P1 Chapter10 Founding Fathers of Pakistan Notes Series PKST BY MR ZUNAIR

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SECTION-2 FOUNDING FATHERS OF PAKISTAN

CHAPTER 10
Pakistan Studies 2059
History & Culture of Pakistan
Chapter Number 10
FOUNDING FATHERS OF PAKISTAN
TABLE OF CONTENT
o TIMELINE FOR CHAPTER
o CHAPTER SUMMARY
o KEY DETAILS & FACTS
o EXPECTED QUESTIONS CHECKLIST
o EXAMPLE SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
o MARKING SCHEME FOR CHAPTER
AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR
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TIMELINE OF CHAPTER
1913 - Jinnah joined All India Muslim league

1916 - Lucknow pact and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1929 - 14 points of Jinnah
1930 - Participation of Jinnah Iqbal & Ch Rehmat Ali in round table conferences
1930 - Allahabad address of Iqbal
1933 - Now & Never by Ch Rehmat Ali
1937 - Elections in India under the leadership of Jinnah
1940 - Lahore Resolution & role of Jinnah
1944 - Gandhi Jinnah talks & Role of Jinnah
1945 - Elections in India and leadership of AIML by Jinnah
1946 – Jinnah and Direction Action Day
1947 – Role of Jinnah in 3rd June plan and Creation of Pakistan
1948 - Refugee Issue / Establishment of government / Administrative measures
1948 - State Bank of Pakistan / Un membership of Pakistan / Establishment of Wah
Ordinance factory / Pakistan & its relations with Islamic world / Basic principal committee
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Birth of Pakistan was end result of the struggle done by our founding fathers to attain the political,
social, religious and economic rights of the Muslims living in sub-continent under the British raj
during 1857-1947. The eminent Muslim leaders of that phase like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Ch.
Rehmat Ali and Iqbal did not only sponsor with their political services in this struggle but also
worked as political revivalists who championed the freedom movement of the Muslims against
Hindu domination and British suppression. This chapter primarily shed light upon how our
founding fathers Jinnah, Iqbal and Ch Rehmat Ali rendered services during this movement and
why these personalities were important for the creation and establishment of Pakistan.
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KEY DETAILS & FACTS FROM THE CHAPTER 10:
Key information which is required to answer this chapter is based on understanding:
1) Biography & Services of Ch. Rehmat for Pakistan movement
2) Biography & Services of Allama Muhamad Iqbal in Creation of Pakistan
3) Biography & Services of Muhammad Ali Jinnah during & after creation of Pakistan
CH. REHMAT ALI (1897-1951)
BIOGRAPHY: Ch. Rehmat Ali was an eminent political revivalist, freedom fighter, statesman,
intellectual, reformer of the Muslim community in India during their Freedom struggle 1905-1947.
Choudhry Rahmat Ali was one of the earliest advocates of the creation of the state of Pakistan.
Ch Rahmat Ali a Pakistani Muslim nationalist is generally recognized as the creator of the name
“Pakistan” for a separate Muslim, homeland in South Asia and is known as the founder of the
Pakistan National Movement. Ch Rehmat Ali was born in November 1897 into a Gujjar Muslim
family in a District of Indian Punjab. His famous contributions and works like producing famous
pamphlet now or never in 1933 and organizing Pakistan national movement played key role in
struggle of Pakistan. He became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s because of his
stern support for Pakistan movement.
SERVICES AS FREEDOM FIGHTER:
 Established Pakistan National movement in 1933
 Wrote Now or Never a pamphlet to advocate his concept of separate homeland.
 Represented Muslims of Sub-continent during round table conference of 1930.
 Supported All India Muslim league during elections of 1937 & 1945
 Highlighted Kashmir issue in United Nations during 1948.
 Frontline freedom fighter with Jinnah during 1940-47.
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 Motivated Muslim youth of India during freedom movement.
 As a journalist expressed his views in favor of establishment of Pakistan.
 Founded Bazm-e-Shibli in 1915.
Established Pakistan National movement in 1933: Ch Rehmat Ali being a stern separatist after
witnessing the political isolation of the Muslims during 1915 to 1932 founded Pakistan national
movement to promote idea of Pakistan for the Muslims. Under this movement he wrote many
political articles like now or never to stress upon the need of Pakistan as a separate homeland for
Muslims of India. Pakistan national movement played key role in India during 1930-40 for the
revivalism of Muslim community of Sub-continent specially in north western India and also
motivated the Muslim youth to take part in the politics of India so that they can achieve the ultimate
goal of Pakistan during freedom struggle. While observing Pakistan national movement Ch
Rehmat Ali traveled worldwide, making contacts and spreading the movement’s manifesto in
Arabic, French, and German. He was the only Muslim leader in history who also asked Hitler for
help in the liberation movement under the platform of PNM.
Highlighted Kashmir issue in United Nations during 1948: After 1947 Ch. Rehmat Ali being
the supporter of liberation of Kashmir highlighted this issue and concern of the Muslims in United
Nations. He did not only want to see Kashmir independent from Indian occupation but as a
champion of human rights stressed upon international community through his writings to resolve
this issue as per desires of its local population.
Now or never: In 1933 Ch Rehmat Ali and some fellow students produced a pamphlet called
‘Now or Never’ in which he argued in favor of partition and gave the name Pakistan to this new
Muslim state that would be formed. This pamphlet became popular amongst most Muslims during
the 1930s as in its Ch Rehmat Ali suggested the roadmap of Muslims in future politics of India
through struggling for an independent state for them. in this pamphlet he stated Muslims should
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have their own homeland called ‘Pakistan’. Muslim states comprising the Punjab. N.W.F.P,
Kashmir, Sindh, Baluchistan. ‘Pakistan’ stands for, P for Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, S
for Sindh and Tan for Baluchistan. The famous pamphlet known as now or never is also called as
the Pakistan Declaration.
Round table conference of 1930: In 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to
discuss possible political agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali
met the Muslim’s leaders including M.A. Jinnah and tried to convince them to give the idea of
Indian federation and focus their energies to form a separate homeland for the Muslims. This
suggestion of Ch. Rehmat Ali did not only help the Muslim leaders to organize their aims &
objectives during these set of round table conferences between 1930-32 but also helped them to
unite under this demand of establishment of Pakistan in future developments after this event.
Supported All India Muslim league during elections of 1937 & 1945: During 1937 and 1945
elections were held in India under the British government in these elections Muslims of Sub-
continent were mainly represented by All India Muslim league. Ch Rehmat Ali did not only support
the Muslim league during those elections but also assisted their candidates in his native area of
Hoshiarpur British Punjab. His support and political campaign under Pakistan national movement
for AIML during elections of 1945 helped Muslim league to win from multiple regions of Punjab.
Founded Bazm-e-Shibli in 1915: In 1915, he along with a few of his colleagues, paid homage
to Allama Shibli Nomani’s services, founded Bazm Shibli and demanded India’s independence,
and established a separate, independent sovereign Muslim state at its founding meeting.
Addressing the founding meeting as the founding president, he said, ‘The north of India is a
Muslim region, and we will keep it Muslim through creation of Pakistan. This step indeed motivated
and encouraged Muslims of India to stream line their struggle for creation of Pakistan in the later
years.
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Frontline freedom fighter with Jinnah during 1940-47: Ch. Rehmat Ali was the frontline solider
in Jinnah’s team of freedom fighters he did not only assisted Jinnah and AIML during various
political developments occurred during freedom movement of Pakistan between the years 1937-
47. From Lahore resolution of 1940 to Gandhi Jinnah talks and from Wavell plan to 3 rd June plan
he supported Jinnah’s stance which encouraged him to fight the case of freedom movement of
Pakistan. Like Iqbal and Maulana Muhammad Ali Joher or the other heroes of Pakistan movement
his continues support helped Jinnah to attain the ultimate goal of Pakistan by August 1947.
EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC
1. Discuss what was Pakistan national movement (PNM)?
2. What was Now or never 1933?
3. How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate?
4. Who was Ch. Rehmat Ali?
1. Why was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate
homeland for Pakistan?
1. Do you think that Ch. Rehmat Ali was more important to the Pakistan Movement than that
of Jinnah and Iqbal? Explain your answer.
ANSWERS FOR EXPECTED QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTER
4 MARKS
Ch Rehmat Ali being a stern separatist after witnessing the political isolation of the Muslims
during 1915 to 1932 founded Pakistan national movement to promote idea of Pakistan for the
Muslims. Under this movement he wrote many political articles like now or never to stress upon
the need of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims of India. Pakistan national movement
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played key role in India during 1930-40 for the revivalism of Muslim community of Sub-continent
specially in north western India and also motivated the Muslim youth to take part in the politics
of India so that they can achieve the ultimate goal of Pakistan during freedom struggle. While
observing Pakistan national movement Ch Rehmat Ali traveled worldwide, making contacts and
spreading the movement’s manifesto in Arabic, French, and German.
In 1933 Ch Rehmat Ali and some fellow students produced a pamphlet called ‘Now or Never’ in
which he argued in favor of partition and gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim state that
would be formed. This pamphlet became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s as in
its Ch Rehmat Ali suggested the roadmap of Muslims in future politics of India through struggling
for an independent state for them. in this pamphlet he stated Muslims should have their own
homeland called ‘Pakistan’. Muslim states comprising the Punjab. N.W.F.P, Kashmir, Sindh,
Baluchistan. ‘Pakistan’ stands for, P for Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and
Tan for Baluchistan. The famous pamphlet known as now or never is also called as the Pakistan
Declaration.
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali devised the term of Pakistan. This term Pakistan was stated in pamphlet
‘Now or Never’ which was published during 1933. By end of the year most Muslims within India
knew the name and its importance of the term Pakistan. He stated Muslims should have their
own homeland called ‘Pakistan’. Muslim states comprising the Punjab. N.W.F.P, Kashmir, Sindh,
Baluchistan. ‘Pakistan’ stands for, P for Punjab, A for Afghania, K for Kashmir, S for Sindh and
Tan for Baluchistan which narrated the origination of the name of Pakistan.
Choudhry Rahmat Ali was one of the earliest advocates of the creation of the state of Pakistan.
Ch Rahmat Ali a Pakistani Muslim nationalist is generally recognized as the creator of the name
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“Pakistan” for a separate Muslim, homeland in South Asia and is known as the founder of the
Pakistan National Movement. Ch Rehmat Ali was born in November 1897 into a Gujjar Muslim
family in a District of Indian Punjab. His famous contributions and works like producing famous
pamphlet now or never in 1933 and organizing Pakistan national movement played key role in
struggle of Pakistan. He became popular amongst most Muslims during the 1930s because of his
stern support for Pakistan movement.
7 MARKS
1. Why was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate
Ch. Rehmat Ali was an eminent political revivalist, freedom fighter, statesman, intellectual,
reformer of the freedom movement of sub-continent who played key role in creation of Pakistan
by many ways likewise Ch Rehmat Ali being a stern separatist after witnessing the political
isolation of the Muslims during 1915 to 1932 founded Pakistan national movement to promote
idea of Pakistan for the Muslims. Under this movement he wrote many political articles like now
or never to stress upon the need of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims of India.
Pakistan national movement played key role in India during 1930-40 for the revivalism of Muslim
community of Sub-continent specially in north western India and also motivated the Muslim youth
to take part in the politics of India so that they can achieve the ultimate goal of Pakistan during
freedom struggle. While observing Pakistan national movement Ch Rehmat Ali traveled
worldwide, making contacts and spreading the movement’s manifesto in Arabic, French, and
German.
Further In 1933 Ch Rehmat Ali and some fellow students produced a pamphlet called ‘Now or
Never’ in which he argued in favor of partition and gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim
state that would be formed. This pamphlet became popular amongst most Muslims during the
1930s as in its Ch Rehmat Ali suggested the roadmap of Muslims in future politics of India
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the Pakistan Declaration.
Lastly, in 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to discuss possible political
agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British. Chaudhry Rehmat Ali met the Muslim’s leaders
including M.A. Jinnah and tried to convince them to give the idea of Indian federation and focus
their energies to form a separate homeland for the Muslims. This suggestion of Ch. Rehmat Ali
did not only help the Muslim leaders to organize their aims & objectives during these set of round
table conferences between 1930-32 but also helped them to unite under this demand of
establishment of Pakistan in future developments after this event.
14 MARKS
1. Do you think that Ch. Rehmat Ali was more important to the Pakistan Movement than
that of Jinnah and Iqbal? Explain your answer.
During the Pakistan movement many eminent leaders played key role in this struggle for the
Muslims of Sub-continent among them Ch Rehmat Ali was no doubt one of the most important
figure as Ch Rehmat Ali being a stern separatist after witnessing the political isolation of the
Muslims during 1915 to 1932 founded Pakistan national movement to promote idea of Pakistan
for the Muslims. Under this movement he wrote many political articles like now or never to stress
upon the need of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims of India. Pakistan national
movement played key role in India during 1930-40 for the revivalism of Muslim community of Sub-
continent specially in north western India and also motivated the Muslim youth to take part in the
politics of India so that they can achieve the ultimate goal of Pakistan during freedom struggle.
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the Pakistan Declaration. Moreover in 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to
Apart from Ch Rehmat Ali in this struggle of Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal also played
important role as being a Muslim mentor and freedom fighter Iqbal led Muslim league during 1929-
33 when Muhammad Ali Jinnah was absent form the Indian Politics and staying in England further
he delivered his infamous Allahabad address of 1930 in which he envisioned the concept of a
separate state for the Muslims based on the Muslim majority areas of Sub-continent like Punjab
Sindh, NWFP (KPK) and Baluchistan. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was also present during round
table conferences held in England under British government during 1930-32 to resolve the political
problems of sub-continent with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mulana Muhammad Ali Joher as the
leader of the community. Besides these services Iqbal’s importance for the freedom movement
can also be understood or highlighted through his literary works. Iqbal launched a poetic
revolution which was aimed to boost up the spirit of nationalism in Muslims of India helping them
to unite under the leadership of Muslim league for reviving in the politics of sub-continent as a
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community. In the same manner another founding father of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah was
also very important in this struggle as Jinnah’s 14 Points of 1929 set out the demands of future
negotiations with Congress and/or the British Government. These demands were also to form the
basis of Muslim League’s demand for a separate Muslim homeland. It argued that Hindus and
Muslims were two separate nations and won much British approval for such a view. However, he
also achieved much more. After the 1937 elections, Jinnah set out to reform the Muslim League
at grass root level and, as a result, membership had grown significantly by mid-1938. Without this
growth, the League would have struggled to be recognized by the British as a powerful player in
Indian politics, and hence the fortunes of the Pakistan Movement would have possibly failed to
bear fruit when it did. Jinnah used the Lahore Conference in 1940 to ensure that the Muslim
League would only accept a solution to the sub-continent which ensured partition. This was called
the Pakistan Resolution. He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps Mission that saw Dominion
status for the sub-continent. In doing so he helped ensure the British realized the need to protect
Muslim interests. Although the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 broke up without agreement,
Congress was left in no doubt that the League was an important organization that spoke with
authority on behalf of many sub-Continent Muslims. Due to continued pressure from the League
and Jinnah, the 3 June Plan of 1947 announced that separate states would be set up – India and
Pakistan.
These founding fathers did not only render their services and contributions for the Pakistan
movement to the best but also revived the Muslim community of India in order to resist Hindu
domination and British victimization against them. It is not wrong to say that if there would have
been no Ch Rehmat Ali, Iqbal or Jinnah there would have been no Pakistan as well. Presence
and leadership of these figures united the Muslims of India under unanimous goal of attaining
Pakistan during freedom movement but also initiated Muslim renaissance period in sub-continent
during first half of the 20th century.
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DR. ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL (1877-1938)
BIOGRAPHY: Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a revivalist, invoker, thinker, intellectual and
Muslim nationalist of the sub-continent who was born on 9 November 1877 and died on 21th April
1938. He is regarded as architect and founding father of Pakistan because of his philosophical
and political support during the freedom movement for the Muslims against the British rule in
India. He is considered one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, with literary work in
both Urdu and Persian languages. He was also called as Muslim philosophical thinker of modern
times. Iqbal is known as Shair-e-Mushriq meaning Poet of the East. He is also called Muffakir-e-
Pakistan (“The Inceptor of Pakistan”) and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (“The Sage of the Ummah”). Iqbal
was the first patron of the historical, political, religious, cultural journal of Muslims of British India.
This journal played an important part in the Pakistan movement. The name of this journal is The
Journal Tolu-e-Islam. Pakistan Government had recognized him as its “national poet. He has
different literary and narrative works. His first poetry book, Asrar-e-Khudi, appeared in the Persian
language in 1915, and other books of poetry include Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and
Zabur-i-Ajam. Amongst these his best-known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i
Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz.
 Led Muslims during 1929-1934 in absence of Jinnah.
 Delivered Allahabad address in 1930.
 Initiated poetic revolution for the revivalism of Muslims
 Motivated Muslim youth of India to take part in freedom struggle
 Waged the idea of Jihad bil Qalam
 Supported AIML in its initial days
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 Represented Muslims during Round table conferences during 1930-32
 Frontline freedom fighter in Jinnah’s team during 1920-1938
Commanded Muslims of India during 1927-1934: Jinnah remained absent from the politics of
India and observed political isolation in England between the years 1929-34 because of two
reasons firstly death of his wife Rati Jinnah in 1929 and secondly negative response of congress
towards his 14 points and continuous rejection of Muslims rights by British government in India.
During those years Muslims under the platform of All India Muslim league were led by Allama
Muhammad Iqbal in sub-continent further in 1927, Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative
assembly and was later elected to preside over the session of the Muslim League. It was in these
positions that he for the first time introduced the idea of ‘Pakistan’. During all these years and
development, he did not only lead the demand of separate homeland for the Muslims but also
kept Muslims united under his leadership in absence of Jinnah.
Delivered Allahabad address in 1930: On December 30,1930 the annual meeting of the All-
India Muslim League was held at Allahabad, Allama Iqbal presided over the meeting. On this
occasion he delivered his famous historical address which proved to be a milestone in the
proceeding to make a demand for an independent Muslim State. In his presidential address on
December 30, 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces
in north western India, “I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and
Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. This vision played key role in the Muslim political
struggle for a separate homeland in sub-continent during 1930-47 as it envisioned the concept of
Pakistan way before its creation in August 1947.
Represented Muslims during Round table conferences during 1930-32: in 1930 Round Table
Conference were held in London to discuss possible political agreement between Hindus,
Muslims and British during which Muslims of India were represented by leaders like Muhammad
Ali Jinnah and Allama Muhammad Iqbal who did not only played key role in defending the rights
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of Indian Muslims during those conferences against the British but also advocated the cause of
Muslim nationalism during round table conferences 1930-32. He remained a critic of the
mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated by Hindus interests.
Initiated poetic revolution for the revivalism of Muslims: Allama Iqbal waged jihad bil Qalam
in the way to revive Muslims of India and to aware them about their political and communal
significance during the freedom movement. He launched a poetic revolution by his writings and
works like Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq and Zabur-i-Ajam, Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i
Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz which were focused on revivalism of Islam and Muslim
community to attain a respectable position in British India in comparison to Hindus.
Frontline freedom fighter in Jinnah’s team during 1920-1938: Although Iqbal was not able to
live and see Pakistan in his existence and died in 1938 but his continuous support to Muhammad
Ali Jinnah motivated the Muslim political struggle during 1929-1938. From advocating importance
of 14 points of Jinnah to represent Muslims in round table conferences during 1930-32 he was
part of every single development in this struggle. Indeed, he was frontline freedom fighter in
Jinnah team as his political and literary contributions uplifted the Muslims of India by paving way
to renaissance in their ranks ultimately resulting into creation of Pakistan.
1. Who was Dr Allama Iqbal?
2. Describe Allahabad address of 1930 in few lines.

1. Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate
1. Was the works of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of
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Rehmat Ali or Jinnah for the creation of Pakistan? Explain your answer.
4 MARKS
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a revivalist, invoker, thinker, intellectual and Muslim nationalist of
the sub-continent who was born on 9 November 1877 and died on 21th April 1938. He is regarded
as architect and founding father of Pakistan because of his philosophical and political support
during the freedom movement for the Muslims against the British rule in India. Iqbal is known as
Shair-e-Mushriq meaning Poet of the East. He is also called Muffakir-e-Pakistan (“The Inceptor
of Pakistan”) and Hakeem-ul-Ummat (“The Sage of the Ummah”). He is the frontline freedom
fighter of Pakistan movement who did not only advocated Muslim rights in British India but also
led a poetic revolution for the revivalism of Islam and Muslims in India during first half of the 20 th
century.
2. Describe Allahabad address of 1930 in few lines
On December 30,1930 the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League was held at Allahabad,
Allama Iqbal presided over the meeting. On this occasion he delivered his famous historical
address which proved to be a milestone in the proceeding to make a demand for an independent
Muslim State. In his presidential address on December 30, 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an
independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north western India, “I would like to see the
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state.
This vision played key role in the Muslim political struggle for a separate homeland in sub-
continent during 1930-47 as it envisioned the concept of Pakistan way before its creation in
August 1947.
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7 MARKS
1. Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate
homeland of Pakistan?
Allama Muhammad Iqbal was a revivalist, invoker, thinker, intellectual and Muslim nationalist of
the sub-continent who was born on 9 November 1877 and died on 21th April 1938. He is regarded
as architect and founding father of Pakistan because of his philosophical and political support
during the freedom movement for the Muslims against the British rule in India. His presence during
the freedom movement was no doubt an important influence on the struggle for Pakistan as when
On December 30,1930 the annual meeting of the All-India Muslim League was held at Allahabad,
Allama Iqbal presided over the meeting. On this occasion he delivered his famous historical
address which proved to be a milestone in the proceeding to make a demand for an independent
Muslim State. In his presidential address on December 30, 1930, Iqbal outlined a vision of an
independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in north western India, “I would like to see the
Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state.
Moreover in 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to discuss possible political
agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British during which Muslims of India were represented
by leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Allama Muhammad Iqbal who did not only play key
role in defending the rights of Indian Muslims during those conferences against the British but
also advocated the cause of Muslim nationalism during round table conferences 1930-32. He
remained a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he regarded as dominated
by Hindus interests. Besides that, although Iqbal was not able to live and see Pakistan in his
existence and died in 1938 but his continuous support to Muhammad Ali Jinnah motivated the
Muslim political struggle during 1929-1938. From advocating importance of 14 points of Jinnah to
represent Muslims in round table conferences during 1930-32 he was part of every single
development in this struggle. Indeed, he was frontline freedom fighter in Jinnah team as his
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political and literary contributions uplifted the Muslims of India by paving way to renaissance in
their ranks ultimately resulting into creation of Pakistan.
14 MARKS
1. Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of
Muslims of Sub-continent among them Allama Muhammad Iqbal was the most important one as
he was the first important Muslim leader to advocate the partition of India and the creation of a
separate Muslim state. As a result of his Allahabad address in 1930 when he put forward this
view, separatism was seriously considered by many Muslims during the 1930s. He was also
opposed to the British control of India – conquest of others was wrong and went against the
Muslim faith. This strengthened his view that Muslims should have a separate homeland,
independent of the British. He persuaded many Muslims that the Muslim League had to build an
effective mass political party to challenge the domination of the Congress. This argument was
adopted by Jinnah who went on to lead the Muslim League as a highly effective political party.
His poetry awakened a sense of nationhood among Muslims and he urged them to be active in
making progress. This progress needed to be along a distinctive Islamic path and not capitalist in
nature. Again, this vision was adopted by Muslims as a view of the future. In the same manner
another founding father of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah was also very important in this struggle
as Jinnah’s 14 Points of 1929 set out the demands of future negotiations with Congress and/or
the British Government. These demands were also to form the basis of Muslim League’s demand
for a separate Muslim homeland. It argued that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations
and won much British approval for such a view. However, he also achieved much more. After the
1937 elections, Jinnah set out to reform the Muslim League at grass root level and, as a result,
membership had grown significantly by mid-1938. Without this growth, the League would have
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struggled to be recognized by the British as a powerful player in Indian politics, and hence the
fortunes of the Pakistan Movement would have possibly failed to bear fruit when it did. Jinnah
used the Lahore Conference in 1940 to ensure that the Muslim League would only accept a
solution to the sub-continent which ensured partition. This was called the Pakistan Resolution. He
also opposed the proposals of the Cripps Mission that saw Dominion status for the sub-continent.
In doing so he helped ensure the British realized the need to protect Muslim interests. Although
the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 broke up without agreement, Congress was left in no doubt that
the League was an important organization that spoke with authority on behalf of many sub-
Continent Muslims. Due to continued pressure from the League and Jinnah, the 3 June Plan of
1947 announced that separate states would be set up – India and Pakistan. Besides Jinnah and
Iqbal Ch Rehmat Ali also played leading role in this context as In 1933 he and some fellow
students produced a pamphlet called ‘Now or Never’ in which he argued in favor of partition and
gave the name Pakistan to this new Muslim state that would be formed. This became popular
amongst most Muslims during the 1930s. His views were different from AI as he wanted a
separate independent state whereas AI wanted just a separate state. However, Ali did attract his
critics, especially as he criticized many Muslim leaders especially Jinnah and as such was viewed
as less important a figure. He attacked him over abandoning Muslim communities in such places
as Delhi as well as accepting a divided Bengal. He was also considered less important than Iqbal
since Jinnah took up many of his ideas whereas he refused to meet Ali, but nevertheless his views
were adopted eventually.
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MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH (1876-1948)
BIOGRAPHY: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer, politician, statesman, freedom fighter and
man of circumstances who led the Muslims of Sub-continent towards the creation of Pakistan.
Father of the Nation Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s was Born on December 25, 1876, in
a prominent mercantile family in Karachi and educated at the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam and the
Christian Mission School at his birth place, Jinnah joined the Lincoln’s Inn in 1893 to become the
youngest Indian to be called to the Bar. He led the nation, carved out of the subcontinent as a
homeland for Muslims in 1947, at a time when it was facing a number of serious challenges,
including tensions with India over the issue of Jammu and Kashmir, fears for survival due to
economic hardships, an influx of refugees and raging communal riots.
Following is the timeline and explanation of the key services of Muhammad Ali Jinnah for
creation of Pakistan:
 1913- Jinnah Joined Muslim league
 1916- Lucknow pact was brain child of Jinnah
 1929- Coined 14 points for Muslim political rights
 1930-32 Represented Muslims in Round table conferences
 1937- Prepared and led Muslim league in the elections
 1939- Call for the day of deliverance
 1940- Presided over the session of Pakistan resolution
 1944- Met and led Muslims in Gandhi Jinnah talks
 1945- AIML fought and won elections in India
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 1946-47 Represented Muslims in Cabinet mission plan, Direction action day, 3rd June
plan, Redcliff awards.
1913- Jinnah joined the Muslim league: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the member of Indian
national congress since 1906 and was playing active role in the politics of the party but the events
of partition of Bengal and the reaction of Hindus over it pushed Jinnah to focus on the problems
of Muslim community in India and for its better representation, he became member of All India
Muslim league in 1913. This development did not only mark a new beginning in Jinnah’s political
career but also started a new phase in freedom movement of Pakistan. 1916- Lucknow pact was
brain child of Jinnah
1916- Lucknow pact was brain child of Jinnah: The Lucknow Pact is an agreement between
the Indian National Congress (INC) and the All-India Muslim League reached at a joint session of
both the parties held at Lucknow in 1916. Self-Government in India, 1/3rd Muslim representative
in Central Government and Indian Council abolition were the key agreements of the Lucknow pact
between INC & AIML. This pact between the local political forces of India was the brain child of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah as he was the stern supporter of Hindu Muslim unity. Because of this
development he got the title of ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity as this pact united the political
stake holder of India against the alien British government.
1929- Coined 14 points for Muslim political rights: The years 1927-29 were very important for
sorting out the political solutions of India under the British government major developments during
these years like Simon commission in India 1927 and Nehru report of 1928 were not able to fix
the political and governance issues of India so in 1929 Jinnah floated his 14 points to solve the
political issues of Muslims of India on the primary bases and on the secondary bases political
deadlock of sub-continent. Jinnah’s 14 Points of 1929 set out the demands of future negotiations
with Congress and/or the British Government. These demands were also to form the basis of
Muslim League’s demand for a separate Muslim homeland. It argued that Hindus and Muslims
`
21
CHAPTER 10
were two separate nations and won much British approval for such a view. These 14 points
reflected the political reforms which were in favor of the Muslims but unfortunately rejection of
these points added a new phase of resistance by the Muslim community against British and
Hindus during the freedom movement. Inshort these 14 points advocated Muslim political interest
in sub-continent boosting up the sense of nationalism in the community.
1930-32 Represented Muslims in Round table conferences: In 1930 Round Table Conference
were held in London to discuss possible political agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British
during those conferences Muslims of India under the platform of the Muslim league were led by
Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He did not only outclass British and Congress attempts to exploit the
political rights of Muslims of Sub-continent but also successfully defended the political interests
of the Muslim community during these conferences 1930-32.
1940- Presided over the session of Pakistan resolution: Pakistan resolution of 1940 was a
resolution that All India Muslim league passed on 23 rd March 1940 in its annual session in Lahore
held at Minto Park presently known as Greater Iqbal Park. The Muslim league leaders and the
premier of Bengal Molvi Fazul-ul-Haq had presented this resolution in the session. The resolution
stated that the Muslim majority areas in north west and north east of India should be constituted
into independent and sovereign Muslim states to solve the constitutional problems of India for
ever. The league called it Lahore resolution for its passage in AIML session at city of Lahore. The
Pakistan Resolution is a landmark in the history of Muslim in India as it eventually decided the future
of the sub-continent in many ways Muhammad Ali Jinnah played key role in passing of this resolution
as he was presiding over the session at Lahore where it was made part of future struggle of the
Muslims.
1944- Met and led Muslims in Gandhi Jinnah talks: During September 1944 Gandhi and Jinnah
as the leaders of Indian masses held talks in Bombay to negotiate about political demands and
course of actions against the British rule in Sub-continent for the attainments of the goals laid by
`
22
CHAPTER 10
freedom movement of India. These talks failed to reach any conclusion as Gandhi’s stance during
these talks was totally against the interests of AIML and its objectives he rejected to accept the
concept of Pakistan and insisted Jinnah to work for united India without British domination or
influence of any nature but Jinnah as stern advocate of Pakistan movement was not in position
to extend these talks further without acceptance of Lahore resolution by INC and Gandhi. During
these talks Jinnah did not only protected Muslims political interests but also defused Gandhi’s
attempt to exploit the rights of Muslims.
1946-47 Represented Muslims in Cabinet mission plan, Direction action day, 3 rd June plan,
Redcliff awards: During 1946-47 many important developments took place towards creation of
Pakistan events like arrival and failure of cabinet mission plan Calcutta killings, Mountbatten plan
of 1947 and Redcliff awards drove Muslims towards a separate homeland in the India during all
these important developments Hindus were led by INC and Gandhi where as Muslims of India
were represented by Muhmmad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah did not only protect and safeguarded the
political interests of the Muslims which finalized the creation of Pakistan by 1947.
SERVICES OF JINNAH AS NATION BUILDER:
Following is the timeline and explanation of the key services of Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a nation
builder of Pakistan.
 1947- Served as first governor general of Pakistan
 1947- Inaugurated Wah Ordinance factory
 1947- Jinnah became protector general of Pakistan
 1947- Started relations with Islamic world
 1947- Established first cabinet of Pakistan
 1948- Inaugurated State bank of Pakistan
 1948- Pakistan joined United Nations
`
23
CHAPTER 10
1947- Inaugurated Wah Ordinance factory: Eastern and western boarders of Pakistan were
never secure for the country since its birth as both India and Afghanistan were never ready to
digest the reality of Pakistan’s independence in 1947 further Indian occupation of Kashmir in 1948
validated the fears of Pakistan so Jinnah realized that strong defense of the country is the most
important need of Pakistan for that purpose he established the first ordinance factory in Wah Cantt
near Rawalpindi so that Pakistan can arm its self against the external enemies this step of Jinnah
did not only made our boarders secure from the other countries but helped Pakistan to reach at
the stage of one of the best guarded country of the world.
1947- Established first cabinet of Pakistan: Mohammad Ali Jinnah was the head of the
Pakistani government for about 13 months and outlined its major plans for Pakistan during this
short period of time in a very clear manner. He did not only served Pakistan as its first governor
general but also laid foundation of many administrative organizations to give a fresh start to
Pakistan. Being the first governor of the country, he appointed chiefs of armed staff chief justices
to the courts and head of various governmental departments which helped Pakistan to tackle with
many challenges in start effectively.
1947- Started relations with Islamic world: Jinnah after creation of Pakistan laid foundations of
its foreign policy and it was decided by him that Pakistan will give preference to Islamic countries
in terms of foreign alliances so after 1947 as a nation builder his first task was to get closer to
Islamic countries like Saudia Arabia, Iran and turkey for which he extended his hand of friendship
with these countries and we got moral and material support from these countries to combat our
challenges.
1947- Started working for the refugee’s settlement: Almost 8 million refugees were received
by Pakistan after Partition most of them were in very miserable conditions as the lost their wealth
belongings properties savings in short everything during this experience it was the utter most
task Infront of Jinnah to provide these refugees with shelter food and career opportunities in newly
`
24
CHAPTER 10
born state of Pakistan for which they have struggled in the past so Jinnah after 1947 started to
work day and night to settle this refugees into Pakistan and assigned them the best places in the
country like Karachi and Hyderabad to settle further he established relief fund for the refugees
are urged people of Pakistan to help these people as well. His concern and response towards
refugee crisis and minorities in Pakistan after 1947 allotted him the title of protector general of
Pakistan. He as the head of the state did not only ensure the rights of non-Muslims living in India
but also declared the most vital element of success for Pakistan because of which he was known
as the guardian of minority rights in Pakistsn
1948- Inaugurated State bank of Pakistan: Strong economic life of the country is the most
important factor in the development of a nation or state. Keeping this thing in mind Jinnah
inaugurated state bank of Pakistan in 1948 for regulation of the economy in the country. Further
Jinnah invited private banks to operate in Pakistan as it could lead to the solution of the financial
problems Pakistan was facing as newly born state after 1947. Regulation of economy and reforms
for such developments no doubt t Pakistan to progress under its great nation builder Muhammad
Ali Jinnah.
1948- Pakistan joined United Nations: Jinnah wanted to see Pakistan as an important
international actor so his aim and motivation after the creation of Pakistan was to be part of united
nations which was very important for the internationalization of Pakistan so in 1948 to make
Pakistan a member of United nations Jinnah took membership of it with support of China. His
vision of Pakistan was to see it as an active international player so this step proved helpful in this
regard after 1947.
`
25
CHAPTER 10
1. Write about the concept of Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity?
2. What was the concept of Protector general of Pakistan?
1. Explain Why Jinnah was important for the creation of Pakistan?
2. Explain Why Jinnah was important for Pakistan as a nation builder?
1. 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievement in the years 1929 to 1947.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
2. Do you think that contributes of Muhammad Ali Jinnah were more important than
contributions of Ch. Rehmat Ali or Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan? Give reasons for your
answer
3. Do you think that contributions of Jinnah were more important as a nation builder than as
a freedom fighter? Explain your answer.
4 MARKS
The pact between the local political forces of India was the brain child of Muhammad Ali Jinnah
as he was the stern supporter of Hindu Muslim unity. The Lucknow Pact is an agreement between
the Indian National Congress (INC) and the All-India Muslim League reached at a joint session of
both the parties held at Lucknow in 1916. Self-Government in India, 1/3rd Muslim representative
in Central Government and Indian Council abolition were the key agreements of the Lucknow pact
`
26
CHAPTER 10
between INC & AIML. Because of this development he got the title of ambassador of Hindu Muslim
unity as this pact united the political stake holder of India against the alien British government
during 1916-20.
Almost 8 million refugees were received by Pakistan after Partition most of them were in very
miserable conditions as the lost their wealth belongings properties savings in short everything
during this experience so Jinnah after 1947 started to work day and night to settle this refugees
into Pakistan and assigned them the best places in the country like Karachi and Hyderabad to
settle further he established relief fund for the refugees are urged people of Pakistan to help these
people as well. His concern and response towards refugee crisis and minorities in Pakistan after
1947 allotted him the title of protector general of Pakistan. He as the head of the state did not only
ensure the rights of non-Muslims living in India but also declared the most vital element of success
for Pakistan because of which he was known as the guardian of minority rights in Pakistsn
7 MARKS
Presence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah during the freedom movement of Pakistan between the years
1929 to 1947 was a political blessing for the Muslims of Sub-continent. He did not only lead
Muslims of India during these years against Indian national congress and British but also fought
the decisive struggle for a separate homeland of Muslims for Pakistan. He was important in the
creation of Pakistan as when In 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to discuss
possible political agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British during those conferences
Muslims of India under the platform of the Muslim league were led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He
did not only outclass British and Congress attempts to exploit the political rights of Muslims of
Sub-continent but also successfully defended the political interests of the Muslim community
during these conferences 1930-32.
`
27
CHAPTER 10
Moreover, During September 1944 Gandhi and Jinnah as the leaders of Indian masses held talks
in Bombay to negotiate about political demands and course of actions against the British rule in
Sub-continent for the attainments of the goals laid by freedom movement of India. These talks
failed to reach any conclusion as Gandhi’s stance during these talks was totally against the
interests of AIML and its objectives he rejected to accept the concept of Pakistan and insisted
Jinnah to work for united India without British domination or influence of any nature but Jinnah as
stern advocate of Pakistan movement was not in position to extend these talks further without
acceptance of Lahore resolution by INC and Gandhi. During these talks Jinnah did not only
protected Muslims political interests but also defused Gandhi’s attempt to exploit the rights of
Muslims. Lastly, during 1946-47 many important developments took place towards creation of
Pakistan events like arrival and failure of cabinet mission plan Calcutta killings, Mountbatten plan
of 1947 and Redcliff awards drove Muslims towards a separate homeland in the India during all
these important developments Hindus were led by INC and Gandhi whereas Muslims of India
were represented by Muhmmad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah did not only protect and safeguarded the
political interests of the Muslims which finalized the creation of Pakistan by 1947.
Muslims of India during freedom movement from 1913-1947 but also contributed as a nation
builder of Pakistan after 1947 as well. Mohammad Ali Jinnah was the head of the Pakistani
government for about 13 months and outlined its major plans for Pakistan during this short period
of time in a very clear manner. He did not only served Pakistan as its first governor general but
also laid foundation of many administrative organizations to give a fresh start to Pakistan. Being
the first governor of the country, he appointed chiefs of armed staff chief justices to the courts and
`
28
CHAPTER 10
head of various governmental departments which helped Pakistan to tackle with many challenges
in start effectively.
Further Almost 8 million refugees were received by Pakistan after Partition most of them were in
very miserable conditions as the lost their wealth belongings properties savings in short
everything during this experience it was the utter most task Infront of Jinnah to provide these
refugees with shelter food and career opportunities in newly born state of Pakistan for which they
have struggled in the past so Jinnah after 1947 started to work day and night to settle this refugees
for Pakistan because of which he was known as the guardian of minority rights in Pakistsn.
Lastly, Strong economic life of the country is the most important factor in the development of a
nation or state. Keeping this thing in mind Jinnah inaugurated state bank of Pakistan in 1948 for
regulation of the economy in the country. Further Jinnah invited private banks to operate in
Pakistan as it could lead to the solution of the financial problems Pakistan was facing as newly
born state after 1947. Regulation of economy and reforms for such developments no doubt helped
Pakistan to progress under its great nation builder Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
14 MARKS
1. 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievement in the years 1929 to
1947. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Muslims of India during these years against Indian national congress and British but also fought
`
29
CHAPTER 10
the decisive struggle for a separate homeland of Muslims for Pakistan as the years 1927-29 were
very important for sorting out the political solutions of India under the British government major
developments during these years like Simon commission in India 1927 and Nehru report of 1928
were not able to fix the political and governance issues of India so in 1929 Jinnah floated his 14
points to solve the political issues of Muslims of India on the primary bases and on the secondary
bases political deadlock of sub-continent. Jinnah’s 14 Points of 1929 set out the demands of future
negotiations with Congress and/or the British Government. These demands were also to form the
basis of Muslim League’s demand for a separate Muslim homeland. It argued that Hindus and
Muslims were two separate nations and won much British approval for such a view. These 14
points reflected the political reforms which were in favor of the Muslims but unfortunately rejection
of these points added a new phase of resistance by the Muslim community against British and
Hindus during the freedom movement. Inshort these 14 points advocated Muslim political interest
in sub-continent boosting up the sense of nationalism in the community. Apart from 14 points
another important contribution of Jinnah towards Pakistan movement is when he led Muslims in
Round table conferences during 1930-32. In 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London
to discuss possible political agreement between Hindus, Muslims and British during those
conferences Muslims of India under the platform of the Muslim league were led by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah. He did not only outclass British and Congress attempts to exploit the political rights of
Muslims of Sub-continent but also successfully defended the political interests of the Muslim
community during these conferences 1930-32.
Furthermore, Pakistan resolution of 1940 was a resolution that All India Muslim league passed on
23rd March 1940 in its annual session in Lahore held at Minto Park presently known as Greater
Iqbal Park. The Muslim league leaders and the premier of Bengal Molvi Fazul-ul-Haq had
presented this resolution in the session. The resolution stated that the Muslim majority areas in
north west and north east of India should be constituted into independent and sovereign Muslim
states to solve the constitutional problems of India for ever. The league called it Lahore resolution
`
30
CHAPTER 10
for its passage in AIML session at city of Lahore. The Pakistan Resolution is a landmark in the
history of Muslim in India as it eventually decided the future of the sub-continent in many ways
Muhammad Ali Jinnah played key role in passing of this resolution as he was presiding over the
session at Lahore where it was made part of future struggle of the Muslims.
Lastly, during 1946-47 many important developments took place towards creation of Pakistan
events like arrival and failure of cabinet mission plan Calcutta killings, Mountbatten plan of 1947
and Redcliff awards drove Muslims towards a separate homeland in the India during all these
important developments Hindus were led by INC and Gandhi whereas Muslims of India were
represented by Muhmmad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah did not only protect and safeguarded the political
interests of the Muslims which finalized the creation of Pakistan by 1947. Jinnah as founding
father did not only render hid services and contributions for the Pakistan movement to the best
but also revived the Muslim community of India in order to resist Hindu domination and British
victimization against them. It is not wrong to say that if there would have been no Jinnah there
would have been no Pakistan as well. Presence and leadership of this figures united the Muslims
of India under unanimous goal of attaining Pakistan during freedom movement but also initiated
Muslim renaissance period in sub-continent during first half of the 20 th century.
contributions of Ch. Rehmat Ali or Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan? Give reasons for
your answer
Muslims of Sub-continent among them Muhammad Ali Jinnah was no doubt one of the most
important figure as Jinnah’s 14 Points of 1929 set out the demands of future negotiations with
Congress and/or the British Government. These demands were also to form the basis of Muslim
League’s demand for a separate Muslim homeland. It argued that Hindus and Muslims were two
separate nations and won much British approval for such a view. However, he also achieved
`
31
CHAPTER 10
much more. After the 1937 elections, Jinnah set out to reform the Muslim League at grass root
level and, as a result, membership had grown significantly by mid-1938. Without this growth, the
League would have struggled to be recognized by the British as a powerful player in Indian
politics, and hence the fortunes of the Pakistan Movement would have possibly failed to bear fruit
when it did. Jinnah used the Lahore Conference in 1940 to ensure that the Muslim League would
only accept a solution to the sub-continent which ensured partition. This was called the Pakistan
Resolution. He also opposed the proposals of the Cripps Mission that saw Dominion status for
the sub-continent. In doing so he helped ensure the British realized the need to protect Muslim
interests. Although the Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 broke up without agreement, Congress was
left in no doubt that the League was an important organization that spoke with authority on behalf
of many sub-Continent Muslims. Due to continued pressure from the League and Jinnah, the 3
June Plan of 1947 announced that separate states would be set up – India and Pakistan.
Apart from Muhammad Ali Jinnah in this struggle of Pakistan Allama Muhammad Iqbal played
important role as being a Muslim mentor and freedom fighter Iqbal led Muslim league during 1929-
33 when Muhammad Ali Jinnah was absent from the Indian Politics and staying in England further
he delivered his infamous Allahabad address of 1930 in which he envisioned the concept of a
separate state for the Muslims based on the Muslim majority areas of Sub-continent like Punjab
Sindh, NWFP (KPK) and Baluchistan. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was also present during round
table conferences held in England under British government during 1930-32 to resolve the political
problems of sub-continent with Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mulana Muhammad Ali Joher as the
leader of the community. Besides these services Iqbal’s importance for the freedom movement
can also be understood or highlighted through his literary works. Iqbal launched a poetic
revolution which was aimed to boost up the spirit of nationalism in Muslims of India helping them
to unite under the leadership of Muslim league for reviving in the politics of sub-continent as a
community. Besides Jinnah and Iqbal Ch Rehmat Ali also played leading role in this context as
`
32
CHAPTER 10
Ch Rehmat Ali being a stern separatist after witnessing the political isolation of the Muslims during
1915 to 1932 founded Pakistan national movement to promote idea of Pakistan for the Muslims.
Under this movement he wrote many political articles like now or never to stress upon the need
of Pakistan as a separate homeland for Muslims of India. Pakistan national movement played key
role in India during 1930-40 for the revivalism of Muslim community of Sub-continent specially in
north western India and also motivated the Muslim youth to take part in the politics of India so that
they can achieve the ultimate goal of Pakistan during freedom struggle.
the Pakistan Declaration. Moreover in 1930 Round Table Conference were held in London to
`
33
CHAPTER 10
3. Do you think that contributions of Jinnah were more important as a nation
builder than as a freedom fighter? Explain your answer.
Muslims of Sub-continent among them Muhammad Ali Jinnah was no doubt one of the most
important figure as a freedom fighter or as a nation builder in both contexts. Jinnah did not only
contribute to his best during the struggle for a separate homeland of the Muslims by leading
Muslims in multiple political developments which took place between the years 1913-1947 but
also gave Muslim’s encouragement and motivation to progress as a community. His contributions
like during the Lucknow pact of 1916 help locals to mount more pressure on the British empire to
think for the political conditions of India. The Lucknow Pact is an agreement between the Indian
National Congress (INC) and the All-India Muslim League reached at a joint session of both the
parties held at Lucknow in 1916. Self-Government in India, 1/3rd Muslim representative in Central
Government and Indian Council abolition were the key agreements of the Lucknow pact between
INC & AIML. This pact between the local political forces of India was the brain child of Muhammad
Ali Jinnah as he was the stern supporter of Hindu Muslim unity. Because of this development he
got the title of ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity as this pact united the political stake holder of
India against the alien British government. Moreover, as a freedom fighter Jinnah took part in
round table conferences held between 1930-32 on the issue of Indian governance in 1930 Round
Table Conference were held in London to discuss possible political agreement between Hindus,
Muslims and British during those conferences Muslims of India under the platform of the Muslim
league were led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He did not only outclass British and Congress attempts
`
34
CHAPTER 10
to exploit the political rights of Muslims of Sub-continent but also successfully defended the
political interests of the Muslim community during these conferences 1930-32. Furthermore,
during 1946-47 many important developments took place towards creation of Pakistan events like
arrival and failure of cabinet mission plan Calcutta killings, Mountbatten plan of 1947 and Redcliff
awards drove Muslims towards a separate homeland in the India during all these important
developments Hindus were led by INC and Gandhi whereas Muslims of India were represented
by Muhmmad Ali Jinnah. Jinnah did not only protect and safeguarded the political interests of the
Muslims which finalized the creation of Pakistan by 1947. Besides his services as a founding
father his contributions as a nation builder are also important for Pakistan. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
was the head of the Pakistani government for about 13 months and outlined its major plans for
Pakistan during this short period of time in a very clear manner. He did not only served Pakistan
as its first governor general but also laid foundation of many administrative organizations to give
a fresh start to Pakistan. Being the first governor of the country, he appointed chiefs of armed
staff chief justices to the courts and head of various governmental departments which helped
Pakistan to tackle with many challenges in start effectively.
Further Almost 8 million refugees were received by Pakistan after Partition most of them were in
very miserable conditions as the lost their wealth belongings properties savings in short
everything during this experience it was the utter most task Infront of Jinnah to provide these
refugees with shelter food and career opportunities in newly born state of Pakistan for which they
have struggled in the past so Jinnah after 1947 started to work day and night to settle this refugees
`
35
CHAPTER 10
for Pakistan because of which he was known as the guardian of minority rights in Pakistsn.
Lastly, Strong economic life of the country is the most important factor in the development of a
nation or state. Keeping this thing in mind Jinnah inaugurated state bank of Pakistan in 1948 for
regulation of the economy in the country. Further Jinnah invited private banks to operate in
Pakistan as it could lead to the solution of the financial problems Pakistan was facing as newly
born state after 1947. Regulation of economy and reforms for such developments no doubt helped
Pakistan to progress under its great nation builder Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Jinnah as founding father and nation builder did not only render hid services and contributions for
the brighter future of Pakistan to the best but also revived the Muslim community of India in order
to resist Hindu domination and British victimization against them. It is not wrong to say that if there
would have been no Jinnah there would have been no Pakistan as well. Presence and leadership
of this figures united the Muslims of India under unanimous goal of attaining Pakistan during
freedom movement but also initiated Muslim renaissance period in sub-continent during first half
of the 20th century besides that his services as nation builder gave the newly born state of Pakistan
a encouraging start which helped it to manage with many problems which arose after the partition
of sub-continent.
`
36
CHAPTER 10
EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS CHECKLIST
6. Describe Allahabad address of 1930 in few lines.
EXPECTED 7 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. Explain Why Ch. Rehmat Ali was important for the creation of Pakistan?
 Contributions of Ch. Rehmat Ali in freedom movement of Pakistan will be discussed.
Example: Why was Chaudhri Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate
2. Why was Dr Allama Iqbal an important influence on the struggle for a separate homeland
for Pakistan?
 Contributions of Dr Allama Iqbal in freedom movement of Pakistan will be discussed.
Example: Why Iqbal was important for creation of Pakistan?
 Contributions of M.Ali Jinnah in freedom movement of Pakistan will be discussed.
Example: Why was M.Ali Jinnah an important influence on the struggle for a separate homeland
for Pakistan?
`
37
CHAPTER 10
EXPECTED 14 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. 14 Points were Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s greatest achievement in the years 1929 to 1947.
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
 Contributions of Jinnah during freedom movement will be discussed with 14 points as major one. Content
will remain same with little bit of change in format of answer
Example: How important contributions of Jinnah were for the creation of Pakistan between the years 1929
to 1947. Explain your answer.
contributions of Ch. Rehmat Ali or Iqbal in the creation of Pakistan? Give reasons for your
answer
 Contributions of Jinnah during freedom movement will be discussed with contributions of Iqbal and Ch.
Rehmat Ali. Content will remain same with little bit of change in format of answer.
Example: Were the services of Jinnah more important than the services rendered by Iqbal during freedom
movement of Pakistan? Explain your answer
3. Do you think that contributions of Jinnah were more important as a nation builder than as a
freedom fighter? Explain your answer.
 Details about his contributions as a nation builder and as a freedom fighter will be discussed.
4. Was the work of Allama Iqbal more important to the Pakistan Movement than that of
 Contributions of Jinnah during freedom movement will be discussed with contributions of Iqbal and Ch.
Rehmat Ali. Content will remain same with little bit of change in format of answer.
Example: Do you think that Ch. Rehmat Ali was more important to the Pakistan Movement
than that of Jinnah and Iqbal? Explain your answer.
`
38
CHAPTER 10
MARKING SCHEMES ON CHAPTER
`
39
CHAPTER 10

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SECTION-2 FOUNDING FATHERS OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan Studies 2059

History & Culture of Pakistan

FOUNDING FATHERS OF PAKISTAN

o TIMELINE FOR CHAPTER

o KEY DETAILS & FACTS

o EXPECTED QUESTIONS CHECKLIST

o EXAMPLE SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS

o MARKING SCHEME FOR CHAPTER

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

1913 - Jinnah joined All India Muslim league

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

Key information which is required to answer this chapter is based on understanding:

1) Biography & Services of Ch. Rehmat for Pakistan movement

2) Biography & Services of Allama Muhamad Iqbal in Creation of Pakistan

CH. REHMAT ALI (1897-1951)

stern support for Pakistan movement.

SERVICES AS FREEDOM FIGHTER:

 Established Pakistan National movement in 1933

 Wrote Now or Never a pamphlet to advocate his concept of separate homeland.

 Represented Muslims of Sub-continent during round table conference of 1930.

 Highlighted Kashmir issue in United Nations during 1948.

 Frontline freedom fighter with Jinnah during 1940-47.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

 Motivated Muslim youth of India during freedom movement.

 As a journalist expressed his views in favor of establishment of Pakistan.

 Founded Bazm-e-Shibli in 1915.

help in the liberation movement under the platform of PNM.

this issue as per desires of its local population.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

the Pakistan Declaration.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Discuss what was Pakistan national movement (PNM)?

2. What was Now or never 1933?

3. How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate?

4. Who was Ch. Rehmat Ali?

EXPECTED 7 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

of Jinnah and Iqbal? Explain your answer.

ANSWERS FOR EXPECTED QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTER

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

spreading the movement’s manifesto in Arabic, French, and German.

2. What was Now or never 1933?

3. How did the name ‘Pakistan’ originate?

4. Who was Ch. Rehmat Ali?

stern support for Pakistan movement.

the Pakistan Declaration.

establishment of Pakistan in future developments after this event.

that of Jinnah and Iqbal? Explain your answer.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

during first half of the 20th century.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR

DR. ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL (1877-1938)

Kalim and a part of Armughan-e-Hijaz.

SERVICES AS FREEDOM FIGHTER:

 Led Muslims during 1929-1934 in absence of Jinnah.

 Delivered Allahabad address in 1930.

 Initiated poetic revolution for the revivalism of Muslims

 Motivated Muslim youth of India to take part in freedom struggle

 Waged the idea of Jihad bil Qalam

 Supported AIML in its initial days

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR