The gasoline, the fuel, is contained in the fuel tank and sent to the fuel injection device after

eliminating
dust and water by (1)……..

The fuel tank is made of galvanized steel to prevent rust, as well as the plastic tank is more used. To
protect the fuel from leaning one side, there are some partititons, called separator, and level gauge is
attached.

The fuel pump has various types. The carburetor uses, mechanical pump, ECM system uses electrical
pump using electric motor mostly.

A regulator, pressure controller, is attached for sending the gasoline to the injector after controlling the
gasoline pressure within the (2)…….. range.

For injecting the gasoline, an injector is used. The injector has needle valve closing the front of the
nozzle so the valve is open by flowing an electric (3)……… to the solenoid to injecting gasoline.

In the injecting method, there are Single Point Injection (SPI) injecting gasoline to the collecting portions
of manifold, and a Multi Point Injection (MPI) injecting gasoline to each manifold corresponding with
each (4)………. The SPI has the injector at the same (5)…….. as the carburetor does, but this make the
mixture more effectively than carburetor does.

The MPI can be classified to point injection, group injection and bank injection according to the injecting
(6)…….. Each manifold has injector. The point injection performs injecting operation at the intake stroke
of each cylinder according to the engine rotation. The group injection performs the injecting operation
with a group of (7)…… which have sequential intake stroke.

Of course, the point injection can inject the gasoline with most optimized timing and amount. However
the electrical circuit for driving the injector is more (8)………… So some commerical car accepts the
group injection. Simplifying the group injection is the bank injection. At the intake stroke and the
combustion stroke in which the piston goes down, the needle gasoline is (9)…………. after dividing into
two turns and taken into the cylinder after gathering at the intake stroke. Due to the simple structure,
its ensure the most efficiency in the gasoline injection. So it is the most used (10)……….. in the gasoline
engine.

Complicated/ current/ cylinders/ cylinder/ filter/ injected/ injectors/ method/ timing/ place/ specific
As we now have a overview about the requirements of precise engine control, let's have a

look at the systems applied in most vehicles. Let's start with the first sub system, (1)……

which consists of the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, fuel delivery

pipe, fuel injector, fuel (2)……… regulator and fuel return pipe. Fuel is delivered

from the tank to the injector by the electric (3) …… which is typically located in or

near the fuel (4) …... Contaminants are filtered out by a (5)…….. . In most systems so

far the fuel pressure is kept (6) constant in relation to the manifold pressure by the pressure

regulator, to keep (7)…….. the at the correct level based on the injector opening time.

Excessive fuel is (8) …….. to the tank. But recently return-less systems are also

available. Both types will be described in detailed later on. Additional parts such as the

charcoal canister are installed to reduce the emission of (9)……….. escaping into the

(10) ………… .Also this system will be described in detail in the coures.

- fuel filter

air- fuel mixture

- the fuel delivery system

- returned

- constant

- fuel pump

- tank

- pressure

- vaporized fuel : Nhiên liệu hóa hơi

air

-fuel

-injection amount: lượng bơm

The five events of an internal combustion engine are Intake, Compression, Ignition,

Power, and Exhaust. In a 4-stroke gasoline engine, the crankshaft does two revolutions in

(1)………………… Only one of its 4-strokes delivers (2)………….. to the crankshaft.

This is a cylinder for a 4-stroke Petrol/Gasoline engine. The first step is to get the

(3)………… into the chamber.

(4)………………enters through an inlet port that is opened and closed by an

(5)………………… This is called Intake.

Next is compression. The piston compresses the air-fuel mixture into a

(6)…………………..

A spark across the (7)………………. of a spark plug ignites it, and it burns. This

burning is called combustion.

The burning gases (8)……………… , and push the piston down the cylinder until

it reaches (9)……………………

The reciprocating action of the piston turns into the (10)…………………….

The crankshaft forces the piston back up the cylinder, pushing leftover gases out

past an exhaust valve. And everything is back where it started, ready to repeat the whole

process. The whole process is a cycle.

- pressure

- Mixture

- rotary motion of the crankshaft

- smaller volume

- inlet valve

- air-fuel mixture

- expand rapidly: Mở rộng nhanh chóng

- each engine cycle

- electrodes : điện cực

- energy

- bottom dead center

- top dead center

The lubrication system designed keep components in the engine lubricated and

(1)………….. friction.
All (2)……………… in an engine require lubrication, that is, the application of oil

to moving parts (3)…………………

A lubrication system (4)…………. oil through the engine. A typical lubrication

system consists of an oil sump, an oil pump, and (5)…………….. .The oil is stored in the

sump, bolted to the bottom of the engine block. Oil is drawn from the sump by an oil pump.

Oil galleries are small passages in the (6)………………. that direct oil to moving parts.

Oil that has been pumped to the crankshaft main bearings travels through oil-ways

to the (7)………………..

Oil may also (8) …………………. from the connecting rods onto the (9)………..

A filter is usually provided to remove (10)………… from the oil, and the

circulation of the oil assists with the cooling of the internals parts.

- piston

- particles of dirt: Các hạt bụi bẩn

- cylinder walls

- distributes: phân phối, bộ chia

- be splashed: bị bắn tung tóe

- connecting rods

- oil galleries: phòng trưng bày dầu

- cylinder block

- cylinder head

- to reduce

- to reduce friction between them

- moving parts

The 4-stroke diesel engine operates with the five events common to all internal

combustion engines: Intake, Compression, Ignition, (1).......... and Exhaust

This is one cylinder of a 4-stroke diesel engine. This model uses what is called direct

(2)....... It is an internal combustion engine with the five events common to all (3).........

combustion engines. Let's see how they happen in diesel engines.

Unlike the gasoline engine, air alone enters the cylinder on the (4)........

Compression, forcing the air into a small volume. This compression (5)........ the air. At the

end of this stroke, diesel engine fuel (6)......... into the combustion chamber.

Ignition, burning the mixture. It is just the heat of the (7) ......ignites the fuel. That's why

diesels are called (8)........

Power, where energy released from combustion generates the force to (9)........

And Exhaust, removing leftover gases.

This brings the system back to where it began, ready for (10)………..

- internal - Power - is injected - precombustion chamber - compression ignition engines - heats - turn the
crankshaft - another cycle - injection - compressed air

The charging system recharges the (1) .....and supplies (2).......... to all the electrical

components in the battery vehicle.

The main parts of the charging system include: the battery, the (3)............ ,the (4)............

which is usually integral to the alternator, a charge warning, or indicator light and wiring

that completes the circuits.

The battery stores an electrical charge and provides the (5)............ for (6)................

Then, once the engine is running, the alternator - which is connected to the engine via a

drive belt - converts some of the (7).............. of the engine into (8)............. to supply all

the electrical components of the vehicle.

The (9)..............also charges the battery to replace the energy used to start the engine. The

(10)............ prevents alternator over-charging

electrical energy

electrical energy

starting

voltage regulator

starter

voltage regulator

alternator

mechanical energy: Năng lượng cơ học

battery

wiring: dây điện

alternator

electrical energy

The purpose of the (1) ........is to ignite the air/fuel mixture in the combustion

chamber at the (2)............ time. In order to maximize engine output efficiency, the air /fuel

mixture must be (3) .........so that the maximum combustion (4)................. appears about 10

after Top Dead Center (TDC). The required (5).................. depends on: the engine speed,

the mixture etc. The main input signals required for the ignition timing control are Throttle

position sensor, MAF or MAP sensor input, engine coolant (6) ................., crankshaft

position sensor, ignition switch, camshaft position sensor, the knock sensor. Based on the

inputs (7)...........sends the ignition timing signal (IGT) to the igniter (power transistor).

When the IGT signal goes off, the igniter will tum on and shut off primary current in the

(8)..........., which then produces a high spark.

voltage

ignition coil

distributor

ignition system

ignition coil

pressure

ignited

temperature sensor

ignition timing

position

control unit

proper: thích hợp

An injector is a metering valve which can be (1)............by the ECM. They consist mainly
of the injector housing the injector nozzle and the (2)............. The nozzle is opened or

(3)............ in response to the solenoid, which is activated, deactivated by the ECM. One

terminal of the solenoid coil is supplied with power as long as the ignition is switched on.

This is done either directly or via the MFI main relay. The second terminal of the col is

grounded via the ECM. When the ECM driver circuit (4)........... on, current flows to ground

through the injector solenoid coil. The magnetic field causes the injector to open against

spring tension. When the ECM driver circuit tums off, the spring (5)............ the injector

valve. As an injector needs to (6)............. the following criteria : precise fuel flow rate,

good linearity, wide active (7)...............good spray characteristics, no leakage, low noise

and durability many different types are available to cope with the different needs of the

different engines. A typical sample for this are the different amount of spray holes, the

different shapes of the spray (8)......... When installing injectors always use new

(9)................ to avoid leakage and make sure that they are (10)............... correctly in the

rail and the manifold.

Solenoid: điện từ

Orings: gion phốt

Installed

fuel

patterns: hoa văn

spray: dùng để xịt

turns

range: phạm vi

controlled

closes

fulfil

closed

Because of the need to comply with exhaust emission (1)……… the morden

gasoline engine requires a fuel system of extreme accuracy and long-term reliability. A
correctly matched air-fuel ratio must be available at all times, and under all (2)………..

This is satisfactorily achieved by electronic fuel injection.

EFI is a pressurized, indirect-injection system, which uses solenoid-operated (3)

………..with a fixed orifice. When they are energized, fuel passes through the injector

body.

One injector is located in each (4)……….. manifold runner, or pipe, adjacent to

each cylinder. This arrangement is called a (5)…………..system.

An electronic control unit, or ECU, opens the injectors by (6) ………….. their

electrical current. They spray fuel into each intake port, directly in front of each

(7)……………

Fuel leaving the nozzle is atomized, and it mixes with the air also entering the

system, to form a combustible (8)…………... Fuel pressure is kept at a

(9)……………..above manifold pressure, so the amount of fuel injected is determined only

by the length of time the injector is held (10)……….. by the ECU. This is called the pulse

width of the injector.

Pulsing: xung

Regulations: quy định

intake

intake port : cửa nạp

fuel pressure regulator : điều chỉnh áp suất nhiên liệu

intake valve: xupap nạp

mixture: hỗn hợp

injectors: kim phun

open: mở

constant value

conditions: điều kiện

multi-point: đa điểm

A 'stroke' is the movement of the piston from 'top dead center' (TDC) to 'bottom
dead center’ (BDC) …way round, from BDC to TDC. A (1) …….. engine has four strokes.

They are intake, compresstion, power, and exhaust.

A 4-stroke gasoline engine uses internal combustion, meaning that the heat that

causes the air in the cylinder to expand is generated (2)……. the cylinder. By comparison,

a steam engine produces its heat in a furnace and boiler outside the engine (3)…..….. so it

is an external (4)………….. engine.

The four strokes must include the five key events common to all internal combustion

Intake, Compression, Power, & Exhaust.

Intake: Taking in air-fuel mixture

The intake stroke starts with the exhaust valve closed, the inlet valve opening, and the

piston at its (5)……….. , top dead center. As it moves down, it increases the volume (6)

………………the top of the pistion. This makes pressure inside the cylinder lower than

the pressure (7)……….This higher outside air pressure (8) ……….the air-fuel mixture into

the cylinder. The piston (9)……… bottom dead center, pressure the inlet valve closes, and

the intake stroke ends.

Compression: Squeezing the air-fuel mixture into a smaller volume Ignition and

Power: Burning the air-fuel mixture and forcing the piston down

Exhaust: Getting rid of the (10)….. gases

moves

forces

above

cylinder

combustion

inside

burnt

inward

highest point

4-stroke

reaches
outside

Air cooled engines with multi cylinders, especially under a bonnet, must have some form

of fan cooling and ducting. This is to make sure all cylinders are (1)………….evenly. The

cylinders and cylinder heads are finned. Hotter areas, such as near the exhaust ports on the

cylinders, have (2) ……………… fins. Fan blown air is directed by a metal cowling so it

stays close to the finned areas. Air flow is (3) ……………….. by a thermostatically

controlled flap. When the engine is warming up, the flap is closed to restrict the movement

of air. When the engine reaches its operating temperature, the flap opens and (4) …………

the air to flow over the engine. The large cooling fan is driven from the engine by a

(5)………….. This belt must not be allowed to slip or break, because (6) …………damage

will occur. Regular servicing is important.

The main parts of a water cooling system are as follows: water jacket, water pump,

thermostat, radiator, cooling fan. Water cooled engines work by surrounding the hot areas

inside the engine with a (7)……………. The water takes on heat from the engine and, as

it circulates through the radiator, gives it (8)……………..to the atmosphere. The heat

concentrates around the top of the engine, so a water pump is needed to ensure proper

circulation. When the thermostat is open, the water pump circulates water through the

(9)…………and around the engine. When the thermostat is closed, water circulates only

round the engine and not through the radiator. Forcing water around the engine prevents

vapour pockets forming in very hot (10) ……………..Water circulation is assisted by the

thermo- siphon action: as the water is heated, it rises and moves to the top of the radiator.

This pushes down on the colder water underneath, which moves into the engine. This water

is heated, rises and so on.

water jacket: áo nước

off: tắt

areas: khu vực

serious: nghiêm trọng

cooled làm mát

controlled: điều khiển

bigger: lớn hơn

radiator: bộ tản nhiệt

water pump: bơm nước

allows: cho phép

belt : dây curoa

heater: nóng hơn

The ECU is a micro-computer. It is constructed from printed circuitry, and contains a large

number of electrical components, including many semiconductor (10)………

Its input devices receive data as electrical (2)…………….. They come from sensors and

components at various (3)……….. around the engine. Its processing unit compares

(4)……… data with data stored in a memory unit. The memory unit contains basic data

about how the engine is to (5)…………….And an output device pulses the electrical circuit

of the solenoid-type injection valves.

It is normally located in a safe place, behind a kick-panel in the foot-well, under the

passenger multi-plug, or plugs, to the vehicle's wiring harness.

The (6)………….. function of a basic ECU in an EFI system is to control the pulse width

of the injector. More sophisticated (7)………….. also control other functions such as idle

speed, ignition timing, and the fuel pump. These wider systems are called engine

management systems. The more precise control they allow is very effective in (8)…………

fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

The ECU adjusts quickly to changing conditions by using what are called programmed

characteristic (9)……………, stored in the memory unit. They are programmed into the

ECU, just as data is programmed into a (10)………….. Characteristics means the engine's

operating conditions. And they are called maps because they map all of the operating

conditions for the engine.

reduce

signals
- devices

- computer

models

- reducing

- locations

- incoming mới đến

operate chạy

- version

- core cốt lõi

- maps