possibility for the people to be
educated, which entailed also the possibility of people breaking free from the
ignorance Spanish authorities perpetuated to control the population. These
children are often sent to Europe for studies.
 These students became exposed to the ideas in Europe which made them realize
the various social issues that needed to be addressed in the Philippines.

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 They later formed the core of the Propaganda Movement.

 They would be the catalyst in opening the eyes of the people to the oppression of
the Spaniards while also promoting a new national identity for the people.
 These events solidified the formation of the "Filipino" identity.

ENTRY FOR EUROPEAN LIBRALISM

 The opening of the Philippines to the world did not only lead to the travel of
goods and services, but also political ideas.
 One of these ideas was liberalism which calls for equality, freedom, and justice.
 These were made easier by the opening of suez canal in 1869
 This opened the eyes of the people of the atrocities and abuses Spaniards
committed against them.
 Carlos Maria de la Torre
o Spain sent in 1869 a new governor-general who adhered to liberal ideas.
o He initiated liberal reforms (freedom of speech. abolishment of press
censorship, open dialogues, etc.) which earned him the respect and
adoration of Filipinos by giving them a taste of a humane government.
o He also opened his office to dialogues with reform and liberal-minded people
who also advocated for changes in the Philippines. His short-lived tenure as
a governor-general gave the people a taste of a humane government.

RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
 Since Spaniards were at the top of the hierarchy, there was a rampancy of
discrimination against the indios who were located at the bottom. According to
Pardo de Tavera:
 The townspeople were obliged to remove their hats when a Spaniard passed,
and this was especially the case if he occupied some official position; if the
Spaniard happened to be a priest; in addition to the removal of the hat the
native was obliged to kiss his hand. No Indian [i.e., Filipino] was allowed to sit at
the same table with a Spaniard, even though the Spaniard was a guest in the
Indian's house. The Spaniards addressed the Filipinos [i.e., Spaniards born in
the Philippines) by the pronoun "thou", and although many of the Spaniards
married pure blood native women, the wives were always looked down on in
society as belonging to an inferior class.
 Racist policies imposed by the Spaniards facilitated the formation of Filipino
identity.
 Their discrimination towards the local population created a common
bond among the oppressed.
 Since they suffered the same fate, there was a brewing commonality in their
consciousness, thinking that they are a separate group of people separate from
the Spaniards

THE GOMBURZA FATHERS

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 The execution of the three martyr priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora greatly contributed to the formation of Filipino identity.
 The three were falsely accused of being the masterminds behind the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872. The reason why they were declared guilty was because the
Spanish friars were threatened of them.
 Cavite Mutiny of 1872
o Uprising by soldiers in Cavite due to a sudden decrease in their wages
o Unfortunately, it ended in a failure
 Mariano Gomez and Pedro Burgos were one of the secular priests fighting for
these reforms. Father Zamora was not even an advocate of the
secularization. He was just a priest who loves gambling.
 There were 2 kinds of priests in the Church hierarchy
 Regulars
o priests who belonged to religious orders such as Jesuits, Dominicans,
Franciscans, Augustinians, and the Recollects.
o They were all Spaniards.
o Politically and economically powerful in the areas that they were
located
 Seculars
o new set of priests who were not part of these orders
o these priests are mostly Indios
 secularization movement
o growing clamor from the secular priests to demand equal rights and
opportunity for both regulars and seculars in the 19th century.
o secular indio priests were now asking for opportunities to have equal
rights with the regular Spanish priests in serving the Church.
 Since Gomez and Burgos were staunch reform advocates, their advocacies
endangered the political and economic interests of the Spanish friars.
 In the end, the three priests were executed by garrote in Bagumbayan (now
Rizal Park). Their deaths led to public outcry among the members of the
newly formed middle class
 All of these factors has led to the culmination of the Filipino identity. They no
longer see themselves as Tagalog, Cebuano, Bisaya, Waray, etc. Rather, they
now see themselves as one under the Spanish oppression.

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GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 9: The Rise of the Filipino Nationalism: Formation of the Filipino
Identity
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

THE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINE BORDERS

 The opportunity in the world trade led to the emergence of a new
social class in the country-the middle class who benefitted tremendously
in these drastic economic activities. This gave them the opportunity to send
their children to Europe for studies.
 The opening of the Philippine borders to the world did not only cater to the
entry of foreign goods and services, but more significantly, ideas which were
specifically facilitated by the foreign studies received by the middle class'
children.

THE BIRTH OF NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

 The entrance of liberal ideas, together with the Spaniards' inherent racial
discrimination in their policies led to a national consciousness specifically
among the middle class.
 What triggered the reform movement was the execution of the GOMBURZA
fathers. It was the signal of the beginning of more vigorous demands for long-
lasting reforms.

THE IDEA OF ASSIMILATION

 The Assimilation is the Idea of the Philippines being transformed as a province
of Spain and make natives fellow-Spaniards. This was an effort for equality - for
natives to enjoy the same rights and freedom Spaniards did.
 Demands for assimilation are demands for the abolition of restrictions in
freedom of speech, implementing human rights, accessibility to education,
opportunity for employment, and freedom of religion.
 The call for reforms entailed demands to institutionalize changes in the manner
of governance of the Spaniards in the colonial government of the Philippines
 it did not even call for the removal of the Spaniards
 assimilation refers to the idea of the Philippines being transformed as a province
of Spain

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THE REFORMISTS
 The most notable advocates of reforms were the sons of wealthy Filipinos who
went to Europe-specifically Spain. These individuals Include: Graciano Lopez
Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Jose Rizal, Antonio Luna, Juan Luna,
and more
 Their flight for reforms were done through peaceful means. They wrote books,
articles, and pamphlets to inform the Spanish public of the issues in the
Philippines.

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

 Initially, reformists in Spain worked independently. They had the same goals but
did not work together. Fortunately, in 1889 the Hispano-Filipino Association was
formed which was composed of Filipino students in Spain and their Spanish
allies. Today, we refer to their organization as the Propaganda Movement. In the
same year, the movement founded the La Solidaridad.

LA SOLIDARIDAD
 It is a newspaper wherein they can publish their works for their
advocacy.
 Its main goal was to expose the condition of the Philippines to the Spanish
government and to defend Filipinos from the negative perceptions of the
Spanish friars and authorities.
 Despite the patriotism and efforts of their members, La Solidaridad failed to
promote reforms for the Philippines.
 The primary reason was that Spain did not actually listen to the concerns raised
by the reformists. In short, they did not care at all.
 Second reason was the division among members. Rizal and del Pilar were rivals
for the leadership position which was also the reason why Rizal left In 1892.
 The third reason was the lack of funds and enthusiasm to sustaining the
printing.
 Graciano Lopez Jaena – first editor of La Solidaridad later on he gave the
position to Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 It was funded both by the members themselves and reform minded filipinos
 It releases issues every fifteen days
 They used pseudonyms to protect their identities
 Rizal – laong laan and Dimas Alang; Antionio Luna – Taga-Ilog; Mariano
Poncy – Tikbalang, Naning, and Kalipulako; Marcelo H. Del Pilar –
Plaridel

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LA LIGA FILIPINA
 When Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892, he established another
organization that sought to continue what the reformists started in Spain.
 Its aims were the following:
o To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous
body
o Mutual protection in every want and necessity
o Defense against all violence and injustice
o Encouragement of all instruction, agriculture, and commerce
o Study and application of reforms
 When the Spaniards discovered this, they saw it as a threat and arrested Rizal
then he was sent into exile to Dapitan.
 The arrest of Rizal was a turning point in history. Members of La Liga Filipina
realized that reform was inadequate. One of the members, Andres Bonifacio
went on to form the Katipunan or KKK. (Kataastaasan Kagalang-galang na
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)

CONCLUSION
In the end, the reform movement failed. Aside from the Spanish government's
indifference, the colonial government actively prevented the flourishing of the
movement. However, the works written by the movement cultivated the minds of
the people who wanted change. The writings solidified the growing consciousness
that people had about themselves and their collective experiences under Spain.
They realized that reform was inadequate and can no longer be achieved through
peaceful means. This time, it was through revolution.

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GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 11: Confronting Colonialism: Katipunan and the Philippines
Revolution
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

LA LIGA FILIPINA
 Even though the Propaganda Movement in Spain directed their writings to the
Spanish government and its constituents, the ideas they articulated seeped
2into the minds of the Filipinos who were also eager for reforms.
 When Rizal returned to Manila in 1892, he established La Liga Filipina to
pursue reforms in the Philippines. It aimed to continue and expand what
Propaganda Movement started. The organization was attended by the same
individuals who were inspired by the works of Rizal and the Propaganda
Movement.
 Two of the most prominent members of La Liga Filipina were Andres Bonifacio
and Apolinario Mabini.
 Unfortunately, few days after its establishment, the organization was discovered
by the Spaniards
 Rizal was arrested and is exiled to Dapitan

KKK (KATAASTAASAN KAGALANG-GALANG NA KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN)

 On July 7, 1892, former members of the La Liga led by Bonifacio met
secretly in No. 72 Azcarraga Street (currently Claro M. Recto Ave.)
 They all agreed that an organization must be established to organize a
revolution. They performed a blood compact and signed their membership
document with their own blood. It was the birth of the Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
 KKK was a secret society committed to overthrowing the Spanish rule
 Propaganda movement were led by elites who wanted reform, Katipunan was
led by lower-class individuals who wanted revolution.
 Katipunan had three vital goals political, moral, and civic.
o Firstly, it aimed for the separation of the Philippine from Spain, that is
total independence. Philippines should be led by Filipinos themselves. This
was different from the goal of assimilation of the reformists.
o Secondly, Katipunan wanted to teach good manners, hygiene, and
morality to the people. It was envisioned to be a sort of
brotherhood/sisterhood rather than mere organization.

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o Lastly, it aimed to be an association that helps each member and protects

the oppressed and the poor.

THE KATIPUNAN
 Sangguniang balangay – lowest level followed by – sagguniang bayan
 Katas-taasang Sanggunian – top body and was composed of the president,
secretary, and other officers
 Even though Andres Bonifacio was the most notable founder of the Katipunan,
he was not the first president or Supremo of KKK. He only become Supremo
on January 5, 1894
 Since it was a secret society, the recruitment process was rigorous. There were
specific rituals and tests that a neophyte should undergo. The final ritual
involved the neophyte signing a membership form using his own blood. The
Katipunan also had an organizational structure with three ranks of membership.
"Katipon" was the rank of the new members. He/she can be promoted
to "Kawal" if he recruited more members. The top member was the
"Bayani."
 An overwhelming number of Katipuneros were coming from the lower classes of
society. They were students, laborers, artists, vendors, factory employees, etc.
There were also professionals such as physicians, custom officials, and
government employees.
 Women were also active members. Most of them were wives and sisters of
other members. They protected vital documents pertaining to the organization.
They were also good spies. During secret meetings, these women provided
distraction such as holding parties in public.
 From 1892 to early 1896, there were only few members totalling to
around 300. However, by mid-1896, membership already rose to 20,
000 to 30,000.

THE DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN

 Despite being a secret society, the Katipunan was unable to remain
underground for long. By 1896, it became very popular in areas within
Manila and in the provinces of Central Luzon. Spanish authorities started to
suspect that an underground movement was brewing something. Bonifacio and
the Katipunan already plotted the start of the uprising. Unfortunately, this plan
was thwarted when the organization was discovered by the Spaniards.

THE FIRST BETRAYAL

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 Teodoro Patino - On August 19, 1896, a certain katipunero named Teodoro

Patino divulged the details of the Katipunan to a Spanish friar. This led to the
Spanish authorities to immediately suppress the uprising by arresting and
executing suspected members. This prompted Bonifacio to launch a preemptive
rebellion in the working-class districts of Manila.

THE CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN

 On August 23, 1896, in Pugad Lawin, Bonifacio gathered his men and delivered
a fiery speech declaring their intention to fight the Spaniards. They took
cedulas and tore it as a symbol of their separation from Spanish rule.
This even is known as the "Cry of Pugad Lawin." This was the official start of the
Philippine Revolution of 1896.

THE SPANIARDS’ SUBJUGATION

 The fighting spirit of the Filipinos was no match the heavily-trained and
equipped Spaniards. The Katipunan's uprising ended in blunder after blunder. To
instill fear among the population from joining the uprising, Spaniards initiated
series of attacks not only to katipuneros also to innocent citizens. They arrested,
tortured, and executed individuals who had connections with the Katipunan.

AGUINALDO’S EMERGENCE
 Bonifacio's leadership of the Katipunan was overshadowed by his military
defeats. By late 1896, Cavite became a hotbed for military encounters between
Katipunan and Spanish forces. At this time, a katipunero from Cavite was
gaining the attention and admiration of the people due to his successful military
exploits against the Spaniards. This was Emilio Aguinaldo.

DIVISION AMONG THE KATIPUNAN

 In Cavite, there were two Katipunan factions who were competing for
leadership. One was the Magdiwang, led by Bonifacio and was composed of
lower-class individuals who wanted to overthrow Spain. The other was Magdalo,
led by Aguinaldo and was composed of Cavitenos loyal to Aguinaldo and former
reformist Filipinos who despised Bonifacio's lack of education, wealth, and
success in battlefield.

THE ELITES
 The reformists, now elites, never advocated for a revolution because they were
afraid that it might affect their position in society. They were afraid that the
revolution might destroy their wealth and businesses. However, when they

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realized that the revolution had the potential to be successful, they went to
Aguinaldo to support him in order to protect their vital interests.

THE TEJEROS CONVENTION

 Due to the division, Bonifacio, as the Supremo, decided to meet with the two
groups in Cavite. The aim of the meeting was to discuss the situation in Cavite
and to elect new officials for the revolutionary government. In this meeting,
Bonifacio was unseated as the leader of the revolution. Aguinaldo was declared
President, while Bonifacio as Director of the Interior.

TIRONA’S PROVOCATION
 While this decision was respected by Bonifacio, the peace came to a sudden
end when an ally of Aguinaldo, Daniel Tirona, insulted Bonifacio. He argued that
Bonifacio did not deserve to be elected at all since he had no educational
credentials. This insulted Bonifacio to the point that he almost shot Tirona. Due
to this incident, Bonifacio declared the meeting invalid and left the scene
together with his allies.

THE SECOND BETRAYAL

 Bonifacio, who refused to acknowledge Aguinaldo's leadership, was arrested on
charges undermining the revolution and was secretly executed on May 10,
1897. The elites saw Bonifacio's leadership as a threat to the elites, so in order
for them to pursue their self-interests, they had to eliminate him.

CHANGE OF LEADERSHIP
 As a result of the death of Bonifacio, the leadership of Katipunan changed.
Under Bonifacio, Katipuneros fought the revolution in order to overthrow Spain.
However, under Aguinaldo and the elites, the Katipunan became suddenly
willing to compromise and make peace with Spain in order to protect their
wealth and prestige.

THE BETRAYAL OF THE REVOLUTION

 The willingness to compromise was displayed when the new revolutionary
government headed by Aguinaldo entered into a peace truce with the
Spaniards. This happened when Aguinaldo declared the Biak-na-Bato Republic
and entered into an agreement with Spain. Pedro Paterno, a former reformist,

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served as the negotiator between the Filipino and Spanish government. The
agreement was signed in December 1897.
 Historians would argue that the agreement between Aguinaldo and Spain was
actually a betrayal of the revolution. The agreement stated that Aguinaldo
would give up the revolution as long as Spain paid him the amount they were
asking for. After Spain paid Aguinaldo, he immediately went to Hong Kong as
part of the agreement.

CONCLUSION
 The revolution under Bonifacio, although, faced countless defeats, had great
potential in overthrowing Spanish rule. However, it collapsed due to the elite's
betrayal stimulated by their vested interests.
 Many of the events occurred during this timeline hold great significance to our
current government and society.

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GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 12: Confronting Colonialism: The Malolos Republic And the Ph-
American War
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

THE BIRTH OF THE PHILIPPINE’S FIRST REPUBLIC

 During Aguinaldo's exile in Hong Kong, he was contacted by the United States
to offer their assistance in liberating the Philippines from Spain. Because of this,
Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to reclaim the leadership with the support
of the US.
 The Spanish forces' defeat was already inevitable.
 By May 1898, Aguinaldo established a Dictatorial Government.
 Assured of Spain's defeat, Filipino revolutionaries declared
independence on June 12, 1898.
 Despite this victory, there was a greater challenge ahead - the creation of a
Filipino government. After the declaration, Aguinaldo changed the government
to a Revolutionary Government.
 In September of the same year, Aguinaldo gathered delegates from all over the
country to form a congress. This was the Malolos Congress. The purpose of the
congress was to draft a constitution that would serve as the basic law. On
January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo promulgated the proposed constitution known
today as the Malolos Constitution. Two days later, a new Philippine state, the
First Republic of the Philippines or Malolos Republic was founded. Aguinaldo was
proclaimed as its president.

THE MOCK BATTLE OF MANILA

 While occupied in fighting the Spaniards, unbeknownst to the Filipinos, the
Americans were already anticipating the defeat of Spaniards and were
preparing to occupy the country. When Spain was finally defeated by Filipinos,
they entered into an agreement with the US.
 Aug. 1898, the two countries faked a battle. This was the "Mock Battle of
Manila," wherein US "defeated" Spain. To avoid humiliation, Spain chose to be
valiantly defeated by US than in the hands of Filipinos.

TREATY OF PARIS

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 The agreement the two countries had resulted to the signing of the Treaty of
Paris in Dec. 10, 1898.
 The treaty stated that Spain sold the PH to the US for 20 million dollars. Days
after the signing of the treaty, US Pres. William McKinley proclaimed that US
possessed the sovereignty over the PH but will respect the rights and liberties of
Filipinos. This proclamation was received as a betrayal of trust by Aguinaldo and
his government. Instead of preparing for another war, Filipinos attempted to talk
to Americans in order to avoid conflict.
 However, on Feb. 4, 1899, an American soldier shot a Filipino soldier. This
resulted to the outbreak of the Filipino American War.

THE ELITES BETRAYAL

 When the war erupted, Americans were triumphant battles after battles. The
American military successes opened another opportunity for the Filipino elites.
The Americans offered autonomy to the Philippines. This means that Filipinos
could still hold gov't positions even if they were under the Americans.
 With the impending American triumph, the elites immediately succumbed to the
offer of autonomy by the United States. Even if the war was in progress, the
elites holding the government already surrendered. Even though Filipinos were
still fighting, the leaders already sold them out.
 Within the Filipino side, there were two individuals who were against
the betrayal of the elites - Apolinario Mabini and Antonio Luna. In order
for the elites to save themselves, they have to eliminate both of them just like
how they eliminated Bonifacio. Mabini was removed from office through
intrigue and politics. Luna, on the other hand, was assassinated.
 With them gone, the elites could now continue to negotiate the Philippine
surrender. However, these negotiations for the autonomy failed. Therefore, the
Filipino government was forced to continue the war against the Americans. This
resulted to continuous Filipino military defeats.
 In order to survive the war, they adopted guerilla tactics for Aguinaldo to
escape to the north. Despite their valiant effort, Aguinaldo was captured on
March 1901. After he was captured, he then took an oath of allegiance to the
United States.

CONCLUSION
 The capture of Aguinaldo signaled the defeat of the. Filipinos against the
Americans. This defeat also entailed the entrance of a new colonizer - the US.
The defeat of the Filipinos in the Philippine-American War meant that the
revolution ended in failure. The Revolution which started in 1896 hoped to
create a new and independent state governed by Filipinos themselves.

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However, this goal was thwarted by the Americans. The Philippines was still a
colony, no longer of Spain but US.

GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 13: The Understanding American Occupation: Filipino Reaction to
American Occupation
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

I deprecate this war, this slaughter of our own boys and of the Filipinos, because it
seems to me that we are doing something that is contrary to our principles in the
past. Certainly, we are doing something that we should have shrunk from not so
very long ago.
General Reeve, lately Colonel of the Thirteenth Minnesota Regiment,
recounting the horrors, absurdity and meaninglessness of the
occupation.

AFTER THE WAR

 United States power skyrocketed
o Their occupation propelled them to become a major global power by
exhausting our resources and taking advantage of our location.
 The brutality of their conduct
o 20,000 Filipino soldiers and 500 thousand civilians died in Luzon and Visayas.
Over 100,000 Muslims were killed.
 Hope was crushed
o In the eyes of Filipinos, this was the second phase of the revolution. The
defeat signaled the end of sovereignty and the failure of what they have
rebuilt.
 The cunning of the elites
o Seeing the political and economic promise in switching side to the U.S., elites
were quick to betray their country over vested interests.

SWITCHING TO THE AMERICAN’S SIDE

 In order to take control of the country, the Americans needed the support of the
Filipino elites. The elites, on the other hand, seeing the possible opportunities
brought by the Americans to their economic and political interests, immediately
collaborated with them. They immediately helped the Americans in reorganizing
the local government. In fact, even before Aguinaldo was captured, the Filipino
elites already switched to the American side.
 As early as 1900, these elites formed the Asociacion de Paz, an organization
which aimed to support the Americans in defeating fellow Filipinos. Soon, this

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organization later became the Partido Federal which sought to promote the
annexation of the Philippines as one of the states of United States.
 Under Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic, these elites became cabinet officials
and top advisors to Aguinaldo. They became the leaders of the revolution they
initially opposed. When the Americans became the apparent victors of the
Philippine-American War, they switched sides again, this time supporting the
arrival the United States.
 "Those who tire after a few months of struggle do not serve for anything expect
to carry the yoke of slavery." - Apolinario Mabini
 Aguinaldo himself tolerated the treachery. Partido Federal expanded their
influence and was able to gather the support of local elites and former
revolutionaries to assist the U.S.' administration. Later on, these traitorous elites
were branded by the Americans as "genuine leaders."

CONTINUOUS RESISTANNCE
 Elite cooperation with the Americans created an impression that the war was
already over and peace reigned over the archipelago.
 For the masses, the war is far from over – some continued to fight the
Americans.
 There was no unified leader that centralized the operations.
 Revolutionaries perseverance
o Some movements were also led by former Katipunan members who sought
to continue the original Katipunan spirit.
o After Aguinaldo's capture in 1901, various groups continued to fight but
there was no unifying leader to centralize operations. These movements
utilized guerilla tactics and was supported by the masses. Some even had
mystical and religious themes to support their struggle.
 Miguel Malvar and Macario Sakay
o Two of the most influential revolutionaries who aimed to continue the
Katipunan's revolution

MIGUEL MALVAR
 Controlling the remnants of the revolution
o After Aguinaldo's capture, he took control of the government for a short
period of time.
o He came from a wealthy family and was an ardent Katipunan member
who made significant contributions to the fight against Spain and the
Philippine-American War.
o July 31, 1901 – Malvar took full command of the government to fight
against the americans

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 The unifying leader and unsung hero

o He became the highest-ranking military officer after Aguinaldo's capture,
implying that he was the president of the Republic.
o His wife convinced him to surrender and on April 16, 1902, he finally
surrendered to the Americans.
o After their inevitable defeat, Americans offered him a position, but he
refused

MACARIO SAKAY
 Republika ng Katagalugan
o After Malvar's defeat, Sakay established a succeeding government against
Americans. He was one of the earliest members of the Katipunan and was a
close friend of Bonifacio.
 The new Bonifacio
o From 1902 to 1906 he established a base in the mountains of Laguna and
fought through a guerilla campaign against the americans.
o Sakay became a notable resistance fighter. He was seen as the new
Bonifacio and people followed his struggle. He was notable for his long hair.
For him, the length of his hair signified the length of his struggle for freedom.
o They were merely accused as bandits or “tulisanes.”
 American’s set up a trap to end Sakay’s defiance.
 They convinced him that they were willing to provide opportunity for Sakay and
his men to politically participate legally. They also promised pardon to Sakay
and his forces. These were lies. When he arrived in a party organized by the
Americans, he was suddenly arrested. Soon he was found guilty of banditry and
was executed in 1906 by the Americans. Sakay's last words were:
 Death comes to all of us sooner or later, so I will face the LORD Almighty calmly.
But I want to tell you that we are not bandits and robbers, as the Americans
have accused us, but members of the revolutionary force that defended our
mother country, the Philippines! Farewell! Long live the Republic and may our
independence be born in the future! Long live the Philippines!
 These two examples were just few of the resistance movements that emerged
after the capture of Aguinaldo. While the elites thought that the revolution and
the war was already over, the continued resistance was a proof that in the eyes
of the Filipino masses, the struggle lived on. Due to the widespread support of
the masses to the various resistance movements, the American forces
committed multiple atrocities against Filipino communities. To discourage
resistance and to force the revolutionaries to surrender, the Americans
burned villages, massacred communities, and tortured people.
 Party stwitching or turncoatism

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 Politicians transfer from one political oarty to anpther to ensure that they
remain close with the more powerful party or politician.

GEN 004: READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 14: The Understanding American Occupation: Commonwealth
Period
(NOTES by: Alethea Cayago)

THE AMERICAN CIVILLIAN GOVERNMENT

 After Aguinaldo's capture in 1901, the Americans, in order to tighten their
grip of the Philippines, established a civilian government with the assistance of
the Filipino elites.
 This gov't is tasked with ensuring the establishment of local gov't programs, and
implementing laws in the Philippines and was headed by an American Governor-
General.
 William H. Taft - The first person who was appointed to this position; The first
Governor-General
 Filipino elites were appointed to the established local governments across the
country which was their reward for switching sides.

THE PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY

 The U.S. soon decided to open more opportunities for Filipinos, especially the
elites, to participate in governmental matters.
 In 1907, the Philippine Assembly was established.
 The Assembly is a government body tasked to create laws for the country
composed of elected Filipino politicians.
 Sergio Osmena - The members elected their own leader to serve as their
speaker

THE JONES LAW OF 1916

 In 1916, the US passed a law that offered independence for Filipinos. This was
not a product of American "benevolence" or "goodness." Rather, this was the
result of the huge American businesses' resistance who were worried of the
competition that raw materials from the Ph might bring to the US. The
Americans gave their word that once the Filipinos could prove that they can
establish a Filipino-run government by themselves, the US will grant the PH
independence.
 For the Americans, the Filipinos should be properly “trained” first.
 Philippine Legislature – All-Filipino institution as stated by the Jones Law

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 The legislature was composed of two levels:

o Philippine Senate – Upper house
o House pf Representative – Lower House
 Manuel L. Quezon – President of the Senate
 Sergio Osmena – Speaker of the House

THE OPPORTUNITY FOR THE ELITES

 The offer of independence by the US had more or less pacified the remnants of
the revolution. The failure of resistance against the Americans and the offer of
independence both became a great opportunity for the elites.
 The elites started to organize campaigns for independence.
 From 1919 onwards, they set up "Independence Missions" composed of
politicians sent to the US to convince American leaders to grant PH
independence.
 By being in a mission, these elites can brag to the Filipino public that they
fought peacefully for the country's independence.

HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT

 The "Independence Missions" was a strong publicity material for the elites.
There were three prominent Filipino politicians who advocated for this: Manuel
Roxas, Sergio Osmena, and Manuel Quezon.
 In 1931, a mission led by Osmena and Roxas, known as the OsRox
Mission, successfully negotiated with the American leaders the passage of the
Hares-Hawes Cutting Act.
 Hares-Hawes Cutting Act - Under this law, US will help the PH in setting up a 10-
year transition period. During this period, PH would lead its own gov't. After 10
years, US would grant PH independence.

TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE ACT
 The spotlight given to Osmena and Roxas. made Quezon extremely jealous. As
President of the Senate, he led his fellow Filipino lawmakers to reject such law.
He was successful and the Hares-Hawes-Cutting Act did not prosper in the
Philippines.
 In 1934, a new mission composed of Quezon, Benigno Aquino Sr., and
Rafael Alunan, known as QuAquAl Mission, went to the US to negotiate
with American leaders which led to the passage of the Tydings McDuffie Law
or the PH Independence Act. This law is basically similar to Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act.
 The passage of this law made Quezon the foremost Filipino leader of his time.

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THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

 For the commonwealth of the Philippines to function, a constitution was drafted.
This was the Philippine Constitution of 1935.
 In this Constitution, the Commonwealth would have presidential system of
government to be led by a President as Chief Executive.
 National Assembly – Legislature; had power to make laws called
Commonwealth Acts
 There were three presidential candidates: Manuel Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo,
Gregorio Aglipay
 Quezon was eventually elected as President of the Commonwealth Government
and his running-mate, Sergio Osmena as its Vice president.
 The Commonwealth under Quezon faced the challenges of building the Filipino
nation.
 One of the major challenges the gov't faced was the peasant uprising
in Central Luzon. Due to the economic hardships and rampant abuses of
landowners, a group of peasants revolted to oust the Americans and the elite
gov't.
 As a response, Quezon initiated a "social justice program" to address the land
and labor issues. During the Commonwealth period, women were given the
right to vote. A national language policy was implemented to facilitate better
communication.

THE AMERICAN LEGACY

 While there is truth to the wide improvement the Americans had caused to the
country, there is also a need to properly contextualize their actions.
 In terms of education, the Americans used it as the major tool to tighten their
grip on the minds of the Filipinos. By teaching, the Americans shaped the minds
of the Filipinos to accept their colonization as a normal situation. Schools
became venues for Americans to foster colonial mindset that nurtured Filipino
reliance on Americans. It cultivated the concept of the US as the greatest
country and that we were blessed to be colonized.
 Below are noted contributions of the Americans to the country:
 Education
o The greatest contribution of United States to the Philippines is the system of
public education. It emphasized the democratic traditions and the practical
application of laws and principles. Compared to the Spaniards, the Americans
compelled the Filipinos to learn the English language. They also compelled
parents to send their children to school. This thrust towards education
resulted to an increase of Filipino literacy.
 Public Health and Welfare
o With the arrival of the Americans, they worked to minimize the spread of
diseases and to improve the health of the people. Infant mortality and
incidence of malaria and other diseases were reduced considerably by the

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introduction of new methods of prevention and treatment. They also

educated the people in the basic principles of hygiene and sanitation.
 Trade and Commerce
o The free trade relations with United States resulted to the development of
several industries such as textile, cigar, sawmills, coconut oil mills, fishing,
and mining. Despite the improvement of the standard of living due to the
economic prosperity bought by this free trade relations, it resulted to the
Philippine economic dependence to United States.
 Infrastructure
o To accompany the economic development, there also was a development of
the country's transportation and communications services. The Americans
built roads, bridges and sewage systems in the Philippines. Cars, trucks, and
railway carts were used as means of transportation. Telephone lines were
also introduced. Mail services were also improved.
 This was their effort to remove the brutalities the Americans committed during
the Philippine-American War. The improvement of economy during that time
was only felt by the Americans and the elites who owned the lands which were
cultivated by impoverished Filipino peasants. The demand for raw materials of
the Philippines only enriched the landowners and American business owners. To
add, the American occupation led to the exploitation of our natural resources. In
terms of infrastructure, its main purpose was to facilitate easier communication
and implementation for American military purposes. Roads were created to
make sure soldiers and military equipment could travel efficiently.
Communications were improved to facilitate contact with troops. In short, the
"good" effects were just consequences of the real intent of the Americans,
which is to strengthen their hold of the country and the Filipino people. Though
there was really an improvement, the Americans used them to conceal their real
intent. Their mission was not to address the concerns of the Filipino people.
They only wanted to further their political and economic interests.

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