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Please fill in this information:-

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 Name: Rahul
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The format of this test:

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4
 Part 1. There are total 20 problems. Each problem contains at least one error (or may be
more).

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Maximum marks are 20. The errors are purely related to English usage, so no
technical specialization is required to find them.

Q. No. Do not write anything in the last column. It is for marking purpose 2

1 No error 1

2 Several techniques can be used to determine protein-protein interactions, for e.g., ITC, 1
spectrofluorometry, ELISA, SPR, and two-hybrid system.

3 In order to determine the effect of the gene, several parameters, such as plant height, fruit 0
size, leaf color, root length, and seed shape, etc., were analyzed.

4 In most of the countries, there is very limited informations on the traditional tribal foods, 0
and this makes it very difficult to assess the health benefit of consuming such foods.

5 The study was carried out at Istanbul State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. 35 patients, 0
presenting to our outpatient clinic during 2011 to 2014, were retrospectively recruited to
the study.

6 The food samples were ranked according to their antioxidant potential, lipid profile, & 0
protein contents.

7 Increasing in the humidity is one of the factors involved in the spread of the grease spot 0
disease in the passion fruit plants.

8 The same causative agent, which were reported in an earlier study [12], seem to be 0
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 responsible for the poor growth of seedlings.

9 Among the conservation possibilities, that is available today, ex situ is regarded as a 0

highly valuable preservation tool with a tremendous potential.

10 Scheduling plays important role in the decision-making process for the planning of 0
manufacturing systems (Safari and Sadjadi 2011).

11 It is clear that an equilibrium position is different from a social optimum situation 0

(Epstein, et. al 2013).

12 In this study, we considered a decentralize scheduling system with independent, rational, 0

and selfish jobs, and determine the overall system behavior and performance by their
actions.

13 The earlier researches define agency as an intricate constructs of the concept of identity, 0
because it allows a researcher to enact for a perceived identity and reject others.

14 Mikeson and Roger et al. (2011) revealed that the doctoral students, as inexperienced 0
researchers, often face the following challenges quite acutely.

15 In a similar vein, another studies also found a reciprocal relationship between income 0
insecurity and education level.

16 To determine the exact location of the lesion, a MRI scan of the patient was recorded in 0
the supine position.

17 By the collection of narratives, it can be seen how their experiences or lives defines their 0
personal and professional identities.

18 The demographic characteristics of and the minimum and maximum wages earned during 0
the previous year by the participants are shown in the Table 5.

19 This study was focused up on improving the mechanical properties, electrical 0

conductivity, and fatigue performance of a new copper alloys, with a nominal composition

6
 of Cu and Mg by applying an appropriate thermomechanical treatment.

20 A further increase in the ultimate tensile strength could be observe, when the grain 0
refinement (by swaging) was combined with an optimized precipitation hardening
conditions.

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Part 2:

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Subject Areas

Contents
Life Sciences, Biological Sciences................................................................................................13

Molecular Biology.........................................................................................................................13

Biochemistry..................................................................................................................................14

Microbiology.................................................................................................................................15

Immunology...................................................................................................................................15

Medical Sciences...........................................................................................................................17

Food Sciences................................................................................................................................18

Psychology.....................................................................................................................................18

Botany............................................................................................................................................20

Agriculture.....................................................................................................................................20

Environmental Science..................................................................................................................21

Chemistry.......................................................................................................................................22

Metallurgy......................................................................................................................................23

Engineering....................................................................................................................................24

Mechanical engineering.................................................................................................................25

Electronic Engineering..................................................................................................................25

Physics...........................................................................................................................................26

Philosophy.....................................................................................................................................28

Humanities.....................................................................................................................................28

Economics......................................................................................................................................30

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Politics...........................................................................................................................................31

Geosciences, Geology....................................................................................................................33

Mathematical Science....................................................................................................................34

Computer Science..........................................................................................................................35

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This is a sample of edited text in MS word track changes format.
Sample 1
Undoubted, aAs a result of the world’s population is increasing day by day,es with the increases
in health problems are also growing exponentially. Therefore, the synthesis of novel drug
molecules, especially with antioxidant properties, has become a research necessityin the world,
the finding of new drugs will lead to more imperative. The synthesis of novel drug scaffolds of
antioxidant is very imperative because in research area; thus, antioxidants are known tothey able
to defend the cells from the free radical attacking and inhibit various conditions the growth of
numerous dangerous diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's Alzheimer’s disease, cell destruction, and
heart attack or stroke etc. [16,17]. Antioxidants play a major role inOne of the main role of
antioxidant is to protecting the biological function of cytochrome c, which stimulates automated
cell death (apoptosis) when liberated from mitochondria to cytosol, stimulates an automated cell
death (apoptosis) [18]. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties of
newly synthesized di-2-thienyl ketones festooned with thiazole or pyridine moiety.
Sample 2
Lung cancer remains is the most common malignancy and is the leading cause of cancer-related
death worldwide. Non-small-cell cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer,
which and mainly comprises lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma
(LUSC). It has been noticed that menMen have higher incidence and mortality rates than women
in due to lung cancer, which is mainly attributed to the larger amounts ofmore smokers among
males than females [ref]. Interestingly, NSCLC cases occurring in non-smokers are more
common in among women than in among men. In additionAdditionally, it was recently reported
that female patients of suffering from NSCLC obtained were found to benefit less benefits
withfrom the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors compared with than control
groups. One In a study, reported that premenopausal women had a worse prognosis than both
men and postmenopausal women, suggesting that estrogen is a poor prognostic factor for lung
cancer in premenopausal women.

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Edit only in your own Subject Area! If it is not there please choose the nearest one.

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Life Sciences, Biological Sciences
NOTCH proteins are highly conserved cell surface ligands, whose normal function is necessary
for the maintenance of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptotic[4]. NOTCH1 is
considered to be the main NOTCH receptor in the endothelium. The NOTCH1 signaling
pathway consists of the NOTCH1 receptor, NOTCH1 ligands (JAGGED1–2, DLL-1, 3, 4), CSL-
DNA binding protein, and downstream target gene[5]. Initially, NOTCH1 is synthesized as an
inactive protein in ER. In the presence of ligand cells, the NOTCH1 protein releases NICD into
the nucleus after three enzymatic cleavages[6]. Subsequently, NICD binds to transcriptional
proteins such as –CSL to form a multi-protein-DNA complex that induces the expression of
downstream-related genes[7]. In the classical cell pathway, the receptors on the cell membrane
act like signal receivers, receiving exogenous signals and activating downstream cascading
amplification reactions[8]. Ligands can originate from the extracellular matrix. Activation of the
NOTCH1 signaling pathway requires at least two cells, which is a unique protease-dependent
signaling pattern[9]. With the continuous advancements in sequencing work, genetic variation is
detected through comparisons of the tumor and matched normal tissue. T-ALL is characterized
by activating mutations in NOTCH1. On average, 50% of T-ALL patients have an activating
mutation in NOTCH1[10]. 16.9% of HNSCC from Caucasian patients have the NOTCH1 gene
mutation, making it the second most commonly mutated gene, after the TP53 gene[11].

Molecular Biology

In my thesis, I will summarize my research findings on the cloning of cba2and recombinant

production of Cba2 in E. coli. The cba2gene was cloned from a genomic library of C. biazotea
using a shotgun approach. At first, neither culture median or cell lysates of E. coli transformants
(pMcba2) harboring the cba 2 gene construct were shown to yield any detectable Cba2activity.
Cba2 expression in another host system, Bacillus subtilis encountered the same problem. Results
from time-course experiments showed that transformants expressing Cba2 displayed normal cell
growth and high plasmid stability. To facilitate immunogenic detection of Cba2, a6X His tag,
was fused at the C-terminus of Cba2 . Western blot analysis revealed that Cba2 was expressed as

13
insoluble forms in the cytoplasm. Subsequently, chemical chaperone supplement in the culture
medium and altering expression condition such as temperature and ph were applied in attempting
to enhance active Cba2 expression. When the polyol osmolytes, sorbitol in particular, was
supplemented to the culture medium of a tranformant expressing Cba2, Cba2 activity was
detected in the cell lysate. the results obtained from the sorbitol experiment and cba2 cloning
will be elaborated. In addition, the transcriptional efficiency of cba2 will be evaluated by
northern blot analysis and how low temperature and high pH improve the soluble Cba2 level will
also be discussed.

Biochemistry
Glycoproteins play an important role in biological processes such as protein folding,
information transmission, nerve conduction, and molecular recognition. Therefore, it is of
great significance to design and develop an adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for
glycoprotein. In this paper, a novel boronate affinity material (Zr-MOF@S-S@B) was
prepared by combining Zr-MOF, disulfide covalent bond (-S-S-), 4-
mercaptophenylboronic acid (4-MPBA) for selective enrichment of glycoprotein and
elution of glycoprotein at physiological pH. The affinity between boronic acid and cis-
diol makes the composite material has a high adsorption capacity of 625.5 mg g –1 for
ovalbumin (OVA). At the same time, the Zr-MOF@S-S@B has exhibited great
reusability and large specific surface area. Furthermore, the material contains disulfide
bonds that can release surface binding glycoprotein specifically under physiological pH
conditions, effectively avoiding the reduction of glycoprotein activity. In general, the
method is successfully used for the enrichment of OVA in egg white samples, which has
broad application prospects in the separation and enrichment of glycoprotein.
Protein glycosylation plays an important role in many important biological events
and is one of the most popular post-translational modifications. In fact, abnormal protein
glycosylation is directly related to the development of human disease, so the analysis of
glycoprotein is very important. However, glycoproteins are generally low in abundance in
biological systems and affected by interfering components. Therefore, it is of great

14
significance to select a simple and effective method for specific enrichment of
glycoprotein.

Microbiology
Rhizosphere is the most active micro-area of soil-plant-microbe interaction,
generally within a range of less than 1 mm to a few millimeters from the surface of the
root (Hartmann et al., 2008). Plants depend on the nutrients in the soil to complete each
life cycle of growth and development. Meanwhile, various chemicals released to the
rhizosphere during plant growth further improve the soil environment (Zhou et al., 2014;
Franciska et al., 2020). The microbial community of rhizosphere soil is significantly
different from bulk soil (Bram et al., 2017; Xu et al., 2018), however, some research
results of some plants (such as Arabidopsis and rice, etc.) show that there is no significant
difference between rhizosphere and bulk microbial communities structure (Schlaeppi et
al., 2014; Bulgarelli et al., 2015; Edwards et al., 2015). Nowadays, more and more
research have found that root exudates play a key role between plant rhizosphere and
microorganisms, and play an important role in improving saline soil nutrients and soil
environment in arid desert areas (Rifat et al., 2010; Raaijmakers and Mazzola, 2016).
Many exudates can act as chemical attractants for microorganisms, enabling
microorganisms to colonize and reproduce on the rhizosphere and root surface rich in root
exudates by Chemotaxis response, forming a specific rhizosphere microbial community.
The Chemotaxis response of soil microbial communities (such as Pseudomonas,
Rhizobium and Agrobacterium) increases their root colonization efficiency in the
rhizosphere (Haichar et al., 2014)

Immunology
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a serious global health
problem. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) reduces mortality and prolongs
life in patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, some
15
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complications, such as cardiovascular
disease, have been increasing year by year, becoming the main reason of HIV infection
patients [1, 2]. Compared with the general population, the risk coefficient of
cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients is significantly higher, accompanied by a
faster disease progression; thus, becoming an important threat to death[3]. In AIDS
patients, autonomic nervous dysfunction is very common, with an incidence of 53%[4]
and even as high as 100% in the advanced stage[5]. Evidence shows that AIDS patients
have obvious cardiac autonomic dysfunction[6], but the specific molecular mechanism is
still not clear. Nerve fibers from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) innervate the heart
and play an important role in its activity[7–9]. Therefore, sympathetic neuropathy
inevitably affects the cardiovascular function. HIV-1 glycoprotein120 (gp120) as a
pathogenic protein of HIV, can produce neuropathic changes similar to HIV[10], so it can
be used as a tool to study HIV-1-related diseases. Studies have shown that cardiovascular
disease due to HIV infection is associated with the sympathetic activity[11], and HIV
antigen was found in the sympathetic ganglion of AIDS patient[12]. However, whether
HIV gp120 causes cervical sympathetic ganglion neuropathy and affects cardiac function
is not clear. P2Y13 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, belongs to the family of
purinergic receptors. It can be activated by endogenous agonist ADP and expressed in
different parts of the nervous system.

16
Medical Sciences
Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
19), which is an unprecedented global health problem in the world, have not been completely
understood yet, it has been reported that severe and fatal cases are usually seen in elderly
individuals and patients with underlying conditions such as cardiovascular diseases,
hypertension, obesity, type-2 diabetes, and chronic pulmonary or renal diseases [1–4]. Findings
of studies in the early period of the COVID-19 pandemic showed that 26.8% of COVID-19
patients had a diagnosis of diabetes, and the risk of COVID-19-associated mortality in patients
with type-2 diabetes was approximately 50% higher [5,6]. A meta-analysis study revealed a
two-fold increase in disease severity and intensive care requirement among patients with type-2
diabetes [7].
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has provided general recommendations for diabetes
and COVID-19 patients throughout the pandemic period [8]. These recommendations have
included higher fluid intake to prevent dehydration, preserving a glycemic balance close to
individualized target values, making accurate and regular blood glucose measurements at home,
monitoring blood glucose levels to prevent hypoglycemic attacks and ketoacidosis, increased
physical activity, dietary regulation, and hand hygiene [9–11]. However, the management of
diabetes is made more difficult by social distancing and lockdown measures implemented during
the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the negative effects of these factors on healthy lifestyle
behaviors [11,12]. In the pandemic period, a reduction in physical activity, changes in dietary
habits, interruptions in routine clinical follow-ups, and difficulty in accessing oral antidiabetic
drugs and insulin have been observed in patients with type-2 diabetes [13,14]. As a consequence
of this, patients with type-2 diabetes may experience continuous hyperglycemia periods or
hypoglycemia attacks [14].

17
Food Sciences
Traditional foods reflect tradition, identity, and the heritage of a local region or country and are
key components of dietary intake for each region or country. There are a few definitions of
traditional foods available, most of which have only surfaced in recent years. Even though
different traditional food definitions exist, ranging from formalistic static [1] to end user static
[2] they all take into consideration their restricted locality and consumption and their preparation
methods, which have been passed on from one generation to the next [3]. Traditional foods are
not solely identified in relation to their positive attributes; rather they are typically connected to
various aspects of the food assembly chain that conjointly includes health advantages [4].
Bangladesh is a rich mosaic of tribe’s ethnic groups that comprises more than 70 ethnic
communities [5]. In Sylhet precinct, Manipuri and Khasia are the main ethnic communities and
have their own discrete food consumption and food preparation traditions. Although traditional
foods from the Sylhet precinct are frequently consumed by native individuals in their daily diet,
their potential health benefits are almost unknown.
The uncontrolled and excessive production of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS),
such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide etc., produced during biological oxidation in living
organisms causes damage to the body as well as assistive oxidative stress [6]. Those changes
could eventually be responsible for chronic diseases including cancer [7], cardiovascular disease,
aging and neurodegenerative disorders [8]. Thus dietary antioxidants have drawn considerable
attention as preventive and remedial agents. Antioxidants are compounds with the ability to
delay or inhibit the oxidation of lipids or other molecules by preventing the imitation or
propagation of oxidative chain reactions [9]. There are two types of antioxidant; natural and
synthetic. Nowadays, most antioxidants are synthetic and with numerous side effects when
consumed in vivo [10].

Psychology
Coparenting has been emphasized as the significant executive function system in organizing
family members’ behaviors and relationships (McHale, 1997; McHale & Lindahl, 2011). Thus, it
is meaningful to investigate the influential factors and related mechanisms of coparenting.
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Researchers have emphasized the influence of individual, family, and extrafamilial factors on
coparenting (Feinberg, 2003; Feinberg et al., 2022; Riina & Feinberg, 2018). WAFC spheres
have been acknowledged to be significant risk factors contributing to coparenting conflict
(Feinberg, 2003; Feinberg et al., 2022; Riina & Feinberg, 2018). According to role strain theory,
WAFC is inter-role conflicts resulting from mutually incompatible role pressures because of the
competing demands between work and family (Goode, 1960; Greenhaus & Beutell, 1985;
Netemeyer et al., 1996). There are only limited time and energy resources for parents, which
may be depleted in the process of fulfilling multiple roles (Allen et al., 2000). And thus,
engaging in multiple roles is a difficult task for parents, which would inevitably create strain and
conflicts between work and family. Distinguishing the direction of interference, WAFC could be
conceptualized as, including two dimensions (Bryon, 2005; Netemeyer et al., 1996). Work-to-
family conflict (WFC) refers to work interfering with family life, while family-to-work conflict
(FWC) refers to family life interfering with work (Netemeyer et al., 1996). The two components
have been demonstrated as conceptually and empirically different from each other (Bryon,
2005). During the pandemic, parents were confined at home to deal with work (Feinberg et al.,
2022; Yavorsky et al., 2021). et al.

19
Botany
Many different Miocene forest trees of gymnosperms were determined with fossil wood
identifications. Until now, fossil wood identifications and discussions on them have revealed that
some fossil woods should be reconsidered and species definitions should be made as much as
possible. Furthermore, fossil Pinus L. and Cedrus Trew. descriptions are still under discussion.
The purpose of the present study is to re-analysis the conifer wood identifications made for late
Oligocene to Pliocene of Turkey, to describe them as species levels, and to make revisions in
descriptions, as much as possible. All studies were done on the thin sections used in former
studies, and detailed investigations were performed. As result, Cupressoxylon pliocenica
Akkemik, 2019, Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii Dolezych & van der Burgh, were determined with
the revision of the conifer identifications in Turkey. Cedroxylon description was emended based
on the Miocene woods, which are that their modern representative is the genus of Cedrus Trew.
This study suggested that Lesbosoxylon Süss & Velitzelos, 2010 has a rather wide area in the
early Miocene period through Aegean Islands to the east Anatolia, and represented with 7
different fossil species through its distribution area. With this study, description of Lesbosoxylon
was also emended.

Agriculture

Cropping rotation can balance inter-crop nutritional management, reduce biotic stressors, inhibit
soil degradation, and adapt to climate change (European Union, 2013; Minister of agriculture,
China, 2015; FAO, 2016; FAO, 2011). Researches large body of studies have illustrated the
beneficial effects of crop rotation from crop yield and soil physical and chemical properties ( Six
et al., 2000; Jarecki and Lal, 2003; Huang et al., 2017; Grzesiak et al., 2018). The rotation of
nitrogen (N)-fixation and non-N-fixating crops is a recommended planting pattern to improve
soil fertility in farmland (Lal, 2004; Madari et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2007). Leguminous crops

20
can increase the N utilization rate of subsequent crops (Sullivan, 2003). In addition, the rotation
of leguminous crops has been used as a sustainable alternative to nitrogen fertilizer (Griffin et
al., 2000; Wahid et al., 2007). Although leguminous plants prevent the mineralization of SOC by
promoting the formation and stability of soil aggregates, thus promoting C storage in the soil
(Elliott, 1986; Six et al., 2000; Carter, 2002; Haile et al., 2008), But soils cultivated by
leguminous crops form lower soil organic carbon (SOC) (Ouda et al., 2007; Mao et al., 2012)
due to easily decomposed residues with a lower C/N ratio (Wang and Sainju, 2014). However,
the effects of different legume species on C and N sequestration in soil are not well documented.

Environmental Science

One of the critical pieces of evidence of the fact that we dwell in a changing world is the
progressive loss of biodiversity (Maron et al. 2020; Brondizio et al. 2019 ). Currently, the degree
of landscape fragmentation across scales of assessment is also tending towards similar pattern
(Fletcher et al. 2018a; 2018b; Wilkinson et al. 2018; Wilson et al. 2016; FAO 2015; Zhang et al.
2015). These events have however been attributed to a number of human activities, including but
not limited to deforestation, fuelwood exploitation, expansion and intensification of agricultural
land-use, urbanisation, and large-scale industrialisation (Dai et al. 2019; Xu et al. 2019; Wang et
al. 2018; FAO 2015; Zhang et al. 2015; MA 2005). This challenge is further threatened by the
weak and the misdirected implementation of policies which were initially tailored towards
reversing the trend and ensure multi-level environmental management (Zhang et al. 2015; MA
2005). These convoluted outcomes often deepen the dimensions of the problems creating further
multiscale local to continental biodiversity decimations. These claims have been substantiated in
literature especially by a series of global assessments. For instance, the Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment (MA) report published in 2005 stated that more land has been converted to cropland
from 1950 to 1980 compared to any other time in human history leading to species extinctions,
declining animal range and genetic diversity (MA 2005). The report also projected that
approximately 10–20% of grassland and forestland is anticipated to be converted to other
(anthropogenic) uses prior to 2050 under the influence of agricultural expansion and urbanisation
(MA 2005).
21
Chemistry
Polymer electrolytes can be divided into two classes: (1) the neutral-polymers doped with ionic
salt or inorganic acid (Lewis acid-base complex electrolytes) (Fig. 1) [1,2]; and (2) the polymers
composed of ionic charged groups which are covalent bonded either on the polymer backbones
or on the side chains grafted on the polymer backbones [3-6]. Some examples of class-1 polymer
electrolytes are: polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with LiClO 4 or NaI for Li-polymer batteries,
and polybenzimidazole (PBI) doped with H 3PO4 for high temperature-PEMFCs (HT-PEMFCs;
operating temperature ~120-200℃) and PBI doped KOH for alkaline membrane fuel cells
(AMFCs). The class-2 polymer electrolytes are also called “polyeletrolytes” or “polyions”,
which are polymers composed of covalently linked anionic or cationic charged groups and small
molecular “counter ions” securing for electro-neularity. These polymers possess both properties
of electrolytes and polymers. For polyelectrolytes composed of ionic chagred groups less than
15% of their total number of repeat units or the dissociated charged ionic groups in low-polarity
organic solvents, such as toluene, hexane, and benzene etc., being less than 15% of their total
number of repeat units are also called “ionomers” [7].

Many researchers u silica sol to acquire superhydrophobic textiles. The abundant hydroxyl
groups on the cotton fiber's surface favor the upload and attachment of hydrolyzed SiO 2
nanoparticles on the fiber surface. The two levels of roughness (on the micro and nanoscales)
that enable the trapping of air under water droplets can be obtained through adequate
condensation of hydrolyzed SiO2 sol. The characteristic of low surface energy is fulfilled by the
modification of sol gel with -CH 3 or -CF3 groups. Due to the antibacterial properties and cost-
effective compared to silver nanoparticles, superhydrophobic surfaces on cotton substrate have
also been created using ZnO nanorod arrays or nanoparticles and subsequent hydrophobic
modification with a long chain alkyl silane or stearic acid. Since the surface tension of oil, such
as hexadecane 27.5 mN/m, is lower than that of water (72.1 mN/m), the superhydrophobic
surface is superoleophilic. This characteristic can be utilized on the fabrication of
superhydrophobic and superoleophilic textiles to solve the increasingly important task about the
increase of industrial oily wastewater and polluted oceanic water, as well as the frequent oil spill
accidents. Xue et al. used tetraethoxy silicate (TEOS), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl disilazane
22
(HMDS), n-hexane, ammonia solution, hydrochloric acid (HCl) to fabricate superhydrophobic
and superoleophilic textiles for oil–water separation. Nevertheless, n-hexane can cause
neuropathy. A superhydrophobic and oleophilic sol–gel nanocomposite coating with oil contact
angle of <10° improved oleophobic property through the further lowering of surface energy by
the presence of a perfluoroalkyl methacrylic copolymer.

Metallurgy
With the development of the steel industry, the steel wire already has the ideal tensile strength.
With the development of metal theory research, especially in the research of steel wire products,
it is concluded that the steel wire contains a large amount of sorbite to increase the plasticity and
toughness of the steel wire, and the steel wire will have a high tensile strength after drawing [1,
2]. Taking advantage of this excellent performance, steel wires are widely used in bridge cables
to meet the needs of the development of the modern transportation industry [3].

The main types of sea-spanning and river-spanning bridges include cable-stayed bridges and
suspension bridges. Among them, the main functions of bridge cable steel wires are load-bearing
and force transmission, and they are the main structures supporting the bridge. Because the
bridge cables composed of stay cables and main suspension cables will always bear dynamic and
static loads, especially the cables of cross-sea bridges have been in a high-humidity and high-salt
environment for a long time, and are susceptible to various forms of damage such as stress,
fatigue, corrosion, etc., resulting in cable failure, bridge structure damage, which may lead to
safety accidents or economic losses [4, 5]. Bridge cable steel wires already have ideal tensile
strength, so improving the corrosion resistance of bridge cable steel wires is of great significance
to the service life of bridge cables and the safety of bridges.

Hot-dip plating is an effective method to improve the corrosion resistance or paint ability of
plated parts [6, 7].

23
Engineering
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has been widely applied to military and civilian
aspects. The system transmits different position information to the user through each satellite so
that the user can acquire information of latitude, longitude, and time. Because Global positioning
system (GPS) presents two signal transmission bands (L1 and L2), the receivers available on
market consist of L1 or L1/L2 reception modes. The current common receiver type is the less
expensive L1 mode, which only receives modulated signal of L1 band and is weaker in anti-
jamming capability. When the satellite transmits L1 modulated signal, the receiver must generate
one local code signal to conduct synchronized demodulation of navigation signal. This process is
termed signal synchronization, which consists of signal search, detection, and tracking (Kaplan,
2005). This step allows the receiver to calculate the sub-millisecond synchronization delay
necessary for computing its position.

Synchronizing with the satellite signal, however, is a costly process that requires tens of millions
to a few billion digital multiplications (Team, 2000). Many GPS-enabled devices (e.g., mobile
phones, sensors, etc.) are susceptible to strict power limitations and would significantly benefit
from reducing the complexity of this process. In addition, the longer acquisition time is needed
while the interferences are fed into the receivers. Coupled with intentional and unintentional
interferences, the GPS receiver is sure to malfunction. Although there are many anti-jamming
techniques have been proposed (Iltis and Milstein 1985; Spilker and Natali 1996; Capozza et al.
2003; Morton, 2007; Chang, 2012). In spite of this, these techniques are accomplished through
internal high cost digital signal processor of receiver.

Sample 2

The current types of light source adoption in greenhouse are high-pressure sodium lamps,
fluorescent tubes, incandescent lamps, and very few utilize high power light-emitting diode
(LED) lamps. However, there is no convenient management measure for indoor plant lighting to
efficiently promote lighting performance, reduce labor cost and improve the quality of plant
growth. Though, the mixed of fluorescent tubes and LED lamps are available in market to
compensate for insufficient photosynthesis due to lack of red wavelength band of fluorescent
24
tubes, lighting power intensity, light quality ratio, and photoperiod are significant factors that
affect photosynthesis and respiration of plant in each growth stage. Those factors indeed affect
plant quality. However, labors are required to conduct parameter control and data record, which
inevitably increases labor cost. Thus, how to enhance the maintenance efficiency of LED lamps,
adopt suitable light wavelength band for plant growth and user-friendly plant lighting
management system and even light distribution is a crucial factor that farmer have to take into
consideration when establishing greenhouse. Thus, it is urgent to optimize LED lighting
management and have it implemented for a range of crucial responses at various stages of crop
development [1].

Mechanical engineering
Global medium density fibreboard (MDF) production together with high density fibreboards
(HDF) has reached 98.6 million m3 in 2018 [1]. After service life, these panels will become
waste and their majority will be the majority isdeposited on landfills or burned. In Europe, waste
wood materials containing more than 5% of organic materials have not been authorised for
landfill since 2005 [2]. Recycling of these waste MDF presents an opportunity to extend
application of wood resources, to reduce consumption of new resources, energy, landfilling as
well as costs through avoided purchase/disposal fees and to create “green” jobs [3]. In order to
preserve the fibrous morphology of the recovered lignocellulosic fibre material, while releasing
the fibres from the thermosetting resin matrix, the thermo-hydrolytic disintegration process
would be a promising option. Thermo-hydrolytic disintegration processes involve the application
of liquid water, steam, heat and occasionally pressure for cleaving the existing adhesive bonds in
waste MDF [2]. After conducting this disintegration process, recovered fibres (RF) and a resin-
water mixture, here called disintegration water (DW), are obtained. Implementing a proper de-
watering process for separating the RF from the DW is an important aspect in order to reduce the
drying time of the RF.

25
Electronic Engineering
Since the first use of triboelectric generators (TENG) by Wang's team in 2012, a lot of
researchers have paid attention to the application of triboelectric generators in the field of energy
harvesting and self-powered sensors. On the one hand, the electrical energy generated by
triboelectric nanogenerators can be used to drive small electronic devices. On the other hand, the
detection of triboelectric signals can also be used to monitor changes in motion, pressure, and
velocity of objects. With the development of the Internet of Things and human-machine
interaction, TENGs have attracted extensive attention in human motion-related fields, in which
human motion detection sensors are , includingof great significance in the fields of healthcare,
sports training, and search and rescue. Currently, wearable TENGs have been demonstrated for
human motion detection and energy harvesting. However, most of these TENGs are in direct
contact with the human body, which is a great challenge for the comfort, breathability, wear-
resistance, and flexibility of TENGs materials. More importantly, the reliability and durability of
the TENG sensor may be greatly compromised by the frictional heat and surface wear generated
by the continuous operation of the TENG. Second, in previous studies on human motion
detection, a certain number of TENGs sensors with complex structures are often required to
ensure the detection range and accuracy. For example, there reported a human motion detection
sensor needs 15 TENGs to monitor a 0.69 × 1.8 m2 area. If the monitoring area is expanded to
2.07 × 5.4 m2, 135 TENGs will be used, resulting in a high cost and failure rate. How to design a
human motion monitoring sensor with good reliability, low cost and high sensitivity is an urgent
problem to be solved.

Physics
P.W. Anderson first found the absence of diffusion of electron in disordered crystals in 1958.
This phenomenon was later named Anderson localization. By analogy with electron localization
in disordered systems, De Raedt et al. introduced photon localization in disordered waveguides,
in which the longitudinal refractive index stayed even, while the transverse refractive index
distributed randomly. Due to its random scattering, the beam in the disordered waveguides
propagated vertically with a limited radius instead of propagating horizontally. Compared to
26
common optical fibers, the disordered waveguides feature unfixed patterns and strong
localization in intra-field section. In spatial frequency domain, the transverse structure
corresponds to an all-pass system, while the common optical fibers correspond to resonant band-
pass systems. Therefore, any point on the cross-section can be used as a channel for optical
signal transmission. The structure can be adopted as a mode division multiplexing (MDM)
system to increase information transmission capacity. Furthermore, the disordered waveguides
can apply directly to optical image transmission.

27
Philosophy
In this paper, scientific realism (‘realism’ from now on) is defined as the view that successful
scientific theories are approximately true, constructive empiricism as the view that they are
empirically adequate, and epistemic instrumentalism as the view that they are useful to predict
future events and to manipulate things, but we ought not to believe that they are true. Epistemic
instrumentalism is neutral as to whether they are empirically adequate or not, so it should be kept
apart from constructive empiricism. It will become clear below that P. Kyle Stanford (2006)
embraces epistemic instrumentalism thus defined.
Stanford (2006) has set a new framework for debates over realism by developing an
intriguing problem that he calls the problem of unconceived alternatives. The problem elicited
voluminous responses from realists in the literature. In this paper, I will explicate the problem,
and then construct an anti-induction to solve it. I will show how the realist responses can be
complemented by anti-inductions. After strengthening the realist responses, I will raise what I
call the problem of unobserved anomalies against constructive empiricism and epistemic
instrumentalism, and then construct anti-inductions to solve it. Thus, anti-inductions can be
employed to solve both the problem of unconceived alternatives and the problem of unobserved
anomalies. Finally, I will reply to a few possible objections against the anti-inductions.

Humanities
During the end of the 1990s Greek Academia was shaken to the core by the burst of a huge
economic scandal known as the “Panteion University Scandal” concerning the embezzlement of
8 million euros by high rank executives and members of the Rectorate of the University. The
scandal was highly publicized by the press for various reasons. Firstly, because of the amount of
the embezzlement. Secondly, because part of the embezzled amount was donated to the
University on a regular basis by the, at the time, Prime Minister of Greece, Kostas Simitis.
Thirdly, because Panteion University is a public institution, publicly funded which means that
the embezzled amount was public money. Finally, because of the profile of the offenders, high
ranking employees, respected academics and public figures. But then, doesn’t this last point

28
constitute the archetype of the white-collar offender? Whatsmore, is the Panteion Scandal the
only scandal in Greek Academia? If so, why did it shock the Greek academic community? As
Professor Demetris Demeroulis stated “It is clear that there was a scandal in Panteion. But in
Panteion there was a research about it. The question brought to the fore here is whether other
universities have also done the same. They might have… I wish they have. I just don’t know that
they have” (Kelly 2012). Indeed Panteion is not the only university in Greece in which white-
collar offences have taken place. In the pages that follow, we will discuss other cases concerning
illegalities committed by the state itself and cases concerning not only financial crimes but also
cases of illegal hiring of staff, illegal selection of postgraduate students, human rights violations,
disciplinary methods against union participation and intellectual theft.

Our main goal is to map an existing, distinctive phenomenon that causes social damage, is
discussed in studies of other disciplines, is in dialectical relationship with social reality but has
not been adequately analyzed as a white collar type of crime. It is our firm belief that using white
collar crime as an analytical tool in order to examine criminality in academia can prove quite
fruitful both as far as social research about academia is concerned and also as far as the
correlation of it with criminal and educational policy.

29
Economics
There are many studies in literature which investigate the relationship among variables: inward
FDI, export and import level. The content of empirical research shows differences. Some studies
make investigation with macro level data; some others use industry or firm level data. A number
of both theoretical and applied papers confirm that there is a positive relationship between
inward FDI and export performance of host country. In other words, inward FDI is
complementary factor for export performance (Lipsey and Weiss; 1984; Clausing, 2000). In
addition to that the association between FDI and foreign trade is also supported with much of
empirical evidence (Wilkins, 1970; 1974).

Borenstein et al., (1998)’s study, covering 69 countries, investigated that “whether inward FDI
cause an increase in economic growth in host country or not depends on existing level of human
capital”. They found out that human capital increases the ability of learning by doing and widens
knowledge and technology spillover. Aizenman and Noy (2006) analyzed gross inward FDI and
trade relationship by dividing three subsectors which are goods, services, and income. Most
statistically significant and positive relationship was found for goods sector. Compared to
industrialized countries, the strength of the relationship is higher among developing countries.
Blomström (1983) notes that multinational firms’ production pattern in host countries have
tendency to shift their production pattern from import substitute sectors to export competing
sectors which are mainly technology and skill intensive. Aitken et al., (1996) have argued in their
study that when foreign firms increase their production and export sales in Mexico, domestic
firms export capabilities also increase. Another study for Mexico confirms this results stating
that there is bidirectional positive relationship between inward FDI and export level (Pacheco-
Lopez, 2005). Liu et al., (2001)’s causality test results indicate that inward FDI promotes host
country exports.

Meerza (2012) has reached reverse results for Bangladesh. According to this study, export
performance of the country causes an increase in inward FDI for the period from 1973 to 2008.
Another study for Pakistan, covering the period from 1998 to 2009, also confirmed the long run

30
bidirectional causality relationship between inward FDI, growth and trade (Iqbal, Shaikh and
Shar, 2010).

31
Politics
Party splits and formation of splinter parties influence the terms of competition even though they
might not evolve into significant political actors. Moreover factional conflicts have significant
impacts for the legitimation of the democratic institutions and practices. Frequent changes in the
number of parties due to fissions and fusions constitute an obstacle to the development of stable
political identities and leads to volatility. Under such circumstances, parties are less likely to
develop long-term policy commitments and are less accountable to the voters. On the other hand,
the switching of the deputies to splinter parties undermines the principle of accountability.
Decreasing quality of representation and the unpredictability of the parties prevent the stable
development of a polity and the consolidation of democracy.

Despite the frequency of party splits and their consequences for democratic consolidation,
comparative studies specifically focusing on party splits are few. Several studies deal with the
individual cases of party splits. Studies on new party formation analyze the exogenous factors
that influence the calculations of the founders of both the genuinely new and the splinter parties.
In a similar vein, works on party switching deal with the goals and factors that influence the
strategic calculations of the individual deputies. Last group of studies deal with the institutional
and social determinants of party system fragmentation and their indirect impacts over party
splits.

Sample 2

The eastern Balkan Peninsula is a crossroad territory that during the Hellenistic period is
extremely dynamic of events and motion of peoples. Inhabited by altering non-Greek cultures
(Odrysians, Celts, Scythians, Dacians), and subject of the interests of the main Hellenistic
powers (Macedonians, Seleucids, Pontic kingdom, Romans), the hinterland offered to the Greek
colonies on the shore variety of partners and enemies to whom they constantly had to adapt. The
study of the multicultural contacts in such ethnically rich region is a great opportunity to
understand better the perception of the Greeks about how to deal with the ‘others’ and their
methods of communicating with the different cultures. In order to examine , this paper focuses
on the reactions of the Greeks in various political situations, providing a series of examples
32
which reveal their strategy toward the foreigners in the ‘diplomatic game’1. The main question in
this discussion ‘how’: how the Greeks reacted in moments of multicultural conflict, alliance or
danger of losing their independence? How did they enter in contact with barbarians - from the
position of culturally superiors or as a military weak community with the only purpose to
survive? How their attitude changed over the well-known ‘barbarian’ neighbors as the Thracians
and the new-coming cultures such as the Celts? How their diplomacy worked thus to make them
centers of mediation of the peoples in the hinterland? In short, how they accepted and/or used the
cultural differences to achieve peaceful relationships and independence?

33
Geosciences, Geology
With the exhaustion of conventional hydrocarbon and the development of petroleum
industry, shale- and tight-oil reservoirs have become the most realistic field for exploration (Zou
et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2021; Shi et al., 2022). In recent years, significant breakthroughs of shale-
oil resources have been achieved in the Bohai Bay, Songliao, Junger and Ordos Basins, China
(Wang et al., 2020; Fan et al., 2021). The shale-oil formations in the Ordos Basin are rich in
hydrocarbon resources with geological reserves of tens of billions of tons (Yang et al., 2016,
2019; Liu et al., 2021). The reservoir lithology is complex, with thin layers of sandstone, shale
and mudstone interacting, fine mineral grains and complex pore structure (Feng et al., 2013; Fan
et al., 2021). Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the rock microstructure
results in complex petrophysical behaviors (Amalokwu et al., 2014; Chapman et al., 2016; Ba et
al., 2017; Solazzi et al., 2019; Dutilleul et al., 2020; Iwamori et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021,
2022). Yan et al. (2019) performed nuclear magnetic resonance experiments at different
saturated states and investigated porosity, permeability, pore structure and wettability of rocks
using the percolation method. Sun et al. (2019) used computed tomography (CT) to construct 3D
digital cores, and established a pore network model to analyze the influence of microfracture
size, length and dip angle on seepage properties. Ma and Ba (2020) calculated the scattering and
intrinsic attenuation using a single isotropic scattering model and the spectral ratio method,
respectively, to study the effects of fluids, pore structure and mineralogy on attenuation.

34
Mathematical Science
Following the introduction of AHP by Saaty (1994), there was a considerable amount of
controversy regarding this model. Because of differences in the results of studies conducted on
AHP, DMs believe that this model must be used in cases with fewer alternatives. Lootsma(1992)
then introduced a new model which reduced the number of weaknesses in AHP. To analyze
estimated weights, the new model, called "Rembrandt", uses a logarithmic method instead of the
9-scale analytical hierarchical process and a geometric method instead of arithmetical average.
Most researchers found the geometric methods more reliable than the other methods for
calculations. Rembrandt has a software package to implement this technique (F A Lootsma,
1992; Freerk A Lootsma, 1997)

In this study, our first step was to consider a group of g DMs ( g  1) which relate to evaluating

m criteria (m  1) . Assuming that criteria Ci , i  1,..., m, with the subjective value ( Vi ), and
Vi Vi
supposing that is the same for all DMs in the groups, the m  vector of values from the
DMs’ verbal subjective judgments are estimated by Rembrandt. Each DM was asked to judge
Cl Cj
pairs of criteria and and record his/her graded comparative score in the decision matrix
D mn . The requirement is the pairwise comparisons of (m  1) and m(m  1) 2 for a set of m

criteria. That is, the DM records his/her preference for one attribute over another as weak,
definite, strong, or very strong. Then, a general procedure proposed by Lootsma (1997) is used to
handle incomplete pairwise comparisons. Considering the ratio information, the subjective
 Vi  1
criteria weights are normalized, so that i will be obtained. In order to limit the range of
verbal responses, the DM’s pairwise comparison judgments are captured. Using the scale in
 jld
Table 1, each verbal response is then converted into an integer-valued gradation index .

35
Computer Science
Sample 1
Background and Aims: This study performed a comprehensive evaluation of management for
pathogenic microbiology laboratory based on a combination of TOPSIS method and RSR
method and provided the basis for improving laboratory management.
Methods: Based on the Laboratory Evaluation Tool (LAT) of WHO and the combination of
TOPSIS method and RSR method, a system of evaluation indicators for the management of
Chinese pathogenic microbiology laboratory was established for comprehensively evaluating
pathogenic microbiology laboratories of seven provincial Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC).
The laboratory management determines the capacity of laboratory detection, which directly
affects the effectiveness of the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Emerging and re-
emerging infectious diseases remain a major threat to human health.[1] Laboratory play
significant roles in all the critical processes of detecting rapid infectious disease outbreaks, risk
assessments, early warnings, early responses and notifications, and monitoring and surveillance.
[2, 3] Since the beginning of the 21st century, the world has experienced major crises caused by
infectious diseases, including the emergence/re-emergence of the severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS)(2003),[4] H5N1 influenza (1997, 2003)[5, 6], H1N1 (2009),[7] Middle East
respiratory syndrome (MERS) (2012),[8] Ebola virus disease in West Africa (2014),[9, 10] and
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) (2019)[11]. Laboratory capacity have been part of
comprehensive planning of national as well as international public health response plans and
have been a critical component of International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005).[12]

Sample 2

Hough(1962)([5]) first proposed the Hough transform, which converts the pixel coordinates to
the line parameter space, so as to realize the extraction of line/circle. Hough transform has the
problem that the range of values 25 is too large and it cannot represent vertical straight lines.
R.O.Duda and P.E.Hart(1972)([6]) , whichused polar coordinate system to describe pixel points

36
and parameter space, avoiding these problems, called Standard Hough Transform (SHT).
J.Matas et.al(2000)([7]) proposed the Progressive Probabilistic Hough Transform (PPHT)
algorithm, which. They monitor the weight of pixels used in straight line extraction, and
accordingly reduce the proportion of points used, thereby reducing the amount of calculation.
E.J.Almazan et al.(2017) et.al([8]) proposed Markov Chain Marginal Line Segment
Detector(MCMLSD), which can extract a more complete line.

Etemadi(1992)[9] used edge connection to extract straight lines. The algorithm first generates
pixel chains in the edge map, then searches all pixel chains to generate initial straight line
segments, and finally fits and merges to obtain the final straight line segments. The success of
the algorithm mainly depends on the accuracy of edge extraction. C.Akinlar and C.Topal(2011)
([10]) used the Edge Drawing Lines (EDLines) algorithm to increase the speed of straight line
extraction. X.Lu et.al(2015)[11] designed an adaptive parameter for extracting the edge graph,
and used the edge graph containing all structural information as the input of the line segment
algorithm, called the Canny algorithm.

37