Tiger Reserves

● Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve

Largest Tiger density in the world. River Ramganga, a tributary of river Ganga flows here.

● Rajaji, Pilibhit, Dudhwa, Corbett: Second Largest Contiguous Population

● Pilibhit TR: Forms part of the Terai Arc Landscape. River Sharda and Ghagra

● Pakke (Pakhui) TR
It lies in the foothills of the Eastern Himalaya. Rivers: Kameng River (west) and north, and by
Pakke River (east). To the south, the sanctuary adjoins Assam's Nameri NP and to the west, it is
bounded by Eaglenest WLS and Sessa Orchid Sanctuary.
It is known for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme (based on shared parenting)

● Ramgarh Vishdhari Tiger Reserve

4th Tiger Reserve of Rajasthan. It serves as a tiger corridor between:
Ranthambore Tiger Reserve and Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve.
River: Mez, a tributary of Chambal river.

● Ranipur Tiger Reserve India’s 53rd tiger reserve in Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary in UP.

● Sariska Tiger Reserve ● A Tiger was recently shifted from Ranthambore Tiger Reserve (RTR)
to Sariska Tiger Reserve (STR). Part of the Aravalli Range.

● Durgavati WLS
Madhya Pradesh (MP) Wildlife Board approved a new reserve for tigers of Panna Tiger Reserve
(PTR).
One-fourth of PTR will get submerged due to linking of Ken-Betwa rivers.
In wake of the river linking project, NTCA had asked UP and MP governments to notify new tiger
reserves. The proposal will be sent to National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) for final
approval. Durgavati WLS is a green corridor for Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.

●Tamil Nadu and Kerala: Largest Contiguous Population of Tigers

● Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam TR: Largest contiguous Critical Tiger Habitat

● Simplipal TR: Decline in number

● Satkosia Tiger Reserve. Mahanadi Gorge. Indian Giant Squirrel, Indian Python.
Mixed Deciduous Sal

●Valmiki National Park (TR)

contiguous with Nepal's Chitwan National Park to the north. Only protected area where Gaur is
found in the Shivaliks and Gangetic plains landscape. (CA|TS). River: Gandak

● MudumalaiNationalPark(TR) ● Endemic fish species namely, Puntius mudumalai ensis and

WhiteBackedVulturesandLongBilledVulture(CR) CA|TS
Moyar river
Climate reparations
Monetary compensation that developed countries give to developing countries to compensate for
the historical contributions that the developed countries have made towards climate change.
extension of the universally acknowledged “Polluter Pays” principle

Greenwashing
Practice of misleading the general public into believing that companies, sovereigns or civic
administrators are doing more for the environment than they actually are.

Keeling Curve
Long term increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations since the late 1950s.
Charles David Keeling- Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii in 1958
clear upward trend, with fluctuations due to seasonal changes in vegetation and the exchange of
CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean.

Adaptation Gap Report - UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

- adaptation gap describes the difference between the current level of adaptation and the level of
adaptation that will be necessary in the future to prevent or mitigate these impacts

Principles for Locally Led Adaptation (LLA)- Global Commission on Adaptation (GCA)
- GCA was estb. by the Netherlands and other countries including India.

Emissions Gap Report 2022- UNEP

difference between the expected levels of greenhouse gas emissions in a given year and
the level of emissions that are needed to limit global warming to a certain level.

UN Environment Programme (UNEP)

agency of the UN established in 1972 after the Stockholm conference.
Membership-193 Member states including India. HQ -Nairobi, Kenya

Agencies established by UNEP:

- WMO + UNEP : IPCC, 1988
- one of the several implementing agencies for the(GEF) and the Multilateral Fund for
implementing the Montreal Protocol
- member of the United Nations Sustainable Development Group (UN SDG)
- Successes: 1987 Montreal Protocol, 2012 Minamata Convention.
- Hosts the secretariat of:
UNCBD, CMS, CITES, Minamata convention
Does not host: FCC, CCD.

- Agreements administered:
CITES, CBD,CMS, Vienna, Basel, Rotterdam, Stockholm, Minamata

Major reports by UNEP:

- Global Environment Outlook
- Adaptation Gap Report
- Emissions Gap Report
- Triple Emergency - climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss
- Cooling Emissions and Policy Synthesis Report
- Faith for Earth Initiative (FEI)
- Champions of the Earth award - Dr Purnima Devi Barman, 2022
( UN’s highest environmental honour)

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

The GEF provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, REDD+, climate change, land
degradation, the ozone layer, persistent organic pollutants, etc.
World Bank: GEF Trustee
Small Grants Programme
- provides financial support to projects which embody a community-based approach.
- jointly implemented by the MoEFCC, UNDP, TERI.
- corporate program of the GEF
- Provides financial and technical support to local civil society

Financial Mechanism for:

UNFCCC, UNCCD, UNCBD, Stockholm (POPs), Minamata

Global Environment Facility (GEF) Council

GEF’s main governing body.
Composition: 32 members-14 from developed countries, 16 from developing countries, 2 from
economies in transition.
Members rotate at different intervals determined by each constituency.
India is presently a member of a constituency comprising the following countries: Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka.
Meets twice annually. Takes decisions by consensus.

Global Wildlife Programme (GWP)

GWP was launched in 2015 to combat trafficking in Wildlife.
It is a World Bank-led & GEF-funded partnership.

Climate funds administered by GEF:

Special Climate Change Fund Least Developed Countries Fund
(SCCF) (LDCF)

to assist Least Developed Country

Parties (LDCs).

Open to all vulnerable developing Only existing fund with mandate to

countries finance the preparation and
implementation of National
Adaptation Programs of Action.

The GEF’s new climate change Also supports the implementation of

adaptation strategy for the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs),
2022-2026 period will focus SCCF and the Least Developed Countries
support in the following two priority work program under the UNFCCC.
areas:
Supporting the adaptation needs of
Small Island Developing States
(SIDS).
Strengthening technology transfer,
innovation, and private sector
engagement.
 Other climate funds
Adaptation Fund: developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
Green Climate Fund (GCF) : COP 16, in 2010 . Developed countries had pledged to mobilise
US$ 100 billion per year by 2020 through this fund to support developing countries raise and
realise their NDCs.

UN-backed international climate funds

Clean Technology Fund (CTF)

Climate Investment Funds (CIFs)
UN-Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD)
Net Zero Asset Owner Alliance
International Climate Initiative
Paris Agreement
COP21 negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on reducing climate change. It
entered into force in November 2016 after ratification by 55 countries that account for at least
55% of global emissions had been met.
● Signatories: 195 as of 2023; 180+ countries have ratified; India signed and ratified in 2016.
The expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting global warming to "well below
2°C" compared to pre-industrial levels.
● zero net anthropogenic GHG emissions to be reached during the 2nd half of the 21st century.
the parties will also "pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C.”
developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilise $100 billion a year in climate finance
by 2020 and agreed to continue it further until 2025

Paris Rulebook
legally binding international treaty on climate change.
guidelines and procedures that were adopted at the COP 24, 2018.
provides details on how countries will measure, report, and verify their GHG emission reductions
and their progress towards meeting the goals set out in the Paris Agreement.
191 countries agreed that they would limit the rise in global temperatures to 1.5-2°C by 2030.

Global Stocktake
periodic review of collective progress towards achieving the agreement's long-term goals,
including the goal of keeping global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius and 1.5.
designed to take place every five years, starting in 2023.

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and Carbon Pricing

countries agreed to set up a new global carbon market system (for trading of carbon emissions)
to help countries decarbonise their economies at lower cost.

● International Transfer Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO): allows countries to strike direct bilateral
and voluntary agreements to trade carbon units (that are in excess of their NDCs Targets).

● Sustainable Development Mechanism (SDM): creates a centralised governance system for

public and the private sector to trade emissions reduction anywhere in the world. , is due to
replace the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).

● Non Market based mechanism: develops a framework for cooperation between countries to
reduce emissions outside market mechanisms, such as developmental aid (ie. where no trade is
involved). This cooperation mechanism, if properly designed, should make it easier to achieve
reduction targets and raise ambition.

● These systems are more transparent than mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol.

Resolution of issue of double counting (at CoP 26)

The Article 6 rules thereby allow the nation, which is hosting the offsetting project, to make the
ultimate decision whether the emission reductions will be counted towards its own targets or sold
to another nation.
Existing Carbon trading mechanisms in India

1. Renewable Energy Certificate - solar and non solar

1 REC+ 1 MWh
Traded on Central Electricity Regulatory Committee- approved power exchanges: Indian
Energy Exchange (IEX), Power Exchange India (PXIL).
2. Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts) under Perform, Trade and Achieve (PAT) Scheme
Issued by the Central Government. Covers 13 sectors. Traded on IEX, PXIL.