Machine learning| CSC 423|kibabii univesirty

Lesson one:
MACHINE LEARNING
Introduction to
Machine Learning
 Introduction
❖
AI systems can be divided into two broad categories:

‣ Knowledge representation systems (Expert Systems)

‣ Machine learning systems. - they create new knowledge by

finding previously unknown patterns in data. In contrast to
knowledge representation approaches, which model the
problem-solving structure of human experts, machine
learning systems derive solutions by "learning" patterns in
data, with little or no intervention by an expert
 What is Machine Learning?
❖
In the real world, we are surrounded by humans who can learn everything
from their experiences with their learning capability, and we have computers
or machines which work on our instructions. But can a machine also learn
from experiences or past data like a human does? So here comes the role of
Machine Learning.
❖
The term Machine Learning (ML) was first coined in the 1950s
when Artificial Intelligence pioneer Arthur Samuel built the first
self-learning system for playing checkers. He noticed that the
more the system played, the better it performed.
❖
Fueled by advances in statistics and computer science, as well as
better datasets and the growth of neural networks, machine
learning has truly taken off in recent years.
❖
Today whether you realize or not, Machine learning is
everywhere
 Traditional Computing and Machine Learning

❖
Although machine learning is a field within computer science, it differs from traditional
computational approaches.
❖
In traditional computing, algorithms are sets of explicitly programmed instructions used
by computers to calculate or problem solve. A programmer writes a series of directions
that instruct a computer how to transform input data into a desired output. Instructions
are mostly based on an IF-THEN structure: when certain conditions are met, the
program executes a specific action.
❖
Machine learning, on the other hand, is an automated process that enables machines to
solve problems with little or no human input, and take actions based on past
observations.
❖
Machine learning algorithms allow for computers to train on data inputs and use
statistical analysis in order to output values that fall within a specific range.
❖
Because of this, machine learning facilitates computers in building models from sample
data in order to automate decision-making
processes based on data inputs.
Difference Between Machine
Learning and Artificial Intelligence

❖
While artificial intelligence (AI) and machine
learning are often used interchangeably, they are
two different concepts.
❖
AI is the broader concept – machines making
decisions, learning new skills, and solving problems in a similar way to humans –
❖
whereas machine learning is a subset/branch of AI that enables intelligent systems to
autonomously learn new things from data or enables computers to “self-learn” from
training data and improve over time, without being explicitly programmed.
❖
The goal of machine learning generally is to understand the structure of data and fit that
data into models that can be understood and utilized by people.
Difference Between Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

Artificial intelligence is a technology which Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows a

enables a machine to simulate human machine to automatically learn from past data
behavior. without programming explicitly.

The goal of AI is to make a smart computer

system like humans to solve complex The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn from
problems. data so that they can give accurate output.

In AI, we make intelligent systems to In ML, we teach machines with data to perform a
perform any task like a human. particular task and give an accurate result.
Machine learning and deep learning are the Deep learning is a main subset of machine
two main subsets of AI. learning.

AI has a very wide range of scope. Machine learning has a limited scope.
Difference Between Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

AI is working to create an intelligent system Machine learning is working to create machines that can
which can perform various complex tasks. perform only those specific tasks for which they are trained.
AI system is concerned about maximizing the Machine learning is mainly concerned about accuracy and
chances of success. patterns.

The main applications of AI are Siri, customer The main applications of machine learning are Online
support using catboats, Expert System, Online recommender system, Google search algorithms, Facebook
game playing, intelligent humanoid robot, etc. auto friend tagging suggestions, etc.
 On the basis of capabilities, AI can be divided
into three types, which are, Weak AI, General
AI, and Strong AI.
It includes learning, reasoning, and
selfcorrection.
Machine learning can also be divided into mainly three types
that are Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, and
Reinforcement learning.
It includes learning and self-correction when introduced with
new data.

AI completely deals with Structured, Machine learning deals with Structured and semistructured
semistructured, and unstructured data. data.
Machine Learning as ‘a Fancy Labeling Machine’

❖
Put simply, machine learning is a fancy labeling machine as described by Google’s
Chief Decision Scientist.
❖
Instead of programming machine learning algorithms to perform tasks, you can feed
them examples of labeled data (known as training data), which helps them make
calculations, process data, and identify patterns automatically.
❖
After teaching machines to label things like apples and pears, by showing them
examples of fruit, eventually they will start labeling apples and pears without any
help – provided they have learned from appropriate and accurate training examples.
❖
The algorithms are able to detect patterns in data and learn from them, in order to
make their own predictions. In short, machine learning algorithms and models learn
through experience.
Machine Learning can be defined in a summarized way as:
❖
Machine learning enables a machine to automatically learn from data, improve performance
from experiences, and predict things without being explicitly programmed.
❖
With the help of sample historical data, which is known as training data, machine learning
algorithms build a mathematical model that helps in making predictions or decisions
without being explicitly programmed.
❖
Machine learning brings computer science and statistics together for creating predictive
models. Machine learning constructs or uses the algorithms that learn from historical data.
The more we will provide the information, the higher will be the performance.
A machine has the ability to learn if it can improve its performance by gaining more data.
Machine Learning Vs Deep
learning

❖
https://www.javatpoint.com/deep-learning-vsmachine-
learning-vs-artificial-intelligence
❖

History of Machine Learning

❖
Milestones that have occurred in the history of machine learning:
How does Machine Learning
work?
❖
A Machine Learning system learns from historical data, builds the prediction
models, and whenever it receives new data, predicts the output for it.
❖
The accuracy of predicted output depends upon the amount of data, as the huge
amount of data helps to build a better model which predicts the output more
accurately.
❖
Suppose we have a complex problem, where we need to perform some predictions,
so instead of writing a code for it, we just need to feed the data to generic
algorithms, and with the help of these algorithms, machine builds the logic as per
the data and predict the output.
 ❖ The below block
diagram explains
the working of
Machine Learning
algorithm:

Features of Machine Learning

❖
Machine learning uses data to detect various patterns in a
given dataset.
❖
It can learn from past data and improve automatically. ❖ It is a
data-driven technology.
❖
Machine learning is much similar to data mining as it also
deals with the huge amount of the data.
Applications of Machine learning/Use
cases
❖
Any technology user today has benefitted from machine learning.
❖
Machine learning applications and use cases are nearly endless,
especially as we begin to work from home more (or have hybrid offices),
become more tied to our smartphones, and use machine learning-
guided technology to get around.
❖
Machine learning in finance, healthcare, hospitality, government, and
beyond, is already in regular use. Businesses are beginning to see the
benefits of using machine learning tools to improve their processes, gain
valuable insights from unstructured data, and automate tasks that would
otherwise require hours of tedious, manual work (which usually
produces much less accurate results).
 Applications - Benefits
Machine learning is driving innovation in many fields, and every day we’re seeing new
interesting use cases emerge. Overall benefits of machine learning include:
❖ Capable of doing tasks that are too complex for a person to implement directly. Machine
learning can be put to work on massive amounts of data and can perform much more
accurately than humans. As a human, we have some limitations as we cannot access the huge
amount of data manually, Machine learning models are trained with a certain amount of
labeled data and will use it to make predictions on unseen data. Based on this data, machines
define a set of rules that they apply to all datasets, helping them provide consistent and
accurate results.
❖ It’s cost-effective and scalable. You only need to train a machine learning model once, and you
can scale up or down depending on how much data you receive. The performance of the
machine learning algorithm depends on the amount of data, and it can be determined by the
cost function.
❖ Works in real-time, 24/7. Machine learning models can automatically analyze data in real-time,
allowing you to immediately detect negative opinions or urgent tickets and take action.
❖ With the help of machine learning, we can save both time and money
Following are some key points which show the importance of
Machine Learning:
❖
Rapid increment in the production of data
❖
Solving complex problems, which are difficult for a human
❖
Decision making in various sector including finance
❖
 ❖
Finding hidden
patterns and
extracting useful
information from
data.
❖
Machine learning is a buzzword for
today's technology, and it is
growing very rapidly day by day.
We are using machine learning in
our daily life even without knowing
it such as Google Maps, Google
assistant, Alexa, etc.

Below are some most trending real-world applications of Machine Learning

Examples of machine learning use cases:
❖ UberEats uses machine learning to estimate optimum times for drivers to pick up food
orders
❖ while Spotify leverages machine learning to offer personalized content and personalized
marketing
❖ Dell uses machine learning text analysis to save hundreds of hours analyzing thousands of
employee surveys to listen to the voice of employee (VoE) and improve employee
satisfaction.
❖ Google Maps uses machine learning to predicts peaks in trafficFacial recognition
technology allows social media platforms to help users tag and share photos of friends.
❖ Optical character recognition (OCR) technology converts images of text into movable type
✤
Social Media Monitoring - Using machine learning you can monitor
mentions of your brand on social media and immediately identify if
customers require urgent attention. By detecting mentions from angry
customers, in real-time, you can automatically tag customer feedback and
respond right away. You might also want to analyze customer support
interactions on social media and gauge customer satisfaction (CSAT), to see
how well your team is performing.
✤
Natural Language Processing gives machines the ability to break down
spoken or written language much like a human would, to process “natural”
language, so machine learning can handle text from practically any source.

❖
Customer Service & Customer Satisfaction

‣ Machine learning allows you to integrate powerful text analysis tools

with customer support tools, so you can analyze your emails, live
chats, and all manner of internal data on the go. You can use machine
 learning to tag support tickets and route them to the correct teams or
auto-respond to common queries so you never leave a customer in
the cold.
‣ Furthermore, using machine learning to set up a voice of customer
(VoC) program and a customer feedback loop will ensure that you
follow the customer journey from start to finish to improve the
customer experience (CX), decrease customer churn, and, ultimately,
increase
❖
Image Recognition
Image recognition is helping companies identify and classify
images. For example, facial recognition technology is being used
as a form of identification, from unlocking phones to making
payments.
 Self-driving cars also use image recognition to perceive space
and obstacles. For example, they can learn to recognize stop
signs, identify intersections, and make decisions based on what
they see.
❖
Virtual Assistants
‣ Virtual assistants, like Siri, Alexa, Google Now, all make use of
machine learning to automatically process and answer voice
requests. They quickly scan information, remember related
queries, learn from previous interactions, and send commands to
other apps, so they can collect information and deliver the most
effective answer.
‣ Customer support teams are already using virtual assistants to
handle phone calls, automatically route support tickets, to the
 correct teams, and speed up interactions with customers via
computer-generated responses

❖
Stock Market Trading -
‣ Machine learning algorithms can be trained to identify trading
opportunities, by recognizing patterns and behaviors in
historical data. Humans are often driven by emotions when it
comes to making investments, so sentiment analysis with
machine learning can play a huge role in identifying good and
bad investing opportunities, with no human bias, whatsoever.
They can even save time and allow traders more time away
from their screens by automating tasks.
❖
Product Recommendations

‣ Association rule-learning is a machine learning technique that can be used to

analyze purchasing habits at the supermarket or on e-commerce sites. It works
by searching for relationships between variables and finding common
associations in transactions (products that consumers usually buy together).
This data is then used for product placement strategies and similar product
recommendations.
‣ Associated rules can also be useful to plan a marketing campaign or analyze
web usage.
‣ Netflix uses machine learning to create personalized movie recommendations
and even informs the creation of new content based on user preferences

References
✓
Tagliaferri Lisa, 2022. An Introduction to Machine
 Learning. https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/ an-
introduction-to-machine-learning
✓
An Introduction to Machine Learning. https://
monkeylearn.com/machine-learning/
✓
Machine Learning Tutorials. https://
www.javatpoint.com/machine-learning