Chapter - 11 (Class-6)

Light, Shadows and Reflection

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**Light as a form of energy --

 Light is the energy that enables us to see.

 Light is emitted from a source such as the Sun.
 Light itself is not visible but in the presence of light other objects
become visible

**Rectilinear Propagation of Light --

Light takes the quickest path between any two points. Therefore, light travels
in a straight line. This is known as a rectilinear propagation of light.

**Luminous Object (Source of light)-

Objects that emit light and heat are known as luminous objects. For example,
Sun , Fire and other stars

**Non-Luminous Object----
Objects that do not produce their own light but reflect the light emitted by
luminous objects are known as non-luminous objects. Example - Table, planets.
Non-luminous objects can be classified as-
Transparent Objects: Those materials which allows light to pass through
them and the object can be seen clearly through them is called Transparent
Objects. Example : Clean air, Clean Glass
Opaque Objects: Those materials which do not allows light to pass through
them and the object can not be seen through them is called Opaque Objects.
Example : Wooden door
Translucent Objects: Those materials which allows light to pass through
them partially is called Translucent Objects. Example : Butter Paper
**Ray of light-- A straight thin beam of light from a source to an object is
called a ray of light.

**Obstacle-- An object which comes to the path of the light is called an

obstacle.

**Shadow-- Opaque objects do not allow light to pass through them and cast
dark patches behind them. These dark patches are called shadows.
The following three things are required for a shadow to form,

 A source of light
 An opaque object
 A screen or irface behind the object.

**Characteristics of a Shadow--
A shadow has the following three characteristics:

 It is always black, regardless of the colour of the object used to make

the shadow
 It only shows the shape or outline of the object and not the details.
 The size of a shadow varies depending on the distance between the object
and the source of light, and the distance between the object and the
screen.

**Exlipse -- The formation of shadow of one celestial body on another is

space is called eclipse.

**Mirror-- A smooth shining surface, which rebounds the light back in same or
in different directions is called a mirror.

**Image formation by a plane mirror-- We are able to see images through a

mirror. Image formed by a mirror (flat) has following features:

 Reflected image retains the colour of the object.

 Image is erect but laterally inverted.

**Characteristics of images--
i. Images have colour, unlike shadows. They are formed due to the converging
rays of light that comes after reflecting from objects.
ii. A real image is formed by actual convergence of light rays. Real images
always form on a screen.
iii. A virtual image is the apparent convergence of diverging light rays. Virtual
images cannot be obtained on a screen.

**Lateral inversion-- Right side of the object appears as left side in the image
formed by a plane mirror. For example, if we show our right hand, image in the
mirror will show as left hand.

**Reflection of light-- When a ray of light falls on a smooth and polished

surface, light returns back in the same medium. It is called reflection.

Incident Ray - The ray of light that falls on a plane mirror is called Incident
Ray
Reflected Ray - The ray of light that bounces off or returns back after
suffering reflection from a mirror is called reflected ray

**Reflection Surfaces--
We say light is reflected when it bounces off a surface. Reflection of light
helps us to see most of the things around us.

Reflection of light by a surface depends on the nature of the surface. A rough

and bumpy surface (also called an irregular surface) reflects a parallel beam of
light incident upon it in different directions . A good example of a rough
surface is bark of a tree and blanket. This kind of reflection is called diffused
reflection.

A smooth surface (a highly polished surface) reflects a parallel beam of light

incident upon it in one direction. A good example of a smooth surface is a
mirror. When you stand in front of a mirror, you can see yourself in the mirror.
This is called your image.
**Difference between image and shadow :-

**Pinhole camera--
It is a device which forms a photograph-like image of a bright object on a
screen. It is based on the principle that light always travels in a straight line.

**How to make a Pinhole Camera?

Step 1: Take two cardboard boxes one larger than the other such that one
box slides into the other without any gap.
Step 2: Cut out open one side of each box. On the opposite side of the
larger box cut a small hole in the centre.
Step 3: On the opposite side of the smaller box cut a square of about 5 cm
and cover this open area with a tracing paper.
Step 4: Slide the smaller box inside the larger one such that the side with
the tracing paper is on the inside.
Step 5: Cover the camera and your head with a black cloth and then get
ready to observe the distant objects.
**Natural Pin-hole Camera--

When we pass under a tree covered with large number of leaves, we notice that
small patches of sun light under it. These circular images are, in fact, pin hole
images of the Sun. The gaps between the leaves, act as the pin holes. These
gaps are all kinds of irregular shapes, but, we can see circular images of the
Sun. This is called Natural Pin-Hole Camera.

**Sources Of Light--
Any object that gives out light is called a source of light. Luminous objects are
also called sources of light. Sources of light can be natural or artificial.
Examples of natural sources of light are ‘he sun and other stairs and insects
like the firefly. Some artificial sources of light are candle, electric bulb, and
laser.

NCERT --
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1.

2. Opaque: A piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a

CD, an umbrella, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper, a sheet of cardboard

Transparent: Air, water, and a sheet of plane glass

Translucent: A sheet of polythene, smoke, fog, a sheet of cellophane, and a

wire mesh
Luminous: A piece of red hot iron, a lighted fluorescent tube, the flame of a gas
burner, a lighted torch, sun, firefly, kerosene stove

Non-luminous: Air, water, a piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a

wooden board, a sheet of polythene, a CD, smoke, a sheet of plane glass, fog, an
umbrella, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper, a sheet of cardboard, a sheet of
cellophane, a wire mesh, moon

3. Yes, as shown in the image below:

4. No, in a dark room, a mirror reflection of the image will not be shown as the
light will not fall on the mirror to reflect the image due to darkness.

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