Supplementary Examples

Fundamentals of electricity and mechanics

Supplementary Example 1.1

An electric motor runs at 500rpm when driving a load requiring a torque of 190Nm. If the motor
input is 16kW. Calculate:
1.1.1 The efficiency of the motor. (62.2%)
1.1.2 The heat lost in the motor per minute, assuming its temperature remains constant.
(363kJ)

1.1.1
2πNTsh
POUT =
60
2π × 500 × 190
=
60
= 9948.4kW

POUT
η = × 100
PIN
9948.4
= × 100
16000
= 62.2%

1.1.2
PLOSS = PIN − POUT
= 16000 − 9948.4
= 6051.6

E LOSS = PLOSS × t
= 6051.6 × 60
= 363.1kJ

Supplementary Example 1.2

An electric motor drives an electric generator. The 2hp motor draws 15A from a 120V D.C.
source and the generator supplies 5A to a 48Ω resistance load. Where; 1hp = 745.7W
1.2.1 Find the motor efficiency and generator efficiency.
1.2.2 Find the overall efficiency. (82.83%, 80.48%)
(66.67%)
1.2.1

120V 2hp 5A
15A MOTOR GENERATOR 48Ω
SOURCE LOAD

MOTOR
POUT = 2hp
= 2 × 745.7
= 1.49kW

PIN = VI
= 120 × 15
= 1.8kW

POUT
η motor = × 100
PIN
1.49
= × 100
1.8
= 82.78%

GENERATOR

POUT = I 2R
= 52 × 48
= 1.2kW

PIN = POUT ( motor )

= 1.49kW

POUT
η gen = × 100
PIN
1.2
= × 100
1.49
= 80.54%

1.2.2
η η 
ηtotal =  motor × gen  ×100
 100 100 
 82.78 80.54 
= × × 100
 100 100 
= 66.67%
 Supplementary Example 1.3

An electrically driven pump lifts 80m3 of water per minute through a height of 12m. An overall
efficiency of 70% for the motor and pump, calculate the input power, in kiloWatt to the motor.
If the pump is in operation for an average of 2 hours per day for thirty days, calculate the energy
consumed, in kilowatt hours, and the cost of the energy at R0.18/kWh. Assume 1m3 of water to
have a mass of 1000kg and g = 9.81m/s2. (P = 224kW; R2421.66)

EIN
PIN =
t
=
(80000 × 9.81×12) ÷ 0.70
60
= 224.2kW

Cost = (PIN × t )× cos t / kWh

( )
= 224.2 × 103 × 30 × 2 kWh × R0.18 / kWh
= R 2421.67

Supplementary Example 1.4

A pump driven by an electric motor lifts 5m3 of water per minute to a height of 50m. The motor
has an efficiency of 92% and the pump has an efficiency of 96%. (Fact: mass of 1m3 of water
= 1000kg). Draw a schematic and calculate the following:
1.4.1 The energy output of the pump. (2.453MJ)
1.4.2 The power output of the pump. (40.88kW)
1.4.3 The output power of the motor. (42.58kW)
1.4.4 The input power to the motor. (46.29kW)
1.4.5 The electrical energy consumed in kWh when the motor runs at this load for 4 hours.
(185.2kWh)

1.4.1
Eout = mgh
( pump )

= 5 × 10 3 × 9.81× 50
= 2.453MJ

1.4.2
Eout
Pout =
( pump ) t
2.453 × 106
=
60
= 40.88kW
1.4.3
Pout = Pin
( MOT ) ( pump )

Pout
( pump )
=
η( pump )
40.88
=
0.96
= 42.58kW
1.4.4
Pout
( MOT )
Pin =
( MOT ) η( MOT )
42.58
=
0.92
= 46.28kW
1.4.5

Ein = Pin × t
= 46.28kW × 4hour
= 185.1kWh

Supplementary Example 1.5

The reservoir area of a hydro-electric generating plant is spread over an area of 4km2 with a
storage capacity of 8 million cubic-metre of water. The height of fall of the water to the turbine
is 70 metres. Assuming an efficiency of 87% and 93% for water turbine and generator
respectively and 1m3 of water to weigh 1000kg. Calculate …
1.5.1 The electrical energy generated by the plant. Also,
1.5.2 Determine the difference in water level if a load of 30MW that is continuously supplied
by the generator for 6 hours.
5 5 –
Transmission lines
conduct electricity,
ultimately to homes and
businesses

1 Dam – stores water

1

2
2 Penstock – carries water to
the turbines

4
4 Generators – rotated by the
turbines to generate

1.5.1 Mass of the water (reservoir) 3

m = Volume × Density
= 8 ×106 ×103
= 8 ×109 kg
Potential energy of the water
Ep = mgh
= 8 × 106 × 103
= 8 × 109 × 9.81× 70
= 5.494 × 1012 J
Total efficiency of the hydro power plant

η η 
ηT =  Tur × Gen  × 100%
 100 100 
 87 93 
= ×  × 100
 100 100 
= 80.91%

Total output energy of the power plant

EIN
EOUT = × ηT
100%
5.494 × 1012
= × 80.91
100
= 4.445 × 1012 J

Therefore the generator will supply 4.445 x 1012J of electrical energy.

1.5.2
Energy supplied in 6 hours
EOUT = POUT × t
= 30 × 106 × 6
= 180 MWh

Energy from the reservoir

EOUT
EIN = × 100%
ηT
180 × 106
= × 100%
80.91
= 0.8008 × 1012 J
Energy from the reservoir
Ep = mgh
0.8008 × 1012 = m × 9.81× 70
m = 1.16 × 109 kg
If ‘h’ is the fall in water level, therefore:
 mass = height × area × density
9
1.16 × 10 = h × 4 × 106 × 1000
h = 0.29m

Supplementary Example 1.6

An industrial crane is required to lift a load of 5 tonne through a height of 30m. A ¼ of electrical
energy supplied to the motor is lost in the form of heat. The efficiency of the auxiliaries and
gears is 90%. Calculate:
1.6.1 The energy in kWh supplied to the motor, if the time required to raise the load is 27
minutes.
1.6.2 The kW rating of the motor.

1.6.1
Work done by the load

EOUT = mgh
( )
= 5 × 103 × 9.81 × 30
= 1.472 × 106 J

Since a 90% of the input energy is wasted in the auxiliaries and gears (systems 2)
EOUT
EIN ( Sys 2 ) = ×100%
ηT
1.472 ×106
= ×100%
90
= 1.635 ×106 J
The motor output equals the input to systems 2 = 1.635MJ. Since a quarter of the input energy is
wasted as heat, then efficiency of the motor will be 75%.
 EOUT
EIN ( MOTOR ) = × 100%
ηT
1.635 × 106
= × 100
75
= 2.180 × 106 J

Motor input energy in kWh

EIN
E IN ( MOTOR ) = × 100%
CONV
2.180 × 106
= × 100%
3.6 × 106
= 0.6060kWh
1.6.2
Motor input power
EIN ( MOTOR )
PIN ( MOTOR ) = × 100%
t
0.6060
= × 100%
(27 × 60)
= 1346.3W
≈ 1.5kW Stardard rating

Supplementary Example 1.7

An elevator makes 12 double journeys per hour. A load of 5 tonne is raised by it through a
height 50m and it returns empty. The weight of the cage is half a tonne and that of the
counterweight is 2.5 tonne. The efficiency of the hoist is 80% and that of the motor is 85%.
Calculate the hourly consumption (in kWh), which is required to complete 12 up trips carrying
the load and 12 down trips returning empty.

Energy taken going UP

= mgh
= (5000 + 500 − 2500 )× 9.81× 50
= 1.476 × 106 J

Energy taken going DOWN

= mgh
= (2500 − 500 )× 9.81× 50
= 0.981× 106 J
12 double journeys

= 12 × (1.476 + 0.981)
= 29.484 × 106 J
= 8.190kWh

EOUT
EIN = × 100%
ηT
8.190
= × 100
68
= 12.04kWh
Effects of electric current

Supplementary Example 2.1

A kettle is required to raise the temperature of 2.5 litres of water from 23oC to boiling point of
water at sea level. If one fifth of the energy is lost in the process, calculate the time it will take
for the water to boil. The electrical power consumed by the kettle is 3kW.
1 litre of water has 1kg in mass
Specific heat capacity of water is 4190J/kg.K (5min, 36sec)

Eout = mc ∆t
= 2.5 × 4190 × 77
= 806575 J

EOUT
EIN =
η
806575
=
0.8
= 1008218.8 J

EIN
t =
PIN
1008218.8
=
3000
= 336.07
= 5 min, 36 sec

Supplementary Example 2.2

City Power has introduced two different type tariff systems namely “The two part structure”
and “The life line structure” as from the first of June. A “Two-part Tariff” is where you pay
R200.00 per month plus R1.05 per kWh and the “Lifeline Tariff” is where you pay R1.75 per
kWh. Your parents would like to know which of the two the most cost effective tariff structure
option is.

Determine the difference in cost between the two structures for the month of July and state
which tariff will be cheaper when using the following appliances in the house.

A 1200W two plate stove for 30 minutes a day

Six 60W lamps for nine hours per day
A 400W washing machine for 45 minutes a day
A 4800W clothes dryer for 20minutes a day
A 250W television for 6 hours per day (R19.02)
 Energy Consumption
Qty Description Power Time
/day
1 Two Plate Stove 1200 0,5 0,6 kWh
6 Lamps 60 9 3,24 kWh
1 Wasing Machine 400 0,75 0,3 kWh
1 Clothes Dryer 4800 0,33 1,584 kWh
1 Television 250 6 1,5 kWh
Total 7,224 kWh

Two-Part Tariff
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑅𝑅200 + 𝑅𝑅1.05/𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘ℎ
= 𝑅𝑅200 + (7.224 × 𝑅𝑅1.05 × 31𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
= 𝑅𝑅200 + 𝑅𝑅235.14
= 𝑅𝑅435.14
Lifeline Tariff

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = (7.224 × 𝑅𝑅1.75 × 31𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)

= 𝑅𝑅391.90

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷. = 𝑅𝑅435.14 − 𝑅𝑅391.90

= 𝑅𝑅43.24

Supplementary Example 2.3

A square plate has a side of 100mm. It is connected to the cathode in a copper electroplating
bath and a current of 4A is passed through the bath. Neglecting the thickness of the plate,
determine how long it takes to cover both sides of the plate with copper to thickness of 0.1mm

Density of copper to be 9000kg/m3

The electrochemical equivalent of copper to be 0.330mg/C (227min, 16 sec)

Area = 100 × 10 −3 × 100 × 10 −3

= 10000 × 10 −6 m 2
= 0.01m 2
Both sides
= 0.02m 2

Volume = area × height

= 0.02m 2 × 0.1×10 −3 m
= 2 ×10 −6 m3
 ∆m = volume × density
= 2 × 10 −6 m3 × 9000kg / m3
= 18000 × 10 −6 kg
= 18000mg

∆m
t =
z.I
18000
=
0.330 × 4
= 13636.36 sec
= 227 min ; 16 sec

Supplementary Example 2.4

A motor has a shaft torque of 840Nm at a rotational speed of 960r/min. The load is maintained
for eight hours. The motor has an efficiency of 81.5% and is connected across a 360V supply.

2.4.1 Calculate the current drawn by the motor. (287.83A)

2.4.2 Calculate the energy consumed by the motor in kWh. (828.96kWh)
2.4.3 Calculate the cost of the energy consumed by the motor. Assume the cost of
electrical energy to be 61.4c/kWh. (R508.98)

2.4.1
2πNT
Pout =
60
2π × 960 × 840
=
60
= 84.45kW

POUT
η = × 100%
PIN
84.45 × 103
PIN = × 100
81.5
= 103.62kW

PIN = VI
PIN
I =
V
103.62 × 103
=
360
= 287.83 A
2.4.2
EIN = PIN × t
= 103.62 × 8
= 828.96kWh
2.4.3
Cost = Tarrif × Energy Consumed
= R 0.614 × 828.96
= R508.98

Supplementary Example 2.5

A factory has a 240V supply from which the following loads are taken:

Lighting : Three hundred 100W, four hundred 50W and six hundred 17W lamps
Ovens : Twenty 5kW ovens
Motors : Five motors rated 5kW and with an average efficiency of
79%
Miscellaneous : Various other loads taking a current of 60A

We know that the lighting load is on for a period of 8 hours per day, the ovens are ON for 7
hours per day and the remainder is for 2 hours per day.

Calculate the weekly consumption of the factory in kWh when working on a five-day week.

“You must SHOW ALL CALCULATIONS”

Power Energy Consumption Energy Consumption
Qty Description
Consumption /day /week

300 Lighting Load 30,0 kW 8 h 240,0 kWh 7 days 1680,0 kWh

400 Lighting Load 20,0 kW 8 h 160,0 kWh 7 days 1120,0 kWh

600 Lighting Load 10,2 kW 8 h 81,6 kWh 7 days 571,2 kWh

20 Baking Ovens 100,0 kW 7 h 700,0 kWh 7 days 4900,0 kWh

5 Motors 6,329 kW 2 h 12,7 kWh 7 days 88,6 kWh

1 Miscellaneous 14400,0 kW 2 h 28800,0 kWh 7 days 201600,0 kWh

Total Energy
29994,3 kWh 209959,8 kWh
consumption
 Supplementary Example 2.6

Calculate the time taken for a 25kW furnace having an overall efficiency of 80% to melt 20kg
of particular metal with the initial temperature of 20°C. The specific heat capacity of this
particular metal is 896J/kg K, the melting point of the same metal is 657oC and its specific
latent heat of fusion 402kJ/kg.

EOut = mc∆t + slhf

= (20 × 896 × 637) + (20 × 402000)
= 19.455MJ

EOUT
EIN =
η
19.455 × 106
=
0.8
= 24.319 MJ

E IN
t =
PIN
24.319 × 106
=
25 × 103
= 972.8 sec
= 16 min, 13 sec