CASE STUDY 1.

1 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
The Leaning Tower of Pisa, or Torre Pendente di Pisa in Italian, is a medieval building in Pisa, Italy, known
for the settlement of its foundations, which caused it to lean 5.5 degrees (approximately 15 feet) off the
perpendicular in the late twentieth century. The tower was then straightened extensively, and its lean was
eventually reduced to less than 4.0 degrees. It is a freestanding bell tower for Pisa Cathedral in Italy. It is
one of Italy's most renowned tourist attractions and is considered one of the most impressive architectural
buildings from medieval Europe.

It is one of four structures that make up Pisa's Campo dei Mircacoli (Field of Miracles) cathedral complex,
which also includes a baptistery, cemetery, and the cathedral itself. The tower (or campanile) is set back
from the main structure, which is unusual for cathedrals of the time.

ARCHITECT
The architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa's true identity has been a source of contention. For many years,
the design was credited to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano, a well-known 12th-century resident artist of
Pisa who was well-known for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. In 1185, Pisano left Pisa
for the Sicilian town of Monreale, only to return and die in his hometown. In 1820, a piece of cast carrying
his name was discovered at the base of the tower, but it's possible that it's connected to the 1595 fire that
destroyed the cathedral's bronze door. Due to the time of construction and similarities with other Diotisalvi
works, such as the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa, a 2001 research suggests
Diotisalvi was the original architect.
BUILDING DESIGN, STYLE, AND CHARACTER, AND CONSTRUCTION
The decision to construct the tower was taken with the goal of portraying Pisa as a powerful and significant
city. It was built in the medieval Romanesque style as a circular bell tower constructed of white marble.
Although the first building phase is credited to either Bonanno Pisano or Gherado di Gherado, the architect
who constructed the tower remains a mystery. Giovanni Pisano and Giovanni di Simone were in charge of
the second phase of building. In 1399, Tommaso Pisano oversaw the tower's completion.
The tower comprises eight stories, including the bell chamber, and stood at a height of 60 meters at one
time. There are 15 marble arches on the bottom story, 30 on each of the next six storeys, and 16 in the top
bell chamber. Inside the tower, there are two spiral staircases. The first has 294 steps, whereas the second
has two extra steps to account for the lean. The lean was only discovered after the third level was built in
1178, when the shifting clay, fine sand, and shells began to destabilize the foundations. A succession of
battles halted building for nearly a century, allowing the soil to solidify and prevent the tower from collapsing
if it had been completed on time. When building was begun, the architects attempted to compensate for the
lean by making the subsequent floors shorter on the uphill side, but this had little effect; instead, the weight
caused the structure to sink more. As the centuries passed, it became evident that the tower was
progressively collapsing at a pace of 1-2 millimeters per year.

THE TILT OF THE LEANING TOWER OF PISA

The skyscraper was significantly stressed, according to structural study, at the point where the cross-
section rapidly decreases. It goes without saying that there were already factors in place at the start of the
skyscraper construction process that may induce the tilt. The engineers' lack of understanding of the soil
profile at the tower's base is the most critical aspect at this moment, and the one that will ultimately
contribute the most to the tower's tilt. Construction of the structure began in 1173. Engineers and architects
at the time knew significantly less about the earth they would be building on than we do now. Because the
Tower of Pisa would be a relatively short construction, its architects decided that a three-meter foundation
would suffice. However, due to the complexity of the soil profile, more would be required to achieve stability
at the tower's base.
Engineers discovered that the soil on the south side of the tower was siltier and more clayey than on the
north side, and the sand layer was thinner, based on soil sample analysis. As a result, the ability of various
soils to hold the weight imposed by the tower varies. Pancone clay, a soft, delicate clay, made up the upper
clayey layer. Because the sea level was high, this layer became saturated and undrained. A significant
amount of force was applied.
When the soil is not properly drained, it develops an excessive amount of pore pressure. The increased
pore pressure within the clay was not easily released due to the clay's low permeability. The Pancone clay
became unsteady as a result of this. The increased pore pressure in the clay layer caused a decreased
factor of safety in this non-steady condition, resulting in failure. This was also a significant contributor to the
tower's inclination.

CURRENT STATE AND PRESERVATION METHODS

Work on strengthening the structure and adding lead weights to the high side of the foundation began in
1989. To replace the lead weights, a set of ground anchors were constructed around the north side of the
tower. However, these were only temporary solutions, and the tower was officially closed in 1990 while a
team of engineers began a massive straightening effort. In 1995, however, the tower leant 2.5 mm in a
single night, causing concern. Instead of attempting to repair the structure, engineers decided to focus their
efforts on the earth.
They proposed in using a technique that had been utilized to rectify massive differential settlement of a
Mexican cathedral to collect dirt from the top side of the tower, as proposed in the 1960s.The experiments
were successful, and work on digging 12 holes beneath the structure began in May 2001. The tower
continued to straighten without further excavation until a sensory investigation in 2008 revealed that the
settlement had stopped with a total improvement of 48 cm (19 in.). Engineers believe the tower will be
stable for at least the next 200 years.
REFERENCE:
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leaning-Tower-of-Pisa
https://www.geoengineer.org/education/web-class-projects/ce-179-geosystems-engineering-design/
assignments/the-tilt-of-the-tower-of-pisa-why-and-how
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa
1.4 BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE
The Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all'Argentina is one of Rome's most important historic and artistic
churches, and a visit is frequently included in walking tours of the city's most important historic and artistic
churches, such as Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, San Luigi dei Francesi, and Santa Maria sopra
Minerva.

The church was built in the 16th century to replace an ancient Jesuit church that stood where Saint Ignatius
of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuit order, formerly prayed to an image of the Virgin Mary (still preserved
inside). Giovanni Battista Gaulli's magnificent frescoes over the nave and inside the dome date from the
17th century and showcase brilliant trompe l'oeil effects. In Rome's Piazza del Gesù, the Church of the
Gesù is located.

ARCHITECT
Gesù, the Jesuit order's mother church in Rome, was designed by two architects Giacomo da Vignola in
1568. and Giacomo della Porta, who worked on the 1575 addition to the facade.
Giacomo da Vignola, also known as Vignola, was a prominent Italian architect of the sixteenth century. The
Villa Farnese in Caprarola and the Jesuits' Church of the Gesù in Rome are two of his greatest
achievements. Vignola, Serlio, and Palladio are the three architects credited with popularizing the Italian
Renaissance style in Western Europe.
Giacomo della Porta was an Italian architect and artist who designed several of Rome's most prominent
structures, including St. Peter's Basilica. He was born in the town of Porlezza in the province of Lombardy
and died in the city of Rome.

BUILDING DESIGN, STYLE, AND CHARACTER, AND CONSTRUCTION

Its facade is "the first authentically baroque façade," bringing the baroque style into architecture for the first
time. The Gesù, a single-aisle, Latin-cross-plan church with side chapels and a dome over the crossing of
the nave and the transepts that became the archetype of many Catholic churches built during the Baroque
period and was the source of the so-called Jesuit style of architecture, was built with small chapels instead
of aisles, designed specifically so that the members of the church are all facing the main altar. The Triumph
of the Name of Jesus, a fresco by Giovanni Battista Gaulli, better known as Baciccio, painted on the nave
ceiling in 1678–79, is one of the masterpieces of Baroque ornamental art.
The church's construction began on June 26, 1568 then took a total of twelve years for the construction to
be completed in 1580. Vignola was aided by Giovanni Tristano, a Jesuit who succeeded Vignola in 1571.
When he died in 1575, he was succeeded by Giovanni de Rosis, a Jesuit architect. The construction of the
cross-vault, dome, and apse was overseen by Giacomo della Porta.

CURRENT STATE
Though the Chiesa del Santissimo Nome di Gesù all'Argentina is currently active and in no need of
preservation, the art within it will be conserved using the strappo d'affresco technique, which was
developed in the nineteenth century.
The painting "Madonna della Strada." It was a modest portrait of the Virgin and Child that had hung in a
corner of Rome's Chiesa del Gesù.

REFERENCE:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Ges%C3%B9
https://www.viator.com/Rome-attractions/Church-of-the-Gesu-Chiesa-del-Gesu/overview/d511-
a26318#overview
https://www.rome.net/church-of-the-gesu
https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2009/12/21/dramatic-restoration-madonna-della-strada

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gesu