TOPIC 2

PART 1
MATRICES
 Definition
A matrix (singular of matrices) _____________________________________________________ .

Dimensions of a Matrix ( _________________________ of a Matrix)

The dimensions of a matrix are defined as the number of ___________ by the number of _____________ .

Examples

2
Matrix A is sometimes referred to as a
1
𝑨 ∴ dim A =
6 _________________________________ .
4

2 1 4
𝑩 ∴ dim B =
3 6 3

Matrix C is sometimes referred to as a

𝑪 5 1 2 6 ∴ dim C =
______________________________ .

5 2 Matrix D is called a ______________ .

𝑫 ∴ dim D =
2 1

A matrix is always named using ______________________________________________ .

Each number inside a matrix is referred to as _________________________________ .

Position within a Matrix

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑨 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

Notice that ________________________________ is used to denote the

_____________________________________ .

In general, 𝑎 represents _____________________________________________ .

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are equal if and only if
i) _________________________________________
and ii) ___________________________________________________________________ .

Addition (and subtraction) of Matrices

You can add (or subtract) matrices, which have __________________________________ .

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 1: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 1

 To perform the addition (or subtraction) of matrices, we simply _______________________________
_______________________________________________ .

Scalar Multiplication
A scalar is a number ______________________________ .
To perform the multiplication of a scalar by a matrix we simply ____________________________________
______________________________________ .

Examples

1 3 5 4 3 2 3 0
Let 𝑨 , 𝑩 and 𝑪 . Find:
1 2 1 2 1 2 4 1

1. A+B

2. C–A

3. 5C

4. 2A – 3B

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 1: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 2

 The Zero Matrix
Any matrix in which ________________________________ .
0 0
0 0
e.g. 𝐎𝟐 𝟐 , 𝐎𝟑 𝟐 0 0
0 0
0 0

The Negative Matrix

The negative matrix of A is denoted _________ and simply the ___________________________________ .

Properties of Matrices for Addition and Scalar Multiplication

1. If A and B are matrices then _________ and __________ are ________________ .

2. A + B =

3. (A + B) + C =

4. A + O =

5. A + (‐‐A)

6. k (A + B) = , where k is a _______________

7. A fraction of a matrix is always expressed as a ____________________ , e.g. ___________ NOT

______ .

Note: _______________________________________________

Some Simple Matrix Algebra

Examples
1. Simplify each of the following, assuming the matrices are consistent dimension:
a) D + 2D b) 5A – 2(A – B) – B

2. Solve for X , assuming the matrices are of consistent dimension (same).

a) X + A = B b) k X – C = A

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 1: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 3

 3. Prove that A + B = B + A for any 2x2 matrices.

2 0 5 2
4. If 𝐀 and , find the 2 x 2 matrix X if A – 3X = 2B
1 3 1 1

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 1: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 4

 Matrix Multiplication

Two matrices can only be multiplied if ____________________________ .

That is, the number of _______________________ must equal the number of

____________________________ .

Each element in a _____________________________ is multiplied by the ___________________

element in a ____________________________________ ; these products are then _____________
to get a ___________________________ of the matrix product.

All ___________________________ of __________________________ and ___________________

________________________________ must be worked through.

Examples

𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
Let 𝐀 ,𝐁 𝟔 𝟎 𝟒 ,𝐂 and 𝐃 𝟗 𝟏
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
𝟑 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖
1. AB

𝟐 𝟎 𝟏
𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
AB = 𝟔 𝟎 𝟒
𝟒 𝟓 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟖

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 2: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 1

 Examples cont…
2. BA

3. CA

𝟐 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
CA =
𝟏 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓 𝟏

4. BD

𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
BD = 𝟔 𝟎 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟖 𝟑 𝟖

5. C2

𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
C2 =
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟑

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 2: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 2

 Examples cont…
6. D2

homework: page 143 ex 5b1, 5b2 and 5b3

Calculator Method

The Identity Matrix

For ordinary arithmetic and algebra we know
17 1 and 𝑎 1
This is known as the ______________________________________________ .
i.e. multiplying by 1 ____________________________________________________ and
_______________________________ .

For matrices, the identity matrix, ______ ,

 Is always a ____________________________
 contains _________________________________________ and
________________________________________ .

1 0 0
1 0
i.e 𝐈𝟐 𝟐 𝐈 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 2: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 3

 2 3 1 0 1 0 6 3
Verification:
5 4 0 1 0 1 2 7

Properties of Matrices for Multiplication

1. If A and B are ___________________ matrices, then ____________ is also a matrix.
2. In general, AB BA
3. A(BC) =
4. AO =
5. A(B + C) =
6. AI =
7. An for n 2 , can be determined provided that



More simple Matrix Algebra

Examples
1. Expand
a) ( A + B )2

b) ( A + 3I)2

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 2: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 4

 Examples cont….
c) If A2 = 2A + I , find A4 in terms of A and I only.

2. Factorise A3 ‐ 2A2 + 3A

1 2
3. Find constant scalars p and q such that A2 = pA + qI , given that A =
1 3

homework page 153 ex 5c.3

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 2: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 5

 The Inverse Matrix

For ordinary arithmetic and algebra we know

17 and 𝑎

This is known as the __________________________________________ .

i.e. multiplying inverses of ordinary arithmetic and algebra gives _____________________ .

or, more specifically, multiplying inverses gives _______________ .

The equivalent in matrices is – multiplying inverses gives __________________________ , ____ .

The inverse of A , ________________ , is ______ , and ___________________________________

If A and B are _____________________________________ of the same dimension and we find that

the product , AB = _____ , then _____________________________________________________
and vice versa. We would write , B = ______ , or A = __________

Theorem for 2 x 2 Matrices

𝑎 𝑏
If A = and there exists a matrix , ________ , such that ______________________________ ,
𝑐 𝑑
then

, provided that ______________________ .

___________ is known as the ____________________ of matrix A , and is denoted as ______ or

______ .

It helps us __________________ whether or not ________________________ .

The inverse exists provided that _________________ .

Note: _______ is a ____________ !

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 1

 Examples

1 3
1. If B = find B‐1, if it exists.
2 4

𝑘 2
2. For what value of k does the inverse of A = exist?
6 𝑘 1

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 2

 Examples cont…

3. Solve each of the following for X.

a) AX = C

b) XA ‐‐ C = B

1 0 7 4
4. Solve X
3 2 13 8

homework page 156 ex 5d.1

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 3

 Examples cont…

2 5 𝑥
5. Find the product
3 2 𝑦

6. Use matrix algebra to solve 9𝑥 4𝑦 56

5𝑥 3𝑦 5 simultaneously

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 4

 Examples cont…

𝟎 𝟐
7. If A = , write A2 in ‘linear’ form.
𝟏 𝟏

Hence write A‐1 in ‘linear’ form.

homework page 159 ex 5d.2, ex 5e

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 5

 Alternative method of finding the Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix

We can also find the inverse of a square matrix using an _______________________________ and
___________________________________________ .

Elementary Row Operations

These operations are very similar to the processes we use when we _________________________ .
Valid elementary row operations include:
1. ______________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________

Whatever is done to ______________________________ must be done to ____________________

______________________________ .

The process of finding A‐1 by this method relies on the principle that:
If _______________________________________________________________________________
then _____________________________________________________________________________ .

Example

2 3
Using an augmented matrix and elementary row operations, find the inverse of
5 4

This method can be used to prove the formula

for the 2 x 2 inverse given earlier. Try it sometime!

Topic 2 ‐ Lecture 3: Arithmetic & Algebra of Matrices 6