MUGHAL EMPIRE

 Invasion from central aisa

 Mdud in gahari and gohri both in 11 and 12 th cen invaded india
 Delhi sultanate last from 3 cen
 Delhi s contro to politi society art and
 At the end of Indian subcontinent in early 16th Mughals invaded

 Strategies: followed Mughals

 1. Mughals rulerd aligned themselves with native rulers eg rajputs
 2. Formulated maintain religious policies call many tolerance religious policy apart
from to barbur except Aurangzeb all follow
 3. Promoted their own image the creation and promotion very high imperial image of
ruler, word darshan taken by muslim when they meet people from balcony it often
refer as ruler darshan to sub.
 4. Maintained balance btw power btw central and regions where ruler at the centre
maintained good relations with local and central level.
 5. Also maintained balcance power btw foreign and local eg turks, apart of Rajput
 6. Creation of military elite section often these sections came into being in intro of
mansabdari system
 7. The Mughals become part of Indian society Indianization or localization partly
muslim and
 After barbur they were study expansion Mughal empire geo consist of Afghanistan,
india, bangaldesh and some other parts.

Periodization
One grp of colonist argue they are representing medieval period , british rule modern
period

 Second set Irfan of it should refer as beigning of modern era due to some
innovations,in Mughal period, use of gunpowder
 Period of declining
 1. Scholars suggest 3 periods
 1707: death of Aurangzeb bec they accepted they last powerful ruler
 , 1757: battle of Plassey viewed of end of Mughal rule and on other hand starting of
colonial rule in Bengal
 , 1857: revolt happened bhadur shah spearheaded the revolution.

 Special features
 Vast territories except in tamil nadu
 Connection btw Indian sub and west asia it was revived in Mughal period
 Mughal reintroduced by persian court culture
 Administration was very well structured not even in Delhi starting from akbar
 Unlike delhi sultan there was single dynasty rule 3 cen
 Many of monuments still survive even today we can see whereas delhi su there
buildings already ruin
 Introduced many technologies in armies like delhi sul Mughal emopire also
established court culture they all chronicles auto and bio were also produced in large
amount now you have memoirs, auto bio .

 factual :
 It was babur from central aisa estb after battle of Panipat
 It officially came to end in 1858
 They were imp ruler , Humayun, babur, akbar, Jahangir shah jahan, aurangeb
 Aurangzeb died 1707 empire beigin to loose its control and that when English start to
acquire territories and Mughals did not approved bristish so they did not get privilages
 Persian begin court lang it played major rule evn judicial also accepted this lang
british brc eng for 100 years followed Persian
 Eng appointed native officials they have same administration.
 The eng as lang helped in communication with London not in india so they were
forced to learn persian, Bengali, hindi
 Urdu was used as official lang and pers similarly Arabic used religious lang
 Sources:
 Literacy sources
 1. Many rulers appointed people to write chronicles
 Monuments constructed
 Paintings played imp role coins
 Christian misssories account they often visited Mughals eg sir Thomas ro often
accounted polity
 All these literacy sources collected by eng sir henry Elliott was an eng civil servant
especially in 19 the cen collected major Mughal sources and translated persian to eng
bec of him we have major Mughal sources
 1. Baburnama it was written by himself in chagtene lang
 Battle Panipat, genrally info Indian sub north west frontier some pages talks about
flora, fauna, people.
 Later it was translated into persian lang at turn 17th Cen
 2. Humayun a biography written by his daughter Gulbahar begam at the command of
akbhar( son)
 When she started writing she traced the whole history mention his death huma
 Through both these books historians get very useful info
 Mughal empire produced more than hundred literature
 Akharname by abdul written at 17th cen he was at court of akbar lit could divided into
3 imp parts:
 1. Early life of Akbar
 2. How Akbar become a ruler and characters associated with him
 3. Deals administration ain I aabari
 Apart from adminstative reforms some of basics of akbars time, resources conditions,
industries other profession
 Tareef I rashidi about turks central Asian even estb of Mughal rule different Asian
groups early history of Mughals esp babur and huma
 Each ruler jagahgir etc appointed their own historians produced not less then 25 lit
 Padshah nama , tuzuk I jahangiri all these give info about contemparory issues and
rulers
 Imp Mughal painting it can divided into two
 1. Wall painting are not useful paper maker, artisan reached sub continent got
employment
 Iranian style first then they developed their own
 Literature Accompanied with painting
 Eg tutinama tales of parrot this manuscript taken reproduced during the time of akbar
250 were added to this book
 During time of Mughal this how book, lit,
 Imp painters mir shayad ali, dust mohd of iran and Indian daswant
 Paper making, grinding, polishing, writing and binding these all functions as
departments
 They produced large amounts of coin, most coin preserve in up and bihar
 Unique feature Mughals were private mints were prohibited all were supported by
govt or owned by govt. 1st time
 Gold coin Muhur or issued gold coins, copper coin value info abiut boundary of
empire maj are details of who issues the coin time of minting
 Mouuments castles, mosque caravan sarais
these building symbolize military commericl activites prestige of king
 Some foreign account
 Official acc william haukins visited

 Poltical histry
 1. Babur
Ruler of Kabul first wanted to expand his territories to north west sun con