‫ﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎء ﻟﻠﺼﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮي‬

‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ ‪ /‬اﻟﺘﻮﻓﯿﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﯾﺔ – ﺑﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫ادارة ‪ /‬روض اﻟﻔﺮج اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻤﯿﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ رﻋﺎﯾﺔ‬
‫د‪ /‬ﻧﺠﻮي أﺣﻤﺪ زﻛﻲ – ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﻋﺎم ادارة روض اﻟﻔﺮج‬

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 ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﮭﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎء ‪ 3‬ث " أﻓﻜﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ وأﻣﺜﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ "‬

‫أوﻻ ً ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷوﻟﻲ‬
‫اذا اﻋﻄﺎك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام ﻓﺘﺬﻛﺮ اﻧﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ 0.84‬ﺟﺮام ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم‬
‫)‪(Na=23) , (H=1) , (C=12) , (O=16‬‬
‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬
‫= )‪gm 84 = (23)+(1)+(12)+(3*16‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﻮل ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬
‫= ‪mol 0.01‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮل‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل‬
‫‪HCl +‬‬ ‫‪⟶ NaCl+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬

‫∗‬ ‫∗‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫=‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪= 1 ml/L‬‬
‫∗‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اذا ذﻛﺮ ﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﻤﮫ ﻋﯿﻨﮫ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻧﻘﯿﮫ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﻛﺬا ‪ ..........‬اﻋﻠﻢ اﻧﻚ ﻟﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ھﺬه اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ‬
‫اﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﮫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﮫ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫اذﯾﺐ ‪ 2 gm‬ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم )ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﻲ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء واﺿﯿﻒ اﻟﯿﮫ وﻓﺮه ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﻧﺘﺮات اﻟﺮﺻﺎص ‪ II‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﻟﺮاﺳﺐ ‪ 1 gm‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﮫ اﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Cl = 35.5) , (Ba = 137) , (Pb=207‬‬
‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫→‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪) +‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫↓‬

‫‪1 mol‬‬ ‫‪1 mol‬‬

‫‪(137)+(2*35.5)=208 g‬‬ ‫‪(207)+(2*35.5)=278g‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪1g‬‬

‫‪) x = 0.748 g‬ﻛﺘﻠﮫ ﻛﻠﻮرﯾﺪ اﻟﺒﺎرﯾﻮم اﻟﻨﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ(‬

‫→‬ ‫‪2Cl‬‬
‫‪208 g‬‬ ‫‪71 g‬‬
‫‪0.748 g‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪) x = 0.2553 g‬ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ (‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‪%‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫∴ ﻧﺴﺒﮫ اﯾﻮن اﻟﻜﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ =‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت ﻣﺎء اﻟﺘﺒﻠﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻠﺢ ﻣﺘﮭﺪرت ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﮫ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﺴﺒﮫ اﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬ ‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﮭﺪرت‬

‫∗‬ ‫واذا طﻠﺐ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﮫ ﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﺒﻠﺮ =‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﮭﺪرت‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ ‪14.3 g‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻨﮫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺼﻮدﯾﻮم اﻟﻤﺘﮭﺪرت‬
‫ﺳ ُﺨﻨﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪. g 5.3‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻲ ﺻﯿﻐﮫ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﻤﺘﮭﺪرت وﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Na=23) , (H=1) , (C=12) , (O=16‬‬
‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬

‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﮫ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ = ‪9 g = 5.3 - 14.3‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺤﻞ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﮫ‬

‫‪Na2CO3‬‬ ‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪5.3‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺮام‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪= 0.05‬‬ ‫‪= 0.5‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪= 10‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﻮﻻت‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﯿﻐﮫ اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺘﮭﺪرت ھﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‪%‬‬ ‫∗‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﮫ =‬

‫‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯿ ًﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬أﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻻﺗﺰان اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﻲ ‪-:‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻷوﻟﻲ‬
‫ھﻮ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﮫ اﻟﺤﺮاره ‪ .‬اﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺊ اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﮫ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻷﺗﺰان‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ او اﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﻐﺎزات( ﻓﮭﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﺳﯿﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺷﺮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﮫ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ ﺗﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻨﺸﺎدر ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﮫ )ھﺎﺑﺮ‪ /‬ﺑﻮش(‬

‫) (‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫⟺‬ ‫) (‬
‫‪; ∆H = -91 KJ‬‬

‫ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺰن ‪-:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺬي ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻗﯿﻤﮫ‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﺗﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﮫ اﻟﺤﺮاره‬ ‫[‬ ‫[‪] ,‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬زﯾﺎده ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰي ]‬ ‫أ‪ -‬زﯾﺎده اﻟﻈﻐﻂ‬

‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﺗﻐﯿﺮ درﺟﮫ اﻟﺤﺮاره‬

‫** ﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ ھﺎم ﻧﻤﻮذج )‪ (4‬ﺗﺠﺮﯾﺒﻲ ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻮ ‪ 2021‬س‪ 43‬ص ‪))) 139‬ﻣﮭـــــــﻢ(((‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫اذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ﯾﺤﺪث ﻟﻘﯿﻤﮫ‬
‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫اذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﮫ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻷﺗﺰان ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) (‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫⟺‬ ‫) (‬ ‫;‬ ‫* ‪= 4.4‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎن ﻗﯿﻤﮫ‬

‫) (‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬
‫⟺‬ ‫) (‬

‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬

‫ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬

‫‪Kc‬اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫=‬

‫× ‪∴ Kc = √ .‬‬ ‫‪= 2.1 x‬‬

‫ﻻﺣـــظ‬

‫‪Kc‬اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﯿﺔ ﯾﺼﺒﺢ‬

‫)‪You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (http://www.novapdf.com‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ‪ ,‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ) (‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ = ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻷﯾﻮﻧﺎت × درﺟﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ) (‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫‪-27‬‬
‫‪ 4x10‬اﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫اذا ﻛﺎن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ اﻻذاﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﺢ ‪ BaF2‬ﺷﺤﯿﺢ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﺴﺎوي‬
‫آﯾﻮن اﻟﻔﻠﻮرﯾﺪ ]‪[F-‬‬
‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬

‫)‪BaF2(s‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫‪)+‬‬ ‫‪2F-‬‬

‫]‪Ksp = [BA2+][F-‬‬ ‫* ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰات‬

‫() ( = ‪∴ Ksp‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬ ‫* ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺬوﺑﺎن‬

‫= ‪∴ Ksp‬‬

‫×‬
‫∴‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬

‫( = ‪∵ [F-]2‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬

‫= ]‪∴ [F-‬‬

‫× = ]‪∴ [F-‬‬

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 ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬

‫= ]‪[H3O+‬‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ أن ⫷⫷⫷ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻒ‬

‫= ]‪[OH -‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻔﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫ﺳﺘﯿﻔﺎﻟﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻔﺔ ﺟﺪ ًا‬
‫* ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺗﺄﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10-14‬‬
‫‪PKw = PH + POH = 14‬‬ ‫* اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﺗﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ ﻟـ )‪(Kw‬‬
‫* ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‪ (Kc‬ﻻ ﻧﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ و ﻻ اﻟﺮواﺳﺐ !!!‬
‫ﻷﻧﮭﺎ ذات ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰات ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫[‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ PH‬ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﯾﺴﺎوي ‪ 3.7‬ﻓﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ أﯾﻮن اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺴﯿﻞ ]‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬
‫‪∵ PH = 3.7‬‬
‫‪∴ POH = 14 - 3.7 = 10.3‬‬

‫[∴‬ ‫=]‬ ‫‪.‬‬

‫‪= 5.011 x‬‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻛﺘﺐ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫⇌‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫=‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫ﻻﺣـــظ‬
‫(‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺮواﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ )‬

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 ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜ ًﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -2‬أﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬
‫* اﻵﻧﻮد ھﻮ اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺬي ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪﺗﮫ أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫* ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ e.m.f‬ﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ اﻟﺜﻼث طﺮق‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻵﻧﻮد و اﺧﺘﺰال اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‬
‫)‪ (2‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻵﻧﻮد و ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‬
‫)‪ (3‬اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد و ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة اﻵﻧﻮد‬

‫* ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺠﻠﻔﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻵﻧﻮد )‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد )‪ (3‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪e.m.f‬‬ ‫)‪ (4‬اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫ﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﻠﻔﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻓﻄﺒﺎھﺎ )‪ (Ni) , (Fe‬ﻓﺈذا ﻋﻠﻤﺖ أن ‪:‬‬

‫) (‬ ‫→‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪°‬‬

‫‪= +0.409 v‬‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫) (‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪°‬‬

‫‪= -0.230 v‬‬

‫اﻛﺘﺐ‬
‫)‪ (3‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻵﻧﻮد‬
‫)‪ (5‬ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪ e.m.f‬ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (4‬اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ‬

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 ‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬
‫∵ ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة )‪ < (Fe‬ﺟﮭﺪ أﻛﺴﺪة )‪(Ni‬‬
‫∴ ال )‪ (Fe‬ھﻮ اﻵﻧﻮد‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻵﻧﻮد )أﻛﺴﺪة(‬

‫) (‬ ‫→‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪= +0.409 v‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮد )اﺧﺘﺰال(‬

‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫→‬ ‫) (‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪= -0.230 v‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﺠﻤﻊ(‬

‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫→‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫)‪ (4‬اﻟﺮﻣﺰ اﻻﺻﻄﻼﺣﻲ )ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ(‬

‫‪Fe/‬‬ ‫∥‬ ‫‪/Ni‬‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ‪e.m.f‬‬
‫‪e.m.f = 0.409 + (-0.230) = 0.179 volt‬‬

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 ‫أﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬ﻛﻠﻤﺔ )ﻣﻮل( = ﺟﻢ‪/‬ذرة = ‪ = g\atm‬اﻟﺬرة اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ = اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﯿﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﻲ‬

‫)‪ (2‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ =‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‬

‫)‪ (3‬ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮم = ﺷﺪة اﻟﺘﯿﺎر )أﻣﺒﯿﺮ( × اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺑﺎﻟﺜﻮاﻧﻲ(‬

‫)‪ (4‬واﺣﺪ ﻓﺎراداي ‪ 96500 = 1F‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮم‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ أو اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻨﺪ أﺣﺪ اﻷﻗﻄﺎب =‬

‫)‪ (6‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺮور ﻛﻤﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء ﻣﻘﺪارھﺎ )‪ (1F‬ﻓﺈن ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺆدي إﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺐ أو ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪ أو‬
‫ذوﺑﺎن ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ )‪ 1‬ﻣﻮل اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﺎت(‬

‫ﯾﻠﺰم‬
‫‪ × F‬اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺆ‬ ‫∴ ﻟﺘﺮﺳﯿﺐ اﻟﻮزن اﻟﺬري اﻟﺠﺮاﻣﻲ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺜـﺎل‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﺳﯿﺒﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻣﺮار ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺼﻌﯿﺪ‬
‫‪Cu = 63.5‬‬ ‫‪ 5.6 L‬ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎز اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )‪(at STP‬‬

‫اﻟﺣـــــــل‬

‫ﻧﺤﺴﺐ أوﻻ ً ﻋﺪد ﻣﻮﻻت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻌﯿﺪھﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪= 0.25 mol‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺤﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ = ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﻮﻻت × ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻮل اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ = ‪ 0.5 = 2 × 0.25‬ﺟﺮام‬

‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮم × اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ )ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ(‬

‫∵ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ =‬

‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ×‬

‫∴ ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ =‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ‬

‫‪× .‬‬
‫= ‪ 48250‬ﻛﻮﻟﻮم‬ ‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ =‬

‫ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﯿﺔ ﻛﻮﻟﻮم × اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ )ﻟﻠﻨﺤﺎس(‬

‫∴ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس اﻟﻤﺘﺮﺳﺒﺔ =‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫×‬
‫= ‪ 15.88‬ﺟﺮام‬ ‫=‬

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 ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫* اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻵﻧﻮدي ‪:‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎط ًﺄ ﺑﻔﻠﺰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎط ًﺎ‬
‫‪--‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪ --‬ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرﺻﯿﻦ )ﺟﻠﻔﻨﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ(‬
‫* اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮدي ‪:‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﻠﺰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎط ًﺄ ﺑﻔﻠﺰ أﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎط ًﺎ‬
‫‪--‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪ --‬ﺗﻐﻄﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﺪﯾﺮ‬

‫ﻻﺣـــظ‬

‫ﯾ ُﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻵﻧﻮدي ﻋﻦ اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻜﺎﺛﻮدي ؟!!!‬

‫ﻷﻧﮫ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺪوش أو اﻟﺸﻘﻮق ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﻠﺰ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎط ًﺎ ﻛﺂﻧﻮد ﻓﯿﺘﺂﻛﻞ و ﯾﺤﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻠﺰ اﻷﻧﺸﻂ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد أﺳﻔﻠﮫ‬

‫أﻓﻜﺎر ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت و ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ و أﻛﺎﺳﯿﺪه ))) ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ (((‬

‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻻﺣﻤﺮار‬
‫(‬ ‫‪)+‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯‬ ‫) (‬ ‫* أﺛﺮ ﻣﺮور اﻟﮭﻮاء‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪)+‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫⎯⎯‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫* أﺛﺮ ﻣﺮور ﺑﺨﺎر اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫* ﻣﻊ اﻟﻼﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫∆‬
‫(‬ ‫‪)+‬‬ ‫) (‬ ‫→‬ ‫) (‬

‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⟶‬ ‫) (‬

‫* ﻣﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤﺨﻔﻔﺔ‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬

‫* ﻣﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎض اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰة‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫) (‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)(‬ ‫⎯⎯‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫)(‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫) (‬

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 ‫ﺗﻔـــــﺎﻋــــﻼت اﻻﺧﺘﺰال‬

∆
2 FeO(s) + ½O2(g) → Fe2O3(S)
∆
2 Fe3O4(s) + ½O2(g) → 3Fe2O3(S)

‫ﺗﻔـــــﺎﻋــــﻼت اﻻﻛﺴﺪة‬

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 ‫اﻟﻜﯿﻤﯿــــﺎء اﻟﻌﻀﻮﯾــــﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي ‪ C3H7Br‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺨﯿﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﻌﻄﻲ ‪. ..............‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻛﺤﻮل ﺛﺎﻧﻮي ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﻛﺤﻮل أوﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫ء‪ -‬ﻛﺤﻮل أوﻟﻲ أ‪ ,‬ﻛﺤﻮل ﺛﺎﻧﻮي‬ ‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻛﺤﻮل أوﻟﻲ أو ﻛﺤﻮل ﺛﺎﻟﺜﻲ‬

‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪) ::‬ء(‬

‫)‪ (2‬ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ -1‬ﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻓﻮق أﻛﺴﯿﺪ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ )ﻋﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﻠﻮن( ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪. .............‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬أﻛﺴﺪة و اﺧﺘﺰال و ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺸﻔ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬أﻛﺴﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺸﻔ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬أﻛﺴﺪة واﺧﺘﺰال وﻻ ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺸﻔ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ء‪ -‬أﻛﺴﺪة ﻓﻘﻂ و ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻛﺸﻔ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (3‬أﯾ ًﺎ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ أﯾﺰوﻣﺮ ﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻧﻮاﺗﺎﻻﯾﺜﯿﻞ ؟‬

‫ب ‪ -‬ﺑﯿﻮﺗﺎﻧﻮات اﻟﺒﺮوﺑﯿﻞ‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﻓﻮرﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﻨﯿﻞ‬
‫ء‪ -‬أﺳﯿﺘﺎت اﻟﻔﯿﻨﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﺑﻨﺰوات اﻟﻔﯿﻨﯿﻞ‬

‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪) ::‬ب(‬

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 ‫)‪ (4‬ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎت )‪ (B) ، (A‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ )‪ (A‬ﯾﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﺰال اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺐ‬
‫)‪ (B‬ﻓﺈن )‪ (B) ، (A‬ھﻤﺎ ‪. ..............‬‬

‫‪(CH3)2CHOH = (B) ,‬‬ ‫)‪CH3-C-CH3 = (A‬‬ ‫أ‪-‬‬

‫‪CH3CHO = (B) ,‬‬ ‫)‪CH3COOH = (A‬‬ ‫ب‪-‬‬

‫‪CH3-C-CH3 = (B) ,‬‬ ‫ﺟـ ‪(CH3)2CHOH = (A) -‬‬

‫‪CH3CH2CHO = (B) ,‬‬ ‫)‪CH3COOH = (A‬‬ ‫ء‪-‬‬

‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪) ::‬ﺟـ(‬

‫)‪ (5‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﯿﺘﺎ ﻛﻠﻮروﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﺒﻨﺰوﯾﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻻﯾﺜﺎﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻵﺗﯿﺔ ‪. ........‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻤﺮة ← أﻛﺴﺪة ← ھﻠﺠﻨﺔ ← اﻟﻜﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫أ‪-‬‬
‫ب ‪ -‬ﺑﻠﻤﺮة ← اﻟﻜﻠﺔ ← أﻛﺴﺪة ← ھﻠﺠﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬اﻟﻜﻠﺔ ← ﺑﻠﻤﺮة ← ھﻠﺠﻨﺔ ← أﻛﺴﺪة ‪.‬‬
‫أﻛﺴﺪة ← ﺑﻠﻤﺮة ← ھﻠﺠﻨﺔ ← اﻟﻜﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ء‪-‬‬

‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪) ::‬ب(‬

‫)‪ (6‬أي ﻣﻤﺎﯾﻠﻲ ﯾﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﺸﺒﻊ ﻻ ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﯿﺜﯿﻞ ؟‬
‫ء‪C7H12 -‬‬ ‫ﺟـ ‪C7H8 -‬‬ ‫ب‪C6H12 -‬‬ ‫أ‪C5H12 -‬‬

‫اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ‪) ::‬ب(‬

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