PART IV:

Source-to-Market Type
Background
Firearm laws vary widely at the state, local, and national levels, and these variations are a contributing
factor in intrastate, interstate, and international source-to-market flows of trafficked firearms. At the
intrastate and interstate levels, local and state governments have enacted a variety of restrictions on
firearm transfers, including limits on the number of firearms a person may purchase within a month, and
requirements for firearm purchases and private firearm transfers. Certain state and local jurisdictions also
require some form of firearm registration. These restrictions and requirements are, in part, designed to
make it more difficult for prohibited persons and those engaged in criminal activity to obtain firearms in
private and unregulated transfers. One way that prohibited persons and criminal actors circumvent these
safeguards is by obtaining firearms that have been trafficked from localities or states that do not have
such laws in market transactions. At the international level, countries that have bans on certain types of
firearm ownership, limits on the number of firearms a person may purchase or own, firearm registration,
or firearm storage requirements likely have made it more challenging for prohibited persons and those
engaged in criminal activity to easily obtain firearms in those countries. Prohibited persons and criminal
actors within these countries may resort to obtaining firearms that have been trafficked from other
countries (and states within those countries) with laws that may make it less challenging to obtain
firearms in volume and from unregulated private transfers.

Source-to-Market Type
The term source-to-market type captures the geographic scope of firearm trafficking cases, which include
intrastate, interstate, and international trafficking. Within the U.S., intrastate trafficking involves the
movement of firearms in markets within states, while interstate trafficking occurs between states.
International trafficking involves the movement of firearms in markets between the U.S. and a foreign
country. For interstate and international trafficking, the term ‘source’ is used to identify the state or
country that is the supplier of illicit firearms, while the term ‘market’ is used to identify the state or
country that is the recipient of illicit firearms. In the case of international trafficking, the U.S. may serve
as the source country while a foreign country serves as the market country, referred to as U.S. to foreign
trafficking. Conversely, a foreign country may serve as the source country while the U.S. serves as the
market country, referred to as foreign to U.S. trafficking. Importantly, firearm trafficking cases may
involve more than one source-to-market type. The data presented and analyzed in this part are derived
from SAs’ responses to questions 16 through 20 in the study survey.
SAs identified the source-to-market type in nearly 76% (7,350 of 9,708) of the firearm trafficking cases
involved in the study period. Of these cases, most involved only one source-to-market type (91.9%; 6,751
of 7,350). Table STM-01 shows the percentage of firearm trafficking cases that involved intrastate,
interstate, and international trafficking. Nearly 56% (4,108 of 7,350) of cases involved intrastate
trafficking, followed by interstate trafficking at approximately 32% (2,358 of 7,350) of cases. U.S. to
foreign trafficking accounted for approximately 19% (1,411 of 7,350) of cases, while foreign to U.S.
trafficking accounted for less than 2% (100 of 7,350) of cases.

1
 Table STM-01: Source-to-Market Type, 2017 – 2021 (N = 7,350)
% Total
Source-to-Market Type Number of Cases Cases
Intrastate 4,108 55.9%
Interstate 2,358 32.1%
US to Foreign 1,411 19.2%
Foreign to US 100 1.4%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

Figure STM-01 shows yearly trends in the percentage of firearm trafficking cases involving intrastate,
interstate, and international firearm trafficking in the study period. The yearly percentage of firearm
trafficking cases involving intrastate, interstate, and international trafficking remained relatively stable,
with one exception. The percentage of cases involving intrastate trafficking increased by 3.3 percentage
points from 56.1% in 2017 to 59.4% in 2021 (a 5.9% increase in the population share of cases).

Figure STM-01: Percentage of Cases by Source-to-Market Type (N = 7,350)

70.0%
59.4%
56.1% 55.4% 56.9%
60.0% 52.6%

50.0%

40.0% 35.2%
31.6% 30.6% 32.4%
30.0%
30.0%
19.1% 19.1% 20.3% 19.5% 17.9%
20.0%

10.0%
0.9% 1.3% 2.0% 1.7% 1.0%
0.0%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Intrastate Interstate U.S. to Foreign Foreign to U.S.

Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

Source-to-Market Type by Region

Table STM-02 shows the percentage of firearm trafficking cases in which the source-to-market type was
identified in the study period. Among cases identified, the Southwest region accounted for approximately
28% (2,070 of 7,350) of cases, followed by the Northeast region at 25% (1,852 of 7,350), the Central
region at 22% (1,595 of 7,350), and the Southeast region at 17% (1,254 of 7,350). The Northwest region
and ATF Headquarters divisions accounted for a comparatively smaller share of cases.

Table STM-02: Firearm Trafficking Cases by Region, 2017 – 2021 (N = 7,350)

% Total
Region Number of Cases Cases
Southwest 2,070 28.2%
Northeast 1,852 25.2%
Central 1,595 21.7%
Southeast 1,254 17.1%
Northwest 489 6.7%
ATF Headquarters 90 1.2%

2
Table STM-03 identifies the percentage of firearm trafficking cases that involved intrastate, interstate,
and international trafficking within each region. Three regions predominantly investigated intrastate
trafficking, accounting for approximately 75% (1,194 of 1,595) of Central region cases, 70% (342 of 489)
of Northwest region cases, and 64% (798 of 1,254) of Southeast region cases. Most cases investigated by
the Southwest region also involved intrastate trafficking (47.6%; 985 of 2,070 cases) and U.S. to Foreign
Trafficking (45.9%; 950 of 2,070 cases). Furthermore, the Northeast region was most likely to investigate
interstate trafficking, accounting for approximately 60% (1,112 of 1,852) of its cases. Following ATF
Headquarters, SAs in the Southwest region were most likely to investigate U.S. to foreign trafficking,
accounting for almost 46% (950 of 2,070) of its cases. Across all regions, very few trafficking cases
involved the trafficking of firearms from foreign countries to the U.S.

Table STM-03: Source-to-Market Type by Region, 2017 – 2021 (N = 7,350)

Intrastate Interstate U.S. to Foreign Foreign to U.S.
Number Number Number Number
Region of Cases % Cases of Cases % Cases of Cases % Cases of Cases % Cases
Northeast (N = 1,852) 787 42.5% 1,112 60.0% 44 2.4% 14 0.8%
Central (N = 1,595) 1,194 74.9% 442 27.7% 61 3.8% 22 1.4%
Southwest (N = 2,070) 985 47.6% 365 17.6% 950 45.9% 14 0.7%
Southeast (N = 1,254) 798 63.6% 288 23.0% 236 18.8% 32 2.6%
Northwest (N = 489) 342 69.9% 147 30.1% 38 7.8% 15 3.1%
ATF Headquarters (N = 90) 2 2.2% 4 4.4% 82 91.1% 3 3.3%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

Top Five ATF Field Divisions by Source-to-Market Type

Table STM-04a identifies the top five ATF field divisions for each source-to-market type. These ATF
field divisions were identified based upon the percentage of cases that involved intrastate, interstate, and
international trafficking. Only ATF field divisions that closed at least ten trafficking investigations during
the study were analyzed.
For intrastate trafficking, the top five ATF field divisions were St. Paul, Nashville, Detroit, Kansas City,
and Louisville field divisions. Intrastate trafficking was predominantly investigated in these divisions,
representing at least 80% of their cases.
For interstate trafficking, the top five ATF field divisions were New York, Newark, Boston, Washington,
and Baltimore field divisions. The percent of interstate trafficking investigations in these divisions ranged
from a low of approximately 49% in Baltimore to a high of approximately 86% in New York and
Newark.
For U.S. to foreign trafficking, the top five ATF field divisions were Houston, Miami, Dallas, Los
Angeles, and Phoenix field divisions. While not listed in the top five ATF field divisions, all cases (82 of
82) investigated by Headquarters (International Affairs Division) involved U.S. to foreign trafficking.
For foreign to U.S. trafficking, the top five ATF field divisions were Seattle, Tampa, Miami, Kansas City,
and Detroit field divisions. Only a small percentage of cases involved foreign to U.S. trafficking, which
ranged from nearly 8% (8 of 101) of cases for the Seattle field division to just under 3% of cases (4 of
162) for the Detroit field division.

3
 Table STM-04a: Top Five ATF Field Divisions by Source-to-Market Type, 2017 – 2021

Intrastate Interstate
ATF Field Division # Cases % Cases ATF Field Division # Cases % Cases
St. Paul (N = 119) 109 91.6% New York (N = 504) 435 86.3%
Nashville (N =256) 224 87.5% Newark (N = 101) 87 86.1%
Detroit (N = 162) 133 82.1% Boston (N = 395) 231 58.5%
Kansas City (N = 267) 219 82.0% Washington (N = 280) 149 53.2%
Louisville (N = 218) 176 80.4% Baltimore (N = 254) 124 48.8%
U.S. to Foreign Foreign to U.S.
ATF Field Division # Cases % Cases ATF Field Division # Cases % Cases
Houston (N = 653) 410 62.8% Seattle (N = 101) 8 7.9%
Miami (N = 237) 120 50.6% Tampa (N = 254) 15 5.9%
Dallas (N = 404) 180 44.6% Miami (N = 237) 9 3.8%
Los Angeles (N = 235) 85 36.2% Kansas City (N = 267) 7 2.6%
Phoenix (N = 778) 275 35.3% Detroit (N = 162) 4 2.5%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-04 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for the complete list of all ATF field
divisions in the study period.

Top Five Trafficking Channels within Source-to-Market Type

Table STM-05 shows the top five trafficking channels within each source-to-market type in the study
period. Unlicensed dealers and straw purchasing were identified as the trafficking channels in at least a
third of investigations that involved the U.S. as the source. Stolen firearms and firearms sourced from gun
shows, flea markets, or auctions are in the top five trafficking channels for investigations involving
domestic trafficking (intrastate and interstate), whereas online marketplaces are only represented in the
top five channels for international trafficking (U.S. to foreign and foreign to U.S.).

Table STM-05: Top Five ATF Firearm Trafficking Channels within Source-to-Market Type, 2017 – 2021

Intrastate (N = 4,108) Interstate (N = 2,358)

Number Number
Trafficking Channel of Cases % Cases Trafficking Channel of Cases % Cases
Trafficking in firearms by an 1,623 39.5% Trafficking in firearms by an unlicensed 1,119 47.5%
unlicensed dealer (private person) dealer (private person)

Trafficking in firearms by a straw 1,393 33.9% Trafficking in firearms by a straw 1,061 45.0%
purchaser or straw purchasing ring purchaser or straw purchasing ring

Trafficking in firearms stolen from an 709 17.3% Trafficking in firearms stolen from 170 7.2%
FFL private persons

Trafficking in firearms stolen from 409 10.0% Trafficking in firearms stolen from an 155 6.6%
private persons FFL

Trafficking in firearms at gun shows, 133 3.2% Trafficking in firearms at gun shows, flea 101 4.3%
flea markets, or auctions markets, or auctions

4
 U.S. to Foreign (N = 1,411) Foreign to U.S. (N = 100)
Number Number
Trafficking Channel of Cases % Cases Trafficking Channel of Cases % Cases
Trafficking in firearms by a straw 717 50.8% Trafficking in firearms illegally imported 63 63.0%
purchaser or straw purchasing ring to the United States

Trafficking in firearms illegally 606 43.0% Trafficking in firearms through online 36 36.0%
exported from the United States marketplaces

Trafficking in firearms by an 482 34.2% Trafficking in firearms by an unlicensed 29 29.0%

unlicensed dealer (private person) dealer (private person)

Trafficking in firearms through 77 5.5% Trafficking in firearms through 18 18.0%

online marketplaces unlicensed making (PMFs, etc.)

Trafficking in firearms at gun shows, 63 4.5% Trafficking in firearms by a straw 7 7.0%

flea markets, or auctions purchaser or straw purchasing ring

Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

Intrastate Firearm Trafficking

Table STM-06 and Figure STM-02 identify the number of cases for each of the top ten states for intrastate
trafficking. For the top ten intrastate trafficking states, the percentage of intrastate trafficking cases ranged
from approximately 12% (499 of 4,108) for Texas to 3% (139 of 4,108) for Michigan. The top ten
intrastate trafficking states accounted for more than half (56.9%; 2,339 of 4,108) of all intrastate
trafficking cases.

Table STM-06: Intrastate Trafficking: Top Ten States, 2017 – 2021 (N = 4,108)
% Total
State Number of Cases Cases
Texas 499 12.1%
Arizona 377 9.2%
Pennsylvania 257 6.3%
Florida 245 6.0%
California 214 5.2%
Illinois 186 4.5%
Ohio 179 4.4%
Virginia 148 3.6%
Wisconsin 144 3.5%
Michigan 139 3.4%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

5
 Figure STM-02: Intrastate Trafficking: Map of the Top Ten States, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-07a shows yearly trends in the percentage of intrastate trafficking cases for the top ten states.
Between 2017 and 2021, Arizona and Ohio experienced notable increases in their share of intrastate
trafficking cases, accounting for approximately 9% (377 of 4,108) and 4% (179 of 4,108) of all intrastate
trafficking cases, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of intrastate trafficking cases involving
Arizona increased by 8.2 percentage points from 5.6% in 2017 to 13.8% in 2021 (a 146.4% increase in
the population share of cases). In comparison, the percentage of intrastate trafficking cases involving
Ohio increased by 4.7 percentage points from 2.9% in 2017 to 7.6% in 2021 (a 162.1% increase in the
population share of cases).

6
 Table STM-07a: Intrastate Trafficking: Trends in the Top Ten States (N = 4,108)
%
State 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Texas 12.5% 10.6% 13.8% 12.7% 11.5% -1.0%
Arizona 5.6% 7.7% 7.7% 12.2% 13.8% 8.2%
Pennsylvania 6.0% 6.1% 6.8% 6.4% 6.0% 0.0%
Florida 6.7% 5.9% 6.4% 6.0% 4.7% -2.0%
California 6.7% 6.0% 3.0% 4.6% 5.3% -1.3%
Illinois 4.9% 3.2% 3.6% 5.4% 5.7% 0.9%
Ohio 2.9% 4.3% 2.7% 4.8% 7.6% 4.7%
Virginia 3.3% 2.8% 4.8% 3.0% 4.3% 1.0%
Wisconsin 2.2% 3.1% 3.9% 3.8% 4.9% 2.7%
Michigan 2.6% 2.4% 4.8% 3.4% 4.0% 1.4%
Total Cases for All States 947 881 777 735 768
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-07 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for state trends in intrastate trafficking.

Interstate Firearm Trafficking

Source-states

Table STM-08 and Figure STM-03 identify the top ten source-states for interstate trafficking based on
their percentage of investigations in the study period. For the top ten source-states, the percentage of
interstate trafficking cases ranged from approximately 12% (276 of 2,358) for Georgia to approximately
4% (87 of 2,358) for Nevada. The top ten source-states accounted for more than half (65.8%; 1,552 of
2,358) of all interstate trafficking cases.

Table STM-08: Interstate Trafficking: Top Ten Source-states, 2017 – 2021 (N = 2,358)
Source-state Number of Cases % Cases
Georgia 276 11.7%
Arizona 266 11.3%
Virginia 246 10.4%
Indiana 160 6.8%
Ohio 128 5.4%
Florida 123 5.2%
Pennsylvania 114 4.8%
North Carolina 103 4.4%
South Carolina 91 3.9%
Nevada 87 3.7%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

7
 Figure STM-03: Interstate Trafficking: Map of the Top Ten Source-states, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-09a shows yearly trends in the percentage of interstate trafficking cases for the top ten source-
states. In the study period, Arizona and Indiana experienced notable increases in their share of interstate
trafficking cases. The percentage of interstate trafficking cases involving Arizona as a source-state
increased by 14.5 percentage points from 7.3% in 2017 to 21.8% in 2021 (a 198.6% increase in the
population share of cases). In comparison, the percentage of interstate trafficking cases involving Indiana
as a source-state increased by 5.6 percentage points from 5.4% in 2017 to 11.0% in 2021 (a 103.7%
increase in the population share of cases).
In addition, Florida and Virigina experienced notable decreases in their share of interstate trafficking
cases in the study period. The percentage of interstate trafficking cases involving Florida as a source-state
decreased by 4.7 percentage points from 7.3% in 2017 to 2.6% in 2021 (a 64.4% decrease in the
population share of cases). In comparison, the percentage of interstate trafficking cases involving Virginia
as a source-state decreased by 4.4 percentage points from 10.1% in 2017 to 5.7% in 2021 (a 43.6%
decrease in the population share of cases).

8
 Table STM-09a: Interstate Trafficking: Trends in the Top Ten Source-states (N = 2,358)
%
Source-state 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Georgia 11.2% 15.1% 11.4% 6.5% 12.7% 1.4%
Arizona 7.3% 8.5% 6.0% 15.5% 21.8% 14.5%
Virginia 10.1% 13.9% 11.9% 9.0% 5.7% -4.4%
Indiana 5.4% 3.4% 6.5% 9.6% 11.0% 5.6%
Ohio 4.9% 6.5% 4.2% 5.9% 5.5% 0.6%
Florida 7.3% 5.8% 5.3% 4.1% 2.6% -4.7%
Pennsylvania 4.9% 6.5% 5.1% 4.1% 2.9% -2.0%
North Carolina 3.2% 5.1% 6.7% 3.6% 3.1% -0.1%
South Carolina 3.9% 4.1% 3.5% 4.7% 3.1% -0.8%
Nevada 3.9% 4.1% 4.9% 1.3% 3.8% -0.1%
Total Cases for All States 534 589 430 387 418
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-09 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for source-state trends in interstate
trafficking in the study period.

Market-states

Table STM-10 and Figure STM-04 identifies the top ten market-states for interstate trafficking based on
their percentage of investigations in the study period. For the top ten market-states, the percentage of
interstate trafficking cases ranged from nearly 24% (555 of 2,358) for New York as the market-state to
only 2% (41 of 2,358) for Puerto Rico. The top ten market-states accounted for approximately 84%
(1,971 of 2,358) of all interstate trafficking cases. In 50 investigations SAs identified Texas as the market-
state; however, in nearly 20% of those investigations, SAs also identified U.S. to foreign trafficking as a
focus of the investigation. This indicates that Texas was likely a trans-shipment point for further cross-
border trafficking.

Table STM-10: Interstate Trafficking: Top Ten Market-states, 2017 – 2021 (N = 2,358)
Market-state Number of Cases % Cases
New York 555 23.5%
California 422 17.9%
Illinois 279 11.8%
Maryland 183 7.8%
Massachusetts 180 7.6%
New Jersey 156 6.6%
District of Columbia 116 4.9%
Pennsylvania 74 3.1%
Texas 50 2.1%
Puerto Rico 41 1.7%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

9
 Figure STM-04: Interstate Trafficking: Map of the Top Ten Market-states, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-11a shows yearly trends in the percentage of interstate trafficking cases for the top ten
market-states. In the study period, California and Illinois experienced notable increases in their share of
interstate trafficking cases. The percentage of interstate trafficking cases involving California as a market-
state increased by 13.3 percentage points from 14.4% in 2017 to 27.8% in 2021 (a 93.1% increase in the
population share of cases). This difference was almost two times greater than that observed for Illinois,
which increased by 7.5 percentage points from 10.7% in 2017 to 18.2% in 2021 (a 70.1% increase in the
population share of cases).
In addition, New Jersey and Massachusetts experienced notable decreases in their share of interstate
trafficking cases in the study period. The percentage of interstate trafficking cases that involved New
Jersey as market-state decreased by 6.4 percentage points from 9.6% in 2017 to 3.1% in 2021 (a 67.7%
decrease in the population share of cases). In comparison, the percentage of interstate trafficking cases
that involved Massachusetts as a market-state decreased by 5.8 percentage points from 10.1% in 2017 to
4.3% in 2021 (a 57.4% decrease in the population share of cases).

10
 Table STM-11a: Interstate Trafficking: Trends in the Top Ten Market-states (N = 2,358)
%
Market-state 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
New York 18.9% 33.3% 28.4% 18.9% 15.1% -3.8%
California 14.4% 15.8% 13.3% 20.4% 27.8% 13.3%
Illinois 10.7% 8.8% 9.1% 14.2% 18.2% 7.5%
Maryland 8.2% 7.6% 9.1% 6.7% 6.9% -1.3%
Massachusetts 10.1% 6.8% 8.4% 8.3% 4.3% -5.8%
New Jersey 9.6% 8.5% 4.4% 5.9% 3.1% -6.4%
District of Columbia 4.1% 4.8% 7.9% 3.9% 4.1% -0.1%
Pennsylvania 2.1% 3.2% 3.5% 2.8% 4.3% 2.2%
Texas 1.9% 1.4% 2.8% 2.8% 2.2% 0.3%
Puerto Rico 2.8% 1.5% 2.8% 0.8% 0.5% -2.3%
Total Case for All States 534 589 430 387 418
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-11 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for market-state trends in interstate
trafficking in the study period.

Interstate Trafficking: Source-to-Market Pipelines

For purposes of this analysis, a “pipeline” represents the movement of trafficked firearms from a source-
state to a market-state. Table STM-12 and Figures STM-05, STM-06, and STM-07 identify the top ten
pairings of source-state to market-state pipelines based on their percentage of investigations in the study
period. For the top ten pipelines, the percentage of interstate trafficking cases ranged from approximately
10% (245 of 2,358) for the Arizona-to-California pipeline to approximately 2% (54 of 2,358) for the
Pennsylvania-to-New York pipeline. The top ten pipelines accounted for approximately 40% (940 of
2,358) of all interstate trafficking cases.

Table STM-12: Interstate Trafficking: Top Ten Pipelines, 2017 – 2021 (N = 2,358)
Pipeline Number of Cases % Cases
Arizona to California 245 10.4%
Indiana to Illinois 134 5.7%
Georgia to New York 132 5.6%
Nevada to California 78 3.3%
Virginia to Maryland 74 3.1%
Virginia to District of Columbia 71 3.0%
Virginia to New York 67 2.8%
Ohio to New York 59 2.5%
New Hampshire to Massachusetts 58 2.5%
Pennsylvania to New York 54 2.3%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

11
Figure STM-05: Map of Interstate Trafficking Pipelines: Northwest and Southwest Border Regions, 2017 – 2021

12
Figure STM-06: Map of Interstate Trafficking Pipelines: Central &Northeast Regions, 2017 – 2021

13
 Figure STM-07: Map of Interstate Trafficking Pipelines: Southeast &Northeast Regions, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-13a shows yearly trends in the percentage of interstate trafficking cases for the top ten
pipelines. The number of investigations associated with seven of the top ten trafficking pipelines
remained relatively stable in the study period. However, the Arizona-to-California and Indiana-to-Illinois
pipelines experienced notable increases in their share of interstate trafficking cases. The percentage of
interstate trafficking cases involving the Arizona-to-California pipeline increased by 15.1 percentage
points from 6.2% in 2017 to 21.3% in 2021 (a 243.5% increase in the population share of cases). This
difference was more than three times greater than that observed for the Indiana-to-Illinois pipeline. The
percentage of interstate trafficking cases that involved this pipeline increased by 4.8 percentage points
from 4.5% in 2017 to 9.3% in 2021 (a 106.7% increase in the population share of cases). The only notable
decrease in population share was observed for the New Hampshire-to-Massachusetts pipeline. The New
Hampshire-to-Massachusetts pipeline decreased by 3.0 percentage points from 3.9% in 2017 to 1.0% in
2021 (a 74.4% decrease in the population share of cases).

14
 Table STM-13a: Interstate Trafficking: Trends in the Top Ten Pipelines (N = 2,358)
%
Source-state to Market-state 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Arizona to California 6.2% 8.0% 5.6% 13.4% 21.3% 15.1%
Indiana to Illinois 4.5% 2.7% 5.6% 8.0% 9.3% 4.8%
Georgia to New York 5.1% 8.7% 6.5% 1.8% 4.5% -0.5%
Nevada to California 3.6% 3.6% 4.7% 1.3% 3.1% -0.4%
Virginia to Maryland 3.2% 2.9% 4.7% 3.1% 1.9% -1.3%
Virginia to District of Columbia 2.8% 3.2% 4.9% 2.3% 1.7% -1.1%
Virginia to New York 2.4% 5.4% 2.8% 2.1% 0.5% -2.0%
Ohio to New York 0.9% 3.7% 3.3% 2.6% 1.9% 1.0%
New Hampshire to Massachusetts 3.9% 2.5% 2.6% 1.8% 1.0% -3.0%
Pennsylvania to New York 1.9% 3.2% 3.0% 1.0% 1.9% 0.0%
Total Cases for All Pipelines 534 589 430 387 418
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-13 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for the trends in all interstate trafficking
pipelines in the study period.

International: U.S. to Foreign

Source-states

Table STM-14 and Figure STM-08 identify the top five source-states involved in U.S. to foreign
trafficking based on their percentage of investigations in the study period. For the top five source-states,
the percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases ranged from approximately 43% (599 of 1,411) for
Texas to slightly more than 2% (32 of 1,411) for California. The top five source-states accounted for
approximately 86% (1,207 of 1,411) of all U.S. to foreign trafficking cases.

Table STM-14: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Top Five Source-states, 2017 – 2021 (N = 1,411)
Source-state Number of Cases % Cases
Texas 599 42.5%
Arizona 355 25.2%
Florida 194 13.7%
Georgia 34 2.4%
California 32 2.3%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

15
 Figure STM-08: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Map of the Top Five Source-states, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-15a shows yearly trends in the percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases for the top five
source-states. The top three source-states experienced notable changes over this period. The percentage of
U.S. to foreign trafficking cases involving Texas increased by 12.1 percentage points from 32.5% in 2017
to 44.6% in 2021 (a 37.2% increase in the population share of cases). This difference was approximately
1.4 times greater than that observed for Arizona. The percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases that
involved Arizona as the source-state increased by 8.8 percentage points from 23.2% in 2017 to 32.0% in
2021 (a 37.9% increase in the population share of cases). The percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking
cases that involved Florida substantially decreased from 25.7% in 2017 to 9.1% in 2021 (a 64.6%
reduction in the population share of cases).

16
 Table STM-15a: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Trends in the Top Five Source-states (N = 1,411)
%
Source-state 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Texas 32.5% 46.3% 44.2% 46.4% 44.6% 12.1%
Arizona 23.2% 21.3% 22.8% 29.0% 32.0% 8.8%
Florida 25.7% 10.6% 10.5% 10.3% 9.1% -16.6%
Georgia 0.9% 4.7% 4.2% 0.8% 0.9% -0.1%
California 3.1% 3.8% 2.5% 0.8% 0.4% -2.7%
Total Cases for All States 323 320 285 252 231
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-15 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for source-state trends in U.S. to foreign
trafficking in the study period.

Market-countries

Table STM-16 and Figure STM-09 identify the top five market-countries involved in U.S. to foreign
trafficking based on their percentage of investigations in the study period. For the top five market-
countries, the percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases ranged from nearly 72% (1,011 of 1,411)
involving Mexico as the market-country to less than 2% (23 of 1,411) for Brazil. The top five market-
countries accounted for approximately 86% (1,220 of 1,411) of all U.S. to foreign trafficking cases.

Table STM-16: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Top Five Market-countries, 2017 – 2021 (N = 1,411)
Market-country Number of Cases % Cases
Mexico 1,011 71.7%
Canada 92 6.5%
Bahamas 60 4.3%
Haiti 35 2.5%
Brazil 23 1.6%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

17
 Figure STM-09: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Map of the Top Five Market-countries, 2017 – 2021

Table STM-17a shows yearly trends in the percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases for the top five
market-countries. All but one market-country experienced notable changes in population share in the
study period. The percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases involving Mexico increased by 20.3
percentage points from 58.5% in 2017 to 78.8% in 2021 (a 34.7% increase in the population share of
cases). This difference was over three times greater than that observed for Canada, which increased by 6.5
percentage points from 4.3% in 2017 to 10.8% in 2021 (a 151.2% increase in the population share of
cases). The only notable reduction in population share was identified for the Bahamas, which decreased
by 6.5 percentage points from 8.7% in 2017 to 2.2% in 2021 (a 74.7% decrease in the population share of
cases).

18
 Table STM-17a: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Trends in the Top Five Market-countries (N = 1,411)
%
Market-country 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Mexico 58.5% 73.8% 70.9% 80.2% 78.8% 20.3%
Canada 4.3% 5.3% 7.7% 5.6% 10.8% 6.5%
Bahamas 8.7% 2.8% 3.5% 3.2% 2.2% -6.5%
Haiti 4.3% 2.5% 1.8% 1.6% 1.7% -2.6%
Brazil 3.7% 1.6% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% -2.2%
Total Cases for All Countries 323 320 285 252 231
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-17 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for market-country trends in U.S. to
foreign trafficking in the study period.

Source-state to Market-country Pipelines

Table STM-18 and Figure STM-10 identify the top five U.S. to foreign trafficking pipelines based on
their percentage of investigations in the study period. For the top five pipelines, the percentage of U.S. to
foreign trafficking cases ranged from approximately 40% (558 of 1,411) for the Texas-to-Mexico pipeline
to less than 2% (22 of 1,411) for the California-to-Mexico pipeline. The top five pipelines accounted for
approximately 72% (1,014 of 1,411) of all U.S. to foreign trafficking cases.

Table STM-18: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Top Five Pipelines, 2017 – 2021 (N = 1,411)
Source-state to Market-country Number of Cases % Cases
Texas to Mexico 558 39.5%
Arizona to Mexico 349 24.7%
Florida to Bahamas 58 4.1%
Florida to Haiti 32 2.3%
California to Mexico 22 1.6%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

19
 Figure STM-10: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Map of the Top Five Pipelines 2017 – 2021

Table STM-19a shows yearly trends in the percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases for the top five
pipelines. The percentage of U.S. to foreign trafficking cases that involved the Texas-to-Mexico and
Arizona-to-Mexico pipelines increased in the study period. The largest increase was observed for the
Arizona-to-Mexico pipeline, which increased by 8.6 percentage points from 22.6% in 2017 to 31.2% in
2021 (a 38.0% increase in the population share of cases). Closely following this trend, the percentage of
U.S. to foreign trafficking cases that involved the Texas-to-Mexico pipeline increased by 7.9 percentage
points from 31.9% in 2017 to 39.8% in 2021 (a 24.8% increase in the population share of cases). The only
notable decrease in population share was observed for the Florida-to-Bahamas pipeline. The Florida-to-
Bahamas pipeline decreased by 6.2 percentage points from 8.4% in 2017 to 2.2% in 2021 (a 73.8%
decrease in the population share of cases).

20
 Table STM-19a: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Trends in the Top Five Pipelines (N = 1,411)
%
Source-state to Market-country 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Difference
Texas to Mexico 31.9% 43.1% 40.7% 43.3% 39.8% 7.9%
Arizona to Mexico 22.6% 21.3% 22.5% 28.6% 31.2% 8.6%
Florida to Bahamas 8.4% 2.8% 3.2% 3.2% 2.2% -6.2%
Florida to Haiti 4.3% 2.5% 1.4% 0.8% 1.7% -2.6%
California to Mexico 1.5% 2.8% 1.8% 0.8% 0.4% -1.1%
Total Cases for All Pipelines 323 320 285 252 231
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-19 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for the trends in all U.S. to foreign
trafficking pipelines in the study period.

International: Foreign to U.S.

Source-country

Table STM-20a and Figure STM-09 identifies the top five source-countries for foreign to U.S. trafficking
based on their percentage of investigations in the study period. The percentage of foreign to U.S.
trafficking cases ranged from 52% (52 of 100) for China as the source to 4% (4 of 100) for Canada. The
top five source-countries accounted for 81% (81 of 100) of all foreign to U.S. trafficking cases.

Table STM-20a: Foreign to U.S. Trafficking: Top Five Source-countries, 2017 – 2021 (N = 100)
Source-country Number of Cases % Cases
China 52 52.0%
Mexico 1 12 12.0%
Russia 8 8.0%
Sweden 5 5.0%
Canada 4 4.0%
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

21
 Figure STM-11: Foreign to U.S Trafficking: Map of the Top Five Source-countries, 2017 – 2021

Figure STM-10 shows yearly trends in the percentage of foreign to U.S. trafficking cases involving
China. 2 The percentage of foreign to U.S. trafficking cases involving China increased by an astounding
19.7 percentage points from 18.8% in 2017 to 38.5% in 2021 (a 104.8% increase in the population share
of cases).

22
 Figure STM-12: Foreign to U.S. Trafficking: China (N = 100)

90.0%
77.3%
80.0%
67.9%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
38.1% 38.5%
40.0%
30.0%
18.8%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Note: This category is not mutually exclusive.

See Table STM-20 in Appendix STM – Source-to-Market Type for source-country trends in foreign to
U.S. trafficking in the study period.

Summary
SAs provided information on source-to-market type in nearly 76% (7,350 of 9,708) of firearm trafficking
cases. More than half (55.9%; 4,108 of 7,350) of these cases involved intrastate trafficking. Furthermore,
intrastate trafficking was the most prevalent source-to-market type across regions, apart from ATF
Headquarters and the Northeast region. SAs in ATF Headquarters predominately investigated cases
involving U.S to foreign trafficking, while SAs in the Northeast region predominantly investigated cases
involving interstate trafficking. Texas and Arizona accounted for the largest share of intrastate cases. The
percentage of intrastate trafficking cases involving Arizona increased in the study period 8.2 percentage
points, which was the largest increase observed in the study period for the top ten states involved in
intrastate trafficking.
Approximately 32% (2,358 of 7,350) of firearm trafficking cases involved interstate trafficking. With
respect to source-states, Georgia accounted for the largest percentage of cases, followed by Arizona. The
percentage of interstate trafficking cases that involved Arizona as a source-state grew by a factor of ten in
the study period. With respect to market-states, New York accounted for the largest percentage of cases,
followed by California. However, interstate trafficking cases involving New York as a market-state
decreased in the study period by 3.8 percentage point, while the percentage of interstate trafficking cases
involving California as a market-state increased by 13.3 percentage points. By far, the most dominant
interstate firearm trafficking pipeline was Arizona-to-California, which increased by 15.1 percentage
points in the study period.
Approximately 20% (1,503 of 7,350) of firearm trafficking cases involved international firearm
trafficking. Furthermore, international firearm trafficking cases (93.9%; 1,411 of 1,503) predominately
involved U.S. to foreign trafficking. With respect to source-states, Texas accounted for the largest
percentage of cases, followed by Arizona. Cases involving Texas as the source-state increased by 12.1
percentage points and cases involving Arizona increased by 8.8 percentage points. While Florida was

23
among the top five source-states involved in U.S. to foreign trafficking, its involvement in U.S. to foreign
trafficking markedly decreased in the study period. By far, Mexico was the most prevalent market-
country involved in U.S. to foreign trafficking, accounting for approximately 72% (1,011 of 1,411) of
cases. Furthermore, Mexico was represented in three of the top five U.S. to foreign trafficking pipelines,
with the Texas-to-Mexico pipeline accounting for nearly 40% (558 of 1,411) of U.S. to foreign trafficking
cases. Accounting for over half of foreign to U.S. trafficking cases, the most prevalent source country
involved in foreign to U.S. trafficking was China (52 of 100), which increased by nearly 19.7 percentage
points in the study period.

24
 APPENDIX STM – SOURCE-
TO-MARKET TYPE
Table STM-04: Total Cases for ATF Field Divisions by Source-to-Market Types, 2017 – 2021
U.S. to Foreign
ATF Field Division Intrastate Interstate Foreign to U.S. Total Cases
Atlanta 99 68 34 3 192
Baltimore 142 124 4 1 254
Boston 176 231 14 5 395
Charlotte 109 50 10 2 157
Chicago 347 221 12 2 550
Columbus 210 79 22 5 278
Dallas 210 42 180 3 404
Denver 104 32 7 2 135
Detroit 133 20 11 4 162
Houston 303 23 410 7 653
International Affairs Division 0 1 82 0 82
Kansas City 219 55 11 7 267
Los Angeles 97 71 85 3 235
Louisville 176 52 4 4 219
Miami 83 35 120 9 237
Nashville 224 48 8 2 256
National Investigative Division 1 0 0 0 1
New Orleans 122 40 10 1 158
New York 64 435 7 7 504
Newark 15 87 2 0 101
Operational Intelligence Division 1 3 0 3 7
Philadelphia 245 86 8 1 318
Phoenix 375 229 275 1 778
San Francisco 175 90 19 5 253
Seattle 63 25 12 8 101
St. Paul 109 15 1 0 119
Tampa 161 47 54 15 254
Washington 145 149 9 0 280
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

25
Table STM-07: Intrastate Trafficking: U.S. States and Territories
Total
State/Territory 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Cases
Alabama 47 34 35 13 9 138
Alaska 1 1 1 1 0 4
Arizona 53 68 60 90 106 377
Arkansas 2 2 5 10 2 21
California 63 53 23 34 41 214
Colorado 13 10 5 11 12 51
Connecticut 7 3 5 1 6 22
Delaware 24 22 19 6 10 81
District of Columbia 5 0 3 1 2 11
Florida 63 52 50 44 36 245
Georgia 35 25 17 14 27 118
Guam 0 1 0 1 0 2
Hawaii 0 1 0 0 0 1
Idaho 2 3 4 3 1 13
Illinois 46 28 28 40 44 186
Indiana 27 28 19 14 31 119
Iowa 12 12 7 12 8 51
Kansas 6 6 8 10 9 39
Kentucky 24 26 17 16 21 104
Louisiana 16 16 9 16 13 70
Maine 11 2 6 5 5 29
Maryland 16 21 19 8 11 75
Massachusetts 12 17 3 6 10 48
Michigan 25 21 37 25 31 139
Minnesota 11 15 6 14 7 53
Mississippi 8 11 7 7 8 41
Missouri 24 20 26 24 20 114
Montana 13 13 7 6 7 46
N. Mariana Islands 0 0 0 1 0 1
Nebraska 3 1 2 1 5 12
Nevada 17 14 18 12 20 81
New Hampshire 9 7 7 8 2 33
New Jersey 4 8 2 4 2 20
New Mexico 4 12 4 3 4 27
New York 13 22 19 12 5 71
North Carolina 21 14 17 18 9 79
North Dakota 8 2 0 1 2 13
Ohio 27 38 21 35 58 179
Oklahoma 4 6 5 7 2 24
Oregon 2 3 5 4 4 18
Pennsylvania 57 54 53 47 46 257
Puerto Rico 0 3 2 2 1 8
Rhode Island 6 8 3 4 4 25
South Carolina 10 11 6 6 3 36
South Dakota 7 4 2 6 3 22
Tennessee 23 24 16 19 13 95
Texas 118 93 107 93 88 499
Utah 1 1 1 2 0 5
Vermont 11 6 5 8 6 36
Virginia 31 25 37 22 33 148
Washington 11 8 5 4 2 30
West Virginia 31 23 15 8 8 85
Wisconsin 21 27 30 28 38 144
Wyoming 2 1 0 2 0 5
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

26
 Table STM-09: Interstate Trafficking: Source-states and Territories
Total
Source-state/Territory 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Cases
Alabama 17 13 10 7 3 50
Alaska 0 0 0 0 2 2
Arizona 39 50 26 60 91 266
Arkansas 2 3 1 6 4 16
California 6 4 3 1 3 17
Colorado 5 3 2 2 2 14
Connecticut 3 1 1 1 2 8
Delaware 5 7 4 3 6 25
District of Columbia 0 0 3 0 0 3
Florida 39 34 23 16 11 123
Georgia 60 89 49 25 53 276
Guam 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0
Idaho 2 0 1 5 1 9
Illinois 5 5 3 2 6 21
Indiana 29 20 28 37 46 160
Iowa 7 3 2 5 3 20
Kansas 2 1 4 1 3 11
Kentucky 5 10 3 7 4 29
Louisiana 5 2 1 6 2 16
Maine 15 17 11 11 6 60
Maryland 5 3 8 2 3 21
Massachusetts 5 1 0 2 0 8
Michigan 8 0 7 0 3 18
Minnesota 2 3 1 0 1 7
Mississippi 7 5 8 12 10 42
Missouri 10 5 4 11 7 37
Montana 3 0 0 3 1 7
N. Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nebraska 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada 21 24 21 5 16 87
New Hampshire 22 18 14 8 5 67
New Jersey 2 5 1 0 0 8
New Mexico 0 7 4 2 0 13
New York 5 0 1 1 1 8
North Carolina 17 30 29 14 13 103
North Dakota 2 0 3 1 1 7
Ohio 26 38 18 23 23 128
Oklahoma 5 4 3 4 0 16
Oregon 5 3 3 2 2 15
Pennsylvania 26 38 22 16 12 114
Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rhode Island 1 2 1 0 0 4
South Carolina 21 24 15 18 13 91
South Dakota 6 1 0 3 1 11
Tennessee 13 13 10 4 10 50
Texas 12 16 17 15 15 75
Unknown 3 3 1 1 0 8
Utah 2 2 2 1 1 8
Vermont 15 12 11 6 3 47
Virginia 54 82 51 35 24 246
Washington 1 0 3 2 1 7
West Virginia 19 16 7 13 12 67
Wisconsin 4 6 2 1 3 16
Wyoming 2 2 0 1 0 5
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

27
 Table STM-11: Interstate Trafficking: Market-states and Territories
Market-state/Territory 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Cases
Alabama 4 7 3 4 4 22
Alaska 0 0 0 1 0 1
Arizona 2 4 3 6 6 21
Arkansas 3 1 1 1 1 7
California 77 93 57 79 116 422
Colorado 4 3 3 1 2 13
Connecticut 6 8 6 3 9 32
Delaware 1 5 0 4 6 16
District of Columbia 22 28 34 15 17 116
Florida 9 6 2 4 14 35
Georgia 5 5 8 7 6 31
Guam 1 0 0 0 0 1
Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0
Idaho 0 1 1 1 0 3
Illinois 57 52 39 55 76 279
Indiana 6 3 2 1 6 18
Iowa 1 1 0 3 1 6
Kansas 1 0 1 1 2 5
Kentucky 6 5 2 2 3 18
Louisiana 2 2 0 5 4 13
Maine 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maryland 44 45 39 26 29 183
Massachusetts 54 40 36 32 18 180
Michigan 7 5 7 5 9 33
Minnesota 5 4 1 2 5 17
Mississippi 4 0 0 3 1 8
Missouri 7 1 7 6 3 24
Montana 0 0 5 0 0 5
Multiple (Internet) 0 0 1 0 0 1
N. Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nebraska 1 2 3 2 1 9
Nevada 3 5 0 6 2 16
New Hampshire 3 3 0 0 0 6
New Jersey 51 50 19 23 13 156
New Mexico 0 3 2 2 1 8
New York 101 196 122 73 63 555
North Carolina 5 5 3 9 4 26
North Dakota 0 0 3 0 0 3
N. Marianas Islands 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ohio 7 5 7 5 4 28
Oklahoma 1 1 3 1 1 7
Oregon 1 0 2 2 0 5
Pennsylvania 11 19 15 11 18 74
Puerto Rico 15 9 12 3 2 41
Rhode Island 4 3 1 2 1 11
South Carolina 2 1 3 4 1 11
South Dakota 1 0 2 1 0 4
Tennessee 6 4 5 0 3 18
Texas 10 8 12 11 9 50
U.S. Virgin Islands 5 2 1 4 0 12
Unknown 0 2 0 1 0 3
Utah 1 0 1 0 0 2
Vermont 6 1 1 0 0 8
Virginia 2 4 4 2 1 13
Washington 4 2 2 2 1 11
West Virginia 6 0 1 1 2 10
Wisconsin 3 1 3 3 5 15
Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

28
 Table STM-13: Interstate Trafficking: Pipelines
Pipeline 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Cases
Alaska to Arizona 0 0 0 0 1 1
Alaska to California 0 0 0 0 1 1
Alabama to Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1
Alabama to California 2 0 0 0 0 2
Alabama to Connecticut 1 0 0 0 0 1
Alabama to District of Columbia 1 0 1 0 0 2
Alabama to Florida 1 0 0 1 0 2
Alabama to Georgia 1 1 2 1 1 6
Alabama to Illinois 2 0 1 0 2 5
Alabama to Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1
Alabama to Louisiana 0 0 0 1 0 1
Alabama to Massachusetts 0 1 2 0 0 3
Alabama to Maryland 2 1 2 0 0 5
Alabama to Mississippi 1 0 0 0 0 1
Alabama to New Jersey 1 0 0 2 0 3
Alabama to New York 6 10 2 3 0 21
Alabama to Oklahoma 0 0 0 1 0 1
Alabama to Pennsylvania 0 0 1 0 0 1
Alabama to Puerto Rico 1 0 0 0 0 1
Alabama to Tennessee 1 0 1 0 0 2
Arkansas to Alabama 1 1 0 0 0 2
Arkansas to California 0 2 0 2 1 5
Arkansas to Illinois 1 2 0 0 2 5
Arkansas to Louisiana 0 0 0 1 0 1
Arkansas to Minnesota 0 1 0 0 0 1
Arkansas to Missouri 0 0 1 0 0 1
Arkansas to Mississippi 0 0 0 1 0 1
Arkansas to New York 0 0 0 0 1 1
Arkansas to Tennessee 1 1 0 0 0 2
Arkansas to Texas 0 0 0 2 1 3
Arizona to California 33 47 24 52 89 245
Arizona to Colorado 0 0 0 0 2 2
Arizona to District of Columbia 0 0 0 0 1 1
Arizona to Idaho 0 0 0 1 0 1
Arizona to Illinois 1 1 1 3 2 8
Arizona to Massachusetts 0 0 1 0 0 1
Arizona to Minnesota 0 1 0 0 0 1
Arizona to Missouri 1 0 0 1 0 2
Arizona to Nebraska 0 0 0 0 1 1
Arizona to Nevada 1 1 0 4 2 8
Arizona to New York 2 0 0 0 0 2
Arizona to Oregon 1 0 0 1 0 2
Arizona to Texas 0 2 1 2 0 5
Arizona to Utah 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Arizona 0 1 0 0 1 2
California to Florida 0 1 0 0 1 2
California to Guam 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Illinois 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Missouri 0 0 2 1 1 4
California to Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to New York 1 1 0 0 0 2
California to Puerto Rico 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Texas 1 0 1 0 0 2
California to Washington 0 1 0 0 0 1
Colorado to Arizona 0 1 0 0 0 1
Colorado to California 2 0 0 1 1 4
Colorado to Illinois 0 2 0 0 0 2
Colorado to Minnesota 0 1 0 0 0 1
Colorado to Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 1
Colorado to North Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 1
Colorado to New Mexico 0 1 0 1 1 3
Colorado to Nevada 1 0 0 0 0 1
Colorado to New York 1 1 1 0 0 3
Colorado to Oklahoma 0 1 0 0 0 1
Colorado to Texas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Colorado to Wisconsin 0 1 0 0 0 1
Connecticut to California 0 0 0 1 0 1

29
Connecticut to Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1
Connecticut to Massachusetts 0 0 1 0 0 1
Connecticut to New Mexico 0 1 0 0 0 1
Connecticut to New York 1 0 0 0 2 3
Connecticut to Vermont 1 0 0 0 0 1
District of Columbia to Maryland 0 0 2 0 0 2
District of Columbia to Tennessee 0 0 1 0 0 1
Delaware to Maryland 2 1 1 1 0 5
Delaware to New Jersey 0 5 1 1 2 9
Delaware to New York 1 0 2 1 1 5
Delaware to Pennsylvania 2 1 1 0 3 7
Florida to Arizona 0 0 0 1 0 1
Florida to California 0 2 1 1 0 4
Florida to Georgia 1 0 1 2 0 4
Florida to Iowa 0 1 0 0 0 1
Florida to Indiana 1 1 0 0 0 2
Florida to Kentucky 0 1 0 0 1 2
Florida to Massachusetts 2 2 2 2 3 11
Florida to Michigan 1 0 0 0 0 1
Florida to North Carolina 0 0 0 0 1 1
Florida to New Jersey 4 2 0 1 2 9
Florida to New York 10 12 7 8 3 40
Florida to Ohio 0 1 1 0 1 3
Florida to Pennsylvania 1 1 0 0 1 3
Florida to Puerto Rico 13 9 8 2 1 33
Florida to Rhode Island 1 2 0 0 0 3
Florida to South Carolina 0 0 0 0 1 1
Florida to Tennessee 0 0 0 0 1 1
Florida to Texas 1 1 1 0 1 4
Florida to Virginia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to U.S. Virgin Islands 2 1 1 1 0 5
Florida to Vermont 2 0 0 0 0 2
Georgia to Alabama 1 4 2 0 0 7
Georgia to California 2 2 1 1 1 7
Georgia to Connecticut 1 1 0 0 1 3
Georgia to District of Columbia 0 1 1 0 3 5
Georgia to Delaware 0 0 0 2 1 3
Georgia to Florida 3 1 0 0 9 13
Georgia to Illinois 3 5 0 2 5 15
Georgia to Indiana 1 0 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Louisiana 0 1 0 0 1 2
Georgia to Massachusetts 2 4 1 1 4 12
Georgia to Maryland 6 5 4 2 7 24
Georgia to Minnesota 0 0 0 0 2 2
Georgia to Montana 0 0 1 0 0 1
Georgia to North Carolina 0 0 0 1 0 1
Georgia to North Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Georgia to New Jersey 12 11 3 3 3 32
Georgia to Nevada 0 1 0 1 0 2
Georgia to New York 27 51 28 7 19 132
Georgia to Ohio 0 1 0 1 0 2
Georgia to Oklahoma 0 0 2 0 0 2
Georgia to Pennsylvania 1 2 2 3 3 11
Georgia to Rhode Island 1 0 0 0 1 2
Georgia to South Carolina 0 0 0 1 0 1
Georgia to Tennessee 0 1 1 0 1 3
Georgia to Texas 0 0 1 0 1 2
Georgia to Virginia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Georgia to U.S. Virgin Islands 0 1 0 2 0 3
Iowa to Arizona 0 1 0 0 0 1
Iowa to California 0 0 0 2 0 2
Iowa to Kansas 0 0 0 0 1 1
Iowa to Minnesota 1 0 0 1 0 2
Iowa to Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 1
Iowa to Nebraska 1 0 1 2 0 4
Iowa to South Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 1
Idaho to Arizona 0 0 0 0 1 1
Idaho to California 0 0 0 2 1 3
Idaho to Florida 1 0 0 0 0 1
Idaho to Illinois 1 0 0 0 0 1

30
Idaho to Montana 0 0 1 0 0 1
Idaho to North Carolina 0 0 0 1 0 1
Idaho to North Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Idaho to Nevada 0 0 0 1 0 1
Idaho to Oregon 0 0 1 1 0 2
Idaho to South Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Idaho to Unknown 0 0 0 1 0 1
Idaho to Virginia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Idaho to Washington 0 0 1 0 0 1
Illinois to Florida 0 1 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Indiana 2 1 1 1 3 8
Illinois to Maryland 0 1 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Michigan 1 0 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Missouri 1 1 2 1 1 6
Illinois to New York 0 1 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Texas 1 0 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Unknown 0 1 0 0 0 1
Illinois to Wisconsin 0 0 0 0 2 2
Indiana to Alabama 0 0 1 1 0 2
Indiana to Delaware 0 0 0 0 1 1
Indiana to Florida 0 0 0 0 1 1
Indiana to Iowa 0 0 0 1 0 1
Indiana to Illinois 24 16 24 31 39 134
Indiana to Kentucky 0 0 1 0 1 2
Indiana to Massachusetts 3 0 1 0 0 4
Indiana to Maryland 0 0 0 0 1 1
Indiana to Michigan 0 1 1 3 2 7
Indiana to Mississippi 0 0 0 0 1 1
Indiana to New York 1 2 0 1 1 5
Indiana to Ohio 0 0 2 0 1 3
Indiana to Pennsylvania 0 0 1 1 0 2
Indiana to Texas 0 0 0 0 1 1
Indiana to U.S. Virgin Islands 0 1 0 0 0 1
Indiana to Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1
Kansas to Alabama 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kansas to California 1 0 0 0 0 1
Kansas to Iowa 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kansas to Illinois 0 0 1 0 1 2
Kansas to Maryland 0 0 0 0 2 2
Kansas to Missouri 1 0 2 1 0 4
Kansas to Nebraska 0 0 2 0 0 2
Kansas to New York 0 1 0 0 0 1
Kansas to Ohio 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kansas to Oklahoma 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kansas to Pennsylvania 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kansas to Texas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kansas to Virginia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kansas to Wisconsin 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kentucky to California 0 0 0 1 0 1
Kentucky to District of Columbia 0 1 0 0 0 1
Kentucky to Illinois 1 2 0 2 1 6
Kentucky to Maryland 0 1 1 1 0 3
Kentucky to Minnesota 1 0 0 0 1 2
Kentucky to New Jersey 0 1 0 0 0 1
Kentucky to New York 1 4 1 2 1 9
Kentucky to Ohio 2 2 0 1 0 5
Kentucky to Texas 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kentucky to Washington 0 0 1 0 0 1
Louisiana to Alabama 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to Arkansas 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to Arizona 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to California 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to Florida 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to Maryland 0 1 0 0 0 1
Louisiana to Mississippi 1 0 0 2 0 3
Louisiana to New Jersey 0 1 0 0 0 1
Louisiana to New York 2 0 0 0 1 3
Louisiana to Pennsylvania 0 0 0 1 0 1
Louisiana to Texas 2 0 1 2 1 6
Massachusetts to California 1 1 0 0 0 2

31
Massachusetts to Connecticut 1 0 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts to Delaware 1 0 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts to Maryland 1 0 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts to Rhode Island 1 0 0 2 0 3
Maryland to California 2 0 0 0 0 2
Maryland to District of Columbia 2 1 5 1 1 10
Maryland to Delaware 0 1 0 1 0 2
Maryland to Georgia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Maryland to Michigan 0 0 1 0 0 1
Maryland to New York 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maryland to Pennsylvania 0 1 0 0 0 1
Maryland to South Carolina 0 0 1 0 0 1
Maryland to Texas 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maryland to Virginia 1 0 0 0 1 2
Maine to Connecticut 0 1 0 0 0 1
Maine to Delaware 0 0 0 0 1 1
Maine to Florida 1 0 0 1 0 2
Maine to Massachusetts 10 10 6 6 4 36
Maine to New Hampshire 0 1 0 0 0 1
Maine to New York 4 5 4 5 1 19
Maine to Pennsylvania 0 0 1 0 0 1
Maine to Rhode Island 1 0 1 0 0 2
Michigan to Florida 0 0 1 0 0 1
Michigan to Georgia 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Illinois 3 0 1 0 1 5
Michigan to Kentucky 0 0 1 0 0 1
Michigan to Massachusetts 0 0 1 0 0 1
Michigan to Maryland 0 0 0 0 1 1
Michigan to New Jersey 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to New York 0 0 1 0 0 1
Michigan to Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Texas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Michigan to Wisconsin 2 0 1 0 1 4
Minnesota to California 1 1 0 0 0 2
Minnesota to Delaware 0 0 0 0 1 1
Minnesota to Illinois 0 2 0 0 0 2
Minnesota to Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 1
Minnesota to Texas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Missouri to Arizona 0 0 1 0 0 1
Missouri to California 1 1 0 0 2 4
Missouri to Iowa 1 0 0 1 0 2
Missouri to Illinois 4 4 2 6 2 18
Missouri to Kansas 1 0 0 0 1 2
Missouri to Maryland 1 0 1 0 0 2
Missouri to North Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 1
Missouri to New Jersey 0 0 0 1 0 1
Missouri to New York 1 0 0 1 0 2
Missouri to Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 1
Missouri to Texas 1 0 0 0 1 2
Missouri to Wisconsin 0 0 0 2 1 3
Mississippi to District of Columbia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Mississippi to Georgia 0 1 1 0 1 3
Mississippi to Illinois 3 2 1 4 5 15
Mississippi to Louisiana 0 1 0 1 3 5
Mississippi to Massachusetts 1 0 0 1 0 2
Mississippi to Maryland 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mississippi to Minnesota 0 0 0 1 0 1
Mississippi to North Carolina 0 1 0 0 0 1
Mississippi to New Jersey 0 1 0 0 0 1
Mississippi to New York 1 2 3 2 0 8
Mississippi to Ohio 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mississippi to Oklahoma 1 0 0 0 0 1
Mississippi to Pennsylvania 0 1 0 0 0 1
Mississippi to South Carolina 0 0 0 2 0 2
Mississippi to Tennessee 1 1 0 0 1 3
Mississippi to Texas 1 0 3 2 0 6
Mississippi to Wisconsin 0 0 0 1 0 1
Montana to Arizona 0 0 0 1 0 1
Montana to California 0 0 0 1 1 2
Montana to Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 1

32
Montana to Washington 2 0 0 1 0 3
North Carolina to Alabama 0 1 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to California 0 0 0 0 2 2
North Carolina to Connecticut 0 0 2 1 3 6
North Carolina to District of Columbia 1 1 2 1 0 5
North Carolina to Florida 0 1 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to Georgia 0 1 0 0 2 3
North Carolina to Illinois 0 0 1 0 0 1
North Carolina to Massachusetts 2 0 1 2 2 7
North Carolina to Maryland 4 4 3 2 1 14
North Carolina to Michigan 0 0 0 0 1 1
North Carolina to New Jersey 2 6 1 1 1 11
North Carolina to New York 6 15 17 6 5 49
North Carolina to Pennsylvania 0 1 3 1 0 5
North Carolina to Rhode Island 1 0 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to South Carolina 1 1 2 1 0 5
North Carolina to Texas 0 1 0 0 1 2
North Carolina to Virginia 1 1 0 0 0 2
North Dakota to Arkansas 1 0 0 0 0 1
North Dakota to Arizona 0 0 0 1 0 1
North Dakota to Connecticut 0 0 1 0 0 1
North Dakota to Minnesota 0 0 1 0 1 2
North Dakota to Mississippi 1 0 0 0 0 1
North Dakota to Montana 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nebraska to Colorado 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Hampshire to Connecticut 0 2 0 0 0 2
New Hampshire to Massachusetts 21 15 11 7 4 58
New Hampshire to Maryland 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Hampshire to Maine 0 0 0 0 1 1
New Hampshire to North Carolina 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Hampshire to New Jersey 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Hampshire to New York 0 0 1 1 0 2
New Hampshire to Rhode Island 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Hampshire to Vermont 1 0 0 0 0 1
New Jersey to Delaware 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Jersey to Maryland 1 2 0 0 0 3
New Jersey to North Carolina 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Jersey to Ohio 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Jersey to Pennsylvania 1 2 1 0 0 4
New Mexico to Arizona 0 1 0 1 0 2
New Mexico to California 0 4 2 1 0 7
New Mexico to New York 0 0 1 0 0 1
New Mexico to Texas 0 2 1 0 0 3
Nevada to Arizona 1 0 2 1 1 5
Nevada to California 19 21 20 5 13 78
Nevada to Connecticut 0 1 0 0 0 1
Nevada to Illinois 0 0 1 0 1 2
Nevada to Indiana 0 0 0 0 1 1
Nevada to Kansas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to Kentucky 1 0 0 0 0 1
Nevada to New Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to New York 0 1 0 0 0 1
Nevada to Ohio 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to Tennessee 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to Utah 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to Virginia 0 1 0 0 0 1
New York to Massachusetts 2 0 0 0 0 2
New York to Pennsylvania 2 0 0 0 1 3
New York to Puerto Rico 1 0 0 1 0 2
New York to Vermont 1 0 1 0 0 2
Ohio to Alabama 0 0 0 1 0 1
Ohio to Arizona 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio to California 2 2 0 1 1 6
Ohio to Connecticut 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ohio to District of Columbia 1 2 0 0 0 3
Ohio to Florida 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ohio to Georgia 0 0 0 0 1 1
Ohio to Illinois 2 4 0 3 5 14
Ohio to Indiana 1 1 0 0 2 4
Ohio to Kentucky 1 2 0 0 1 4

33
Ohio to Massachusetts 1 1 0 3 0 5
Ohio to Maryland 2 4 0 1 1 8
Ohio to Michigan 1 3 1 2 2 9
Ohio to Missouri 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio to New Jersey 2 1 1 1 0 5
Ohio to New York 5 22 14 10 8 59
Ohio to Pennsylvania 0 1 0 1 4 6
Ohio to South Dakota 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio to Tennessee 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ohio to Texas 0 0 1 1 0 2
Ohio to Vermont 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ohio to West Virginia 6 0 0 1 1 8
Oklahoma to Alabama 1 0 0 1 0 2
Oklahoma to Arkansas 0 1 1 0 0 2
Oklahoma to California 1 1 2 0 0 4
Oklahoma to Georgia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Oklahoma to Minnesota 1 0 0 0 0 1
Oklahoma to New York 0 0 0 1 0 1
Oklahoma to Texas 2 2 0 1 0 5
Oklahoma to U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0 0 1 0 1
Oregon to Arizona 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oregon to California 4 2 3 0 1 10
Oregon to Florida 0 0 0 1 0 1
Oregon to Texas 1 0 0 0 0 1
Oregon to Washington 0 1 0 1 1 3
Pennsylvania to District of Columbia 0 1 1 0 0 2
Pennsylvania to Delaware 0 1 0 1 1 3
Pennsylvania to Florida 0 0 0 0 2 2
Pennsylvania to Georgia 0 1 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Illinois 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Kentucky 1 0 0 1 0 2
Pennsylvania to Louisiana 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Massachusetts 0 1 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Maryland 2 5 1 2 0 10
Pennsylvania to New Jersey 9 10 6 7 1 33
Pennsylvania to New York 10 19 13 4 8 54
Pennsylvania to Ohio 1 0 0 1 0 2
Pennsylvania to Puerto Rico 0 0 1 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Rhode Island 0 1 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Vermont 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to West Virginia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Rhode Island to Connecticut 0 0 1 0 0 1
Rhode Island to Illinois 0 1 0 0 0 1
Rhode Island to Massachusetts 1 1 0 0 0 2
Rhode Island to New York 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to Alabama 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Carolina to California 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Carolina to Colorado 0 0 2 0 0 2
South Carolina to Connecticut 1 0 1 1 1 4
South Carolina to District of Columbia 0 1 0 0 2 3
South Carolina to Georgia 2 0 1 0 0 3
South Carolina to Massachusetts 4 1 0 3 1 9
South Carolina to Maryland 2 0 1 1 2 6
South Carolina to North Carolina 1 1 0 2 1 5
South Carolina to Nebraska 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to New Jersey 3 0 1 0 0 4
South Carolina to New Mexico 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to New York 9 16 11 9 5 50
South Carolina to Pennsylvania 0 1 0 0 2 3
South Carolina to Rhode Island 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to Texas 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Carolina to Unknown 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to U.S. Virgin Islands 2 0 0 0 0 2
South Dakota to California 1 0 0 0 0 1
South Dakota to Colorado 0 1 0 1 0 2
South Dakota to Connecticut 1 0 0 0 0 1
South Dakota to Iowa 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Dakota to Illinois 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Dakota to Indiana 1 0 0 0 0 1
South Dakota to Minnesota 2 0 0 0 1 3

34
South Dakota to Nebraska 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Dakota to Wisconsin 1 0 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to Alabama 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to California 1 2 0 1 0 4
Tennessee to Connecticut 0 0 0 0 1 1
Tennessee to Florida 1 0 1 0 0 2
Tennessee to Georgia 0 1 1 0 1 3
Tennessee to Illinois 1 3 1 0 3 8
Tennessee to Kentucky 3 1 0 1 0 5
Tennessee to Massachusetts 1 0 1 0 0 2
Tennessee to Maryland 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to Michigan 2 0 2 0 1 5
Tennessee to Mississippi 1 0 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to New Jersey 3 1 1 0 1 6
Tennessee to New York 1 2 3 1 3 10
Tennessee to Pennsylvania 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to Rhode Island 0 1 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to Virginia 0 1 0 1 0 2
Tennessee to Wisconsin 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to Alabama 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Arkansas 1 0 0 0 1 2
Texas to California 4 5 1 4 4 18
Texas to Colorado 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to Connecticut 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to District of Columbia 1 0 1 0 0 2
Texas to Florida 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Georgia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Texas to Illinois 1 1 2 1 3 8
Texas to Kansas 0 0 0 1 0 1
Texas to Louisiana 1 0 0 3 0 4
Texas to Massachusetts 0 0 0 2 0 2
Texas to Maryland 0 1 1 0 0 2
Texas to Michigan 0 0 1 0 1 2
Texas to Missouri 0 0 0 2 0 2
Texas to Northern Marianas Islands 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to Multiple (Internet) 0 0 1 0 0 1
Texas to North Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Texas to New Jersey 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to New Mexico 0 0 1 1 0 2
Texas to Nevada 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to New York 1 3 3 3 2 12
Texas to Ohio 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to Oklahoma 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to Pennsylvania 1 0 1 0 0 2
Texas to Puerto Rico 1 1 3 0 1 6
Texas to South Carolina 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Tennessee 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to U.S. Virgin Islands 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Washington 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Wisconsin 0 0 1 0 0 1
Unknown to Connecticut 0 1 0 0 0 1
Unknown to Massachusetts 1 0 0 0 0 1
Unknown to New Jersey 2 2 0 1 0 5
Unknown to New York 0 0 1 0 0 1
Utah to Alaska 0 0 0 1 0 1
Utah to California 1 1 2 0 1 5
Utah to Colorado 1 0 0 0 0 1
Utah to Idaho 0 1 0 0 0 1
Utah to Nevada 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to California 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Connecticut 0 0 0 0 2 2
Virginia to District of Columbia 15 19 21 9 7 71
Virginia to Delaware 0 2 0 1 1 4
Virginia to Florida 1 0 0 0 1 2
Virginia to Georgia 0 0 1 2 0 3
Virginia to Illinois 0 0 0 0 1 1
Virginia to Kentucky 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Massachusetts 1 1 0 2 0 4
Virginia to Maryland 17 17 20 12 8 74
Virginia to North Carolina 2 3 1 3 2 11

35
Virginia to New Jersey 11 8 3 4 3 29
Virginia to Nevada 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to New York 13 32 12 8 2 67
Virginia to Pennsylvania 0 3 2 5 0 10
Virginia to Rhode Island 1 0 0 0 0 1
Virginia to West Virginia 0 0 0 0 1 1
Vermont to Connecticut 2 2 1 1 0 6
Vermont to Massachusetts 4 4 8 4 1 21
Vermont to Michigan 1 0 0 0 0 1
Vermont to New Hampshire 3 2 0 0 0 5
Vermont to New Jersey 1 1 0 0 0 2
Vermont to New York 6 4 1 1 1 13
Vermont to Pennsylvania 1 1 1 0 1 4
Washington to Arizona 0 0 0 1 1 2
Washington to California 0 0 1 1 0 2
Washington to Idaho 0 0 1 0 0 1
Washington to Montana 0 0 2 0 0 2
Washington to North Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Washington to Oregon 0 0 1 0 0 1
Washington to South Dakota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Washington to Texas 1 0 0 0 0 1
Wisconsin to Illinois 4 5 2 1 1 13
Wisconsin to Indiana 0 0 1 0 0 1
Wisconsin to Michigan 0 0 0 0 1 1
Wisconsin to Minnesota 0 1 0 0 0 1
Wisconsin to Missouri 0 0 0 0 1 1
West Virginia to District of Columbia 1 1 1 4 3 10
West Virginia to Florida 0 1 0 0 0 1
West Virginia to Massachusetts 0 0 0 1 0 1
West Virginia to Maryland 6 5 1 4 5 21
West Virginia to Michigan 1 1 1 0 1 4
West Virginia to North Carolina 0 0 0 2 0 2
West Virginia to New Jersey 1 2 1 1 0 5
West Virginia to New York 4 4 1 1 1 11
West Virginia to Ohio 4 1 1 2 0 8
West Virginia to Pennsylvania 2 3 1 0 3 9
West Virginia to Rhode Island 0 1 0 0 0 1
West Virginia to Tennessee 1 0 0 0 0 1
West Virginia to Virginia 0 1 1 0 0 2
Wyoming to Arizona 0 0 0 1 0 1
Wyoming to Colorado 2 1 0 0 0 3
Wyoming to Nebraska 0 1 0 0 0 1
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

36
Table STM-15: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Source-states and Territories
Total
Source-state/Territory 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Cases
Alabama 1 0 3 1 1 6
Alaska 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona 75 68 65 73 74 355
Arkansas 0 1 0 1 3 5
California 10 12 7 2 1 32
Colorado 1 1 1 3 1 7
Connecticut 0 0 0 0 0 0
Delaware 1 1 0 0 0 2
District of Columbia 0 0 0 0 0 0
Florida 83 34 30 26 21 194
Georgia 3 15 12 2 2 34
Guam 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 0
Idaho 1 1 0 0 0 2
Illinois 1 1 5 1 2 10
Indiana 2 2 0 0 1 5
Iowa 0 0 0 1 0 1
Kansas 0 0 1 1 2 4
Kentucky 2 1 2 1 0 6
Louisiana 0 2 0 1 1 4
Maine 3 0 0 2 0 5
Maryland 0 1 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts 2 0 0 0 0 2
Michigan 4 2 6 1 0 13
Minnesota 0 0 1 0 0 1
Mississippi 0 1 1 1 0 3
Missouri 2 0 0 1 0 3
Montana 0 0 0 0 0 0
N. Mariana Islands 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nebraska 1 0 0 0 1 2
Nevada 2 9 4 1 1 17
New Hampshire 3 1 0 1 0 5
New Jersey 1 2 0 0 0 3
New Mexico 1 5 4 3 4 17
New York 4 0 1 1 1 7
North Carolina 0 4 1 1 0 6
Ohio 5 2 9 2 5 23
Oklahoma 2 1 4 2 2 11
Oregon 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pennsylvania 4 0 2 1 0 7
Puerto Rico 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rhode Island 2 0 0 1 0 3
South Carolina 1 2 0 1 0 4
South Dakota 0 0 0 1 0 1
Tennessee 1 0 2 1 2 6
Texas 105 148 126 117 103 599
Unknown 1 0 0 0 0 1
Utah 0 0 1 0 0 1
Vermont 2 1 0 0 0 3
Virginia 2 4 2 1 2 11
Washington 5 2 3 1 1 12
West Virginia 2 0 0 0 0 2
Wisconsin 1 0 1 1 1 4
Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

37
 Table STM-17: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Market-countries
Market-country 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Cases
Albania 0 1 0 0 0 1
Argentina 0 0 0 1 0 1
Australia 1 0 1 0 0 2
Bahamas 28 9 10 8 5 60
Barbados 1 0 0 0 0 1
Belize 0 1 2 1 1 5
Bolivia 9 1 0 0 0 10
Brazil 12 5 6 0 0 23
Cambodia 0 1 1 0 0 2
Canada 14 17 22 14 25 92
Chile 0 4 2 0 0 6
China 2 1 0 0 0 3
Colombia 1 2 0 2 4 9
Costa Rica 0 1 1 0 1 3
Cuba 0 0 1 0 0 1
Dominica 2 1 0 1 0 4
Dominican Republic 12 1 2 3 2 20
Ecuador 1 1 0 0 0 2
El Salvador 7 7 4 0 0 18
France 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ghana 1 1 0 0 0 2
Grenada 0 0 1 0 0 1
Guadeloupe 2 0 0 0 0 2
Guatemala 2 2 3 4 0 11
Guyana 2 0 0 0 0 2
Haiti 14 8 5 4 4 35
Honduras 2 1 5 2 0 10
Indonesia 3 0 1 0 0 4
Iraq 1 0 3 1 2 7
Israel 0 0 0 0 1 1
Italy 1 1 0 0 0 2
Jamaica 3 4 3 0 2 12
Japan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Jordan 1 0 0 0 0 1
Lebanon 0 1 0 1 0 2
Liberia 0 1 0 0 0 1
Mali 0 0 0 1 0 1
Martinique 0 0 0 0 1 1
Mexico 189 236 202 202 182 1,011
Micronesia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Nigeria 1 0 1 0 0 2
Pakistan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Panama 3 5 1 3 0 12
Paraguay 2 2 1 1 1 7
Philippines 3 0 0 0 0 3
Russia 0 1 1 0 1 3
Saint Kitts 1 1 0 0 0 2
Saint Lucia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Saint Vincent 1 0 0 0 0 1
Saudi Arabia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Spain 0 0 0 0 1 1
Suriname 1 1 0 0 0 2
Sweden 0 0 1 0 0 1
Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 1 1 1 4
Turkey 2 0 0 0 0 2
Ukraine 0 1 2 0 0 3
United Kingdom 0 1 0 1 0 2
Venezuela 1 0 0 0 0 1

Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

38
 Table STM-19: U.S. to Foreign Trafficking: Pipelines
Pipeline 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Total Cases
Alabama to Honduras 0 0 1 0 0 1
Alabama to Mexico 1 0 1 1 1 4
Alabama to Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 1 0 0 1
Arizona to Australia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Arizona to Canada 1 0 0 0 2 3
Arizona to China 1 0 0 0 0 1
Arizona to Mexico 73 68 64 72 72 349
Arizona to Micronesia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Arkansas to Canada 0 0 0 0 1 1
Arkansas to El Salvador 0 1 0 0 0 1
Arkansas to Mexico 0 0 0 1 2 3
California to Australia 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Cambodia 0 1 1 0 0 2
California to El Salvador 2 2 0 0 0 4
California to Ghana 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Guatemala 0 0 1 0 0 1
California to Indonesia 1 0 0 0 0 1
California to Mexico 5 9 5 2 1 22
Colorado to Brazil 0 1 0 0 0 1
Colorado to Haiti 0 0 0 1 0 1
Colorado to Mali 0 0 0 1 0 1
Colorado to Mexico 1 0 1 1 1 4
Delaware to China 1 1 0 0 0 2
Florida to Argentina 0 0 0 1 0 1
Florida to Bahamas 27 9 9 8 5 58
Florida to Bolivia 9 1 0 0 0 10
Florida to Brazil 10 3 4 0 0 17
Florida to Canada 0 4 2 2 4 12
Florida to Chile 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to Colombia 1 1 0 1 4 7
Florida to Costa Rica 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to Dominican Republic 8 1 1 1 0 11
Florida to Ecuador 1 1 0 0 0 2
Florida to El Salvador 1 0 0 0 0 1
Florida to France 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to Guatemala 0 0 0 3 0 3
Florida to Haiti 14 8 4 2 4 3
Florida to Honduras 1 0 2 2 0 5
Florida to Jamaica 3 0 0 0 2 5
Florida to Mexico 0 0 2 1 0 3
Florida to Nigeria 1 0 0 0 0 1
Florida to Pakistan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Florida to Panama 3 2 1 2 0 8
Florida to Paraguay 2 1 0 1 1 5
Florida to Philippines 1 0 0 0 0 1
Florida to Saint Kitts 0 1 0 0 0 1
Florida to Saint Lucia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to Saint Vincent 1 0 0 0 0 1
Florida to Spain 0 0 0 0 1 1
Florida to Suriname 1 1 0 0 0 2
Florida to Sweden 0 0 1 0 0 1
Florida to Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 1 0 1
Florida to United Kingdom 0 1 0 1 0 2
Florida to Venezuela 1 0 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Bahamas 0 0 1 0 0 1
Georgia to Canada 1 8 3 1 0 13
Georgia to Dominica 0 1 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Dominican Republic 1 0 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Ghana 0 1 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Grenada 0 0 1 0 0 1
Georgia to Haiti 0 0 1 1 0 2
Georgia to Israel 0 0 0 0 1 1
Georgia to Italy 0 1 0 0 0 1
Georgia to Jamaica 0 3 2 0 0 5
Georgia to Mexico 1 2 4 0 1 8
Idaho to Jamaica 0 1 0 0 0 1
Idaho to Mexico 1 0 0 0 0 1

39
Illinois to Belize 0 1 0 1 1 3
Illinois to El Salvador 0 0 1 0 0 1
Illinois to Mexico 1 0 2 0 1 4
Illinois to Russia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Illinois to Ukraine 0 0 1 0 0 1
Indiana to Canada 1 0 0 0 0 1
Indiana to Mexico 1 2 0 0 1 4
Iowa to Mexico 0 0 0 1 0 1
Kansas to Brazil 0 0 1 0 0 1
Kansas to Iraq 0 0 0 0 1 1
Kansas to Mexico 0 0 0 1 1 2
Kentucky to Canada 0 0 1 1 0 2
Kentucky to Guatemala 1 0 0 0 0 1
Kentucky to Mexico 1 1 0 0 0 2
Kentucky to Paraguay 0 0 1 0 0 1
Louisiana to Mexico 0 2 0 0 1 3
Louisiana to Panama 0 0 0 1 0 1
Maine to Canada 2 0 0 2 0 4
Maine to Saint Kitts 1 0 0 0 0 1
Maryland to Paraguay 0 1 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts to Saint Kitts 1 0 0 0 0 1
Massachusetts to Turkey 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Albania 0 1 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Canada 2 1 5 1 0 9
Michigan to Guadeloupe 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Jordan 1 0 0 0 0 1
Michigan to Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 1
Minnesota to Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 1
Mississippi to Belize 0 0 0 1 0 1
Mississippi to Guatemala 0 1 1 0 0 2
Missouri to Brazil 1 0 0 0 0 1
Missouri to El Salvador 1 0 0 0 0 1
Missouri to Mexico 0 0 0 1 0 1
Nebraska to Iraq 0 0 0 0 1 1
Nebraska to Mexico 1 0 0 0 0 1
Nevada to Belize 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to Brazil 0 0 1 0 0 1
Nevada to El Salvador 0 1 0 0 0 1
Nevada to Guatemala 1 0 0 0 0 1
Nevada to Mexico 1 8 2 1 1 13
New Hampshire to Canada 2 0 0 0 0 2
New Hampshire to Dominican Republic 0 0 0 1 0 1
New Hampshire to Indonesia 1 0 0 0 0 1
New Hampshire to Lebanon 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Jersey to El Salvador 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Jersey to Philippines 1 0 0 0 0 1
New Jersey to Ukraine 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Mexico to Mexico 1 5 4 3 4 17
New York to Canada 2 0 1 1 0 4
New York to Dominican Republic 0 0 0 0 1 1
New York to Trinidad and Tobago 1 0 0 0 0 1
New York to Turkey 1 0 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to Costa Rica 0 1 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to Honduras 0 0 1 0 0 1
North Carolina to Liberia 0 1 0 0 0 1
North Carolina to Mexico 0 2 0 1 0 3
Ohio to Canada 2 2 7 0 5 16
Ohio to Dominican Republic 1 0 0 0 1 2
Ohio to Guadeloupe 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio to Guyana 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ohio to Jamaica 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ohio to Mexico 0 0 1 2 0 3
Ohio to Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 0 1 1
Oklahoma to Iraq 0 0 1 0 0 1
Oklahoma to Mexico 2 1 3 2 2 10
Pennsylvania to Canada 0 0 1 1 0 2
Pennsylvania to Dominican Republic 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to El Salvador 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Guyana 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pennsylvania to Iraq 1 0 0 0 0 1

40
Pennsylvania to Saudi Arabia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Rhode Island to Dominican Republic 1 0 0 1 0 2
Rhode Island to Mexico 1 0 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to Canada 0 0 0 1 0 1
South Carolina to Honduras 1 0 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to Mexico 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Carolina to Panama 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Dakota to Mexico 0 0 0 1 0 1
Tennessee to Brazil 1 0 0 0 0 1
Tennessee to Canada 0 0 0 0 2 2
Tennessee to Colombia 0 0 0 1 0 1
Tennessee to Mexico 0 0 2 0 0 2
Texas to Belize 0 0 1 0 0 1
Texas to Canada 0 0 1 4 9 14
Texas to Chile 0 4 1 0 0 5
Texas to Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to Cuba 0 0 1 0 0 1
Texas to Dominica 0 0 0 1 0 1
Texas to El Salvador 1 2 3 0 0 6
Texas to Guatemala 0 1 0 1 0 2
Texas to Honduras 0 1 1 0 0 2
Texas to Indonesia 1 0 0 0 0 1
Texas to Iraq 0 0 2 1 0 3
Texas to Lebanon 0 0 0 1 0 1
Texas to Martinique 0 0 0 0 1 1
Texas to Mexico 103 138 116 109 92 558
Texas to Nigeria 0 0 1 0 0 1
Texas to Panama 0 1 0 0 0 1
Texas to Russia 0 1 0 0 1 2
Unknown to Bahamas 1 0 0 0 0 1
Utah to Mexico 0 0 1 0 0 1
Vermont to Canada 2 1 0 0 0 3
Virginia to Barbados 1 0 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Brazil 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Canada 0 1 0 0 2 3
Virginia to Colombia 0 1 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Dominican Republic 0 0 1 0 0 1
Virginia to El Salvador 1 0 0 0 0 1
Virginia to Guatemala 0 0 1 0 0 1
Virginia to Mexico 0 0 0 1 0 1
Virginia to Panama 0 1 0 0 0 1
Washington to Canada 2 0 1 0 0 3
Washington to Indonesia 0 0 1 0 0 1
Washington to Italy 1 0 0 0 0 1
Washington to Japan 0 1 0 0 0 1
Washington to Mexico 1 1 0 1 1 4
Washington to Philippines 1 0 0 0 0 1
Washington to Ukraine 0 0 1 0 0 1
West Virginia to Dominica 2 0 0 0 0 2
West Virginia to Guadeloupe 2 0 0 0 0 2
Wisconsin to Canada 1 0 0 0 0 1
Wisconsin to Mexico 0 0 1 1 1 3

Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

41
 Table STM-20: Foreign to U.S. Trafficking: Source-countries
Total
Source-country 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Cases
China 3 8 19 17 5 52
Mexico 2 3 4 2 1 12
Russia 2 0 2 2 2 8
Sweden 1 4 0 0 0 5
Canada 1 0 0 1 2 4
Germany 1 1 1 0 0 3
Turkey 0 1 0 0 1 2
Brazil 1 1 0 0 0 2
Jamaica 1 0 1 0 0 2
Ukraine 2 0 0 0 0 2
Czechia 0 0 0 0 1 1
Romania 0 0 0 0 1 1
Iraq 0 0 1 0 0 1
Italy 0 1 0 0 0 1
New Zealand 0 1 0 0 0 1
Philippines 0 1 0 0 0 1
South Africa 0 1 0 0 0 1
Estonia 1 0 0 0 0 1
Malaysia 1 0 0 0 0 1
Poland 1 0 0 0 0 1
Note: Categories are not mutually exclusive.

42
 ENDNOTES
1
Three of the 12 foreign to U.S. trafficking cases involving Mexico as a source country also involved Mexico as a
target country in U.S. to foreign trafficking.
2
Due to low yearly case counts, a trend analysis could only be performed for China.

43