Number Systems

STUDY
PACKAGE
NUMBER SYSTEMS
My Home Jewel, Madinaguda,
Hyderabad-500049
Std. 9th |MATHEMATICS
Chapter
1
NUMBER SYSTEMS
Introduction
We already know Natural Number, which is denoted by
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ……..}
If we will add ‘zero’ in set of N then we will get whole numbers represented by
N = {0, 1, 2, 3, ……..}
If we will add negative …–3, –2, –1 (negative numbers) in set of whole numbers then we will get set
of integers represented by I
I = {….., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……..}
Rational Numbers
If p and q are two integers where q is not equal to zero, then p / q is called rational number. Set of
integers are the subset of set of rational numbers. Let us say Q represents the set of rational numbers.
Then I  Q .
Addition and multiplication of Rational Number

a c
If and are two rational numbers then their sum and product are given by
b d
a c a d  bc a c a c
  and   .
b d bd b d bd
a c
and are said to be equal if ad = bc.
b d
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Properties of Rational Numbers

Rational numbers follow the commutative and associative laws of addition and multiplication. They
also follow the distributive law of multiplication over addition.
If a, b and c are three numbers, then
1. Commutative law of addition a b  ba
2. Commutative law of multiplication a b  ba
3. Associative law of addition a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c
4. Associative law of multiplication a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c
5. Law of distribution a  (b  c)  a  b  a  c
6. Law of distribution (b  c)a  b  a  c  a
7. Identity Element of addition :

Identity element of addition is given by 0. If a is any rational number then
a+0=a=0+a
8. Identity Element of Multiplication :
Identity element of multiplication is given by 1. If a is any rational number;̀ then
a 1  a  1 a
9. Additive inverse: –a is the additive inverse of a.
1
10. Multiplicative inverse : is multiplicative inverse of a(a  0) .
a
Irrational Numbers
Those numbers which cannot be represented in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q  0
are known as irrational numbers.
Number Line

There is a straight line which tends to infinity on both sides. Point 0 is known as origin and the left
half of the line is known as negative half and the right half is known as positive half. On the number
line numbers are in increasing order from left to right.
Theorem: 1 Between two rational numbers a and b, there always exists another rational
number.
Result: Between two rational numbers, infinite number of rational numbers can exist.
Question 1:
Find five rational numbers between 1 and 2. We can approach this problem in at least two ways.
Sol: Recall that to find a rational number between r and s, you can add r and s and divide the sum by 2,
rs 3
that is lies between r and s. So, is a number between 1 and 2. You can proceed in this manner
2 2
5 11 13 7
to find four more rational numbers between 1 and 2. These four numbers are , , and .
4 8 8 4
Question 2:
Represent 2 on number line.

Sol: We know from Pythagoras theorem the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
two remaining sides. Take a right angled triangle whose sides are unity. According to Pythagoras
theorem
AC2  AB2  BC2
 AC  2
 Hypotenuse of the triangle is 2
Now, let us represent the irrational number 2 on number line.

Let us put point A at zero on the number line. Take AB = 1, draw BC = 1 perpendicular to AB at B.
Cut an arc of length OC from the number line. Let us say it cuts the line at P. Then the point P
represents 2 on the number line.
Question 3:
Locate 3 on the number line.

Sol:
Construct BD of unit length perpendicular to OB (as in above figure). Then using the Pythagoras
theorem, we see that OD  ( 2)2  12  3 . Using a compass, with centre O and radius OD, draw
an arc which intersects the number line at the point Q.
Then Q corresponds to 3.
In the same way, you can locate n for any positive integer n, after n  1 has been located.
Question 4:
Prove that 2  2 is not a rational number.
Sol: Let a  2  2 be a rational number. Squaring both sides,
a2  4  2  2  2  2  6  4 2

a2  6
  2
4
a2  6
a is a rational number  a 2 is also a rational number  is also a rational number.
4
But we know that an irrational number can never be equal to a rational number.
a2  6
Hence 2 is not possible.
4
Because 2 is an irrational number, our supposition 2  2 is a rational number is wrong.
Hence, 2  2 is an irrational number.

Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers
Any rational number can be represented either in terminating decimal or non-terminating recurring
decimals.
Decimal Representation of an Irrational Number
Any number is said to be irrational if its decimal representation is non-terminating and non-recurring.
We can get so many decimal numbers which represent some or other irrational numbers e.g.
(a) 0.51525162 …
(b) 0.313113111
(c) 0.60000600006000006 …
All the above three decimal numbers represent a particular irrational number. Irrational numbers are
infinite and they have got a unique representation on the number system line. In other words, we can
say that on the number line there are infinite rational and irrational numbers between two numbers.
Irrational Number 
We know that the ratio of the circumference and diameter of a circle is always constant, which is
represented by the Greek letter  .
 is an irrational number, therefore its decimal representation is non-terminating and non-
recurring.
Following are the different rational numbers which are very close to irrational number  .
22

7

62832
 (By Aryabhatta)
20000
355
 (By Ramanujan)
113
But none of the above rational numbers give the exact value of 
Question 5:
If a is an irrational number, then prove that -a is also an irrational number.
Sol: Let a be an irrational number. Say, if –a is not an irrational number then –a is a rational number. Now,
–(–a) = a is an irrational number. But we know that if (–a) is a rational number then –(–a) = a will
also be a rational number, which is a contradiction.
Hence, our supposition is wrong. Therefore -a is an irrational number.
Question 6:
Find two irrational numbers between 0.1 and 0.12.
Sol: Let a = 0.1 = 0.100
and b = 0.12 = 0.120
consider the number c such that c = 0.1010010001 ………
The number c is clearly an irrational number, having a non-repeating and non-terminating decimal,
since in a and c first two digits after decimal are same and the third digit in a is 0 while it is 1 in c.
 ca.
Again, since in b and c, first digit after decimal is same and the second digit in c is 0 while in b, it is
2.
b  c.
Then b  c  a .
Hence, one irrational number between the given rational numbers is 0.1010010001 …, in a similar
way, we can see that another such irrational number may be taken as 0.11010010001…..
Question 7:
Which of the following rational numbers can be represented as terminating decimals?
(a) 3/5 (b) 2/13
(c) 7/20

Sol: We know that a rational number can be represented in the form of p/q, where p and q do not have any
common divisor. Then p/q can be represented as terminating decimal if q has only divisor 2 or 5 or
both.
3 p
(a)  q  5  51
5 q
 3/5 can be represented as terminating decimals.
2 p
(b)  here q = 13.
13 q
2
Since divisor of q is only 13, hence cannot be represented as terminating decimal
13
7 p
(c) 
20 q
q  20  4  5  22  5
Hence, divisor of q can be represented in terms of 2 and 5.

Hence 7/20 can be represented as terminating decimal.
Representation of rational numbers on the number line through successive magnification
Let us try to represent 3.47 on the number line.
We know that 3.47 lies between 3 and 4. We divide the portion between 3 and 4 into 10 equal parts
as below:
Now, 3.47 lies between 3.4 and 3.5. Again we divide the portion between 3.4 and 3.5 into 10 equal
parts.
Now, we can easily locate 3.47 on the number line.

In the above method, we have successively magnified different portions to represent 3.47 on the
number line.
This method of representation of real number on the number line is known as method of successive
magnification.

Question 8:
p
Show that 0.3333  0.3 can be expressed in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 .
q
Sol: Since we do not know what 0.3 is, let us call it ‘x’ and so
x = 0.333 …
Now here is where the trick comes in. Look at
10x  10  (0.333)  3.333
Now, 3.3333  3  x,since x  0.3333
Therefore, 10x  3  x
Solving for x, we get
1
9x  3,i.e.x 
3
Question 9:
Represent 5.23 on the number line using successive magnification (upto 3 places of decimal).
Sol: 5.23 lies between 5 and 6
 We divide portion between 5 and 6 into 10 equal parts and go on successively magnifying as
follows:
5.23 will be located closer to 5.2333. The numbers of times we successively magnify determines the
level of accuracy of representation.

Exercise 1:
p
1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the form , were p and q are integers and q  0 ?
q
2. Find six rational numbers between 3 and 4.
3 4
3. Find five rational numbers between and .
5 5
4. State whether the following statements are true or false. Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Every natural number is a whole number.
(ii) Every integer is a whole number.
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number.
5. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If not, give an example of the square root of a
number that is a rational number.
6. Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.

7. Write the following in decimal form and say what kind of decimal expansion each has:
36 1
(i) (ii)
100 11
1 3
(iii) 4 (iv)
8 13
2 329
(v) (vi)
11 400
1 2 3 4 5 6
8. You know that  0..142857 . Can you predict what the decimal expansions of , , , , are,
7 7 7 7 7 7
without actually doing the long division? If so, how?
p
9. Express the following in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 .
q
(i) 0.6 (ii) 0.47
(iii) 0.001
p
10. Express 0.99999 ….. in the form . Are you surprised by your answer? With your teacher and
q
classmates discuss why the answer makes sense.

11. What can the maximum number of digits be in the repeating block of digits in the decimal expansion
1
of ? Perform the division to check your answer.
17
p
12. Look at several examples of rational numbers in the form (q  0) , where p and q are integers with
q
no common factors other than 1 and having terminating decimal representations (expansions). Can
you guess what property q must satisfy?
13. Write three numbers whose decimal expansions are non-terminating non-recurring.
5 9
14. Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers and .
7 11
15. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational:
(i) 23 (ii) 225

(iii) 0.3796 (iv) 7.478478…
(v) 1.101001000100001
16. Visualise 3.765 on the number line, using successive magnification.
17. Visualise 4.26 on the number line, up to 4 decimal places.
Surds
From foregoing description, we came to a conclusion that the union of rational and irrational numbers
gives the real numbers. Let a be a positive rational number which can not be represented as the nth
root of some rational number then irrational number n
a or a1/n is known as surd.
n
is known as radical sign, is called radicand e.g.
5
(a) 5 is surd
(b) 7 is a surd
(c) 16 is not surd, because 16  42 and 4 is a rational number
(d) 5  2 7 is an irrational number, but it is a surd, because 5  2 7 is not a rational number.
In other words, we can say that all the surds are irrational numbers, but converse need not to be true.

n
Result 1: If an irrational number can be represented as a , where a is a positive rational number n
is a positive integer then that number is called a surd. For example: 5 does not look like a surd,
since 5 is an irrational number. But we take it as surd. 5 45
Result 2: If a is a positive real number (positive rational number in particular) then we can prove that
there is a unique real number x which is nth positive root of a. It means x is a positive real number and
satisfies x n  a.
Properties of Surds
 We know that n is a positive integer and a is a positive rational number then n

a is the nth root
 a
n
of a  n
a;
 If n
a and n
b are two same power surds, then ( n a n b)n  ( n a )n ( n b)n  ab
 n a n b  n ab .
n
na ( n a )n a n a
 If n
a and n
b are two same power surds, then  n   n n   n  n a / b
 b  ( b) b
  b
Mixed and pure surd

If one factor of a surd is a rational number (except 1 ) and another is an irrational number, then the
surd is known as mixed surd. The surds with 1 as only rational factor is known as pure surd.
Question 1:
Change 3 8 in to a pure surd.
Sol: 3 8  32  8  72
Question 2:
Represent 3 4 7 as a pure surd.
Sol: 3 4 7  4 34  7  4 81 7  4 567
Question 3:
5
Convert 320 into mixed surd.
Sol: 5
320  5 25 10  5 25  5 10  2 5 10
Comparison of surds

Two surds can be compared only when their powers are same.
Question 4:
3
Which one is greater out of 2 and 5?
3
Sol: Surd power of 2 is 2 surd power of 5 is 3.
L.C.M. of 2 and 3 is 6.
 2  6 23  6 8 and 3 5  6 52  6 25
6
25  6 8  3 5  2
Question 5:
3
Arrange in increasing order; 2, 4 7, 6 8 .
3
Sol: Surd power of 2 is 3
4
Surd power of 7 is 4
6
Surd power of 8 is 6
L.C.M. of 3, 4 and 6 is = 12

3
2  12 24  12 16
4
7  12 73  12 343
6
8  12 82  12 64
 Required order is
12
16  12 64  12 343
3
26847
Addition and subtraction of surds
Those surds whose irrational factor are same are known as similar surds. Since the surds are real
numbers, hence they follow distributive laws.
Multiplication and division of two surds
Two surds can be multiplied and divided only when their powers are same, for example
n
a  n b  n ab

n
a n a
n

b b
Question 6:
Simplify 3
32  3 250 .
Sol: 3
32  3 250  3 32  250  3 8000
3
(20)3  20
Question 7:
Simplify 3
2 4 3.
Sol: First let us make the powers same L.C.M of 3 and 4 is =12.
3
2  12 24  12 16
and 4
3  12 33  12 27

3
2  4 3  12 16  12 27  12 16  27  12 432
Question 8:
6
12   33 2 .
Sol: We will first simplify  33 2 
Power of 3 is 2.
3
2 is 3
L.C.M. of 2 and 3 = 6
 3  6 33  6 27
and 3
2  6 22  6 4
 3  3 2  6 27  6 4  6 27  4  6 108
 6 12  ( 3 3 2)  6 12  6 108

1/6
12 6 12 6 1  1 
6
= 6    
108 108 9  32 
1/3
1 1
=    3 .
3 3
Rationalizing of surds
When we get a rational number by multiplying two surds then each surd is known as the rationalizing
factor.
Result: From the result of the above problem we can say that rationalizing factor is not necessarily
one.
Question 9:
Find the simplest rationalizing factor of 48 .
Sol: 48  16  3  4 3
Now 4 3  3  12
 Simplest rationalizing factor is 3.
Question 10:
3
Find the simplest rationalizing factor of 56 .
Sol: 3
56  3 8  7  2 3 7  2(7)1/3
Now, 2  71/3    71 
11/3
 2  7  14 .
1
1
can be written as 7  7  3 49
2/3 3 2
 7 3
 Simplest rationalizing factor of

3 3
56 is 49 .
Question 11:
If a, b, c are rational numbers then find the simplest rationalizing factor of 3

a b 2c2 .
Sol: 3
a b 2 c 2  a1/3b 2/3c 2/3
1/3 2/3 2/3 

1 1 
1 2 2
 
1
Now, a b c  a 3 b 3 c 3   abc
 

1 2 2
1 1 1
a 3
b 3
c 3
 a 2/3b1/3c1/3  3 a 2 bc
 Simplest rationalization factor of 3

a b 2 c 2 is 3
a 2b c
Question 12:
Make the denominator rational of the following
4 2 7
(a) (b) .
13 11
Sol: (a) Simplest rationalizing factor of 13 is 13
4 13 4 13
  
13 13 13
(b) Simplest rationalizing factor of 11 is 11
2 7 11 2 77
  
11 11 11
Question 13:
5
Rationalize the denominator of .
2 3 5
5 2  3 5 5( 2  3 5)
Sol:  
2 3 5 2 3 5 2  45
=
5
43
 2 3 5 . 
Exercise 2:
1. Choose pure surds from the following surds:
10, 2 3, 8, 3 7,5 3 16, 2 3 7
2. Match the following:
Column –A Column-B
(a) Order of the surd 3

5 (i) 5

(b) Radicand of the surd 3

5 (ii) 2
(c) Order of surd 50 (iii) 3
3. Fill in the blanks:
(a) 3
3 …………….. 4 5
1/2 1/3
1 2
(b)   …………..  
2 3
3 7
(c)  a  b 7 ; a = …………., b = ……………
3 4 7
4. Recall,  is defined as the ratio of the circumference (say c) of a circle to its diameter (say d). That is
c
  . This seems to contradict the fact that  is irrational. How will you resolve this contradiction?
d
5. Represent 9.3 on the number line.
6. Rationalise the denominators of the following:
1 1
(i) (ii)
7 7 6
1 1
(iii) (iv)
5 2 7 2
Indices
We all are familiar with the following properties of simple arithmetic.
4  4  4  4  44 or 3  3  3  3  3  35
In the same way,
a  a  a ...........20 factors  a 20
b  b  b  ...........n factors  bn
Thus we observe that b  b  b  b........n factors can be expressed as b n , where b is called base and n
is known as power or exponent.
Properties of Indices:

1. Product law – a m  a n  a m n
2. Quotient law – a m /a n  a mn
3. Power law – a 
m n
 a mn
 ab   a m  bm
m
4. Power of a product –
n
an  a 
5. Power of quotient –  
bn  b 
n n
a b
   
b a
Special types
Negative Index: If a  0 , then a  m  1/a m
a  0, a 3  1/a 3
Fractional Index: a1/n  n a ; where n  N
Question 1:
Simplify:
4
2 1
 15 
(i) 2 2
3 3
(ii) 3 
 
1
1 1
75
(iii) 1
(iv) 135 17 5
73
4
2 1  2 1
  
3
 15  4
Sol: (i) 2 2  2
3 3  3 3
2 2 2
3 1
(ii)  
3  3 5
 
1
1 1 3 5 2 1 1 1 1
7 5   
(iii) 1
7  5 3
7 15
7 15 (iv) 13 17  (13 17)  221
5 5 5 5
3
7
Question 2:

 25 
3/2
 64 1/3  25 1 
Simplify:         .
 9   125   3  
Sol: The given expression
 5  2 
3/2
  4 3 1/3 
         3  
 3     5    25  
 
3 3
 5   4 25   3   20 
=         
 3  5 3   5   3 
2
27 20  9  36  6 
=     4    .
125 3  25  25  5 
Question 3:
x 4
4 7
Solve:    .
7 4
x 4 x 4
1
4 2 7 4 2 4
Sol:       
7 4 7 7
Equating powers both sides we get
x4
 1  x  4  2
2
x  6 .
Exercise 3:
1. Find:
1 1 1
(i) 64 2 (ii) 32 5 (iii) 125 3
2. Find:
3 2 3 1
(i) 92 (ii) 32 5 (iii) 16 4 (iv) 125 3
3. Simplify:

1
2 1 7
1 2 1 1
11
(i) 2 2 3 5
(ii)  3 (iii) (iv) 7 8
2 2
3 
1
4
11
1
4. If  49 , then find the value of y.
 343
2y  2
5a   x 40
2
If x (5 a )  x
2
5. , then find a.
6. If x = 2 and y = 4, then x y/ x  y x/ y = _________.

KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 1:
0 0 0
1. Yes. 0    etc. denominator q can also be taken as negative integer.
1 2 3
2. There can be infinitely many rational between numbers 3 and 4, one way is to take them
21 28 22 23 24 25 26 27
3 ,4  . Then the six numbers are , , , , , .
6 1 6 1 7 7 7 7 7 7
3 30 4 40 31 32 33 34 35
3.  ,  . Therefore, five rational are: , , , ,
5 50 5 50 50 50 50 50 50
4. (i) True, since the collection of whole numbers contains all the natural numbers.
(ii) False, for example -2 is not a whole number.
1
(iii) False, for example is a rational number but not a whole number.
2
5. No. For example, 4  2 is a rational number.
7. (i) 0.36, terminating. (ii) 0.09 , non-terminating repeating.
(iii) 4.125, terminating. (iv) 0.230769 , non-terminating repeating.
(v) 0.18 non-terminating repeating. (vi) 0.8225 terminating.
2 1 3 1 4 1
8.  2   0.285714 ,  3   0.428571 ,  4   0.571428 ,
7 7 7 7 7 7
5 1 6 1
 5   0.714285 ,  6   0.857142
7 7 7 7
2 6 2
9. (i) [Let x  0.666So 10x = 6.666 … or, 10x = 6 + x or, x   ]
3 9 3
43 1
(ii) (iii)
90 999
10. 1
11. 0.0588235294117647
12. The prime factorisation of q has only powers of 2 or powers of 5 or both.

13. 0.01001000100001,0.202002000200002,.003000300003
14. 0.75075007500075000075,0.767076700767000767,0.808008000800008
15. (i) and (v) irrational; (ii), (iii) and (iv) rational.
Exercise 2:
1. 10, 3 7
2. (i) Irrational (ii) Rational (iii) Rational
(iv) Irrational (v) Irrational
3. (i) 63 2 2 3  6 (ii) 6 (iii) 7  2 10
(iv) 3
4. There is no contradiction. Remember that when you measure a length with a scale or any other device,
you only get an approximate rational value. So, you may not realise that either c or d is irrational.
7 5 2
6. (i) (ii) 7 6 (iii)
7 3
7 2
(iv)
3
Exercise 3:
1. (i) 8 (ii) 2 (iii) 5

2. (i) 27 (ii) 4 (iii) 8
1 1 1

 

3 3
(iv)  (125) 3
 5  51 
5 
13 1
15 21 4
3. (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 11
1
(iv) 56 2
4
4. y 5. a=1 6. 6
3

SOLVED PROBLEMS
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
Section - A
3 a 3b
a 1 b2 1  1 
Problem 1: If 9  81 and      . Find the values of a and b.
3  27 
Solution: 32(a 1)  34(b 2)
Equating powers on both sides we get
2a  2  4b  8  2a  4b  6
 a  2b  3 …(i)
3 a 9b
1 1
   
3  3
Equating powers both sides we get
3  a  9b  a  9b  3 …(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii) we get
33 6
a  ,b 
7 7
5 1 5 1
Problem 2: If   a  b 5 , find a and b.
5 1 5 1
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
Solution:    ab 5
5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
( 5  1) 2 ( 5  1) 2
  ab 5
5 1 5 1
5 1 2 5 5 1 2 5
  ab 5
4 4
12  0
  a  b 5  3 0  a  b 5
4
 3 0 5  a  b 5
Comparing rational and irrational parts, we get a = 3, b = 0

Problem 3: Express 4.7 in the form of a rational number.
Solution: Let x = 4.7

10x = 47.77 …
= 47.7
 9x  47.7  4.7  43
43
x
9
43
 4.7 
9
Which is a rational number.
3
Problem 4: Rationalise the denominator of .
2 7 5
Solution: Multiply and divide the given expression with the conjugate of denominator.
3 2 7 5
 
2 7  5  2 7  5 
6 7 3 5 6 7 3 5
 .
(2 7)  ( 5)
2 2
23
 a b c   (abc)
2 3 4 3
Problem 5: Simplify: .
 a bc  3 1 2
 a b c  (abc)
2 3 4 3
Solution:
 a bc 
3 1 2
a 8b12c4  a 3b3c3
=
a 6 b2c2
a 83  b123  c43

=
a 6 b2c2
= a 836  b1232  c432  a 5 b13c9

Problem 6: Simplify:
(a) ( 5  3)2 (b) 3 2 2 (c) ( 7  3 5)  ( 5  5 7)
Solution: (a) ( 5  3)2
= ( 5)2  ( 3)2  2 5  3
= 8  2 15
(b) 3  2 2  1  ( 2) 2  2 2 1
= (1  2)2  1  2
(c) ( 7  3 5)  ( 5  5 7)
= ( 7  5 7)  (3 5  5)
= 4 7  4 5 .
2 1
Problem 7: Find the value of a and b if ab 2 .
2 1
2  1  2  1  ( 2  1)2
Solution:    3 2 2
2  1  2  1  2 1
 a=3
b=2
Problem 8: Find the value of 4.5  0.35 .
Solution: Let x  4.5 …(i)
10x  45.5 …(ii)
 9x  45.5  4.5 (subtracting equation (i) from (ii))

= 41
41
x
9
Let y  0.35 …(iii)
100y  35.35 …(iv)

99y = 35 (subtracting equation (iii) from (iv))

35
y
99
41 35 416
x  y   
9 99 199
Problem 9: If 5 5 5 5  125x 1 . Find the value of x.
Solution: Let 5 5 5 5 .  a
 5a  a
Squaring both sides
5a  a 2
Solving we get a = 5
Also, a  125x 1 or a  53x 3
 51  53x 3
Equating powers on both sides
4
1  3x  3  x 
3
3
Problem 10: Simplify the expression .
19  8 3  19  8 3
Solution: Multiply and divide the expression with conjugate of denominator
3  19  8 3  19  8 3 
 

19  8 3  19  8 3  19  8 3  19  8 3 
Using identity (a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b 2
3[ 19  8 3  19  8 3 ] 19  8 3  19  8 3

19  8 3  19  8 3 16
(4  3) 2  (4  3) 2 4  3  4  3 8 1
=   
16 16 16 2

64
Problem 11: If 64x 1  . Find the value of x.
4x
Solution: 43(x 1)  43  4 x
43(x 1)  43 x

3(x  1)  3  x (by equating powers on both sides)
3x  3  3  x
4x  0
x  0
1 1
Problem 12: If 2x   6 . Find the value of x 2  .
2x 16x 2
Solution: Dividing both sides by 2
1
x 3
4x
Squaring both sides
1 1
x2  2
 2 x  9
16x 4x
1 1
x2  2
 9
16x 2
1 1
x2  2
 9
16x 2
1 19
 x2  2

16x 2
(998)2  (997)2  45
Problem 13: Simplify:
(98)2  (97)2
Solution: Using property a 2  b 2  (a  b)(a  b)
(998  997)(998  997)  45 1995  45


(98  97)(98  97) 195
1950
  10
195

Section - B
p
Problem 1: Represent the sum 3.36  5.04  6.3 in form.
q
Solution: x  3.36 …(i)
100x  336.36 …(ii)

Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii)
333
99x  333  x 
99
y  5.04 …(iii)
100y  505.04 …(iv)
Subtracting equation (iii) from equation (iv)

499
99y  499  y 
99
z  6.3 …(v)
10z  63.3 …(vi)

Subtraction equation (v) from (vi)
57
9z  57  z 
9
333 499 57
x  y  z   
99 99 9
333  499  627 205
= 
99 99
2  4n 1  42n 1 1
Problem 2: Find the value of expression n 1
 2(n  2) 1
.
4 2  8 4
2n
42
2  22(n 1)  22(2n 1) 1
Solution: 2(n 1)
 2
2 2 2 2
2 2n 3
2  22n 3
22n 3  24n 2 1
 2n  2 2n 1
 2 2n 3
2 2 2 2

22n  23  22n 2  2
 
2  2  2 
2n 2 1
 2  22n 2 
3

2 3
 22n 2 

2

2
1
2 22 1
2  2  4  2
3 2n  2
OBJECTIVE
Level - I
Multiple Choice Questions (Single Option Correct)
Problem 1: If (27)2n 1  (243)3 . Find value of “n”.
(a) 3 (b) 6
(c) 7 (d) 9
Solution: (A). As 27  33 and 243  35
So, (3)6n 3   35 
3
 (3)6n 3  315
6n = 18
n=3
Problem 2: The value of 24  3 64  4 28

(a) 12 (b) 14
(c) 28 (d) none of these
Solution: (A). 24  22
3
64  22  4
4
28  22  4
So, 12
1 1
Problem 3: If x   2 , then value of x 2n 1  2n 1 when n  I 
x x
(a) 2 (b) 0

(c) –2 (d) none of these

1
Solution: (C). x   2
x
x 2  1  2x
 x 2  2x  1  0
 (x  1)2  0
x  1
1
Now put this is x 2n 1  2n 1
x
 1  1  2
1
  1 2 2 
Problem 4:       is equal to
  2   
 
1
(a) (b) 16
16
1
(c)  (d) –16
16
2x 1
 1  
Solution: (A).    
 2  
2
 1 2 
    
 2  
4
 1 1
   
 2 16
Problem 5: Convent 0.47 in a fraction the result is

47 46
(a) (b)
90 90
47
(c) (d) none of these
99
Solution: (C). let x  0.47

x  0.474747 …(i)
100x  47.4747 …(ii)
Now, subtract (i) from (ii) we get
99x = 47
47
x
99
Level - II
Problem 1: The value of 2 3 4  7 3 32  3 500 is
(a) 43 4 (b) 73 4
(c) 93 4 (d) 113 4

Solution: (D). Simplest form
23 4  23 4
7 3 32  7 3 8  4  7  2 3 4  14 3 4
3
500  3 125  4  5 3 4
 2 3 4  7 3 32  3 500  2 3 4  14 3 4  5 3 4
= (2  14  5) 3 4  113 4
1
Problem 2: If x 2  8 625 ; find x?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
1
Solution: (D). x 2  8 625  x  4 625
(on squaring)
 x  4 54  5
Problem 3: The value of (0.008)1/3 =
(a) 0 (b) 0.1
(c) 0.2 (d) 0.3

Solution: (C). (0.008)1/3

1/3
= (0.2)3   0.2
Problem 4: The value of x, if x 2  2 81; x  N
(a) 3 (b) –3
(c) 4 (d) –4
(A). x  9  9
2 2 2
Solution:
 x2  9  x  3
16  2n 1  4  2n
Problem 5: The value of =
16  2n  2  2  2n  2
3 1
(a) (b)
4 2
1 1
(c) (d)
4 9
Solution: (B). Given expression is
24  2n 1  22  2n
24  2n  2  2  2n  2
24n 1  2n 2 2n  5  2 n  2
= 4 n  2 n 21  n 6 n 3
2 2 2 2
1  2n 5  2n  2  1
=   .
2  2n 5  2n  2  2
m n n l lm
 am   an   al 
Problem 6:  n  l  m =
a  a  a 
(a) 0 (b) 1
1
(c) (d) –1
2
(B).  a mn  a  a 
m n n 1 n 1 1m 1 m
Solution:
n2 12
·a1 m  a m  n 2  n 2 12 12  m2
 a0  1
2 2 2 2 2
= am ·a n

CHAPTER PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. Insert two rational numbers between 2 and 3.

2. Insert two irrational numbers between 5 and 6.
3. Find the square of 3  2 5 .
4. Solve for x : 4x 2  2x 1  0 .
 1 2
5. Simplify: ( 72  108)   .
 3 9 
73 5
6. If  a  b 5 , then find the value of a and b.
73 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7. Prove that         2.
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9
4 5 4 5
8. Simplify:  .
4 5 4 5
p
9. Express 0.6  0.7  0.47 in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 .
q
7 3 2 5 3 2
10. Simplify:   .
10  3 6 5 15  3 2
4 3
11. If 2  1.414, 3  1.732 , then find the value of  .
3 32 2 3 32 2
3 5 1
12. If a  , then find the value of a 2  2 .
2 a
3 2 3 2
13. If x  and y  , then find the value of x 2  y 2 .
3 2 3 2
 3 
 4 2 
 
 
14. Simplify: (256)
4 1 2
15. Find the value of 2
 3
 1
  
3 4 5
(216) (256) (243)

ASSIGNMENT
Section - A
SUBJECTIVE
1. Is 100  36 the same as 100  36 ? Give reason.

2. Find 2 irrational numbers between 0.5 and 0.55
3. Simplify:
36 125  27 32  108
(a) (b) (c)
9  25 180  24 48
4. Find the rationalizing factor of 2  7  10 .
5. Change 2 5 3 in to a pure surd.
6. Give three rational numbers between

2 3 2 1
(a) and (b)  and  (c) 0.1 and 0.2
5 4 5 5
7. Find x in each of the following:
(a) 3
2x  3  4  0 (b) 5
6x  2  2
2x 9x
5  3
8. Solve x if      1
3 5
128  216
9. Find the value of x for which 23x  .
144  24
10. Find the value of x if 43x 5  2x .
128  25
11. Find the values of x for which 52x  2  .
40  80
12. Express the following in the form of p/q
(a) 0.6666....... (b) 0.272727...
(c) 3.7777.. (d) 18.484848...
 7  7
6 3
4 6 8
13. Evaluate: 3 .

a b
  x a (a b)   x b(b a ) 
14. Simplify:   a (a  b)    b(b a )  .
 x  x 
15. If (a  b 3)2  7  4 3 , then find the value of a and b.
2 3
16. If a  3b  , then find the value of a + 2b?
74 3
2 3
17. If both a and b are rational numbers, find the value of a and b in ab 6 .
3 2 2 3
2 3 2 3
18. If a  and b  . Then what is the value of a + b.
3 1 3 1
1 1 1 1
19. If x  ,y  . Then find the value of  .
74 3 74 3 x 1 y 1
1
20. If x  5  2 6 . Then find the value of x  .
x
7 3
 a 3   b3  a m
21. Proven that 2n – m = 1 for the expression  2    4   n
b  a  b
2 5 2 5
22. If a  ,b  . Find a 2  b2 .
2 5 2 5
23. Find which of the variables x, y, z and u represent rational numbers and which irrational numbers:
(i) x2  5 (ii) y2  9
17
(iii) z 2  0.04 (iv) u2 
4
24. Find three rational numbers between
(i) –1 and –2 (ii) 0.1 and 0.11
5 6 1 1
(iii) and (iv) and
7 7 4 5
25. Insert a rational number and an irrational number between the following:
1 1
(i) 2 and 3 (ii) 0 and 0.1 (iii) and
3 2

2 1
(iv) and (v) 0.15 and 0.16 (vi) 2 and 3
5 2
(vii) 2.357 and 3.121 (viii) .0001 and .001
(ix) 3.623623 and 0.484848 (x) 6.375289 and 6.375738
26. Represent the following numbers on the number line:
3 12
7,7.2, ,
2 5
27. Locate 5, 10 and 17 on the number line.
28. Represent geometrically the following numbers on the number line:
(i) 4.5 (ii) 5.6
(iii) 8.1 (iv) 2.3
p
29. Express the following in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 :
q
(i) 0.2 (ii) 0.888… (iii) 5.2 (iv) 0.001
(v) 0.2555… (vi) 0.134 (vii) .00323232… (viii) .404040…
1
30. Show that 0.142857142857  
7
31. Simplify the following:
24 54
(i) 45  3 20  4 5 (ii) 
8 9
(iii) 4
12  7 6 (iv) 4 28  3 7  3 7
7
(v) 3 3  2 27  (vi) ( 3  2)2
3
3 1
(vii) 4
81  8 3 216  15 5 32  225 (viii) 
8 2
2 3 3
(ix) 
3 6
32. Rationalise the denominator of the following:
2 40 3 2
(i) (ii) (iii)
3 3 3 4 2
16 2 3 6
(iv) (v) (vi)
41  5 2 3 2 3
3 2 3 5 3 4 3 5 2
(vii) (viii) (ix)
3 2 5 3 48  18
33. Find the values of a and b in each of the following:
5 2 3 3 5 19
(i)  a 6 3 (ii) a 5
74 3 3 2 5 11
2 3 7 5 7 5 7
(iii)  2b 6 (iv)  a 5b
3 2 2 3 7 5 7 5 11
1
34. If a  2  3 , then find the value of a  .
a
35. Rationalise the denominator in each of the following and hence evaluate by taking
2  1.414, 3  1.732 and 5  2.236 , upto three places of decimal.
4 6
(i) (ii)
3 6
10  5 2
(iii) (iv)
2 2 2
1
(v)
3 2
36. Simplify:
3 812 32
1 4 6
(i) 1  2
3 3
 33  2 (ii)
5 5 5
2 1 2
1  4
1 3 
2
(iii) (iv) (625)
27
1 1

9 3  27 2 
1 1 2
(v) 1 2
(vi) 64 3 643  64 3

36  3 3

1 1
8 16
3 3
(vii) 1

3
32
Section - B
1. If both a and b are rational numbers, find the values of a and b in each of the following:
3 2 5 2 3
(a) ab 2 (b) ab 3
3 2 74 3
2. Find x if 128.2x  1  0 .
3. What is the value of 255  254  253 .
1
4. If x  31  8 15 ; find the value of x  .
x
5. If 2m  3n  17 , when m and n are positive integers then what is the value of m + n?
3 2 3 2
6. If x  and y  , find the value of x 2  xy  y2 .
3 2 3 2
2

 x  6
15
  ( 125) .
9
7. Solve x if  10 3 8
 
8. If 2x 1·3y 1  (2.3)5 , then find the value of 2x + y.
3 2 3 2
9. If a  ,b  , find a 3  b3 .
3 2 3 2
1
10. If x  3  8 , find x 4  .
x4
1 1 1 1
11. Find the value of    .
1 2 2 3 3 4 8 9
1 1
12. If a  ,b  , then evaluate a 2 b  ab 2 .
3 2 2 3 2 2
a  2b  a  2b
13. If x  , then evaluate bx 2  ax  b .
a  2b  a  2b

OBJECTIVE
Level - I
1. 0.37 is equivalent to
37 55
(a) (b)
198 67
37
(c) (d) none of these
99
2. The sum of a rational number and an irrational number
(a) is irrational (b) is rational
(c) may be rational (d) may be irrational
3. The product of two irrational numbers
(a) is irrational (b) need not be irrational
(c) is rational (d) none of these
4. Which of the following statements is false?
(a) a rational number may have a terminating decimal representation
(b) difference of two irrational numbers need not be irrational
(c) every real number is either rational or irrational
(d) irrational numbers cannot be represented by points on the number line
5. Which of the following is a surd?
(a) 4
 (b) 4
625
(c) 3
513 (d) 3
7
6. The number ( 2  3)2 is a/an
(a) rational number (b) irrational number

(c) perfect number (d) none of these
7. Irrational number lying between 0.0112345 ……. and 0.011642076 …….. is

(a) 0.0115364 …… (b) 0.0153216 ……

(c) 0.121438 ….. (d) 0.119846 …….
8. 3
8  4  4 625  3 125 is equal to
(a) 5 2 3 5 (b) 2  125
(c) 1 (d) 2
9. The value of x satisfying 184x 3  (54 2)3x 4 is
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 3 (d) 4
10. A rational number between 2 and 3 is
(a) 1.414 (b) 1.8

(c) 1.732 (d) 1.734
5 6
11. If x  ;y  ; then the value of x + y is
5 4 5 4
(a) 11 5  4 (b) 11 5  4
(c) 5 4 (d) 5  11 4
100 25
12. If  50 , then the value of x is
25  x
1
(a) 25 (b)
25
1
(c) 25 (d)
25
1 1 1
 x b  bc  x c  ca  x a  ab
13. The value of  c  · a  · b  is equal to
x  x  x 
1
(a) x (b)
x
(c) 1 (d) –1

14. Every rational number is

(a) a natural number (b) an integer
(c) a real number (d) a whole number
15. Between two rational numbers
(a) there is no rational number
(b) there is exactly one rational number
(c) there are infinitely many rational numbers
(d) there are only rational numbers and no irrational numbers
16. Decimal representation of a rational number cannot be
(a) terminating
(b) non-terminating
(c) non-terminating repeating
(d) non-terminating non-repeating
17. The product of any two irrational numbers is
(a) always an irrational number
(b) always a rational number
(c) always an integer
(d) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
18. The decimal expansion of the number 2 is

(a) a finite decimal
(b) 1.41421
(c) non-terminating recurring
(d) non-terminating non-recurring
19. Which of the following is irrational?
4 12
(a) (b)
9 3
(c) 7 (d) 81
20. Which of the following is irrational?
(a) 0.14 (b) 0.1416

(c) 0.1416 (d) 0.4014001400014 …

21. A rational number between 2 and 3 is
2 3 2 3
(a) (b)
2 2
(c) 1.5 (d) 1.8
p
22. The value of 1.999… in the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 , is
q
19 1999
(a) (b)
10 1000
1
(c) 2 (d)
9
23. 2 3  3 is equal to
(a) 2 6 (b) 6
(c) 3 3 (d) 4 6
24. 10  15 is equal to
(a) 6 5 (b) 5 6
(c) 25 (d) 10 5
1
25. The number obtained on rationalising the denominator of is
7 2
7 2 7 2
(a) (b)
3 3
7 2 7 2
(c) (d)
5 45
1
26. is equal to
9 8
1 1
(a) (3  2 2) (b)
2 3 2 2
(c) 3 2 2 (d) 3 2 2
7
27. After rationalising the denominator of , we get the denominator as
3 32 2
(a) 13 (b) 19
(c) 5 (d) 35
32  48
28. The value of is equal to
8  12

(a) 2 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) 8
2 1
29. If 2  1.4142 , then is equal to
2 1
(a) 2.4142 (b) 5.8282

(c) 0.4142 (d) 0.1718
4 3
30. 22 equals
1

(a) 2 6
(b) 26
1
(c) 26 (d) 26
31. The product 3

2  4 2  12 32 equals
(a) 2 (b) 2
12 12
(c) 2 (d) 32
32. Value of 4
(81) 2 is
1 1
(a) (b)
9 3
1
(c) 9 (d)
81
33. Value of (256)0.16  (256)0.09 is
(a) 4 (b) 16
(c) 64 (d) 256.25
34. Which of the following is equal to x?
12 5 1
(a) x 7  x7 (b) 12
x  4 3
 x
2 12 7
(c) 3 3
(d) x x 7 12

Level - II
3 2
1. The rational number which does not lie between rational numbers and is
5 3
46 47
(a) (b)
75 75
49 50
(c) (d)
75 75
 1 2 1 1 
2. Which of the following irrational number is smallest?  , 3 , , 
 2 3 3 5 
1 2
(a) (b) 3
2 3
1 1
(c) (d)
3 5
1 2 1
3. The value of   is:
2 3 5  3 2 5
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
4. The product of any 3 consecutive positive integers is always divisible by
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 9
1 1
5. a b
 is equal to
1 x 1  x b a
(a) x 2(a  b) (b) 1
(c) x a b (d) x b a
6. If 25x 1  52x 1  100 , then x is
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

Multiple Choice Questions (Multiple Option Correct)
7. A natural number 75 times the average of its digits. Given that it is a 3 digit number find possible
values of sum of digits of number.
(a) 6 (b) 9
(c) 8 (d) 15
8. Given 32x 3  244·3x  9  0 . Find x
(a) 4 (b) 2
(c) –3 (d) 5
Level - III
3 2 2  3 2 2
9. If N  2 3  1 , then N is equal to
3 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 2 1
(c) 2 2 (d) 2
1 1 1
 x q  qr  x r  rp  x p  pq
10. The value of  r    p    q  is equal to
x  x  x 
1 1 1
 
(a) xp q x
(b) 0
(c) x pq  qr  rp (d) 1
m2  mn  n 2 n 2  np  p2 p2  pm  m2
 am   an   ap 
11. The value of the expression  n   p   m 
a  a  a 
(a) 1 (b) 0
a m n  p3
3 3
(c) (d) a mnp
a 1 a 1
12.  
a 1  b1 a 1  b1

2b2 2b2
(a) (b)
a 2  b2 b2  a 2
b2 6b2
(c) (d)
a 2  b2 b2  a 2
1
 2 3 
1 4

  1   
13. If   2     7 m , then m =
 7  
  
1 1
(a) (b)
3 4
(c) –3 (d) 2
14. If 22008  22007  22006  22005  k  22005 , then the value of k is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
15. If x y  y x and x 2  y where x and y are distinct positive real numbers, then the value of x + 2y is
(a) 3 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) 12

Answer keys
Chapter Practice Problems
1. 1.5, 1.6 2. 26, 27
3. 29  12 5 4. 5
1 1
5. 2 6. a  23 , b  10
2 2
42 167
8. 9.
11 90
10. 1 11. 2.063
12. 7 13. 98
1
14. 15. 214
2

ASSIGNMENT
SUBJECTIVE
Section - A
1. No, L.H.S. is rational, R.H.S. is irrational

2. 0.51010010001 …
0.52020020002 …
2 5
3. (a) (b) (c) 6 2
5 4 2
4. ( 2  7  10)(2 14  1) 5. 4
1200
9 11 13 7 3 1
6. (a) , , (b)  , , (c) 0.125,0.15,0.175
20 20 20 20 10 4
67
7. (a) (b) 5 8. 0
2
9. 1 10. 2 11. –1
2 3 34 610
12. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 11 9 33
13. 76 14. 1 15. a = 2, b = 1
5
16. 0 17. a = 2, b   18. 3
6
19. 1 20. 10 22. 144 5
23. Rational numbers: (ii), (iii)
Irrational numbers: (i), (iv)
24. (i) 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (ii) 0.101,0.102,0.103
51 52 53 9 17 19
(iii) , , (iv) , ,
70 70 70 40 80 80
25. (i) 2.1, 2.040040004 … (ii) 0.03,0.007000700007 …
5
(iii) ,0.414114111 … (iv) 0, 0.151151115 …
12
(v) 0.151,0.151551555 … (vi) 1.5,1.585585558 …
(vii) 3,3.101101110 … (viii) 0.00011,.0001131331333 …
(ix) 1,1.909009000 (x) 6.3753,6.375414114111
1 8 47 1
29. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
5 9 9 999

23 133 8 40
(v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
90 990 2475 99
7 6 8
31. (i) 5 (ii) (iii) 168 2 (iv)
12 3
34 3 5
(v) (vi) 52 6 (vii) 0 (viii) 2
3 4
3
(ix)
2
2 2 23 2
32. (i) 3 (ii) 30 (iii) (iv) 41  5
9 3 8
(v) 74 3 (vi) 3 2 2 3 (vii) 52 6 (viii) 9  2 15
94 6
(ix)
15
9 5
33. (i) a = 11 (ii) a (iii) b (iv) a  0, b  1
11 6
34. 2 3
35. (i) 2.309 (ii) 2.449 (iii) 0.463 (iv) 0.414
(v) 0.318
81
36. (i) 6 (ii) (iii) 9 (iv) 5
8000
1

(v) 3 3 (vi) –3 (vii) 16
Section - B
11 6
1. (a) a ,b  (b) a  11, b  6
7 7
2. –7 3. 253 4. 8
5. 5 6. 99 7. 25
8. 14 9. 970 10. 1154
11. 2 12. 6 13. 0

OBJECTIVE
Level - I

1. C 2. A 3. B
4. D 5. D 6. B
7. A 8. D 9. B
10. C 11. B 12. C
13. C 14. C 15. C
16. D 17. D 18. D
19. C 20. D 21. C
22. C 23. C 24. B
25. A 26. D 27. B
28. B 29. C 30. C
31. B 32. A 33. A
34. C
Level – II
1. D 2. D 3. D
4. A 5. B 6. C
Multiple Choice Questions (Multiple Option Correct)

7. A, B, D 8. B, C
Level – III
9. B 10. D 11. A
12. B 13. A 14. B
15. C

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STUDY

My Home Jewel, Madinaguda,

We already know Natural Number, which is denoted by

I = {….., –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……..}

Addition and multiplication of Rational Number

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Properties of Rational Numbers

4. Associative law of multiplication a  (b  c)  (a  b)  c

6. Law of distribution (b  c)a  b  a  c  a

7. Identity Element of addition :

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Represent 2 on number line.

AC2  AB2  BC2

 Hypotenuse of the triangle is 2

Now, let us represent the irrational number 2 on number line.

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Locate 3 on the number line.

Prove that 2  2 is not a rational number.

Sol: Let a  2  2 be a rational number. Squaring both sides,

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Hence, 2  2 is an irrational number.

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Hence, divisor of q can be represented in terms of 2 and 5.

Now, we can easily locate 3.47 on the number line.

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6. Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.

(i) 0.6 (ii) 0.47

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(i) 23 (ii) 225

17. Visualise 4.26 on the number line, up to 4 decimal places.

(c) 16 is not surd, because 16  42 and 4 is a rational number

(d) 5  2 7 is an irrational number, but it is a surd, because 5  2 7 is not a rational number.

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since 5 is an irrational number. But we take it as surd. 5 45

 We know that n is a positive integer and a is a positive rational number then n

Mixed and pure surd

Change 3 8 in to a pure surd.

Represent 3 4 7 as a pure surd.

Sol: 3 4 7  4 34  7  4 81 7  4 567

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Find the simplest rationalizing factor of 48 .

 Simplest rationalizing factor is 3.

 Simplest rationalizing factor of

If a, b, c are rational numbers then find the simplest rationalizing factor of 3

1/3 2/3 2/3 

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 Simplest rationalization factor of 3

Sol: (a) Simplest rationalizing factor of 13 is 13

(b) Simplest rationalizing factor of 11 is 11

1. Choose pure surds from the following surds:

10, 2 3, 8, 3 7,5 3 16, 2 3 7

2. Match the following:

(a) Order of the surd 3

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(b) Radicand of the surd 3

(c) Order of surd 50 (iii) 3

3. Fill in the blanks:

5. Represent 9.3 on the number line.

6. Rationalise the denominators of the following: