INGLÉS

I N G L É S C O N P R O P Ó S I T O S E S P E C Í F I C O S – I N G E N I E R Í A S Y
P R O F E S O R A D O S - M Ó D U L O M A Ñ A N A

Textos
1° cuatrimestre
Facultad de Ingeniería
Módulo Mañana
Año 2021

Equipo docente:

Claudia Herczeg (PAD – 1)

Tamara Paez (AYP – 3)
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 1: HEADLINES

3
1 2

new products Power Transformer 4

6 5

7
An Introduction to 8

Quantum Mechanics

New and Best- 9

Distribution Operations
10

selling Titles in Supervisors 11

Aerospace Engineering Underground and Overhead Lines

15
FUndamentals
13
of CellUlar
Network
Planning and 14
Optimisation 12

19
18

Low-cost Vibration Test Systems

and Digital Controllers
16 17
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22 23

20 21

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 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 2: TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS NEW TABLES

 The Editor and Editorial Board I. Structures and functions of common drugs
 Foreword
II. Chemical constituents of human blood
 Preface
 Contributors III. Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
IV. Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure
Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
V. Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors
Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
VI. Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310
Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
VII. Description of the IUPAC1 chemical identifier (InChI2)
Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
VIII. International recommendations on the expression of uncertainty of measurements
Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Kinetics
IX. Major world earthquakes, 850AD to 2008
Section 6: Fluid Properties
X. Nobel prize winners in Physics and Chemistry
Section 7: Biochemistry
1 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Section 8: Analytical Chemistry 2 International Chemical Identifier
Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy REVISED TABLES
Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics I. Nuclear moments for nmr spectroscopy

Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics II. Mass spectral peaks for organic solvents
III. Properties of refrigerants
Section 12: Properties of Solids
IV. Interstellar molecules
Section 13: Polymer Properties
V. Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds
Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
VI. Properties of the Solar System
Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data
VII. Satellites of the Planets
Section 16: Health and Safety Information
VIII. Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants
Section 17: Appendix A: Mathematical Tables
IX. Speed of Sound in Dry Air
Section 18: Appendix B: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data
Section 19: Appendix C: Tables Removed From Older Editions
Section 20: Index
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TEXT 3: COURSE INFORMATION

The University of Course content for year 2

Manchester Credit Mandatory/
Title Code
Oxford Rd. rating optional
Manchester – M13 9PL Mechanics of Materials MATS23101 10 Mandatory
UK Materials Synthesis and Sustainability MATS23201 10 Mandatory
Phase Transformations and
MATS23301 10 Mandatory
Microstructure Control
Materials Processing MATS23401 10 Mandatory
Deformation Mechanisms MATS23502 10 Mandatory
Functional Behaviour MATS23602 10 Mandatory
Design, Management and Team
MATS23702 20 Mandatory
Project
Biomaterials & Biological Interactions MATS23801 10 Optional
Smart & Nano Materials MATS23901 10 Optional
Engineering Alloys in Service MATS24102 10 Optional
Performance Polymers, Fibres and
MATS24112 10 Optional
Textiles

Course content for year 3

Credit Mandator
Title Code
rating y/optional
Modelling and Data Tools for Materials
MATS31101 10 Mandatory
Scientists
Materials Characterisation and
MATS31201 10 Mandatory
Analytical Techniques
Composite & Advanced Materials MATS31301 10 Mandatory
Advanced Micromechanics of
MATS31401 10 Mandatory
Engineering Materials
Advanced Functional and Low
MATS31501 10 Mandatory
Dimensional Materials
Structural Integrity MATS31601 10 Mandatory
Themed Research Project MATS31702 20 Mandatory
Drug Delivery & Biosensors MATS31802 10 Optional
Polymer Synthesis & Characterisation MATS31902 10 Optional
Metallurgy of Engineering Alloys MATS32102 10 Optional
Corrosion Science & Engineering MATS32202 10 Optional
Stem Cell & Tissue Engineering MATS32302 10 Optional
Multiphase Polymers &
MATS32402 10 Optional
Nanocomposites
Metallurgy of Industrial Alloys MATS32502 10 Optional
Textile Manufacturing Techniques MATS32602 10 Optional
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 4: CONGRESS
ASME's International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) 12 Acoustics, Vibration, and Phononics
is the largest interdisciplinary mechanical engineering conference in the world. Topics
IMECE plays a significant role in stimulating innovation from basic discovery to 1-1 Phononic Crystals and Metamaterials
translational application. It fosters new collaborations that engage stakeholders and 1-2 Passive, Semi-Active, and Active Noise Control
1-3 Computational Acoustics
partners not only from academia, but also from national laboratories, industry,
1-4 Structural-Acoustic System Identification
research settings, and funding bodies. 1-5 Noise, Vibration and Harshness in Automotive Systems
1-6 Vibration and Acoustic Measurements, Signal Processing, and Test Facilities
1 Engineering Education 1-7 Aero-Acoustics and Sound Propagation
2 Fluids Engineering 1-8 Flow-Induced Noise and Vibration
3 Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering 1-9 Turbomachinery Noise
9-1 Heat transfer analysis in waste heat recovery systems 1-10 Human Perception of Acoustics
9-2 Thermal management of battery systems 1-11 In-Situ Sound Measurement
9-3 Radiative heat transfer and radiative properties of energy systems 1-12 Ultrasonic Waves for Material Characterization and Damage Assessment
9-4 Heat transfer in passive thermal control systems 1-13 Computational Nondestructive Evaluation and Structural Health Monitoring
9-5 Transient management of energy systems 13 Advanced Manufacturing
9-6 Heat Transfer in Waste Heat Recovery Systems 14 Advances in Aerospace Technology
9-7 Spatially resolved thermophysical property measurements 15 Biomedical & Biotechnology Engineering
9-16 Thermophysical properties of next-generation thermal storage materials 16 Dynamics, Vibration, and Control
9-18 Fundamentals of Boiling, Evaporation, and Condensation including 17 Energy
Micro/Nanoscale effects Topics
9-23 Panel: Women in Engineering 6-1 Energy-Related Multidisciplinary Development
9-24 Thermal transport across hard/soft interfaces 6-2 Fundamentals and Applications of Thermodynamics
9-31 Nanoscale materials for thermal energy systems 6-3 Thermoeconomics
9-32 Single phase heat transfer equipment 6-4 Design and Analysis of Energy Conversion Systems
9-35 Heat exchangers 6-5 Energy Systems Components
9-46 Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Cooling 6-6 Low-Temperature Energy Conversion Systems
9-49 Transport Phenomena in Additive Manufacturing 6-7 Thermal Energy Storage
9-50 Processing of Battery Materials 6-8 Environmental Aspects of Energy Systems
4 Advanced Materials: Design, Processing, Characterization and Applications 6-9 Energy Systems for Buildings
5 Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Fluids 6-10 Renewable Energy
6 Micro- and Nano-Systems Engineering and Packaging 6-11 Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
7 Safety Engineering, Risk and Reliability Analysis 6-12 Fuel Cell Systems Design and Applications
8 Design, Systems and Complexity 6-13 Carbon Capture and Storage
9 ASME International Undergraduate Research and Design Expo (Posters Only) 6-14 Nuclear Power Plants: Design, Analysis, and Safety
10 NSF (Includes NSF Student Competition (Posters only)) 6-15 CMS-Biomass and Waste Gasification and Combustion
11 Virtual Podium (Posters) 6-16 CMS-Biofuels Production, Conversion, and Simulation
Important Dates 6-17 CMS-Coal and Novel Combustion Schemes
Submission of Abstract for Full 6-18 CMS-Fire Behavior and Sensing
Papers
Program – Tracks February 25, 2019
Author Notification of Abstract
Acceptance
March 18, 2020
 TEXT 5: COURSE INFORMATION

For the Winter 2021 semester, this program will be

delivered through a hybrid model that combines
remote and in-person learning. View delivery
modes for all programs.

 About this course Venue Study options

 Duration Full Time (2 years)
 Overview Sheridan College (Ontario)
Davis Campus, Tuition fees
 Department
7899 McLaughlin Road, CAD$17,285.00 (US$ 13,602) per
 Study options BRAMPTON, year
 Entry requirements Ontario (ON),
 Internacional L6Y 5H9, Canada Start date
Expected September 2021

What will I learn? Learning Outcomes

Sheridan's Chemical Laboratory Technician diploma
program provides excellent facilities with current
technology and many opportunities for hands-on
experience. You'll work directly with the same
sophisticated instruments that are used in research and
industry, while learning to apply the theories of the
chemical sciences.
Courses you will take:
 Instrumental analysis and analytical chemistry
 Microbiology
 Organic and inorganic chemistry
 Laboratory techniques
 Environmental science
Career Opportunities
Chemical Laboratory Technician graduates may work
with chemists and engineers in research and
development labs, quality control and technical service
labs, government agencies and educational institutions.
Which department am I in?
Faculty of Applied Science and Technology
Additional information
Entry requirements for international students
English-language proficiency testing:
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language): 80
IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
Academic Module: 6 e
FCE (Cambridge English First): B
The course’s objectives and activities include the
following:
1. Application of mathematical, physical and chemical
concepts to routine tasks such as the analysis and
synthesis of chemical compounds and samples.
2. Accurate basic manual quantitative and qualitative
analyses, with the use of prescribed laboratory
procedures.
3. Organic and inorganic compound preparation with
standard synthetic and purification procedures.
4. Performance of routine statistical calculations to
report the results of analyses.
5. Instrumental chemical analysis and report of the
quantitative/qualitative results.
6. Application of basic computer skills relevant to the
chemical laboratory technology field.
7. Use of established Quality Assurance and Quality
Control procedures to ensure that processes remain
within designated limits.
8. Performance of all assigned work in compliance with
occupational health, safety and environmental law,
legislation and regulations; established policies and
procedures; and in accordance with ethical principles.
9. Application of problem-solving skills to chemical
laboratory technology.
10. Use of interpersonal and communication skills
appropriate to the chemical laboratory technology
environment.
11. Development of a continued professional growth plan.
 TEXT 6: JOURNALS
The Journal of Supercritical Fluids is
an international journal devoted to
the fundamental and applied aspects
of supercritical fluids and processes.
Its aim is to provide a platform for
academic and industrial researchers.
Its coverage is multidisciplinary and
includes both basic and applied topics.
Thermodynamics and phase equilibria, thermal and
transport properties, and all topics related to processing
such as separations, nucleation and impregnation are
within the scope. Topics related to high pressure
equipment design, analytical techniques, sensors, and
process control methodologies are also within the scope of
the journal. The journal publishes original contributions in
all theoretical and experimental aspects of the science and
technology of supercritical fluids and processes.
Editor-in-Chief:ErdoganKiran
He holds degrees in Chemical Engineering from MIT (B.Sc.); Cornell
University (M.S.) and Princeton University (Ph.D.).
He is currently a professor of chemical Engineering at Virginia Tech.
ISSN: 0896-8446
Imprint: ELSEVIER
Ecological System of Smart Home Networks.
Technologies, Social Impact and Sustainability
This book provides an authoritative guide for
postgraduate students and academic researchers
involved in electronics, computer and network
engineering, energy technology and home automation, as
well as R&D managers in industrial sectors such as wireless
technology, consumer electronics, telecommunications
and networking, information technology, energy
technology and home automation.
Part I outlines the key principles and technologies needed
for ecological smart home networks. The book covers all
the areas concerning with power line communications,
hybrid systems and middleware platforms. Part II discusses
some important applications of this technology, with
wireless smart sensor networks for home and telecare, and
smart home networking for content and energy
management (including the intelligent Zero Emission
Urban System).
This book provides a better coverage of the best
international research which brings together the leading
researchers from around the world.
A volume in Woodhead Publishing Series
in Electronic and Optical Materials
Edited by: N. Saito and D Menga
ISBN: 978-1-78242-119-1
Applied Energy provides a forum for information on
innovation, research, development and
demonstration in the areas of energy conversion and
conservation, the optimal use of energy resources,
analysis and optimization of energy processes,
mitigation of environmental pollutants, and
sustainable energy systems. The journal publishes
original papers, review articles, technical notes, and
letters to editor.
The coverage of this journal ranges from
innovative technologies and systems of
both fossil and renewable energy to the
economic industrial and domestic use of
energy.
Applied Energy deals with problems concerning
conservation strategies, and the environmental, social
and economic impacts of energy policies and usage,
including climate change mitigation and other
environmental pollution reduction.
ISSN: 0306-2619
Imprint: ELSEVIER Issues per Year:12
12 Editor: J. Yan
Dr. J. Yan is chair professor of Energy Engineering, Mälardalen
University, and KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
The Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering
covers the fields of petroleum (and natural gas),
exploration, production and flow in its broadest
possible sense. It publishes written articles intelligible
to scientists and engineers working in any field of
petroleum engineering (natural gas) geology.
Topics include: origin and accumulation of petroleum
(natural gas); petroleum (natural gas) geochemistry;
reservoir engineering; rock mechanics/petrophysics;
well logging, testing and evaluation; enhanced oil and
gas recovery; petroleum (natural gas) geology; drilling
and drilling fluids; thermodynamics and phase
behavior; compaction/diagenesis; fluid mechanics in
porous media and multi-phase flow; reservoir
simulation; production engineering; formation
evaluation; exploration methods
Imprint: ELSEVIER
-ISSN: 0920-4105
Editor-in-Chief:
Birol Dindoruk
Birol Dindoruk is a Reservoir Engineering Advisor
and Principal Technical Expert in Reservoir
Engineering PVT/EOR working for Shell International
E&P since 1997, and an adjunct faculty at the
University of Houston. He holds a PhD degree in
Petroleum Engineering from Stanford University, an
MBA degree from University of Houston.
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 7: DEFINITIONS
1

A device is an object made for a special In chemistry and physics, an atom is the
purpose, e.g. a thermostat is a device for smallest possible particle of a chemical element
maintaining for maintaining a constant that retains its chemical properties. Most atoms
temperature. are composed of three types of subatomic
particles which govern their external properties:
 Electrons, which have a negative charge;
2 The density of a liquid  Protons, which have a positive charge,
and
is the weight of a unit volume
Neutrons, which have no charge 5
at the temperature during 4

measurement, and is usually 2

expressed in lb/ft3 2

3
2
Fluid mechanics is a branch of mechanics that deals with the
properties of liquids and gases.
Electrical energy 4
2

is energy stored in an
electric field or
transported by an
A wave generated by an
electric current. Energy Nanotechnology is that field
electromagnetic field
is defines as the ability of applied science dealing with the
is called an electromagnetic wave.
to do work, and design, synthesis, characterization
Examples include: radio waves,
electrical energy is and application of materials and
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X
simply one of its many devices on the nanoscales.
8 rays, and gamma rays. 7
varieties. 4

Breakers or circuit breakers are devices that can be used to open or close a circuit
manually and can also open a circuit automatically when current is too high. 6
4

Inductance can be defined Admixtures are Corrosion is defined as the

as the element of an electric
circuit which opposes sudden
increases or decreases of
current flowing in the circuit.
Inductance stores energy in a
magnetic field when current is
increased and delivers energy
back to the circuit when
current is decreased.
defined as material added destruction or deterioration of a
during the mixing process material because of reaction with
of concrete in small its environment. This includes
quantities related to the metals and non-metals like
mass of cement, to modify ceramics, plastics, rubber, etc.
the properties in the fresh Depending on the material and
or hardened state. They the particular environmental
do not include pigments conditions, corrosion can be fast
of silica fume, which are (i.e. can take a few hours) or very
additions. slow.

11 10
9
4 2 4 4 2

2
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 8: DEFINITIONS BY DISCIPLINE

1 Velocity and acceleration

The force per unit area that
the fluid exerts in an effort to
change the phase from a liquid
to a vapor is called vapour
pressure. This pressure is
a function of a fluid’s chemical
and physical properties, and
its temperature. 3 in speed, as in the case of a body moving in a circular path
The velocity of a body is the rate of change of its
displacement (linear or angular) with respect to time.
Velocity is a vector quantity, and to specify it completely the
magnitude, direction and sense must be known. The speed
of a body is merely the magnitude of its velocity.
The acceleration of a body is the rate of change of its velocity
(linear or angular) with respect to timer. A body accelerates
if there is a change in either the magnitude, direction or
sense of its velocity and can thus accelerate without change
with uniform speed.

A system is said to be in a state of thermodynamic

equilibrium, or more simply in an equilibrium state, when
each of its thermodynamic properties is time-independent and
when there are no fluxes within the system or across its
boundary. For example, there must not be any transfer of matter
or electricity from one place to another, within or across the
boundary. 2

4
Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with the structure,
properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which
include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements,
including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen,
oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.

5 6
Dispersion means the The process by which the solvent
intermolecular attraction force that molecules of a solution, move from a
exists between all molecules. These higher concentration region to a lower
forces are the result of the movement of concentration region, through a
electrons which cause slight polar semipermeable membrane is known
moments. Dispersion forces are as osmosis.
generally very weak but their strength
increases with molecular mass.
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 9: DEFINITIONS BY DISCIPLINE

7 The discipline of materials

A valve can be defined as a device for science is concerned with
controlling the flow of fluids (liquids, gases, slurries) investigating the relationships that
in a pipe or other enclosure. This control is exist between the structures and
by means of a movable element that opens, shuts, properties of materials. On the basis
or partially obstructs an opening in a of these structure–property
passageway.In an open valve, fluid flows in a correlations, materials engineering is
direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. interested in the design of the
There are many types of valves with different flow structure of a material to produce a
control characteristics, sealing effectiveness, and predetermined set of properties.
reliability. 8

9
Cavitation refers to the formation of empty cavities, also
known as bubbles or voids, in a liquid, followed by their
immediate and sudden implosion. It is a common problem
encountered in pumps and control valves, one that causes
serious wear and can reduce a component's time-in-service
dramatically. Cavitation is usually caused by vaporization at low
pressure, air ingestion, flow turbulence, and/or internal re-
circulation.

The word stability is synonymous 10

with steadiness and balance. It is a Fracture is defined as the separation, or
time-based characteristic meaning fragmentation, of a solid body into two or
resistance to change. more parts under the action of stress. The
In the context of structural engineering process of fracture is made up of two
a stable system is one that, when components, crack initiation and crack
displaced by a small amount, will propagation. Fractures can be classified into
return to its equilibrium position. two general categories, ductile fracture and
Conversely, an unstable system is one brittle fractures.
which, when displaced by a small
amount, will continue to move away
from the equilibrium position to the 12
point where it fails. Hydraulics is concerned with the study of
11 fluids whether in motion or at rest.
Hydrodynamics is the branch which studies
fluids in motion, and hydrostatics deals with the
properties of fluids in static equilibrium
(motionless).

13
In civil engineering, a barrier that encloses water or underground
streams is called a dam. Reservoirs created by dams not only
suppress floods but also provide water for activities such
as irrigation, human consumption, industrial use, aquaculture,
and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction with dams
to generate electricity
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana

TEXT 9: DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTION

Kinetic Theory Electrostatic Force

The kinetic theory of gases is the study of the microscopic
behavior of molecules and the interactions which lead to One of the mysteries of the atom is that the electron and the
macroscopic relationships like the ideal gas law. nucleus attract each other. This attraction is called
electrostatic force, the force that holds the electron in orbit.
Molecular Constants This force may be illustrated with lines as shown in Figure 3.
In the kinetic theory of gases, there are certain constants
which constrain the ceaseless molecular activity.
A given volume V of any ideal gas will
have the same number of molecules. The
mass of the gas will then be proportional
to the molecular mass. A convenient
standard quantity is the mole, the mass
of gas in grams equal to the molecular
mass in amu (atomic mass units).
Figure 3 Electrostatic Force
Avogadro's number is the number of
Without this electrostatic force, the electron, which is
molecules in a mole of any molecular
substance. traveling at high speed, could not stay in its orbit. Bodies
that attract each other in this way are called charged bodies.
As mentioned previously, the electron has a negative
charge, and the nucleus (due to the proton) has a positive
Ideal Gas Law charge.
An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between
atoms or molecules are perfectly elastic and in which there
The First Law of Electrostatics
are no intermolecular attractive forces. In such a gas, all the
internal energy is in the form of kinetic energy and any The negative charge of the electron is equal, but opposite
change in internal energy is accompanied by a change in to, the positive charge of the proton. These charges are
temperature. referred to as electrostatic charges. In nature, unlike
charges (like electrons and protons) attract each other, and
HyperPhysics (©C.R. Nave, 2006) is a continually developing base of instructional material
in physics. It is not freeware or shareware. It must not be copied or mirrored without like charges repel each other. These facts are known as the
authorization. The author is open to proposals for its use for non-profit instructional First Law of Electrostatics and are sometimes referred to as
purposes. The overall intent has been to develop a wide ranging exploration environment
which could be of use to students and teachers. the law of electrical charges. This law should be
remembered because it is one of the vital concepts in
electricity. Some atoms can lose electrons and others can
DOE FUNDAMENTALS
HANDBOOK gain electrons; thus, it is possible to transfer electrons from
ELECTRICAL SCIENCE one object to another.
Static Electricity Volume 1 of 4
Atoms with the proper number of electrons in orbit around them
are in a neutral state, or have a "zero charge." A body of matter
consisting of these atoms will neither attract nor repel other matter
that is near it.
If electrons are removed from the atoms in this body of matter, as
happens due to friction when one rubs a glass rod with a silk cloth,
it will become electrically positive as shown in Figure 12. If this body of
matter (e.g., glass rod) comes near, but not in contact with, another body
having a normal charge, an electric force is exerted between them
because of their unequal charges. The existence of this force is referred
to as static electricity or electrostatic force.
Figure 12 Static Electricity
 Inglés con Propósitos Específicos – Ingenierías y Profesorados - Módulo Mañana
TEXT 10: DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION
Electromagnetic Fields
The flow of electricity through a conductor produces both an electric
and magnetic field around the conductor. Collectively, these two
fields are referred to as an electromagnetic field or EMF. The
strength of the electric field is measured in volts per meter and varies
with the amount of the source voltage. This strength decreases
rapidly with distance from the source.
Electric fields are produced both naturally and by any conductor
carrying electricity. The strength of the earth's natural electric field
varies, but on average is about one-thousandth of a volt per meter.
Electric field strength typically varies from 10 to 150 volts per meter
under electric distribution lines and 5 to 100 volts per meter inside
homes and workplaces.
The strength of a magnetic field is typically measured in units of
gauss or milligauss and varies with the amount of current moving
through a conductor. Lines or devices requiring high levels of current
flow produce stronger magnetic fields than those with low current
flow. For example, the measure of a magnetic field directly under a
high voltage transmission line is somewhere between 20 to 650
milligauss. The magnetic field measured underneath a lower power
distribution line is 5 to 30 milligauss.
Magnetic fields produced by electrical circuits drop off rapidly with
distance from the source. The magnetic field produced by a
microwave at 1 foot is 70 to 100 milligauss while at five feet away, the
magnetic field strength drops to five milligauss.
http://c03.apogee.net/contentplayer/?coursetype=foe&utilityid=citi
Electric fields are blocked by shielding such as walls,
zenselectric&id=4639
houses, trees, other vegetation, soil, and other large
dense objects. Magnetic fields, on the other hand, pass
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
3.2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Solid materials may be classified according to the regularity with which atoms or
ions are arranged with respect to one another. A crystalline material is one in
which the atoms are situated in a repeating or periodic array over large atomic
distances; that is, long-range order exists, such that when the material solidifies,
the atoms will position themselves in a repetitive three-dimensional pattern, in
which each atom is bonded to its nearest-neighbor atoms. All metals, many
ceramic materials, and certain polymers form crystalline structures under normal
solidification conditions. For those that do not crystallize, this long-range atomic
order is absent; these noncrystalline or amorphous materials are discussed
briefly at the end of this chapter.
Some of the properties of crystalline solids depend on the crystal structure of
the material, the manner in which atoms, ions, or molecules are spatially
arranged. There is an extremely large number of different crystal structures all
having long-range atomic order; these vary from relatively simple structures for
metals, to exceedingly complex ones, as displayed by some of the ceramic and
polymeric materials. When crystalline structures are described, atoms (or ions)
are considered solid spheres having well-defined diameters. This is termed the
atomic hard sphere model in which spheres representing nearest-neighbor atoms
touch one another. An example of the hard sphere model for the atomic
arrangement found in some of the common elemental metals is displayed in
Figure 3.1c. In this particular case all the atoms are identical. Sometimes the
term lattice is used in the context of crystal structures; in this sense ‘‘lattice’’
means a three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions (or
sphere centers).