EMERGING TRENDS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING

GROUP TWO
Name RegNo Students Number
Baluku Habert 2022/HD05/1134U 2200701134
Mubangizi Joab
Matovu Isaac
Emesu Jacob 2022/HD05/5577U 2200705577
Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), are
considered to be game-changers across many industries and sectors, such as telecommunication,
construction, transportation, healthcare, manufacturing, advertising, and education (Reddy. et al,
2019). AI will have an increasingly important role in higher education as it allows students to
have a personalized approach to learning issues based on their own unique experiences and
preferences. AI-based digital learning solutions can adapt to individual student's level of
knowledge, learning rates, and desired goals to get the most out of their education. Furthermore,
it has the potential to analyze students' previous learning histories to identify weaknesses and
offer courses best suited for an improved personalized learning experience (Kokku, 2018). At the
same time, the use of AI can reduce the time needed for routine administrative tasks, allowing
teachers in higher education to focus more on teaching and research (Pokrivcákova, 2019). The
advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the use of digitization in university education
(Cone. et al, 2021). All higher education institutions were forced to switch to digital channels for
teaching. Therefore, educational institutions, including students, are discussing this new
paradigm shift and its effects on the post-COVID-19 era. AI can open new possibilities for
digital education in terms of augmenting teaching (Popenici, 2017) and facilitating future digital
education. Digital education refers to "teaching and learning activities that make use of digital
technology as part of in-person, blended, and fully online learning contexts" (VanLeeuwen,
2020). Digital education is seen as the effective integration of digital technologies in student
learning and teaching (Taglietti. et al, 2021). As a part of digital technologies, AI deals with
intelligent applications and machines to solve real-world problems. ML is a subset of AI that
provides the ability to learn and improve from experiences and data automatically, whereas DL
is a subset of ML methods; it provides the ability to analyze different factors and structures
similar to human brain thinking to solve complex problems (Rajendran, 2021). Thus, it is of
utmost importance to carefully analyze these challenges from an academic perspective.
Artificial Intelligence /Machine Learning
Refers to technologies that are currently developing or that are expected to be available within
the next five to ten years
Such technologies include;
 Educational Technology such as cloud-based learning, Apps, interactive online tools
 Information Technology such as Telephone, Radio
 Biotechnology such as Genetically Modified Crops
 Robotics
 Artificial intelligence used in food packaging, car assembly lines
 Artificial intelligence is the process of creating Human Intelligence in Machines. The
ability of the computer to perform human-like tasks and replicate human-like thinking
and behavior. Artificial intelligence systems always behave according to rules that have
been programmed into them.
Artificial intelligence imitates human intelligence in the following areas;
 Reasoning by concluding a situation
 Learning through trial and error and applying to new situations
 Problem-solving doing all possible actions to reach the goal given
 Language includes interpreting various signs and symbols in addition to Language
 Perception is the process by which sensory information captured in the real world is
interpreted, acquired, selected, and then organized

In general, artificial intelligence is the practice of designing computer systems to make

intelligent decisions based on context rather than direct input. It is important to understand that
AI systems always behave according to the rules that have been programmed. Consider a
computer playing chess; this may not strike many people today as AI, but it certainly fits the
definition of a system that has been given rules and calculates probabilities and decisions on the
fly based on the moves of the opponent.
AI is a bigger concept to create intelligent machines that can simulate human thinking capability
and behavior, whereas, machine learning is an application or subset of AI that allows machines
to learn from data without being programmed explicitly.
The Artificial intelligence system does not require to be pre-programmed, instead of that, they
use such algorithms which can work with their own intelligence. It involves machine learning
algorithms such as Reinforcement learning algorithms and deep learning neural networks. AI is
being used in multiple places such as Siri, and Google. s AlphaGo, AI in Chess playing, etc.
Based on capabilities, AI can be classified into three types:
Weak AI
General AI
Strong AI
Currently, we are working with weak AI and general AI. The future of AI is Strong AI for which
it is said that it will be more intelligent than humans.
There are specific trends that have contributed to this situation, and these trends are the required
components as companies build AI into their plans.
Machine learning
Machine learning is about extracting knowledge from the data. It can be defined as,
Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence, which enables machines to learn from
past data or experiences without being explicitly programmed.
Machine learning enables a computer system to make predictions or take some decisions using
historical data without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning uses a massive amount of
structured and semi-structured data so that a machine learning model can generate accurate
results or give predictions based on that data.
This focuses on the use of data and algorithms to imitate the way that humans learn. It is the
vehicle that drives Artificial intelligence to greater heights
 The key to Machine Learning is Neural Networks. This is a computer system designed to
work by classifying information in the same way a human brain does. It can be taught to
recognize, for example, images, and classify them according to the elements they contain.
An Example here is Face Detection

 Machine learning works on an algorithm that learns on its own using historical data. It
works only for specific domains such as if we are creating a machine learning model to
detect pictures of dogs, it will only give results for dog images, but if we provide new
data like cat images then it will become unresponsive. Machine learning is being used in
 various places such as online recommender systems, Google search algorithms, Email
spam filters, and for Facebook Auto friend tagging suggestions.

 Supervised learning
 Reinforcement learning
 Unsupervised learning

Key differences between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine learning (ML): (Jaiswal, 2011)

Artificial Intelligence Machine learning

Artificial intelligence is a technology that enables a Machine learning is a subset of AI which allows a machine t
machine to simulate human behavior. automatically learn from past data without programming explicitly.

The goal of AI is to make a smart computer system The goal of ML is to allow machines to learn from data so
like humans to solve complex problems. that they can give accurate output.

In AI, we make intelligent systems to perform any In ML, we teach machines with data to perform a particular
task like a human. task and give an accurate result.

Machine learning and deep learning are the two main Deep learning is the main subset of machine learning.
subsets of AI.

AI has a very wide range of scope. Machine learning has a limited scope.

AI is working to create an intelligent system that can Machine learning is working to create machines that can
perform various complex tasks. perform only those specific tasks for which they are trained.

AI system is concerned with maximizing the chances Machine learning is mainly concerned with accuracy and patterns.
of success.

The main applications of AI are Siri, customer The main applications of machine learning are 
support using catboats, Expert System, Online Online recommender system, Google search algorithms, 
game playing, the intelligent humanoid robot, etc. Facebook auto friend tagging suggestions, etc.

Based on capabilities, AI can be divided into three Machine learning can also be divided
types, which are, Weak AI, General AI, and Strong
AI. into mainly three types that are Supervised learning, 
Unsupervised learning, and Reinforcement learning.

It includes learning, reasoning, and self-correction. It includes learning and self-correction when
introduced to new data.

AI completely deals with Structured, semi- Machine learning deals with Structured and semi-structured data.
structured, and unstructured data.

Factors driving Artificial intelligence

Ubiquitous data: As storage costs drop and companies learn how to manage unstructured data,
there is exponential growth in the amount of data available for input, context, and decision-
making.
Advanced hardware: An aggressive technology strategy drives a more tailored approach, and
GPU-based systems are becoming popular options for AI activity (with many companies opting
to use cloud providers rather than invest in on-prem equipment).
Powerful algorithms: Based on the type of data being used and the type of activity being
performed, many new machine learning algorithms have emerged to optimize predictions and
behavior, with deep learning as one of the most prominent examples. (CompTIA, 12)
Types of Artificial intelligence
 Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) is designed to perform singular tasks. This is
intelligent at completing the specific task it is programmed to do. For example; facial
recognition, speech recognition, voice assistance, driving a car
 Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is; Concept of a machine with general intelligence
that imitates human intelligence or behavior with the ability to learn and apply its
intelligence to solve any problem. This has not been implemented yet!
 Artificial super Intelligence (ASI); It is a hypothetical Artificial intelligence that not only
imitates human intelligence and behavior, but machines also become self-aware and
surpass the capacity of human intelligence and ability
  Note: in the future Artificial intelligence will be as smart as humans. Artificial
intelligence will replace humans in areas that involve routine Jobs.
Applications of AI and machine learning
The education sector is one of Uganda's big priorities with an emphasis on science, Technology,
Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM).
The potential of using artificial intelligence in education to enhance learning, assist teachers, and
fuel more effective individualized learning is exciting, but also a bit daunting. To even have an
intelligent conversation about AI in education, one must first push past imaginary science-fiction
scenarios of computers and robots teaching our children, replacing teachers, and reducing the
human element from what is a fundamentally human activity.

Use cases of technology/ Artificial intelligence in Education

 Online Classes and Video Conferencing Online education has become the new normal,
because of COVID-19 there was a global shift of education to online and e-
learning platforms
 Online Libraries and E-Reading. E-reading and online libraries have made access to
books for everyone all over the world extremely easy. Through technology, we can get
access to digital and audiobooks instantly.
 Adaptive Learning. “Used to teach students basic and advanced skills by assessing their
present skill level and creating a guided instructional experience that helps them become
proficient.”
 Assistive Technology.  AI can help special needs students access a more equitable
education, for example by “reading passages to a visually impaired student.”
 Early Childhood Education. “AI is currently being used to power interactive games that
teach children basic academic skills and more.”
 Data and Learning Analytics. “AI is currently being used by teachers and education
administrators to analyze and interpret data,” enabling them to make better-informed
decisions.
 AR, VR, and Gamification in learning the most amazing part of the technological impact
on education are that it is making education fun! Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual
Reality (VR), and gamification of educational material has made the learning experience
more fruitful and engaging (Simplilearn, 2022)

How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Identify and Treat Cancer

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into pathology and oncology is now helping doctors
detect, manage, and treat several different kinds of cancer.
Although many studies evaluating cancer-related AI applications are still being validated and
tested, the results so far indicate that artificial intelligence could have a massive positive effect
on the future of healthcare around the world.
Here is some of the latest news on how researchers are using AI to assist radiologists,
oncologists, and other clinicians with treating their patients.
Detecting Cervical Pre cancer with AI
AI Program Helps Doctors Detect Prostate Cancer
Accelerating the Discovery of Cancer Drugs
Identifying Gene Mutations in Tumors (Marr, How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Identify and
Treat Cancer, 2022)
Artificial Intelligence is the broader concept of machines being able to carry out tasks in a way
that we would consider “smart”.
And,
Machine Learning is a current application of AI based on the idea that we should just be able to
give machines access to data and let them learn for themselves.
Generalized AIs – systems or devices which can in theory handle any task – are less common,
but this is where some of the most exciting advancements are happening today. It is also the area
that has led to the development of Machine Learning. Often referred to as a subset of AI, it's
more accurate to think of it as the current state-of-the-art (Marr, What Is The Difference Between
Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning? 2016)

Potential economic and social benefits of Artificial intelligence for a developing economy

 Smarter Policymaking. AI has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of
each stage of policymaking by giving decision-makers the tools to deliver more value to
 their constituents. AI and data analytics can make sense of demographic, consumption,
behavioral, and other trends in nearly all government sectors, thus helping policymakers
identify emerging issues and intervene with smarter policies and a more accurate
understanding of their impact and costs.
 Improved Service Delivery. The second benefit of AI for governments is providing
citizen services more effectively and even developing new services. For example,
governments can use job seeker data (such as work history, educational background,
socioeconomic circumstances, and other relevant factors) to optimize the types of
supplemental support that employment agencies offer, based on the interventions that
have been most effective for similar job seekers
 More Efficient Operations and Processes. AI-based process improvements have helped
leading organizations increase the efficiency of internal operations and processes. For
instance, AI-enabled procurement processes allow decision-makers to identify
inefficiencies and potential cost savings in the products and services they purchase
 AI and digital technologies enable governments to create an entirely new citizen
experience, with a single entry point connecting people with all relevant government
services.
 Prioritizing investments; one of the most fundamental challenges for government leaders
is a lack of clear success metrics, which creates related issues in determining how to
allocate financial resources. (Smith & Neupane, 2018-04)

Challenges of adapting  Artificial intelligence in Uganda

 Unclear goals; Without a clear AI strategy and goals, firms frequently overlook the most
important places to begin adopting AI, resulting in lost value and faith that investing in
 AI is the right decision. While the push for automation and AI is frequently a grassroots
effort, the enthusiasm may be misdirected without leadership guidance.
 Poor business alignment; Top challenges to AI deployment include a company culture
that does not recognize the need for AI and difficulties establishing commercial use
cases. To identify AI business cases, managers must have a thorough awareness of AI
technology, including its capabilities and limits.
 Fear of job loss Artificial intelligence faces resistance from employees in organizations
who suspect losing their positions or being made redundant in the name of Artificial
intelligence
 Integration challenges. Integrating AI into your existing systems is a more involved
process than installing a browser plugin. It’s time to build up the interface and aspects
that will address your company’s needs. Some regulations are hard-coded. We must think
about data infrastructure, data storage, labeling,
 Infrastructure. Artificial intelligence-based solutions provide daily utility through high
internet speeds. Artificial intelligence systems achieve these speeds under the condition
that a company has suitable infrastructure and premium processing capabilities. Although
companies that develop artificial intelligence or adopt it should be ready to bring their IT
services to a new level, replacing outdated infrastructure with traditional legacy systems
remains one of the biggest challenges for many IT companies. and data feeding into the
system.

Ethical issues about Artificial Intelligence/ Machine learning.

“Just because we can, doesn’t mean we should” could be something to keep in mind
when it comes to innovating with technology.
 Artificial Intelligence is a great example of a space in which we can build whatever we
like and then some, but should we?
Ethics (noun): moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or the conducting of an
activity. ( “many scientists question the ethics of cruel experiments”)
We, humans, have something called "a moral compass". It's an agent that sits in our
brains and tells us what is right from wrong. When you see an injustice, your brain tells
you something isn't right. The actions that come from it are up to you.
Artificial Intelligence is lacking such a compass. it's lacking any kind of compass.
Artificial Intelligence can only separate right from wrong based on data that has the label
"right" and the label "wrong" attached to it
AI doesn’t have awareness of itself, nor does it have something called “empathy” which
is the fundament of ethics. The only moral compass there is when talking about AI, is that
of its developer who then sets the bar for what is right and what is wrong
So, why is Ethics in technology such a big deal?
Well, if we don’t build technology based on ethics and make sure we understand the
outcome of every algorithm we implement, we’re running the risk of not being ethical.
And with that, I don’t mean “use a knife and fork when eating” ethical. I mean not being
racist or incriminating innocent people.
That time when Facebook developed two talking Artificial Intelligence bots. They were
talking to each other in English for a short while before constructing their language which
the developers could not understand. Is that unethical?
We need to have ethics built into the idea of why a certain piece of technology, equipt
with AI, is being developed.
We need to monitor/check/police the outcomes of that specific piece of technology to
fully understand its behavior and make sure that it's not violating our (human) moral
compass.

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