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Ans.
Que. 2
OR
Ans.
Que. 4 Almost any disease causing organisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi,
prions, etc., or their toxins can be used as biological weapons. Historical biological
weapons programmes have included efforts to produce aflatoxin, anthrax and
many others. In the bioweapon industry, genetic engineering is used to create new
pathogenic strains through increased survivability, infertility, virulence, etc.
ii. In their natural state, the organisms or toxins do not have the efficiency to
cause the large scale damage compared to their as bioweapon forms.
Explain, how are these natural forms turned into bioweapons.
Ans.
ii. What will happen once a restriction enzyme find its recognition
sequence?
Ans.
ii. Once restriction enzyme finds its recognition sequence, it binds to DNA and
cuts each of the two strands of double helix at specific points in their sugar-
phosphate backbone.
iii. Restriction endonuclease EcoRI cuts the DNA strands a little away from the
centre of the palindromic sequence, but between the same two bases on the
opposite strands, i.e. G and A, on both the strands. The site of action of
enzyme in palindrome sequence is called recognition site.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Ans.
Ans.
The individuals, which are fit and can adapt themselves are able
to survive. They grow, reproduce and survive. This is called
natural selection as stated by Darwin.
Ans.
↓
They are introduced into plasmid DNA of E. coli
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
p i p o Z y a
iii. The active site for enzyme produce by z-gene has been blocked by
a molecule P. How will this affect the activity of the operon?
iv. So, when does the lac operon really turns on?
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Ans.
i. A repressor proteins when bind to the operator gene, prevents the transcription
of the structural genes in the operation. Thus, the bacteria would not be able to
take up lactose from its surroundings.
ii. The repressor molecule is unable to attach itself to the operator gene when an
inducer (e.g. lactose) binds to the repressor. The binding of an inducer to a
repressor molecule inactivates repressor inturn rendering the repressor
incapable of binding to operator gene.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
iii. Gene z in lac operon codes for an enzyme β-galactosidase, which breaks
lactose into glucose and galactose.
iv. The lac operon will be expressed if following conditions are fulfilled
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Ans.
ii. ori stands for Origin of Replication. It is a sequence from where replication starts
and any piece of DNA, when linked to the sequence, can be made to replicate
within the host cell.
In pBR322, 'p' indicates that it is a plasmid and BR stands for Boliver and
Rodriguez who constructed this plasmid.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Question :
Penicillium notatum
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Aspergillus niger
Clostridium butylicum
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
soil
thermal vents
polluted water
all of these
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Baking
Bleaching
Biofuel
production of O2
none of these
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
i only
i, iii and iv
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Q2. Considering the different phases of meiosis, select the correct statements from the
following.
Most of the aneuploidy results from errors in cell division involved in egg formation.
Nondisjunction in meiosis I can lead to more abnormal cells than disjunction in meiosis II.
I only
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
I only
I, iii and iv
Answer: C
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Chromosomal disorders
Mendelian disorders
Incomplete dominance
Answer: A
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Q1: In the history of Biology, the Human Genome Project led to the development of:
Biotechnology
Biomonitoring
Bioinformatics
Biosystematics
Answer: A
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Q2: Name a free living, non-pathogenic nematode, the DNA of which has been completely
sequenced.
Answer: Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs): The approach focused on identifying all the
genes that are expressed as RNA.
Sequence Annotation: The other took the blind approach of simply sequencing the whole
set of genome that contained all the coding and non-coding sequence, and later
assigning different regions in the sequence with functions.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS | CLASS 12th
Q4: What are SNPs’? How are they useful in human genomics?
Q5: Mention at least four salient features of the Human Genome Project.
Almost all (99.9 percent) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.