BYZANTINE

CHARACTER-A continuation of Greek architecture, it is used mainly in the

Eastern churches. Characterized by round arches, the use of brick instead of
stone, central plan, domes, and mosaics. The Byzantine general architectural
character depends on the development of the dome, induced by the adoption of
circular and polygonal plans for churches.
Ang original church on the site of the Hagia Sophia ay constructed by
constantine but it was burnt down during nika riots 532 , until emperor justinian
build his own church and thinking about what it is to build a church in rome and
what is rome in constantinople.
Hagia Sophia is a church of a Divine Wisdom" Was built by Justinian 532–537 by
the architects Anthemius of Tralles and lsidorus of Miletus, are well known, as
their familiarity with mechanics and mathematics.
-HAGIA SOPHIA remains the greatest achievement in the style the interior being
perhaps the most satisfactory of all domed examples. The DOME which has
always been a traditional feature in the East, became prevailing motif of
Byzantine architecture. Which was a fusion of the domical construction with the
classical columnar style. Domes of various types were now placed over square
compartments by means of pendentives'. Hagia Sophia makes use of four
triangular pendentives which allow for the weight of the circular dome to
transition to a square supporting superstructure below without massive pillars
or columns interrupting the internal space. The enormous dome is supported
using a revolutionary construction method.

Hagia Sophia is seen the perfect expression of the Byzantine style: for the
columns are not merely ornamental The interior is gorgeous in coloured marbles
and brilliant glass mosaics which, extending in one continuous surface over vault
and dome. The exterior, with its fine entrance portals was much enriched by
mosaic and marbles.
STATUS
The hagia Sophias role in politics N religion remains a contentious and important
one even today ,Greek archaeologists are calling on Unesco to protect the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia, has been a Unesco World Heritage Site since 1985.
However, in recent years, the Byzantine-era building has suffered increased
vandalism and damage. Writing in an open letter to Unesco’s director general,
Audrey Azoulay, members of the Association of Greek Archaeologists asked the
organization to “intervene forcefully to reverse the current situation.” In July
2020, a Turkish high court stripped the Hagia Sophia of its museum status,
allowing it to be used as a functioning mosque
ROMANESQUE PISACATHEDRAL -The italian romanesques central character
have always possesed a greater capacity for the beauty in detail, than for
developing a bold and novel construction into complete style. Byzantine
influences was strong especially in several districts as venice and pisa which
latter city in particular possesses a distinct style on its own. It was in 1063 that the
construction of Pisa Cathedral began under the direction of architect Buscheto.
DETAIL Pisa Cathedral Complex includes a church, a baptistery, a cemetery and one
very famous campanile or bell tower – better known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
The leaning tower of Pisa currently leaning at 5.5 degree. why is it leaning in the first
place? Did you know that Pisa's name came from the greek word ''Marshy Land'' which
describes as clay, mud and wet sand belows the city's surface.
The architects believe that 3 meters foundation would suffice, unfortunately less than
five yrs later the towers side was already underground, construction halted at the 4
story this long paused allowed the soil to settle. in 1992, the team drilled diagonals
tunnels to remove 38 cubic meters of soil
from under the towers north. then they
counter balanced the tower before anchoring the base with steel cables. More than 6
centuries after construction the tower finally straighten about 4 degrees.
STATUS-Today, visitors enjoy the stunning architecture and artworks that characterise
Pisa’s Cathedral and famous Leaning Tower.
The exterior is particularly famous, with exquisite marble Islamic-style arches being so
well-worked that they almost look like embroidery. The famous bronze doors were
made by Florentine artists in the 17th century after the wooden doors were destroyed
by fire in 1595. One of the most famous pieces inside is Giovanni Pisano’s masterpiece
marble pulpit, as well as Byzantine-style mosaics, a golden ceiling, and 68 monolithic
columns brought from Sardinia.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution towards the end of the 1700s is perhaps one of the most
important eras for the architectural industry as a whole. The use of steel, reinforced
concrete and bricks revolutionized what could be done. Stronger, higher, longer and
more durable buildings, railways and bridges became a possibility.
St. Isaac's Cathedral was originally the city's main church and the largest cathedral in
Russia. It was built between 1818 and 1858, by the French-born architect Auguste
Montferrand, to be one of the most impressive landmarks of the Russian Imperial
capital. One hundred and eighty years later the gilded dome of St. Isaac's still
dominates the skyline of St. Petersburg.
DETAILS AND STATUS- The cathedral's facades are decorated with sculptures and
massive granite columns (made of single pieces of red granite), while the interior is
adorned with incredibly detailed mosaic icons, paintings and columns made of
malachite and lapis lazuli.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution towards the end of the 1700s is perhaps one of the
most important eras for the architectural industry as a whole. The use of
steel, reinforced concrete and bricks revolutionized what could be done.
Stronger, higher, longer and more durable buildings, railways and bridges
became a possibility. The industrial revolution caused changes in agriculture,
manufacturer, mining, transportation, technology and our main focus
architecture.

St. Isaac's Cathedral was originally the city's main church and the largest
cathedral in Russia. It was built between 1818 and 1858, by the French-born
architect Auguste Montferrand, to be one of the most impressive landmarks
of the Russian Imperial capital. The granite and marble building is cruciform,
and its great dome is one of the earliest examples of the use of iron as a
structural material. The interior is decorated in a florid imitation of medieval
ornamentation. One hundred and eighty years later the gilded dome of St.
Isaac's still dominates the skyline of St. Petersburg.
DETAILS AND STATUS- The cathedral's facades are decorated with
sculptures and massive granite columns (made of single pieces of red
granite), while the interior is adorned with incredibly detailed mosaic icons,
paintings and columns made of malachite and lapis lazuli.
A large, brightly colored stained glass window of the "Resurrected Christ"
takes pride of place inside the main altar. The church, designed to
accommodate 14,000 standing worshipers, was closed in the early 1930s
and reopened as a museum. Today, church services are held here only on
major ecclesiastical occasions.

lapis lazuli- blue stone

malachite-green copper carbonate mineral
good morning lets talk about industrial reolution--dobroye utro,
davay pogovorim o promyshlennoy revolyutsii
good morning, lets talk about byzantine era--kaliméra, as
milísoume gia vyzantiná