Chapter 8

8.0 Analogue electronics

8.1 ) Transistor voltage amplifiers I

8.1.1) Introduction a)Analogue electrons b)Amplifiers
8.1.2) Voltage amplification by a transistor a) action b) Bias c) Further points
8.1.3) Common emitter amplifier
a) Calculation of Rl & Rb b) Coupling capacitors c) Frequency response

8.2) Transistor voltage amplifiers II

8.2.1 l8.2.1)Load line a)Drawing a load line b)choosing the d.c. operating points
c)Voltage gain A
8.2.2)Stability a)Effect of hfe b)Thermal runaway
8.2.3)Collect to base bias

8.3) Transistor voltage amplifiers III

8.3.1) Sinple two stage amplifer
8.3.2)Fully stabilized voltage amplifier
a) voltage divider b)Emitter resister c)Decoupling capacity d)Further points

8.4) FET voltage amplifier

8.4.1) Bias & stability a)Bias b)Stability
8.4.2)Decoupling & coupling

8.5) Amplifiers & Feedback

8.5.1) The feedback equation
8.5.2) Advantages of negation feedback (a.f.b)
a) Voltage gain is accurately predictable & constant
b) Distribution of the output is reduced
c) Frequency response is better.
8.5.3)Negative feedback circuits a)Collector to base resister b)Source resistor

8.6) Amplifiers & Matching

8.6.1) Input & output impedance
8.6.2)Matching to signal & load a)Signal b)load
8.6.3)Worked Example
8.7) Impedance matching circuits
8.7.1)Emitter- follower a)action b)voltage & current gain c)common
collector amplifier
8.7.2)Source follower
8.7.3)The three transistor amplifiers circuits
8.7.4)Transformer matching

8.8) Transistor oscillators

8.8.1) Introduction
8.8.2)Tuned (LC) Oscillator
8.8.3)Unijunction oscillator
a)Relaxation oscillators b)Unijunction transistor (UJT)

8.9) Operational amplifier

8.9.1)Introduction
a) Properties i)a very high open-loop voltage gain
ii)a very low output impedance
b)Description
8.9.2) Action & characteristics a)action b)Transfer characteristic
8.9.3)Negative feedback
8.9.4)Direct coupled amplifiers

8.10) Op amp voltage amplifiers

8.10.1)Inverting amplifier a)Basic circuit b)gain c)Input impedance
8.10.2)Non inverting amplifier a)Basic circuit b)gain c)Input impedance
8.10.3)Voltages follower.

8.11)OP amp Summing amplifier

8.11.1 Action 8.11.2)Summing point

8.12)OP amp voltage comparator

8.12.1) Action
8.12.2)Some examples
8.12.3)Alarm circuit
8.13)OP amp integrator
8.13.1) Action
8.13.2)Theory

8.14)Analogue computing
8.14.1)Electronic analogues
8.14.2)Solving a differential equation

8.15)OP amp oscillators

8.15.1)Astable multivibrator
8.15.2)Wien oscillation
8.15.3)Wave form generators