Nuhad - Static electricity is the result when there is an imbalance between negative and positive

charges in objects. For ex: when you rub your feet on carpet, or charged hair. When your skin is charged with
static electricity and you touch something metal, like a door handle, the metal is very conductive and will quickly discharge the static
electricity, creating a zap or small spark.
Nuhad - A photocopier is a machine that makes copies of documents and other visual images onto
paper
Dillon -The basics from the outside:
1.Open the copier lid
2.Place the document to be photocopied face-down on the glass
3.Select the options you want (number of pages, enlargements, lighter/darker)
4.Press the Start button

Dillon - If you walk into almost any business office, school and many other places you'll probably find
a photocopier. For most businesses and workplaces, small or large, the photocopier has become a
common machine for a business, much like having a desk to work at and a chair to sit in.
Dillon - Photocopiers are used when people need to copy pages and make them into more pages. In a
school often teachers use a photocopier to copy sheets and give the students homework and also at
workplaces when papers need to be distributed

How photocopiers work using static electricity

Nuhad-There are a couple parts to how photocopiers work using static electricity. First, the
materials each have a specific job and contribute to the static electricity use of photocopiers.
These are the materials that are in a photocopier.

Materials:
1. Dillon - The Drum
The drum is a metal roller that is covered with conductive material which is made from a semi
conductor such as selenium, germanium, or silicon. The charge of the drum is positive and is an
essential part of the photocopying process.
2. Dillon- The toner
The toner is a negatively charged fine powder made from plastic that helps create the visual image on
the copy.
3. Dillon - Light and Lenses
Inside the photocopier, a strong light is needed to reflect the parts of the image you are trying to
print onto the drum to make the copy. A mirror is also attached to the lamp that guides the reflected
light through a lens and onto the drum below.
4. Nuhad- The corona wires
Corona Wires are wires which are exposed to high levels of energy, which is then transferred to the
paper and drum in the form of static electricity.
5. Nuhad- The fuser
The fuser is made up of two rollers covered in Teflon (a material used on the fusing roller to prevent
the toner from sticking to the roller as it heats up and presses the toner onto the paper) which makes
the image permanent.
Steps:
 1. Nuhad Step 1 - For the photocopier to start working, the drums must be coated with
positively charged ions from the corona wire. When you start the photocopier, the lamp will
travel towards the paper you want to copy and shine light onto it which makes the drum
begin to rotate. The light will reflect off the blank areas of the paper and make it mirrored to
the drum. Finally, the positively charged ions remain where the light did not strike aka where
the text and photos are.
2.Dillon Step 2- The drum’s rotation is the same speed as the light beam’s movement so it can make
the image bit by bit. The drum then rotates and reveals a new place of conductive material where
photos can be placed on. Then, some tiny negatively charged toner particles press themselves and
make contact against the drums remaining positively charged.
3.Nuhad Step 3- The second corona wire then goes over the sheet that has been used for the copy
and makes it positively charged because opposite charges attract. The positive charge on the sheet is
so strong and attracted that the negatively charged toner is pulled away from the drum onto the
paper.
4. Dillon Step 4- After the paper is finished being photocopied, it will go through the fuser. This
makes sure that the image and toner stay on the paper forever. Finally, when you go to grab your
paper from the photocopier, the drum cleans itself and coats itself with another layer of positive ions,
to be able to work for the next person.
Nuhad- D) Electricity theory?:
For a photocopier to work, a field of positive charges must be generated on the surface of both the
drum and the copy paper. This is why there are corona wires. These wires are subjected to a high
voltage, which they transfer to the drum and paper in the form of static electricity. Static electricity is
an electrical charge that is typically caused by friction just how photocopiers use friction.
Diagram: Nuhad- This is our diagram and there are 6 parts of the copier process.
Dillon- 1.Charging)A metallic wire called a corona wire is stretched to the drum and given high
voltage. This causes a corona discharge to occur from the wire. The discharge exposes the drum
surface with positive and negative charges.
Nuhad- 2.Image Exposure)The light from the lamp exposes the original copy and the light reflected
from the original. When light strikes the photosensitive drum the resistance of the drum surface is
lowered and becomes conductive which allows the positive and negative charges in those lighted
areas to cancel out.
Dillon- 3.Developing) As the drum turns, the electrostatic image passes the developer unit which
contains positively charged toner particles. Where there is a negative charge on the drum the positive
charged toner particle will attract to it.
Nuhad- 4.Transfer) The transfer stage is performed by another negatively charged corona unit. The
corona subjects the back side of the paper to a very strong negative charge which causes the positive
toner to attract to the paper.
Dillon- 5.Fixing)The fixing stage is typically done by running the paper through to heated pressure
rollers thereby melting the toner and pressing it into the paper fibers. Nuhad-
6)Lastly, the drum cleaning. Drum cleaning is done by a mylar blade that rests on the drum surface to
clean the dirt or mold inside the drum. And now, for a brief demonstration. Thanks for listening
Dillon - As you can see I have a piece of paper and a balloon. The paper represents the paper in a
photocopier and the balloon represents the toner since it is negatively charged, the paper is positively
charged. Since they are opposite charges, they attract exactly like it does in the photocopier with the
paper and the toner. This is how a photocopier works from charges.